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Home , Aggressive angiomyxoma, Chorangioma, Endometrioid tumor, Hidrocystoma, Kraurosis vulvae, Krukenberg tumor

Index

A – histology of maternal response 1023, 1024 – of the skin 87 AAM see aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) – maternal response 1023 – of the urethra 96 abdominal 661 – neonatal infection 1027 – to the , metastatic 89 abdominal pain 540 – pathogenesis 1022 – of primary peritoneal origin 638 abdominal scar–related endometriosis 659 – preterm birth (PTB) 1026 – of the vulva, primary 81 ablation, effects on 351 acute fatty liver of (AFLP) 1063 – signet–ring cell 629 abnormal mitotic figure (AMF) 214, 219 acute on chronic transfusion, TTTS 1017 – well–differentiated 367 – in SIL 215 acute twin–twin transfusion syndrome – with diffuse peritoneal involvement 638 abortion 1064 (TTTS) 1016 in situ (AIS) 219, 278 , tubo–ovarian 544 acute villitis, histology 1025 – of the 227 absent 581 acyclovir 10 – of the cervix, clinical features 227 ACA see acute chorioamnionitis (ACA) 1022 Addison’s disease, and autoimmune – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 229 acantholysis 30, 31 613 – of the cervix, TBS terminology 239 acantholytic disease of the vulva, localized 29 (AA) 413 – clinical behavior 232 acantholytic squamous cell of the adenocarcinoma 83, 657 – colonic type 228 vulva 78 – arising in mesonephric duct remnants 147 – distribution in the cervix 228 – histology 78 – endocervical type 240 – endocervical 228 acanthosis 23, 39, 134, 137, 210 – endometrial type 240 – endocervical type 228 acanthosis nigricans (AN) 597, 840 – high–grade, histology 427 – histological types 228 – and –AN syndrome 603 – in the endometrium, well–differentiated 376 – histology 228, 240 – of the vulva 35 – involving , histology 641 – intestinal type, histology 229 acardiac fetus 1020 – of cloacogenic origin 86 – mitotic figures and apoptotic bodies 229 acardiac twin, multiple pregnancy 1019 – of the cervix 84, 254, 273 – p16ink staining, histology 231 Acarina 27 – of the cervix, clinical features 274 – pathologic findings 228 accelerated maturation, maternal circulatory – of the cervix, endometrioid type 284 – treatment 232 disorders 1035 – of the cervix, endometrioid type, adenofibroma 295, 505 accessory lobe 1003 histology 284 – andmetastaticcarcinoidtumorinovary958 accessory ovary 581 – of the cervix, mucinous type 280 – histology 501–553 acne, and PCOS 597 – of the cervix, mucinous type, – of the endometrium 348 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome histology 280 – of the endometrium, diagnosis 348 (AIDS) 118 – of the cervix, pathogenesis 273 – of the endometrium, differential acrochordon 38 – of the cervix, prevalence 273 diagnosis 349 461 – of the cervix, risk factors 273 – of the endometrium, histology 349 actinomyces, 326 – of the cervix, TBS terminology 240 – of the 553 Actinomyces israelii 544 – of the cervix, usual type 276 – of the 500, 501 – infection of the cervix 174 – of the cervix, usual type, clinical – of the uterus, clinical behavior 502 Actinomycetes 118, 626 behavior 279 – of the uterus, clinical features 501 – Papanicolaou–stained cytologic – of the cervix, usual type, differential – of the uterus, differential diagnosis 501 preparation 118 diagnosis 278 – of the uterus, gross findings 501 actinomycosis 583 – of the cervix, usual type, gross – of the uterus, microscopic findings 501 – of the cervix 174 findings 276 – of the uterus, treatment 502 – of the ovary 583 – of the cervix, usual type, – ovarian 703 – of the ovary, histology 584 immunohistochemical findings 277 adenoid basal carcinoma actinomycotic granule (AMG) 326 – of the cervix, usual type, major prognostic – histology 289 active chronic villitis 1028 indicators 279 – of the cervix 289 acute atherosis – of the cervix, usual type, microscopic adenoid basal cell carcinoma 147 – histology 1035 findings 276 – of the vulva 81 – maternal circulatory disorders 1034 – of the cervix, usual type, risk factors 279 adenoid basal epithelioma 290 acute chorioamnionitis (ACA) 1022 – of the cervix, usual type, treatment 279 – associated with invasive squamous cell – clinical significance 1026 – of the cervix, villoglandular type 282 carcinoma, histology 290 – etiology 1022 – of the cervix, villoglandular type, – histology 290 – fetal inflammatory response 1024 histology 283 147, 289 – frequency 1022 – of the endometrium 146 – histology 88, 288 – histology of fetal response 1024, 1025 – of the mammary–like tissue of the vulva 44 – of the Bartholin 87 1206 Index

– of the Bartholin gland, differential adipose prosoplasia 920 AIDS see acquired immunodeficiency virus diagnosis 87 adipose tissue, tumor of 44 syndrome (AIDS) – of the cervix 288 adnexal torsion 615 AIM see atypical immature (AIM) adenoid squamous carcinoma of the vulva 78 adrenal androgen, and PCOS 599 AIS see adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of minor vestibular gland 42 adrenal cortical carcinoma, ovarian albinism 32 132, 635 involvement 974 allantoic remnant – and yolk sac tumor 920 adrenal cortical rest 581 – histology 1050 – histology 551, 920 – histology 582 – umbilical cord 1050 – hypertrophic , histology 514 – in the ovary 581 allergic reaction to seminal fluid 121 – of the fallopian tube 550 – within mesovarium, histology 582 alpha–fetoprotein (AFP) 425 – of the ovary 920 adrenal gland tumor, ovarian involvement 973 – 853 – of the uterus 514 adrenal , and PCOS 600 – hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary 923 – of the uterus, clinical features 514 adrenal rest, histology 569 – yolk sac tumor 856, 857, 861, 863 – of the uterus, pathologic findings 514 adrenal tumor, and PCOS 600 alpha–fetoprotein (AFP)–secreting hepatoid adenomatous dermal tumor 40 , and steroid cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium 440 adenomatous hyperplasia of the tumor not otherwise specified (NOS) 831 alpha– actin 461 endometrium 360 adrenocortical of the 1066 ALTS see ASCUS–LSIL Traige Study (ALTS) adriamycin, treatment of serous carcinoma 423 alveolar rhabdomyosarcom 507 – histology 346 adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) 788 alveolar soft part (ASPS) 147, 294 – of the cervix 185, 295 – and Call–Exner body 796 – behavior 1188 – of the fallopian tube 553 – and cellular 794 – clinical features 1187 – of the uterus 512 – and crystal of Reinke 792 – differential diagnosis 1187 – of the uterus, clinical features 512 – and endometrioid carcinoma 795 – histology 510, 1188 – of the uterus, pathologic findings 512 – and fibromas 794 – involving gynecologic tract 1186 adenomyomatous polyp 346 – and fibrosarcomas 794 – of the uterus 510 – histology 346 – and stromal tumors 794 – of the uterus, differential diagnosis 510 405 – and theca cell 793 – pathologic findings 1187 – histology 512 – and undifferentiated carcinoma 793 – treatment 1188 – intravascular endometrial tissue, – androgenic changes 789 amebiasis 548 histology 513 – clinical behavior 797 540, 597 – of the uterus 512 – clinical features 788 American Joint Commission on Cancer – of the uterus, clinical features 512 – differential diagnosis 793 (AJCC) staging system 73 – of the uterus, pathologic findings 512 – endometrial changes 789 AMF – sparse glands, histology 514 – gross findings 789 – see abnormal mitotic figure (AMF) adenosarcoma 345, 349, 496, 502, 509, 654, 772 – histology 789–799 – see angiomyofibroblastoma (AMF) – histology 503, 504 – microscopic findings 790 amnion malformation syndrome 1047 – of the uterus 500, 502 – nuclear features 791 amnion nodosum – of the uterus, clinical behavior 506 – patterns 790 – clinical features 1046 – of the uterus, clinical features 503 – size 798 – definition 1046 – of the uterus, differential diagnosis 505 – stages 798 – diseases of the placenta 1046 – of the uterus, gross findings 503 – treatment 797 – etiology 1046 – of the uterus, 505 – versus Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 823 – histology 1046 – of the uterus, microscopic findings 503 adventitia 108 – 1046 – of the uterus, staging 456 AFP see alpha–fetoprotein (AFP) amnionic band – of the uterus, treatment 506 AGC see atypical glandular cells (AGC) – clinical significance 1048 – periglandular stromal hypercellularity, AGCT see adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) – definition 1046 histology 504 agenesis of the lower 106 – diseases of the placenta 1046 – in zones of aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) – disruption complex 1047 sarcomatous overgrowth, histology 505 – age distribution of patients 1160 – etiology 1048 – sarcomatous overgrowth, histology 505 – behavior 1163 – pathology 1047 – sex cord–like trabeculae, histology 504 – clinical features 1160 amnionic band syndrome 1047 – stromal cells, histology 504 – differential diagnosis 1161 amnionic infection, diseases of placenta 1025 adenosis 111, 139 – histology 1161, 1162 amnionicity, multiple pregnancy 1008 – histology 113 – immunohistochemistry 1163 amoebas 626 adenosquamous carcinoma (AS) 78, 146, 413 – pathologic findings 1160 ampulla of the fallopian tube 533 – histology 287 – treatment 1163 – histology 534 – of the Bartholin gland 87 aggressive endometriosis 772 amputation of cervix 261 – of the cervix 286 AGUS see atypical glandular cells of amyloidosis – vulvar, treatment 89 undetermined significance (AGUS) – of the ovary 617 adipose metaplasia in endometrium 342 AH see atypical hyperplasia (AH) – of the vulva 45 Index 1207

