The Newsletter, Program, and Abstracts
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The Atomic Number Revolution in Chemistry: a Kuhnian Analysis
Found Chem https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-017-9303-6 The atomic number revolution in chemistry: a Kuhnian analysis K. Brad Wray1 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2017 Abstract This paper argues that the field of chemistry underwent a significant change of theory in the early twentieth century, when atomic number replaced atomic weight as the principle for ordering and identifying the chemical elements. It is a classic case of a Kuhnian revolution. In the process of addressing anomalies, chemists who were trained to see elements as defined by their atomic weight discovered that their theoretical assump- tions were impediments to understanding the chemical world. The only way to normalize the anomalies was to introduce new concepts, and a new conceptual understanding of what it is to be an element. In the process of making these changes, a new scientific lexicon emerged, one that took atomic number to be the defining feature of a chemical element. Keywords Atomic number Á Atomic weight Á Revolutionary theory change Á Isotope Á Kuhn Á Lexical change The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of the discovery of atomic number and its effects on chemistry. The paper aims to show that this is a classic textbook case of a Kuhnian scientific revolution. The analysis serves two purposes. First, it provides another case of a Kuhnian revolution, thus offering support for Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific change, which has been subjected to criticism on an ongoing basis (see, most recently, Scerri 2016). Second, it provides a compelling unifying narrative of some of the most important research in chemistry in the early twentieth century. -
Nature Milestones Mass Spectrometry October 2015
October 2015 www.nature.com/milestones/mass-spec MILESTONES Mass Spectrometry Produced with support from: Produced by: Nature Methods, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Chemical Biology and Nature Protocols MILESTONES Mass Spectrometry MILESTONES COLLECTION 4 Timeline 5 Discovering the power of mass-to-charge (1910 ) NATURE METHODS: COMMENTARY 23 Mass spectrometry in high-throughput 6 Development of ionization methods (1929) proteomics: ready for the big time 7 Isotopes and ancient environments (1939) Tommy Nilsson, Matthias Mann, Ruedi Aebersold, John R Yates III, Amos Bairoch & John J M Bergeron 8 When a velocitron meets a reflectron (1946) 8 Spinning ion trajectories (1949) NATURE: REVIEW Fly out of the traps (1953) 9 28 The biological impact of mass-spectrometry- 10 Breaking down problems (1956) based proteomics 10 Amicable separations (1959) Benjamin F. Cravatt, Gabriel M. Simon & John R. Yates III 11 Solving the primary structure of peptides (1959) 12 A technique to carry a torch for (1961) NATURE: REVIEW 12 The pixelation of mass spectrometry (1962) 38 Metabolic phenotyping in clinical and surgical 13 Conquering carbohydrate complexity (1963) environments Jeremy K. Nicholson, Elaine Holmes, 14 Forming fragments (1966) James M. Kinross, Ara W. Darzi, Zoltan Takats & 14 Seeing the full picture of metabolism (1966) John C. Lindon 15 Electrospray makes molecular elephants fly (1968) 16 Signatures of disease (1975) 16 Reduce complexity by choosing your reactions (1978) 17 Enter the matrix (1985) 18 Dynamic protein structures (1991) 19 Protein discovery goes global (1993) 20 In pursuit of PTMs (1995) 21 Putting the pieces together (1999) CITING THE MILESTONES CONTRIBUTING JOURNALS UK/Europe/ROW (excluding Japan): The Nature Milestones: Mass Spectroscopy supplement has been published as Nature Methods, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Publishing Group, Subscriptions, a joint project between Nature Methods, Nature, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Chemical Biology and Nature Protocols. -
STATUS and FUTURE TRENDS of the MINIATURIZATION of MASS SPECTROMETRY Richard R.A
STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS OF THE MINIATURIZATION OF MASS SPECTROMETRY Richard R.A. Syms*1 1EEE Dept., Imperial College London, London, UK ABSTRACT structures: the quadrupole filter and the quadrupole ion An overview of mass spectrometers incorporating trap. RF quadrupoles are workhorse instruments, with miniaturization technology is presented. A brief history of applications ranging from residual gas analysis to space conventional mass spectrometry is given, followed by a exploration. Related components such as RF ion guides summary of the status of miniaturized systems. are used for ion transport, while collision cells are used Applications for miniature/portable systems are reviewed, for ion cooling and fragmentation. In 1978, Richard Yost and opportunities and challenges are discussed. and Chris Enke introduced the triple quadrupole, in which the first quadrupole is used for initial mass analysis, a INTRODUCTION second for collision-induced dissociation, and the third for The development of microelectromechanical systems analysis of the resulting fragments, enabling so-called over the last 30 years has been dramatic, and MEMS now tandem mass spectrometry. The quadrupole ion trap was impact on most industrial sectors. Specific materials, developed commercially for Finnegan by Raymond device configurations and packaging have been developed March in 1983, and the linear quadrupole trap (which has for each application domain, and MEMS are available as an increased trapping volume) by Jae Schwartz in 2002. commodity items such as accelerometers or laboratory Other milestones include the development of the Fourier instruments such as atomic force microscopes. Until transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer by recently, one area that stubbornly resisted miniaturization Alan Marshal and Melvin Comisarow in 1976, and the was mass spectrometry. -
The Van Den Broek Hypothesis
The van den Broek Hypothesis Tetu Hirosige* 1. Introductioii In the development of the study of the atomic structure during the 1910's, the foundation of models of the atom was provided by van den Broek's hypothesis. The van den Broek hypothesis states that the electric charge of the nucleus or the number of intra-atomic electrons of a chemical element is equal to its ordinal number in the periodic system. Once the hypothesis was proposed by A. van den Broek in 1913, it exerted considerable influence upon N. Bohr, H. G. J. Moseley, and F. Soddy and was soon accepted by most of those who were interested in the atomic physics. This rapid acceptance may presumably be accounted for by the fact that it was just the time when various inquiries into the number of intra-atomic electrons were converging to a nearly correct conclusion. No settled conclusion, however, had yet been pronounced. The van den Broek hypothesis gave a clear and definite expression to this vaguely felt conclusion, and thus greatly advanced the atomic physics. To attach an essential significance to the atomic number was van den Broek's most original idea, which had occurred to no one before him. E. Whittaker, in his History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity If wrote about the van den Broek hypothesis as though it were originated in an examination of experimental results of a-particle scattering.^ According to the Rutherford for mula, the number of particles scattered by an atomic nucleus to a given angle is proportional to the square of the nuclear charge. -
The Relation of Particle Sequence to Atomic Sequence
The Relation of Particle Sequence to Atomic Sequence J. Yee,1,2 Y. Zhu,1,3 G.F. Zhou1 1 Electronic Paper Display Institute, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006 CHINA 2 ZTE USA Inc, Milpitas, California, 95035 USA 3 China Telecom Imusic Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510081 CHINA In this paper, we take the first steps of simplifying particles into a linear function that organizes particles based on their particle number, similar to how atoms are arranged by atomic number. This repeats the method that was used to organize atomic elements and create the Periodic Table of Elements in the 1800s. The solution to linearize particles into a predictable function is not as simple as atomic elements, but it does exist. We will introduce an equation that fits known particles into a linear function and enables the prediction of future particles based on missing energy levels. It also predicts an exact mass of the neutrino. To accomplish this, particles are first organized by particle numbers, similar to atomic numbers in the Periodic Table of Elements and then charted against their known Particle Data Group energy levels. The results show similarities between particles and atomic elements – in both total numbers in formation and also in numbers where both are known to be more stable. Key words: neutrino, atomic numbers, periodic table, leptons, Mendeleev. 1. BACKGROUND – ATOMIC NUMBERS In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev presented The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements to the Russian Chemical Society [1], which included the first version of the Periodic Table of Elements. -
CHED 1 Why Do We Need Green Chemistry in the Classroom?