AN see acanthosis nigricans (AN) apocrine 37 ASCUS–LSIL Traige Study (ALTS) 211 anatomy – histology 37 – variability in histopathological diagnoses – external female genitalia 3 apocrine gland 24, 26 212 – Hart’s line 3 apocrine 41 Asherman’s syndrome 352 – vulva 3 apocrine of the vulva 37 Aspergillus 548 andocervical adenocarcinoma, histology 240 apoplectic 463 – tuboovarian abscess 586 androgen 335 apoptosis 436 ASPS see alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) – dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate apoptotic body 312 assisted reproductive techniques (ART) 1007 (DHES) 599 appendicitis asymmetric growth, multiple pregnancy 1017 – receptor gene 470 – and massive edema of the ovary 604 atopic dermatitis of the vulva 23 – secretion, and PCOS 599 – and 615 atresia – Sertoli cell tumor 815 – and ovarian vein thrombophlebitis 615 – of the mu¨llerian duct 308 androgenetic alopecia, and PCOS 597 appendix epiploica – of the vagina 308 androstenedione 395, 602 – infarction 635 atrophic 120 aneurysm of umbilical vessel 1059 – torsion 635 atrophic endometrium, histology 318 angiofibroma 39 APST see atypical proliferative serous tumor atrophic squamous , histology 160 angiogenesis 438 (APST) atrophic 122 – marker 266 arachnid 27 – histology 122 argentaffin cell 160 mimicking HSIL 223 – of the vulva 42 – and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 819 atrophy of the squamous epithelium of the – differential diagnosis 42 argyrophil cell 160 vagina 122 – histology 42, 43 Arias–Stella effect 341 atrophy–related perinuclear halos 214 angiomatosis of gynecologic tract 1178 Arias–Stella reaction 140, 164, 229, 285, 316, atypia angiomyofibroblastoma (AMF) 317, 341, 382, 407, 537, 650 – diffuse mild, histology 458 – age distribution of patients 1160 – diagnosis 341 – radiation–induced 171 – behavior 1167 – histology 165 – of repair 170 – clinical features 1164 – in pregnancy, histology 316 – of uterine smooth muscle 458 – differential diagnosis 1166 – PSTT 1110 – severe pleomorphic, histology 458 – histology 1166 ARR see avian retroviral receptor (ARR) – severe uniform, histology 458 – of the fallopian tube 553 ARTsee assisted reproductive techniques (ART) atypical 1113 – pathologic findings 1165 arteriovenous anastomosis, monochorionic atypical endocervical cells, cytological – treatment 1167 placenta 1013 features 239 angiomyofibroblastoma–like tumor 1167 arteritis of the cervix, isolated 177 atypical endometrial stromal cell, histology 353 479, 1185 artificial vagina 113 atypical endosalpingiosis 665 – of the fallopian tube 553 asbestos 636 atypical glandular cell (AGC) 227 42, 147, 916 ASCCP Consensus Conference algorithm – 2001 Bethesda System 238 – involving gynecologic tract 1192 – for managing adolescents with ASCUS/ – endocervical type (AGC–EC), histology 239 – of the uterus, histology 515 LSIL 242 – favor neoplasia 239 anisonucleosis 217 – for managing women with ASCUS 241 – initial workup 244 anogenital human papillomavirus – for managing women with histologically – management 243 – infection, transmission 204 confirmed LSIL 246 – of undetermined significance (AGUS) 698 – oncogenic risk of common types 201 – for managing women with HSIL 244 – ubsequent management 245 – prevalence in HSIL 202 – for managing women with LSIL 243 atypical hyperplasia (AH) 360, 364, 407 – prevalence in invasive 202 – for the initial management of women – complex, eosinophilic metaplasia, – prevalence in LSIL 201 with AGC cytology results 244 histology 380 anogenital lesion, human papillomavirus 199 – for the subsequent management of – complex, foci of well–differentiated anomalous cord insertion, in twins 1013 women with AGC cytology results 245 endometrioid carcinoma, histology 368 361, 600 ascending infection of placenta – complex, histology 362, 364, 365 anovulatory cycle 331, 360 – clinical significance 1026 – complex, treatment with progestins 378 anovulatory endometrium 331 – etiology 1022 – complex, tubal metaplasia, histology 383 antepartum cervix 162 – fetal inflammatory response 1024 – follow–up 373, 374 antidiuresis syndrome 840 – frequency 1022 – hysterectomy findings 376 anus 107 – inflammation 1022 – pregnancy 376 APCCT see atypical proliferative clear cell – maternal response 1023 – progestin treatment 376 tumor (APCCT) – neonatal infection 1027 – progression to carcinoma, clinical and APET see atypical proliferative endometrioid – pathogenesis 1022 pathological findings 374 tumor (APET) – preterm birth (PTB) 1026 – of the cervix 226 APMT see atypical proliferative mucinous ASC–H 242 – of the endometrium 360 tumor (APMT) ASCUS see atypical squamous cells of atypical immature metaplasia (AIM) 221 apocrine carcinoma 89 undetermined significance (ASCUS) – histology 222 1208 Index

atypical leiomyoma 464 atypical squamous cells of undetermined basal cell 157 – histology 464 significance (ASCUS) 233, 241 basal cell carcinoma 63, 74 atypical mucinous proliferation, complex 385 – histology 234 – of the vulva 80 atypical placental site nodule 1122 – management 241 – of the vulva, histology 80 – histology 1125 atypical tubal metaplasia, histology 231 – with sebaceous differentiation 890 atypical polypoid adenomyoma 367, 369, 407 atypical vulvar nevus 34 basal cell nevus syndrome, and fibroma 806 – histology 347, 367 – histology 35 basal layer of vaginal mucosa 108 – in endometrium 347 Auspitz sign 22 basalis 308 – in endometrium, diagnosis 347 autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and ovarian basaloid carcinoma 73 – in endometrium, differential tumor 840 – desmoplastic stroma 74 diagnosis 348 autoimmune oophoritis 612, 613 – histology 74 atypical proliferative Brenner tumor 767 – and Addison’s disease 613, 614 – of of the vulva 73 – histology 768 – and Grave’s disease 614 basaloid squamous carcinoma 74 atypical proliferative clear cell tumor – and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 613, 614 basaloid VIN with basaloid carcinoma 74 (APCCT) 759 – and mucocutaneous candidiasis 614 basosquamous carcinoma of the vulva 81 atypical proliferative – and PCOS 600 B–cell lymphoma (APET) 749 – and Sjogren’s disease 613 – and adult granulosa cell tumor 1142 – adenofibromatous 750 – and vaginal candidiasis 614 – and carcinoma 1142 – glandular/papillary 750 – clinical features 613 – and dysgerminoma 1142 – histology 750, 751 – gross findings 614 – and myeloid sarcoma 1142 – microinvasion 751 – histology 615 – and spindle cell sarcoma 1142 atypical proliferative mucinous tumor (APMT) – microscopic findings 614 – in ovary, histology 1139 – endocervical–like 737, 739 – pathogenetic features 613 – in ovary, differential diagnosis 1142 – gastrointestinal type 737 autoimplantation 707 – in uterine cervix, histology 1144 – histology 737, 738 avian retroviral receptor (ARR) 692 – ovarian involvement, histology 1142 –mu¨llerian type 737, 739 – primary uterine lymphoma 1143 – of the ovary 735 B BCL–2 proto– 436 – seromucinous type 737, 739, 740 B72.3 407 Bednar tumor 1179 – with intraepithelial (noninvasive) bacterial infection Behc¸et syndrome 24, 26 carcinoma 739 – of the cervix 174 Ber EP4 407 – with intraepithelial (noninvasive) – of the ovary 583 beta–human chorionic gonadotropin 540 carcinoma, histology 740, 741 – vulva skin 5 beta–lactamase–resistant anti–staphylococcal – with microinvasion 741 bacterial vaginitis, unusual types 119 antibiotic 120 – with microinvasion, histology 741, 742 115 Bethesda system (TBS) 232 – with sarcoma–like mural nodule, – diagnosis 116 – terminology 197 histology 744 – Papanicolaou–stained cytologic bicornuate uterus 308 atypical proliferative serous tumor (APST) 683, preparation 117 bilharziasis 548 703, 705 Bacterioides 1023 – of the cervix 176 – and endosalpingiosis 710 Bacteroides 114 biomarker for invasive squamous cell – and implants 710 Bacteroides fragilis 544 carcinoma of the cervix 266 – and invasive implant 714 Bartholin abscess 35 birth asphyxia 1061 – clinical findings 705 Bartholin adenocarcinoma 36 bladder 107 – gross findings 705 Bartholin 35 blastocyst 1000 – histology 706–708 – histology 36 Blastomyces dermatitidis 548, 586 – immunohistochemistry 719 Bartholin duct 3, 4, 35 blood supply 580 – microinvasive carcinoma 708 – abscess 36 blood–borne infection 583 – microscopic findings 705 Bartholin gland 3, 4, 41 blue nevus 132, 144 – of the ovary 725 – adenoid cystic carcinoma 87 – malignant 94 – operative findings 705 – adenosquamous carcinoma 87 – of the endocervix 185 – types of lesions 708 – carcinoma 87 blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome 1179 – usual type of microinvasion 708 – carcinoma, clinical behavior 88 body mass index 360 – with microinvasion, histology 709 – carcinoma, treatment 88 borderline condyloma 211 – with microinvasive carcinoma, – cyst 127 borderline 590 histology 710 – cyst, histology 127 borderline neoplasm, involving atypical proliferative transitional cell – squamous cell carcinoma 87 gynecologic tract 1179 tumor 767 – tumor 87 borderline tumor, and endometriosis 663 atypical squamous cell (ASC) – tumor, clinical features 87 botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma 505 – abnormalities 233 – tumor, differential diagnosis 87 – histology 508 – criteria of diagnosis 234 – tumor, general features 87 bovine papillomavirus (BPV) 200 – of the cervix, prevalence of HSIL 241 – tumor, gross findings 87 BRCA mutation 560, 564 – TBS terminology 233 – tumor, microscopic findings 87 – and Index 1209 breaking down endometrium, histology 330 CAP Surgical Pathology Cancer Case – of the uterus, staging 456 335 Summary/Checklist 72 – ovarian cancer 702 – metastatic to the endometrium 441 capillary of uterine cervix 1178 cardinal ligament of Mackenrodt 156 – metastatic, histology 441 carbon pigment granuloma in the ovary, cartilaginous in endometrium 342 breast carcinoma, ovarian involvement 967 histology 587 caruncle 45 Brenner–mucinous tumor, mixed 767 (CEA) 84, 87 caseating granuloma 16 Brenner tumor 132, 668, 701, 737, 765 – adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) 231 cavernous angiomatosis of uterus 1178 – and metastatic tumor in ovary 958 – hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary 923 – benign 765 – staining 278 – of uterine cervix 1178 – histology 765, 766 – yolk sac tumor 863 – of uterus 1178 – with functioning stroma 833 carcinoid syndrome 955 CD138 immunohistochemical staining 325 – with , histology 766 – and ovarian tumor 835 CDX2, cervical adenocarcinoma 278 Breslow measurement 93 carcinoid tumor 147 CEA see carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Breus’ mole, maternal circulatory disorders 1040 – and heterologous Sertoli–Leydig cell cell carcinoma bullous dermatosis 121 tumor 821 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise – noninfectious 28 – and idiopathic 834 specified (NOS) 831 bullous disease of childhood of the vulva, – of the cervix, atypical 291 – within endometriotic cyst, histology 662, benign chronic 31 – of the cervix, typical 291 663 – differential diagnosis 32 – of the cervix, well–differentiated 291 cellular angiofibroma (CAF) bullous disease of the vulva 27 – of the ovary 883 – age distribution of patients 1160 bullous erythema multiforme 121 – ovarian involvement 954 – behavior 1168 bullous lesion of the cervical squamous mucous carcinoma – clinical features 1167 membrane 175 – arising in 346 – differential diagnosis 1168 bullous pemphigoid 28 – and lymphoma of lower female genital – histology 1167 – histology 30 tract 1151 – pathologic findings 1167 bullous–like diseases of the vulva, differential – occult 561 – treatment 1168 diagnosis 29 – of the appendix with neuroendocrine cellular fibroma 807 Burkitt’s lymphoma 1138 differentiation, ovarian involvement 954 – histology 810 – and Epstein–Barr virus 1140 – of the fallopian tube 554 cellular leiomyoma 462 – in ovary, histology 1140 – of the fallopian tube, clinical features 554 – highly 483 buserelin acetate 334 – of the fallopian tube, differential – highly, histology 463, 484 diagnosis 566 – highly, positive staining for 463 C – of the fallopian tube, FIGO stage 554 cellular oncogene 267 C Topical cortical steroid 22 – of the fallopian tube, gross features 556 cellular proliferation 462 CA125 407 – of the fallopian tube, histologic features 556 cellular , and adult granulosa cell CAF see cellular angiofibroma (CAF) – of the fallopian tube, tumor 794 calcification immunohistochemical features 558 central nervous system, ovarian involvement 982 – and gonadoblastoma 894, 896 – of the fallopian tube, intraoperative cerebral palsy (CP) 1061 – and ovarian stromal metaplasia 611 features 556 cervical adenocarcinoma calcifying fibrous tumor, of peritoneum 640 – of the fallopian tube, molecular – genetic predisposition 274 calcinosis of the vulva 45 features 563 – precursor 225 caldesmon 461, 463, 489 – of the fallopian tube, pathogenesis 563 – precursor, epidemiology 226 Call–Exner body – of the fallopian tube, prognosis 559 – precursor, etiology 226 – and AGCT 796 – of the fallopian tube, treatment 559 – precursor, historical perspective 225 – of the granulosa cell tumor 958 – of the ovary, intraepithelial 735 – precursor, terminology 225 calretinin, and sex cord–stromal tumor 787 – of the ovary, invasive 735 – prevalence 273 Calymmatobacterium granulomatous 14 – of the thyroid, ovarian involvement 981 cervical adenomyoma 185 cambium 141 – of the vulva, American Joint Committee cervical 225 – layer 129 on Cancer (AJCC) staging 66 cervical cancer 254 – tumor cell layer 141 – of the vulva, FIGO staging 66 – etiology 198 Cancer Genome Atlas 733 – of vulvar origin 89 – human papillomavirus 199 Candida 115, 548, 626 – well–differentiated, treatment with – incidence 261 – albicans 115 progestins 378 – incidence in the USA 198 – albicans infection of the cervix 176 194 – precursor lesion, Bethesda system – glabrata 115 – of the endometrium 360, 386 terminology 197 – infection, diseases of placenta 1026 – of the fallopian tube 554 – precursor lesion, terminology 197 – peripheral funisitis, histology 1026 146, 394, 496, 771 – precursor lesion, WHO classification 197 – tropicalis 115 – histology 427, 428 – precursor, management 240 – vaginitis 116 – of the fallopian tube 568 – precursor, TBS classification 233– risk candidiasis 115, 213 – of the urethra 97 factors 206 – of the vulva 20 – of the uterus 500 – steps in the development 195 1210 Index

cervical candidal infection 176 – blood supply 156, 157 chorioamnionitis, chronic 1033 cervical , steps 195 – carcinoma 253 choriocarcinoma 867, 1076 cervical carcinoma 65 – categories of invasive carcinoma 254 – and syncytiotrophoblast 869 – pathogenesis, HPV infection 262 – epithelial tumor 286 – clinical behavior 869, 1107 cervical cytologic screening 232 – fungal diseases 176 – clinical features 868, 1101, 1102 cervical cytology 232 – granulomatous infection 174 – differential diagnosis 1105 – impact of age on cytological – gross structural changes 111 – gestational 1101 abnormalities 198 – heterologous tissue 188 – gross features 868 – limitations 232 – heterotopic mature cartilage 188 – gross findings 1102 – strengths 232 – histology 156 – histogenesis 868 – TBS terminology 233 – innervation 156 – histology 868, 1103–1105 cervical ectopy 162 – lymphatic drainage 157 – immunohistochemical features 868 cervical ectropion, embryologic basis 112 – miscellaneous tumors 185 – microscopic features 868 cervical endometriosis 654 – modified World Health Organization – microscopic findings 1103 – histology 655 histological classification of invasive – of the cervix 295 cervical fungal infection 176 254 – of the endometrium 440 cervical ganglioneurom 185 – parasitic diseases 176 – treatment 869, 1107 cervical germ cell tumor 295 – physiology 156 chorion 1001 cervical hemangioma 185, 1178 – precancerous lesions 193 chorion laeve 1002 cervical HSV infection 175 – protozoal diseases 176 – anatomy, histology 1081 cervical intraepithelial glandular neoplasia – secondary tumors 295 – ETT 1115 (CIGN) 226 – skin 188 – formation, schematic representation 1079 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 56, – tumor 253 chorionic vasculitis, diseases of placenta 1024 194, 197 – tumor, four–stage system of the chorionic vessel thrombus 1041 – grade 1 (CIN 1), biopsy–confirmed, International Federation of Gynecologists chorionic villus and implantation site, management 246 and Obstetricians (FIGO) 254 histology 1081 – natural history 224 – tumor–like lesions 187 chorionicity, multiple pregnancy 1008 – progression 224 – viral diseases 175 chorionic–type intermediate 1078 – regression 224 cervix uteri – and ETT 1115 – terminology 216 – carcinoma, FIGO staging 255 – morphology 1079 cervical leiomyoma 185 – normal 156 chorionic–type intermediate trophoblastic cell cervical 185 CGH see comparative genomic hybridization – functional aspects 1085 cervical 185 (CGH) – placental site nodule 1121 cervical melanosis 185 Chagas’ disease of the cervix 176 cicatricial pemphigoid 28, 29 cervical mixed epithelial and mesenchymal chancre, 12, 13 cigarette smoking 65 tumor 294 6, 15, 175 – as risk factor for cervical cancer 206 cervical neurofibroma 185 – differential diagnosis 15 ciliated carcinoma 413 cervical papillary adenofibroma 185 cheilitis granulomatosa 25 ciliated cell change 366, 382 cervical schistosomiasis 177 , and high–grade serous ciliated of the vulvar vestibule 37 – Schistosoma haematobiium ova, carcinoma of the ovary 730 ciliated epithelial cell 339 histology 177 15 ciliated metaplasia in endometrium 339 cervical squamous carcinoma precursors 208 – trachomatis 16, 207, 325, 543 – histology 339 cervical stenosis 323 – trachomatis 174 CIN see cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cervical tissue, , immunohistochemical staining chlamydial infection of the cervix 174 circulatory disorders of placenta 1033 pattern 159 chloroma 1150 cisplatin cervical vasculitis 177 chondroid 41 – malignant mesodermal cervical viral infection 175 chondroma (MMMT) 430 cervicitis 170 – of the fallopian tube 553 – treatment of serous carcinoma 423 – bacterial 174 – of the ovary 917 Clark classification of cutaneous 93 – chlamydial 174 chondrosarcoma 427 Clark’s Level 68, 93, 143 – chronic 173 – involving gynecologic tract 1195 classification, Bethesda system (TBS) 2001 233 – chronic, histology 173 – of the fallopian tube 568 CLC see (CLC) – follicular 173 – of the ovary 918 clear cell adenocarcinoma – infectious 173 chorangiocarcinoma – of the cervix 165 – mucopurulent 174 – features 1125 – of the urethra 96 – noninfectious 172 – histology 1127 – of the vagina 111, 138 cervicovaginitis emphysematosa 177 – pathogenesis 1126 – of the vagina, clinical features 138 cervix 107 of the placenta 1065 – of the vagina, general features 138 – anatomy 157 chorangiopagus parasiticus, multiple – of the vagina, gross findings 138 – benign diseases 155 pregnancy 1019 – of the vagina, microscopic findings 139 – 182 chorangiosis, fetal circulatory disorders 1045 – prognosis 140 Index 1211 clear cell adenofibroma 758 CMV see cytomegalovirus (CMV) – gross findings 592 clear cell adenosquamous carcinoma of the c–myc 267 – histology 593 cervix 287 Coccidioides immitis 548 – microscopic findings 592 clear cell carcinoma 339, 394, 412, 759, 856 coccidioidomycosis 586 – pathogenesis 593 – and dysgerminoma 763 coitus 111 – treatment 594 – and endometriosis 759, 762 collagen metabolism 19 corpus luteum of menstruation (CLM) 591 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise collar 111 cortical cords of ovary 531 specified (NOS) 831 collarette 43 cortical fibromatosis 605 – and 763 College of American Pathologists (CAP), cortical fibrosis, and ovarian changes 617 – and yolk sac tumor 763 ovarian cancer 702 cortical granuloma – clinical behavior 765 