CHED 1 Why do we need green chemistry in the classroom? Edward Brush1, [email protected], Kate Anderson2, [email protected]. (1) Department of Chemistry, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, United States (2) Beyond Benign, Wilmington, MA, United States As the number of chemicals of concern continues to rise the need for solution based green chemistry has never been more necessary than it is today. Green chemistry helps prepare students to engage with their world while connecting chemistry, human health and the environment. Connect core chemistry concepts by using real-world examples of innovation. Learn how green chemistry can be integrated into the high school classroom. CHED 2 Exploring the 2012 ACS Guidelines and Recommendations for Teaching High School Chemistry Deborah Cook, [email protected], Carolyn Rulli, [email protected], Brian Kennedy, [email protected] of High School Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, United States The ACS Guidelines and Recommendations for Teaching High School Chemistry have been significantly revised and are now available for high school chemistry teachers and administrators. Featuring strategies and considerations for teaching high school chemistry in the 21st century to all students, the document is designed to serve as a useful resource for strengthening high school chemistry programs. This symposium has two aims: to communicate the key messages of the document and to explore how high school chemistry teachers and administration can use the guidelines to enhance program activities and leverage for resources. Copies of the ACS Guidelines and Recommendations for Teaching High School Chemistry will be available. CHED 3 Products of the Target Inquiry project: Quality inquiry materials made for and by high school teachers that stand up to student scrutiny Ellen J. -
American Chemical Society DIVISION of the HISTORY of CHEMISTRY
American Chemical Society DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY NEWSLETTER 246th ACS National Meeting Indianapolis, IN September 8-12, 2013 S. C. Rasmussen, Program Chair DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Chair: Ned D. Heindel Councilor: Mary Virginia Orna Lehigh University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry College of New Rochelle Seeley G. Mudd Lab New Rochelle, NY 10805 Bethlehem, PA. 18015 Phone: (914) 654-5302 Phone: (610) 758-3464 Fax: (914) 654-5387 Fax: (610) 758-3461 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Councilor: Roger A. Egolf Chair-Elect: Gary Patterson Pennsylvania State University - Lehigh Valley Department of Chemistry Campus, 2809 Saucon Valley Road Carnegie Mellon University Center Valley, PA 18034 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Phone: (610) 285-5110 Phone: (412) 268-3324 Fax: (610) 285-5220 Fax: (412) 268-1061 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Alternate Councilor: Joe Jeffers Past Chair: E. Thomas Strom Ouachita Baptist University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3786 University of Texas at Arlington Arkadelphia, AR 71998-0001 P. O. Box 19065 Phone: (870) 245-5216 Arlington, TX 76019-0065 Fax: (870) 245-5241 Phone: (817) 272-5441 Email: [email protected] Fax: (817) 272-3808 Alternate Councilor: Arthur Greenberg Email: [email protected] Department of Chemistry Secretary-Treasurer: Vera V. Mainz University of New Hampshire 2709 Holcomb Drive Parsons Hall Urbana, IL 61802 Durham, New Hampshire 03824 Phone: (217) 328-6158 Phone: 603 862-1180 Email: [email protected] Fax: 603 862-4278 Email: [email protected] Program Chair: Seth C. Rasmussen Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Historian: Gary Patterson North Dakota State University Department of Chemistry NDSU Dept. -
Material Science Notes
Monograph on Material Engineering By Dr. Jayanta Kumar Mahato Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed to-be University) NH-58, Modipuram, Meerut – 250 110, India Contact: 9051020788 Introduction Materials science, also commonly known as materials science and engineering, is an interdisciplinary field which deals with the discovery and design of new materials. This relatively new scientific field involves studying materials through the materials paradigm (synthesis, structure, properties and performance). It incorporates elements of physics and chemistry, and is at the forefront of nano science and nanotechnology research. In recent years, materials science has become more widely known as a specific field of science and engineering. Importance of Materials A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other condensed phases can be included) that is intended to be used for certain applications. There are a myriad of materials around us—they can be found in anything from buildings to spacecrafts. Materials can generally be divided into two classes: crystalline and non-crystalline. The traditional examples of materials are metals, ceramics and polymers. New and advanced materials that are being developed include semiconductors, nanomaterials, biomaterials etc. The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point. Phrases such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Steel Age are great examples. Originally deriving from the manufacture of ceramics and its putative derivative metallurgy, materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from mining and (likely) ceramics and the use of fire. -
2014 May Chemical Bulletin