colonic endometriosis, histology 657 – frequency 588 – clinical findings 759 colposcopy 225, 242 – histology 588 – differential diagnosis 763 columnar differentiation 167 – of the ovary 588 – DNA copy number changes 764 columnar epithelium Corynebacterium 114 – gene expression 764 – of the cervix 159 – diphtheria 119 – gross findings 759 – of the cervix, histology 158 – minutissimum 17 – histology 139, 423–425, 760–762 comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) 756 Cowden syndrome 399 – hobnail type cells, histology 424, 425 complete hydatidiform mole 1090 – 399 – immunohistochemistry 762 – behavior 1094, 1097 COX–2 see cyclooxygenase 2 (COX–2) – marker 762 – clinical features 1091 coxcomb 111 – microscopic findings 760 – differential diagnosis 1094, 1095 CP see cerebral palsy (CP) – molecular biology 764 – gross findings 1091 Crohn’s disease 25, 26, 627 – mutation analyses 764 – histology 1092, 1093, 1098 – and granulomatous oophoritis 588 – of the cervix 285 – microscopic findings 1092 – fallopian tube 548 – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 285 – pathologic features 1097 – microscopic findings 26 – of the cervix, histology 285 – treatment 1094 – vaginal symptoms 121 – of the cervix, prognosis 285 compound 159 cryosurgery 225 – of the endometrium 423 – nevus of the vulva 33 crystal of Reinke – of the endometrium, differential condyloma 6, 137 – and adult granulosa cell tumor 792 diagnosis 424 – acuminatum 6, 7, 65, 70, 76, 267 – and Leydig cell cell tumor 828 – of the endometrium, – acuminatum of the vagina 128 – and Leydig cell cell tumor 829 immunohistochemical findings 425 – acuminatum, differential diagnosis 8 – and Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 – of the endometrium, survival rates 425 – lata 6 – and ovarian tumors with functioning – of vagina, clinical behavior 140 – lata, histology 12 stroma 832 – of vagina, differential diagnosis 140 – latum 13 – and pregnancy 608 – of vagina, flat, histology 139 – latum, acanthosis 13 – gonadoblastoma 895 – of vagina, treatment 140 – planum 209 – Leydig cell 817 – operative findings 759 condylomatous carcinoma CT see (CT) – patterns 760, 763 – histology 75 curettage 348 – solid and hobnail cells 140 – of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva 74 – effects on endometrium 352 – treatment 765 – of the cervix 271 Cushing’s syndrome 829, 835, 837 clear cell 89 condylomatous VIN lesion 62 – and PCOS 600 clear cell hidradenoma 41 cone biopsy 259, 275 – and resistant ovary syndrome 613 clear cell leiomyoma 465 – early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cutaneous disorders, and ovarian tumor 840 clear cell lesion 668 the cervix and residual disease in the cutaneous endometriosis 658 clear cell metaplasia in endometrium 339 postcone hysterectomy specimen 261 – histology 659 – histology 340 congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and PCOS 600 cutaneous melanoma, Clark classification 93 clear cell myoblastoma 41 congenital anomaly of the fallopian tube 549 cutaneous clear cell of the endometrium 416 congenital lesion 581 – age distribution of patients 1160 clear cell sugar tumor of the lung 1185 congenital nevus of the vulva 33 – histology 1164 clear cell tumor, of the ovary 758 conjoined twins 1009 cutaneous ulceration 26 clitoral enlargement 5 disorder, and ovarian tumor 839 cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment clitoral 5 contact dermatitis of hyperplasia 377 3, 4 – of the vagina 120 Cyclin D1 64 – developmental abnormalities 5 – of the vulva 23 cyclooxygenase 2 (COX–2) 266 CLM see corpus luteum of menstruation (CLM) Coombs’ test, mature cystic 876 cyclophosphamide (PAC), treatment of serous cloacogenic adenocarcinoma 86 cord entanglement, multiple gestation 1013 carcinoma 423 cloacogenic carcinoma 86 corpus luteum cyst (CLC) 591, 592 cyclosporine 22 clomiphene, and ovarian hyperstimulation – and ORS 618 cyst 130 syndrome 596 – clinical behavior 594 – corpus luteum 591 clue cell 117 – clinical features 591 – of the canal of Nuck 38 1212 Index

– of the cervix 185 depth of invasion 68, 86, 275, 434 dienestrol 111 – of the portio vaginalis and vagina 177 – and presence of lymphvascular space diet as risk factor for cervical cancer 207 – of the vagina 126 involvement 259 (DES) 111, 285, 307 – of the vulva 35 – method of measurement 68, 257 differential diagnosis – SEI 589 – of vulvar tumor, characterization of 80 – of absent ovary 581 – solitary follicle 591 – plotted against lymphadenectomy with – of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cystadenofibroma inguinal lymph node 70 cervix 229 – of the fallopian tube 553 – usual type of endocervical – of adenofibroma of the endometrium 349 – of the ovarian cancer 703 adenocarcinoma 276 – of adenofibroma of the uterus 501 – of the ovarian cancer, histology 704 depth of myometrial invasion, statistical model – of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cystadenoma 552 of survival 439 Bartholin gland 87 – and SEI cyst 589 dermal 67 – of adenosarcoma of the uterus 505 – of the ovary 735 dermatitis – of adult granulosa cell tumor 793 – of the vulva 37 – herpetiformis 29 – of aggressive angiomyxoma 1160 – ovarian cancer 703 – medicamentosa 23 – of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) – ovarian cancer, histology 704 – seborrheic 22 510, 1187 cystic atrophy 332, 366 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) – of angiokeratoma 42 – histology 318 – histology 1180, 1181 – of angiomyofibroblastoma 1166 cystic granulosa cell tumor, and follicle cyst 594 – involving gynecologic tract 1179 – of atypical polypoid adenomyoma in cystic lymphangioma, multilocular 633 dermatomyositis 839 endometrium 348 cystic , low–grade 636 dermatophyte infection of the vulva 20 – of Bartholin gland tumor 87– of benign cystic ovarian tumor, and hyperreactio dermatoses, noninfectious bullous 5 chronic bullous disease of childhood of luteinalis (HL) 596 the vulva 32 cysticercosis 548 – and idiopathic germ cell tumor 834 – of bullous–like diseases of the vulva 29 124 – and prolactin secretion 839 – of carcinoma of the fallopian tube cystosarcoma phyllodes 44 DES 111, 138, 146 – of cellular angiofibroma 1168 317, 407, 489 desmin 461, 489, 508 – of chancroid 15 – immunoreactivity 461 desmoid tumor – of choriocarcinoma 1105 cytologic abnormality, management 240 – behavior 1176 – of clear cell carcinoma 763 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 16, 326, 585 – clinical features 1175 – of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix 285 – clinical significance 1030 – histology 1176 – of clear cell carcinoma of the – diseases of placenta 1029 – pathologic findings 1175 endometrium 424 – endometritis 326 – treatment 1176 – of clear cell carcinoma of vagina 140 – infection 10 desmoplastic mesothelioma 630 – of complete hydatidiform mole 1094, 1095 – inclusions, histology 1029 desmoplastic small round cell tumor – of condyloma acuminatum 8 – oophoritis 585 (DSRCT) 638 – of dysgerminoma 853 – pathology 1029 – clinical features 638 – of dysplastic nevus 34 – placentitis, histology 1029 – differential diagnosis 640 – of edema fluid within the ovary 606 – 10 – histology 639 – of edema of the ovary 606 cytoplasmic vacuolation 410 – pathologic findings 638 – of 865 cytotoxic drugs, and ovarian changes 617 desquamative inflammatory vaginitis 121 – of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cytotrophoblast (CT) 1000, 1076 developmental abnormalities, vulva 4 vagina 142 – functional aspects 1083 DFSP see dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – of 366 – morphology 1078 (DFSP) – of endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma DFSP with fibrosarcomatous transformation (EIC) 388 D (DFSP–FS) 1179 – of endometrial polyp 345 dapsone 22 DHES see androgen dehydroepiandrosterone – of endometrial stromal nodule of the Darier disease disease 29 sulfate (DHES) uterus 483 decidua 1005 diabetes 396 – of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) 491 – of the fallopian tube, histology 534 – mellitus 361 – of endometrioid adenocarcinoma 754 decidual pseudopolyp of the cervix 187 – mellitus, pathologic finding in – of endometrioid adenocarcinoma with decidual vasculopathy, maternal circulatory placenta 1060 squamous epithelium 415 disorders 1034 diameter of the tumor 68 – of endometrioid carcinoma 407 decidualization 334, 350 diamnionic dichorionic placenta 1008 – of epithelioid sarcoma 1189 decidualized stroma 334 – histology 1010 – of ETT 1117 deciduitis, chronic 1033 diamnionic monochorionic placenta – of exaggerated placental site deep angiomyxoma 1160 1009–1011 (reaction) 1120 depigmentation of the vulva 32 – histology 1010 – of genital 1177 depletion in follicle numbers, and ovarian DIC see disseminated intravascular – of gonadoblastoma 896 changes 617 coagulation (DIC) – of granular cell tumor 1170 depth of excision 80 dichorionic placenta and twin gestation 1008 – of granuloma venereum 15 Index 1213

– of granulosa cell proliferations of – of mucinous carcinoma 747 diffuse laminar endocervical glandular pregnancy 609 – of mucinous carcinoma of the hyperplasia (DLEGH) 180 – of (HPC) 1182 endometrium 416 – histology 181 – of heterologous Sertoli–Leydig cell – of mucinous tumor arising in mature diffuse leiomyomatosis of the uterus 468 tumor 819 cystic teratoma 879 diffuse multifocal chorangiomatosis, fetal – of high–grade squamous intraepithelial – of myeloid sarcoma 1154 circulatory disorders 1045 lesion (HSIL) of the cervix 220 – of myomelanocytic tumor 1186 diffuse nonlobular androblastoma 825 – of human papillomavirus (HPV) – of 1174 diffuse peritoneal leiomyomatosis 669 infection 8 – of nonkeratinizing squamous carcinoma dihydrotestosterone 602 – of hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) 596 of the cervix 293 dirty necrosis, metastatic intestinal carcinoma – of 871 – of ovarian diffuse large B–cell in ovary 948 – of insular carcinoid tumor 884 lymphoma 1142 disordered proliferative endometrium 331 – of invasive mole 1100 – of ovarian fibromatosis 606 dispermic monovular twinning 1007 – of juvenile granulosa cell tumor 803 – of ovarian lymphoma 1140 dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus 468 – of 941 – of Paget disease of the vulva 84 disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), – of leiomyoma with lymphoid – of partial hydatidiform mole 1096 ovarian tumor 840 infiltration 1150 – of PEComa 479 disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis – of 22 – of perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (DPAM) 742, 743 – of 18 (PEComa) 1186 – and PMCA 743 – of lichen simplex chronicus 20 – of placental site nodule 1123 – histology of ovarian involvement 743 – of low grade serous tumor 719 – of plasmacytoid squamous cell carcinoma disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL) – of low grade squamous intraepithelial of the vulva 79 – histology 471 lesion (LSIL) of the cervix 211 – of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 599 – of the uterus 470 – of lymphoma of lower female genital – of polypoid lesions of the cervix 183 distal villous , maternal circulatory tract 1151 – of pregnancy luteoma 608 disorders 1035 – of lymphoma of the urethra 97 – of PSTT 1111 dizygous twin 1007 – of malignant lymphoma of the vulva 94 – of rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus 509 DLEGH see diffuse laminar endocervical – of malignant melanoma of the vulva 92 – of sarcoma of the urethra 97 glandular hyperplasia (DLEGH) – of malignant mesodermal mixed tumor – of secretory carcinoma 412 Donovan body 14 (MMMT) 428 – of serous carcinoma of the donovanosis 14 – of malignant transitional cell tumor 769 endometrium 420 doxorubicin, treatment of serous carcinoma 423 – of melanoma of the vagina 144 – of Sertoli cell tumor 813 DPAM see disseminated peritoneal – of Merkel cell tumor of the vulva 95 – of small cell carcinoma of the cervix 293 adenomucinosis (DPAM) – of metaplasia of the endometrium 385 – of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) 1182 DPL see disseminated peritoneal – of metastatic acinar cell carcinoma from – of solitary follicle cyst 594 leiomyomatosis (DPL) the in ovary 962 – of squamous intraepithelial lesion drug–hypersensitive reaction 23 – of metastatic breast carcinoma in (SIL) 134 DSRCT see desmoplastic small round cell ovary 969 – of steroid cell tumors not otherwise tumor – of metastatic carcinoid tumor in specified (NOS) 831 DUB see dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) ovary 957 – of stromal hyperplasia 602 ductal 89 – of metastatic carcinoma from the – of stromal hyperthecosis 602 duplication extrahepatic in ovary 964 – of superficial angiomyxoma 1164 – abnormalities, multiple pregnancy 1019 – of metastatic carcinoma from the gall – of superficial spreading malignant – of the vagina 113 bladder in ovary 964 melanoma 92 dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) 329 – of metastatic – of trabecular carcinoid tumor 885 dysgerminoma from the liver in ovary 965 – of ulceration of the vulva 16 – and calcification 852 – of metastatic intestinal carcinoma in – of undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma – and clear cell carcinoma 763 ovary 947 (UES) 495 – and gonadoblastoma 850, 892, 896 – of metastatic intestinal–type – of usual type of adenocarcinoma of the – and heterologous Sertoli–Leydig cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach in cervix 278 tumor 820 ovary 943 – of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia – and human chorionic gonadotropin – of metastatic malignant melanoma in (VAIN) 134 (hCG) ovary 976 – of 77 – and primary amenorrhea 851 – of metastatic ovarian carcinoma from the – of villoglandular carcinoma 411 – and syncytiotrophoblastic giant cell 853 pancreas in ovary 960 – of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia [VIN] 63 – and yolk sac tumor 862 – of metastatic pulmonary tumor in – of vulvitis granulomatosa 25 – clinical behavior 854 ovary 978 – of yolk sac tumor 862 – clinical features 850 – of microcystic stromal tumor 810 – of metastatic renal tumor in ovary 972 – cytogenetic features 849 – of mixed germ cell–sex cord–stromal – of vesticular bullous diseases of the vulva 29 – differential diagnosis 853 tumor 900 differentiated VIN 62 – gross features 851 – of mucinous carcinoid tumor 887 diffuse embryoma 866 – histogenesis 849 1214 Index

– histology 852–854 edema emphysematous vaginitis 119 – immunohistochemical features 853 – and fibroma 807 encapsulating peritonitis 630 – microscopic features 851 – and sex cord–stromal tumor during endocervical adenocarcinoma 408 – molecular features 849 pregnancy 825 – endometrioid type 275 – prevalence 850 – of the ovary 603 – endometrioid type, histology 284 – prognosis 855 – of the ovary and myxoma of the ovary 910 – mucinous type 280 – treatment 854 – of the ovary clinical behavior 606 – usual typ 275 – with syncytiotrophoblast cellls 833 – of the ovary clinical features 603 – usual type, histology 276 130 – of the ovary differential diagnosis 606 – usual type, HPV 16 DNA, histology 278 194 – of the ovary gross findings 604 – usual type, p16 expression, histology 277 – mild 197 – of the ovary histology 605 – villoglandular type, histology 283 – moderate 196, 197 – of the ovary microscopic findings 604 endocervical columnar cell, – of the vaginal vault 133 – of the ovary pathogenesis 606 immunohistochemical staining pattern 159 – severe 196, 197 – of the ovary treatment 606 endocervical curettage (ECC) 224, 246 dysplastic melanocytic nevus of the vulva 34 EFT see Ewing family tumor (EFT) endocervical dysplasia 226 dysplastic nevus EGFR see epidermal growth factor endocervical epithelium – differential diagnosis 34 receptor (EGFR) – inflamed, histology 230 – distinguishing from melanoma 34 EIC see endometrial intraepithelial – reparative changes 229 – distinguishing from superficial spreading carcinoma (EIC) endocervical gland 159, 229, 281 malignant melanoma 92 EIN see endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia – benign proliferation 177 – of the vulva 34 (EIN) – inflamed 230 dysplastic nevus syndrome 35 elastase–type protease 19 endocervical glandular hyperplasia, NOS, elastocollagenous bundle 19 histology 181 – hyperplastic 17, 20 electrosurgical rollerball, effects on endocervical hyperplasia – of the vulva 17 endometrium 351 – microglandular 177 EMA see epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) – NOS 180 E EMBLT see endocervical–like mucinous endocervical mucosa 163 early abortion 1064 borderline tumor (EMBLT) – cleft–like infoldings and tunnel–like early amnion rupture sequence 1047 embryo, female collaterals, histology 160 early complete mole, histologic features 1093 – transverse section 532 – columnar mucin–filled endocervical cells, ECC see endocervical curettage (ECC) – ventral aspect of coronal section 531 histology 160 ecchymosis, subcutaneous 18 embryoid body, 867 – histology 161 eccrine 41 embryonal carcinoma 864 endocervical polyp 182, 505 eccrine duct, benign tumor of 41 – and idiopathic germ cell tumor 834 – atypical 295 eccrine hidradenocarcinoma 89 – and yolk sac tumor 862 – histology 183 eccrine porocarcinoma 89 – clinical behavior 865 endocervical reparative atypia, histology 171 adenoma of clear cell – clinical features 864 endocervical stromal sarcoma 294 type 41 – differential diagnosis 865 endocervical tunnel cluster 186 echinococcosis – gross features 864 – histology 186 – of the cervix 176 – histology 864–866 endocervical–like mucinous borderline tumor – of the ovary 585 – immunohistochemical features 865 (EMBLT) 650 Echinococcus granulosus 548 – microscopic features 864 endocervical–type adenocarcinoma 280 ectocervix 106 – treatment 865 endocervicitis 174 ectopic decidua embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 507, 914 endocervicosis 180, 628, 667 – beneath pelvic peritoneum, histology 669 – and lymphoma of lower female genital – of the cervix, histology 182 – histology 611 tract 1151 – of urinary bladder, histology 667 – within pelvic lymph node, histology 671 – and myxoma 911 endocervix 106, 156 ectopic pregnancy 317, 539 – botryoid type 294 – atypical reactive proliferation 352 – clinical features 540 – botryoid type, histology 141 endocrine tumor, and steroid cell tumor not – clinicopathologic features 541 – botryoid type, histology 142 otherwise specified (NOS) 831 – etiology 539 – histology 294 endodermal sinus tumor (EST) 94, 144, 856 – external view of dilated fallopian 540 – of the vagina 140 endometrial ablation – exuberant intermediate trophoblast – of the vagina, clinical behavior 142 – effects 351 proliferation, histology 541 – of the vagina, clinical features 140 – reaction to previous, histology 352 – pathologic features 540 – of the vagina, differential diagnosis 142 endometrial adenocarcinoma, primary 278 – sequelae 541 – of the vagina, general features 140 endometrial autolysis 354 ectopic tissue 581 – of the vagina, gross findings 141 endometrial biopsy 352 ectropion 162 – of the vagina, microscopic findings 141 – specimen, artifacts 320 eczema, chronic 22 – of the vagina, treatment 142 – specimen, cervical mucus, histology 322 eczematous lesion 81 emphysematous endometritis 353 – specimen, contaminants 321 Index 1215