Chicago Section 100th Anniversary 1914 – 2014 http://chicagoacs.org MAY • 2014 THE ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD PRESENTATION OF THE WILLARD GIBBS MEDAL (Founded by William A. Converse) to PROFESSOR JOHN E. BERCAW sponsored by the CHICAGO SECTION AMERICAN CHEMCIAL SOCIETY FRIDAY, MAY 16, 2014 Meridian Banquets HONOR YOUR RESERVATIONS. The The Citation: 1701 Algonquin Road Section must pay for all food orders. No- For path-breaking advances in inorganic Rolling Meadows, IL 60008 shows will be billed. and organometallic chemistry related to 847-952-8181 the elucidation of olefin polymerization Seating will be available after the dinner and hydrocarbon oxidation mechanisms Directions to Meridian Banquets are for people not attending the dinner but and development of early metal polym- on page 2. interested in hearing the speaker. erization catalysts. RECEPTION 6:00 P.M. AWARD CEREMONY 8:30 PM Hors-d’oeuvres The Willard Gibbs Medal Two Complimentary Drinks The History of the Willard Gibbs DINNER 7:00 P.M. Award Dr. Josh Kurutz, Chair Dinner reservations are required and Chicago Section, ACS should be received in the Section Office via phone (847-391-9091), email (chica- Introduction of the Medalist [email protected]), register at http:// Professor Tom Driver www.chicagoacs.org or Eventbrite by University of Illinois at Chicago Monday, May 12. The price of the dinner is $50 for members and $52 for non-mem- Presentation of the Medal bers. The menu is on page 2. PLEASE Dr. Diane Grob Schmidt President-Elect, ACS IN THIS ISSUE 2 Dinner Menu 6 Benefits for Unemployed Members 2 Chemical Bulletin Past 6 Section Meeting Dates 2 Notice to Illinois Teachers 7 Volunteers Needed-Science Tent Professor John E. -
Proton - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Proton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton Proton From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the proton as a subatomic particle. For other uses, see Proton (disambiguation). + The proton is an elementary subatomic particle, symbol p or p , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron. Protons and neutrons, each with mass approximately one atomic mass unit, are collectively referred to as "nucleons". One or more protons are present in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in the nucleus is referred to as its atomic number. Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number. The word proton is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. In previous years Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by collision. The proton was therefore a candidate to be a fundamental particle and a building block of nitrogen and all other heavier atomic nuclei. In the modern Standard Model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron, and like the neutron, the other nucleon (particle present in atomic nuclei), is composed of three quarks. Although the proton was originally considered a fundamental particle, it is composed of three valence quarks: two up quarks and one down quark. The rest masses of the quarks contribute only about 1% of the proton's mass, however.[2] The remainder of the proton mass is due to the kinetic energy of the quarks and to the energy of the gluon fields that bind the quarks together. -
Nuclear Physics My First Ebook Using Wikipedia by Billy Merchant
Nuclear Physics My first eBook using Wikipedia by Billy Merchant PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 02 Dec 2013 01:40:24 UTC Contents Articles Atom 1 Atomic nucleus 19 Electron 24 Nuclear physics 41 Particle physics 46 Photon 52 Physics 68 Quantum mechanics 81 References Article Sources and Contributors 100 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 105 Article Licenses License 107 Atom 1 Atom Helium atom An illustration of the helium atom, depicting the nucleus (pink) and the electron cloud distribution (black). The nucleus (upper right) in helium-4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud, although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case. The black bar is one angstrom (10−10 m or 100 pm). Classification Smallest recognized division of a chemical element Properties Mass range: 1.67×10−27 to 4.52×10−25 kg Electric charge: zero (neutral), or ion charge Diameter range: 62 pm (He) to 520 pm (Cs) (data page) Components: Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each other by chemical bonds based on the same force, forming a molecule. -
Shifting and Rearranging Professionally Reluctant to Use the Latter Consists Mainly of Six Case Studies Refer- Concept Throughout His Book
50 Book Reviews Carsten Reinhardt: Shifting and Re- dramatic change: Starting from the sci- arranging – Physical Methods and the ence of substances and their changes at th Transformation of Modern Chemis- least in the 18 century, there is a rea- try, Sagamore Beach, MA: Science sonable tendency to shift the chemical History Publications, 2006, 428 pp. core to the ‘abstract’ microphysical realm already well before 1950. Hence, [ISBN 0-88135-354-X] the mentioned abstraction, which can be considered chemistry’s conceptual This large monograph by historian of shift from substances to molecules, is a science Carsten Reinhardt (now Uni- movement which is obviously inde- versity of Bielefeld) is his Habilitation pendent from what some historians call thesis (at the University of Regens- ‘instrumental revolution’. Although he burg), which is still a prerequisite to mentions it and quotes the relevant gain the venia legendi at several German sources, Carsten Reinhardt is obviously universities. Shifting and Rearranging professionally reluctant to use the latter consists mainly of six case studies refer- concept throughout his book. ring to the works of Klaus Biemann, As to the second part of the quote Carl Djerassi, Richard Ernst, Herbert from the preface, intriguing questions Gutowsky, Fred McLafferty, and John for both history and philosophy of Roberts. Biemann, Djerassi, and chemistry can be raised, such as ‘Has McLafferty are chosen because of the chemistry been reduced to physics by tremendous impact they had (mainly) instrumental spectroscopy?’ Reinhardt on mass spectrometry, whereas Ernst, is very clear about that and similar ques- Gutowsky, and Roberts are well-chosen tions: “This book describes the transfer examples from the field of nuclear mag- of instrumental research methods from netic resonance spectrometry.