– specimen, extrauterine tissue 323 endometrial glandular dysplasia 387 – hyperplasia 346 – specimen, histiocytes, histology 322 endometrial glandular proliferation of – pathological diagnosis 343 – study 372 pregnancy 317 – with atypical stromal cells 345 endometrial breakdown, features 329 endometrial granuloma 328 – with atypical stromal cells, histology 345 endometrial hyperplasia 323, 360, 394 – with serous endometrial intraepithelial – precursor 360 – adjunctive techniques in classification 372 carcinoma, histology 346 – risk 396 – as risk factor for endometrial endometrial resection, effects 351 endometrial carcinoma 139, 323, 393 carcinoma 436 endometrial sampling 319 – cervical involvement 434 – behavior 373 – criteria for adequacy 319 – classification 394, 395 – classification 360 endometrial smooth muscle tumor, – clinical risk factors 432 – clinical features 361 immunohistochemical finding 484 – constitutional factors 395 – definition 360 endometrial stroma, decidualized, – diet as risk for 396 – differential diagnosis 366 histology 334 – endometrial hyperplasia 436 – evaluation 364 endometrial stromal breakdown 366 – endometrial metaplasia 436 – follow–up 373 endometrial stromal cell 467 – epidemiology 394 – immunohistochemistry 373 – vacuolation, histology 321 – etiology 395 – management 335, 375 endometrial stromal neoplasm 353 – FIGO staging 433 – molecular genetics 373 endometrial stromal nodule 353, 481 – hereditary syndromes 398 – pathologic findings 361 – differential diagnosis 491 – histologic grade risk factors 432 – perimenopausal women, – focal sex cord–like differentiation, – hormonal stimulation as risk for 395 management 377 histology 483 – International Society of Gynecological – postmenopausal women, – histology 481–482 Pathologists (ISGYP) classification 394 management 377 – of the uterus 480 – lymph node metastases 435 – pregnancy 376 – of the uterus, clinical behavior 484 – mixed types 426 – premenopausal women, management 375 – of the uterus, clinical features 480 – models for predicting prognosis 438 – progression 374 – of the uterus, differential diagnosis 483 – molecular genetics 396 – regression 375 – of the uterus, gross findings 480 – myometrial invasion 433 – reproducibility studies 372 – of the uterus, immunohistochemistry 482 – pathogenetic forms 394 – WHO classification 360 – of the uterus, microscopic findings 481 – peritoneal cytology 434 – without cytologic atypia 361 – of the uterus, molecular pathology 482 – ploidy 436 endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma – of the uterus, treatment 484 – precursor lesions 359 (EIC) 385 – smooth muscle differentiation, histology – precursor lesions, pathologic findings 380 – behavior 389 482, 483 – progestin treatment 376 – definition 385 endometrial stromal proliferation 353 – prognostic factors 431 – differential diagnosis 388 endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) 95, 336, – risk factors 431 – extensive, minimal uterine serous 353, 480, 484, 652, 654 – steroid receptors 436 carcinoma, histology 388 – and lymphoma of lower female genital – surgical–pathological staging 433 – histology 386–388 tract 1151 – type I 394 – immunohistochemistry 387 – CD10 staining 490 – type II 394 – molecular biology 387 – clinical behavior 492 – vascular invasion 435 – pathologic findings 385 – clinical features 485 – World Health Organization (WHO) – polyp, histology 386 – cytokeratin staining 489 classification 394 – serous 337, 346 – desmin staining 489 endometrial cellular changes – serous, p53 immunohistochemistry 346 – differential diagnosis 491 – cellular differentiation 378 – treatment 389 – fibroblastic/myofibroblastic variant, – classification 379 endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) 372 histology 486 – metaplasia 378 endometrial leiomyoma 323 – glands, histology 489 endometrial curettage specimen, study 372 endometrial mesenchymal metaplasia 342 – gross findings 485 endometrial cycle 312 endometrial metaplasia 378 – histology 486–488 endometrial cytoplasmic changes – as risk factor for endometrial – immunohistochemistry 488 – classification 379 carcinoma 436 – low–grade 483 – management 385 – classification 379 – microscopic findings 486 endometrial endometrioid carcinoma 408 – clinical features 379 – molecular pathology 488 endometrial epithelial metaplasia 336 endometrial pipelle biopsy 320 – myxoid variant, histology 47 endometrial fibrosis 352 endometrial polyp 323, 336, 337, 342, 505 – of the uterus, staging 456 endometrial gland – carcinoma 346 – progesterone receptor staining 490 – optically clear nuclei in pregnancy, – diagnosis 345 – treatment 492 histology 316 – differential diagnosis 345 – WHO classification 485 – with ciliated cell change 366 – histological features 343 endometrial stromal–smooth muscle tumor, endometrial glandular breakdown 366 – histology 343, 344 mixed 455 1216 Index

endometrial stromal tumor 455 – histologic effects of treatment 410 – of cul–de–sac, histology 648 – of the uterus 480 – histology 662, 752, 753 – of lymph nodes 660 – classification 480 – immunohistochemical findings 407 – of nervous system 661 – histology 515 – International Federation of Gynecology – of ovary 646 – immunohistochemical finding 484 and Obstetrics staging 405 – of rectosigmoid area 657 – smooth muscle differentiation, histology – microscopic findings, 401 – of the cervix 177, 181, 230 497–498 – myoinvasion 403 – of the cervix, histology 182 – starburst pattern, histology 497 – of the fallopian tube 566 – of the fallopian tube 539 – variant 496 – oncogenes 396 – of the fallopian tube, histology 656 – with sex cord–like elements (ESTSCLE) 498 – pathologic features 399 – of the kidney 658 endometrioid adenocarcinoma 146, 340, 348, – poorly differentiated 753 – of the uterine cervix, histology 655 395, 409 – secretory type, FIGO grade 1, histology 412 – of vagina, histology 656 – and uterine endometrial carcinoma 757 – secretory type, FIGO grade 2, histology 413 – pathogenesis 642 – arising in endometriosis 758 – sites of lymph node metastasis 409 – rare miscellaneous findings 653 – clinical behavior 757 – squamous differentiation, FIGO grade 1, – serum markers 645 – clinical findings 751 histology 414 – signs 644 – differential diagnosis 754 – treatment 409 – sites 646 – distinction of serous adenocarcinoma 732 – villoglandular type, histology 411 – steroid receptor studies 653 – DNA copy number changes 756 – well–differentiated 752 – stromal changes 651 – gene expression 756 – well–differentiated, histology 368–370 – symptoms 644 – gross findings 752 – with mucinous differentiation, – ultrastructural studies 653 – immunohistochemistry 754 histology 416 – unusual hormonal changes 650 – microscopic findings 752 endometrioid differentiation 411 – unusual microscopic findings 650 – molecular biology 755 endometrioid ovarian carcinoma 748 – usual sites 642 – mutational analyses 755 endometrioid ovarian neoplasm 748 – with prominent elastotic stroma, – of the cervix 284 endometrioid stromal sarcoma (ESS) 772 histology 652 – of the vagina, histology 147 endometrioid tumor 748 – with prominent myxoid stroma, – operative findings 751 , of ovary 646 histology 652 – poorly differentiated 732 endometriosis 37, 42, 113, 131, 146, 229, – with smooth muscle metaplasia, – treatment 757 566, 627 histology 651 – with squamous differentiation 395 – and adenosarcoma 654 endometriosis-related 645 – with squamous epithelium 413 – and endometrioid adenocarcinoma 758 endometriotic cyst – with squamous epithelium, behavior 415 – and endosalpingiosis 654 – and Liesegang ring, histology 653 – with squamous epithelium, differential – and neoplasm 661 – and solitary follicle cyst 594 diagnosis 415 – and 653 – of ovary 646, 647 – with squamous epithelium, gross – clinical features 644 endometritis 323 findings 414 – complications 646 – actinomyces 326 – with squamous epithelium, microscopic – differential diagnosis 654 – acute, histology 324 findings 414 – effects of pregnancy 645 – chronic, CD20, histology 325 – with squamous epithelium, treatment 415 – epidemiologic factors 644 – chronic, histology 324 endometrioid adenofibroma 749 – etiologic factors 643 – virus 326 – histology 749 – etiology 642 – histology 323 endometrioid carcinoma 396 – familial factors 643 – mycoplasma 326 – adenomyosis, histology 406 – genetic factors 643 – specific forms 325 – and adult granulosa cell tumor 795 – histochemical studies 653 – syndecan immunohistochemical stain 325 – and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 822 – histology of pregnancy–induced changes – xanthogranulomatous, histology 324 – architectural grading 405 651 endometrium 42 – behavior 409 – hormonal factors 643 – abnormal bleeding, pertinent findings 375 – clinical features 400 – hyperplastic glandular changes 650 – anatomy 307 – differential diagnosis 407 – immune factors 644 – associated with anovulatory cycle 331 – FIGO grade 1, histology 401–403, 408 – in a postmenopausal woman, – associated with continuous combined – FIGO grade 1, myoinvasive, histology 406 histology 649 hormone regimes, histology 333 – FIGO grade 1, noninvasive, histology 407 – in males 661 – associated with ectopic pregnancy 317 – FIGO grade 2, histology 403, 404 – involving the ovarian surface, histology 648 – associated with progestin–only – FIGO grade 3, histology 404, 405 – laparoscopic findings 645 compound, histology 334 – focal squamous differentiation, FIGO – management 335 – atrophic 318 grade 3, histology 414 – metaplastic glandular changes 650 – benign diseases 305 – grading 401 – metaplastic theory 643 – breaking down, histology 330 – gross findings 400 – metastatic theory 642 – CD10, histology 314 – histologic effects of progestin 410 – microscopic findings 647 – CD56, histology 315 – histologic effects of radiation 410 – of cul–de–sac 647 – chronic breakdown, histology 330 Index 1217

– congenital defects 307 episome 203 – histology 1115–1117 – disordered proliferative, histology 331 epithelial cell abnormality 233 – immunohistochemical features 1116 – early secretory phase, histology 310 epithelial cytoplasmic change 336 – microscopic findings 1114 – effects of exogenous hormonal agents and epithelial hyperplasia, histology 537 – morphological features 1106 drugs 332 epithelial inclusion cyst – of the cervix 295 – embryology 307 – atypical, histology 589 – treatment 1119 – estrogen receptor, histology 314 – histology 589 epitheliotropic virus 200 – gestational 315 – periurethral 46 epoo¨phoron 531 – hematopoietic cells 314 epithelial inclusion gland Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) 272 – immunohistochemistry 314 – histology 589, 590 – and Burkitt’s lymphoma 1140 – isthmic 312 – vacuolar change, histology 590 – infection 11 – late–secretory, histology 311 epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) 407, 631 erythema multiforme 29 – lower uterine segment 312 – and sex cord–stromal tumor 787 – histology 31 – lower uterine segment, histology 313 – small cell carcinoma of pulmonary – of the vulva 31 – lymphoid aggregates, histology 318 type 924 erythematous lesion 81 – menstrual phase 311 epithelial–nonepithelial tumor, mixed 455 erythematous macule 24 – menstrual phase, histology 312 epithelial tumor erythrasma 16 – mid–secretory, histology 310 – mixed 770 erythrocytosis, Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 814 – normal cyclical 308 – mixed endometrioid differentiation 770 of the vagina 120 – postmenopausal 317 – mixed serous differentiation 770 Escherichia coli 118 – proliferative 309 – of the cervix 254 – diseases of placenta 1025 – proliferative phase 309 – of the endometrium 439 ESS – secretory phase 309 – of the fallopian tube 552 – see endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) – vascular anatomy 307 epithelial–mesenchymal tumor – see endometrioid stromal sarcoma (ESS) endomyometriosis 553, 582, 651 – mixed 500 EST see endodermal sinus tumor (EST) 144 endophytic ulcer 70 – of the fallopian tube 553, 567 estradiol 312, 596 endosalpingiosis 654, 664 – of the uterus 500 estrogen 158, 161, 331 – and atypical proliferative serous tumor epithelioid angiosarcoma 638 – receptor 277, 313, 314, 338, 420 (APST) 710 – of peritoneum 641 – receptor expression 277 – and chronic salpingitis 664 epithelioid – receptor of the cervix 158, 161 – and endometriosis 660 – involving gynecologic tract 1195 – related dysfunctional uterine bleeding 331 – and peritoneal serous tumor 665 – of peritoneum 641 – replacement therapy 395, 409 – clinical findings 664 epithelioid leiomyoma – therapy 333 – histology 664, 665, 711 – clear cell variant 465 estrogenic stimulation 361, 379, 394, 597 – of the fallopian tube 539 – of the uterus 465 ESTSCL see endometrial stromal tumors with – pathologic findings 664 epithelioid of the sex cord–like elements (ESTSCLE) endosalpingiotic gland within pelvic lymph leiomyoblastoma type, histology 474 ETT see epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) node, histology 670 epithelioid sarcoma Eubacterium 114 endothelioma 856 – behavior 1191 Ewing family tumor (EFT) 1194 Entamoeba histolytica 119, 548 – clinical features 1189 Ewing sarcoma (EWS) 1194 Enterobacteriaceae 14 – differential diagnosis 1189 – histology 1194 Enterobius vermicularis 17, 119, 548, 585 – histology 1190 exaggerated placental site (reaction) 1119 – ovarian involvement 585 – involving gynecologic tract 1188 – differential diagnosis 1120 enterotoxin 120 – pathologic findings 1189 – features 1120 eosinophilic 630 – treatment 1191 – histology 1120, 1121 eosinophilic change 380 epithelioid smooth muscle cell 456 excision, wide local 97 eosinophilic cytoplasmic transformation 380 epithelioid smooth muscle tumor 465 exocervicitis 174 eosinophilic gastroenteritis 630 – histology 465 exocervix 156 eosinophilic granuloma 132 epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) 267, – estrogen receptors 158, 161 eosinophilic metaplasia in endometrium 340 1076, 1113 – zones of the epithelium 157 – histology 340, 341 – and placental site nodule, histologic exophytic condyloma acuminata 175 eosinophilic peritonitis 630 comparison 1126 – of the cervix 176 eosinophilic T–cell vasculitis, histology 1034 – and chorionic–type intermediate – of the cervix, histology 176 eosinophilic vasculitis 1033 trophoblast 1115 exophytic papillomatous mass 70 ependymoblastoma 889 – and PSTT, histologic comparison of extracellular matrix 372 ependymoma 889 cytological features 1119 extrachorial placenta 1004, 1005 epidermal growth factor (EGF) 313 – and PSTT, histology 1118 – clinical behavior 1004 – receptor (EGFR) 266, 438 – behavior 1119 – etiology 1004 epidermoid cyst 770 – clinical features 1112, 1113 – pathogenesis 1004 episiotomy 186 – differential diagnosis 1117 – pathology 1004 – scar–related endometriosis 659 – gross findings 1114 extragenital sarcoma, ovarian involvement 980 1218 Index

extragenital tumor 935 – segments 533 fibrocystic disease 44 extramedullary hematopoiesis – sex cord inclusions, histology 538 fibroepithelial polyp 8, 142 – and lymphoma of lower female genital – sterilization 542 – histology 38 tract 1151 – torsion 549 – of the vulva 38 – in endometrium 342 Falloppio, Gabriele 530 fibroepithelial stromal polyp 129 – in endometrium, histology 1153 false umbilical cord knot 1052 – cross section 129 extramembranous pregnancy, diseases of the familial adenomatous polyposis, and desmoid – histology 130 placenta 1050 tumor 1175 fibroma 786 extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT familial benign pemphigus 31 – and adult granulosa cell tumor 794 lymphoma), primary uterine lymphoma 1144 familial ovarian cancer, clinicopathologic – and basal cell nevus syndrome 806 extraovarian mucinous tumor 667 features 691 – and edema 807 extraovarian 929 FATWO see female adnexal tumor of wolffian – and edema of the ovary 606 extrauterine metastases 371 origin (FATWO) – and fibromatosis 807 extrauterine tissue 323 FAV see fibrotic avascular villi – and Krukenberg tumor 941 extravillous (cyto)trophoblast 1076 FC see follicle cyst (FC) – and Meigs’ syndrome 806 Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics – and sclerosing stromal tumor 812 F (FIGO) 684, 685 – and stromal hyperplasia 807 factitial vulvitis 26 – grade 1 adenocarcinoma 408 – Gorlin’s syndrome 806 fallopian tube 107 – grade 2 adenocarcinoma 408 – histology 809 fallopian tube 307 – grade 3 adenocarcinoma 408 – hypercellularity 808 – acute salpingitis 542 – nomenclature 685 – of the ovary 806 – anatomic relationships with adjacent – staging 66, 684 – size 807 structure 533 – staging of carcinoma of the cervix uteri 255 – with myxoid degeneration, and – anatomy 530 – staging of carcinoma of the fallopian tube myxoma 910 – arterial blood supply 532 554, 555 fibromatosis, and fibroma 807 – benign neoplasm 550 – staging of endometrioid carcinoma fibrosarcoma 147, 786 – carcinoma 689 401, 433 – and adult granulosa cell tumor 794 – carcinoma, behavior 564 – staging of vaginal carcinoma 135 fibrosing peritonitis 626 – carcinoma, p53 expression 565 female adnexal tumor of wolffian origin fibrotic avascular villi (FAV) – carcinoma, stage IA, histology 555 (FATWO) 567, 570, 921 – fetal circulatory disorders 1043 – carcinoma in situ/intraepithelial – histology 570, 571 – multiple pregnancy 1018 carcinoma in prophylactic bilateral female genital tract tumor, ovarian fibrous salpingo–oophorectomy specimen 563 involvement 982 – malignant 473 – congenital anomalies 549 fenestrate placenta 1004 fibrous histiocytoma – diseases 529 fetal circulatory disorders 1041 – of the fallopian tube 568 – embryology 530 fetal growth restriction 1060 fibrous mesothelioma 640 – epithelial changes 537 fetal hydrop 1061 fibrous tumor, of peritoneum 640 – granulomatous inflammation 546 fetal inflammatory response syndrome fibrovascular core 370 – gross anatomy 531 (FIRS) 1026 FIGO see Federation of Gynecology and – gross examination 530, 535 fetal membrane Obstetrics (FIGO) – histiocytic inflammation 546 – anatomy, histology 1081 fimbria ovarica 533 – histology 532 – diseases of the placenta 1045 fimbrial carcinoma 689 – hyperplasia 537 – examination 1068 fimbriated end of the fallopian tube 533 – hysterectomy 535 fetal stem vessel thrombus findings 640 – infertility 542 – clinical significance 1043 fine–needle aspirates (FNA), of ovarian – intussusception 549 – definition 1042 cysts 698 – malignant neoplasm 554 – etiology 1042 FIRS see fetal inflammatory response syndrome – metaplasia 537 fetal thrombotic vasculopathy (FTV) (FIRS) – neoplasm 550 – clinical significance 1043 fistula of the vagina 124 – neoplasm, WHO classification 550 – definition 1042 Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome 544 – nerve supply 532 – etiology 1042 fixed drug eruption 23 – non–epithelial changes 537 fetal vascular narrowing 1044 flat condyloma 195, 209 – non–neoplastic lesions 537 fetal vascular obstruction 1041 Flexner–Wintersteiner rosette 1195 – , histology 552 – histology 1043 flow cytometry 437 – parasites 548 fetoplacental hydrop, histology 1062 5–fluorouracil 134 – polyps 541 fetus papyraceus, multiple pregnancy 1018 FNA see fine–needle aspirates (FNA) – prolapse 125, 549 fibrinous vasculosis, fetal circulatory foam cell accumulation 329 – prolapse, histology 125, 126 disorders 1044 focal endometrial stromal hyperplasia 353 – salpingectomy for benign disease 535 fibroadenoma 44 focal endometritis 326 – salpingitis 542 fibroblast 788 focal sex cord–like differentiation, endometrial – sectioning 536 – submesothelial 640 stromal nodule, histology 483 Index 1219 follicle cyst (FC) 591, 592 ganglioneuroma 1179 – National Institute of Health (NIH) – and cystic granulosa cell tumor 594 – of the cervix 185 classification 1088 – clinical behavior 594 – of the ovary 919 – prognostic factors 1088 – clinical features 591 Gardner syndrome, and desmoid tumor 1175 – of the fallopian tube 569 – differential diagnosis 594 Gardnerella 116 – pathogenesis 1089 – gross findings 592 Gardnerella vaginalis 16, 116, 119, 213, 1023 – serum markers 1087 – histology 592, 593 Ga¨rtner’s cyst 531 – staging factors 1088 – microscopic findings 592 gastrointestinal carcinoid, and bilateral – staging system of International – pathogenesis 593 oophorectomy 955 Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics – solitary 591 gastroschisis (FIGO) 1088 – solitary, clinical behavior 594 – diseases of the placenta 1049 – World Health Organization classification – solitary, clinical features 591 – histology 1049 1076 – solitary, differential diagnosis 594 GCT see granulosa cell tumor (GCT) – World Health Organization prognostic – solitary, gross findings 592 gene amplification 438 index score system 1088, 1089 – solitary, pathogenesis 593 genital rhabdomyoma gestational trophoblastic neoplasm 540 – treatment 594 – behavior 1177 – clinical features 1102 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 332, – clinical features 1176 – morphological features 1106 335, 596 – differential diagnosis 1177 GFAP see glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) follicular cervicitis 173 – pathologic findings 1176 giant cell follicular cyst, and ORS 618 – treatment 1177 – arteritis 121, 616 follicular lymphoma 1139 genital tract tuberculosis 119 – carcinoma of the endometrium 440 – in fallopian tube, histology 1143 genital ulcer 26 – carcinoma of the vulva, histology 77 – in ovary, histology 1141 genital warts 6 – squamous carcinoma of the vulva 77 – in uterine cervix, histology 1145 germ cell–sex cord–stromal tumor, mixed 897 – tumor of the ovary 911 – primary uterine lymphoma 1144 – and dysgerminoma 900 giant condyloma 45 follicular salpingitis 545 – and gonadoblastoma 900 – acuminatum 270 folliculitis 24 – clinical behavior 900 – of Buschke–Lowenstein 76 folliculogenesis 591 – clinical features 898 giant nevomelanocytic nevus of the vulva 33 folliculotropic lymphoid infiltrate 614 – differential diagnosis 900 gland foreign body 546 – endocrine features 897 –ofmu¨llerian type, differential diagnosis – granuloma 586 – general features 897 671 – reaction on ovary, histology 587 – genetic features 897 – in the vagina 111 – reaction to keratin implant 587 – gross features 898 – invasive 280 fornice 106 – histologic patterns 898 –ofmu¨llerian type 669 fourchette 3 – histology 898 –ofmu¨llerian type, and metastatic Fox–Fordyce disease 24 – immunohistochemical features 898 adenocarcinoma 671 – histology 24 – microscopic features 898 –ofmu¨llerian type, benign, clinical – microscopic examination 24 – prognosis 900 features 669 frank adenocarcinoma 240 – treatment 900 –ofmu¨llerian type, benign, pathologic fraternal twin 1007 germ cell tumor findings 670 frenulum 3 – containing syncytiotrophoblast cells 833 – within gland 320 FSH see follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – mixed 890 glandular breakdown, histology 329 functional aspects of trophoblast 1083 – of ovary 848 glandular cell abnormality, 2001 Bethesda fundus 307 – of ovary, classification 848 System 238 fungal diseases of the cervix 176 – of ovary, clinical features 848 glandular confluence 372 fungal infection – of ovary, histogenesis 848 glandular crowding 329 – of the ovary 586 – of ovary, pathologic features 848 – artifactual, histology 367 – of the vulva 16 – of the ovary, WHO classification 850 glandular dysplasia of the cervix 226 – vulva skin 5 gestational cervical mucus 163 glandular molding, histology 321 fungal vaginitis 115 gestational choriocarcinoma 1101 glandular tumor fungi 548 gestational decidual reaction with degenerative – of the colon 86 furcate insertion of umbilical cord features 267 – of the vulva 40, 81 1055, 1056 gestational endometrium 315 glassy cell carcinoma 272 Fusobacterium nucleatum 1022 gestational endometrium, histology 316 – histology 287 gestational hyperplasia 315 – of the cervix 287 G gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) 594, – of the endometrium 439 galactosemia, and premature ovarian failure 641, 1076 glia of the cervix 188 (POF) 613 – classification 1085 glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 342, 889 gallstone – cytogenetics 1086 glial metaplasia in endometrium 342 – on ovarian surface, histology 587 – epidemiology 1085 glial tissue in the endometrium 342 – peritonitis, histology 627 – general features 1085 glioblastoma 889 1220 Index

gliomatosis peritonei, immature teratoma 872 – secondary to systemic disease 587 Hailey–Hailey disease 30, 31, 121 glomus tumor 132 – secondary to systemic diseases 587 – histology 31 – clinical features 1177 – venereum 14 HAIR–AN syndrome 597, 603, 840 – histologic examination 1177 – venereum, clinical diagnosis 14 – and hyperinsulinemia 603 – histology 1178 – venereum, differential diagnosis 15 – and PCOS 603 glycogen 108 – venereum, histology 14 – and stromal hyperthecosis (HT) 600, 601 goblet cell 338 granulomatous disease – of hyperandrogenism (HA) 597 – carcinoid tumor 886 – chronic 267 Hart’s line, anatomy 3 gonadal dysgenesis 581 – of the vulva 24 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and autoimmune – and gonadoblastoma 892, 894 granulomatous infection of the cervix 174 oophoritis 613, 614 gonadoblastoma granulomatous peritonitis 626, 627 hCG see human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – and calcification 894 – diagnosis 626 HELLP syndrome 1059, 1063 – and dysgerminoma 850, 892 granulomatous reaction on ovarian surface 586 hemangioendothelial sarcoma 916 – and mixed germ cell–sex cord–stromal granulosa cell 788 hemangioendothelioma 916 tumor 900 – histology 619 – epithelioid of gynecologic tract 1195 – basic histologic appearance 895 – of normal follicles 619 hemangioma 42, 43, 132, 514, 915 – clinical behavior 897 granulosa cell proliferations of pregnancy 608 – and lymphangioma 917 – clinical features 893 – and granulosa cell tumor 609 – and proliferations of dilated blood – differential diagnosis 896 – and Sertoli cell tumor 609 vessels 916 – endocrine features 893 – differential diagnosis 609 – of the cervix 185 – general features 892 – features 608 – of the fallopian tube 553 – genetic features 892 – histology 609 – of the ovary 915 – gonadal dysgenesis 892 granulosa cell tumor (GCT) 786, 800 – of the ovary, histology 916 – gross features 894 – adult, and juvenile GCT 801 – of the placenta 1065 – histology 895 – and carcinoid 800 – of the uterus 467, 515 – immunohistochemical features 894 – and granulosa cell proliferations of – of umbilical vessel 1058 – microscopic features 894 pregnancy 608 hemangiopericytoma (HPC) 890 – molecular features 892 – and poorly differentiated – behavior 1183 – overgrowth by dysgerminoma 896 adenocarcinoma 799 – clinical features 1181 – treatment 897 – and small cell carcinoma 800 – differential diagnosis 1182 – with dysgerminoma 894 – and small cell carcinoma 836 – histology 1182 gonadotropin 600 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise – involving gynecologic tract 1180 – hypothesis 682 specified (NOS) 831 – pathologic findings 1181 – secretion, and PCOS 599 – and thecoma 805 – treatment 1183 gonadotropin–releasing hormone (GnRH) 459 – and undifferentiated carcinoma 799 916 – agonist (GnRHa) 334, 461 – and yolk sac tumor 863 hematogenous infection gonococcus 543 – metastatic carcinoid tumor in ovary 958 – etiology 1027 Gorlin’s syndrome 838 granulosa–stromal cell tumor 788 – pathology 1027 – and fibroma 806 Grave’s disease, and autoimmune – placental inflammation 1022 goserelin acetate 334 oophoritis 614 hematologic disorder, and ovarian tumor 840 granular cell griseofulvin 22 hematoma of umbilical vessel 1058 – myoblastoma 1168 gross cystic disease fluid protein–15 hematopoiesis 467 – schwannoma 1168 (GCDFP–15) 84 hematopoietic cell 467 – tumor 132 gross description 98 hemivulvectomy 88 – tumor, behavior 1170 gross structural changes hemoglobinopathies 1063 – tumor, clinical features 1168 – of the cervix 111 hemorrhage 460, 464 – tumor, differential diagnosis 1170 – of the vagina 111 hemorrhagic cellular leiomyoma 463 – tumor, histology 1169 group B streptococcus 118 hemorrhagic endovasculitis, fetal circulatory – tumor, pathologic findings 1168 – colonization of the urethra 118 disorders 1043 – tumor, treatment 1170 – colonization of the vagina 118 hemorrhagic necrosis of the vagina 122 granulation tissue, histology 124, 183 GTD see gestational trophoblastic hemosiderin 329 granulocytic sarcoma 1150 disease (GTD) Henderson–Paterson body 11 granulocytosis gynandroblastoma 786, 824 hepatic adenoma, histology 1065 – and ovarian tumor 840 gynecologic abnormalities 581 of the placenta 1066 – inguinale 6, 14, 175, 267 gynecologic tract, benign tumor of 1178 hepatocellular carcinoma, and steroid cell – inguinale, Giemsa stain 14 tumor not otherwise specified (NOS) 831 – necrobiotic 587 H hepatocyte, and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 819 – of foreign body 586 Haemophilus hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary 922 – palisading 587 – ducreyi 15 – and yolk sac tumor 923 – peritoneal keratin 634 – influenzae 119 – histogenesis 923 – pyogenicum 43 – influenzae, diseases of placenta 1027 – histology 923 Index 1221 hepatoid yolk sac tumor, and steroid cell tumor – grade 729 histiocyte 323 not otherwise specified (NOS) 831 – gross findings 727 – immunostaining 628 HER–2/neu proto–oncogene 437 – histologic effects by 730 – involving peritoneal surface, histology 628 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 1179 – histology 728–730 histiocytic intervillositis, chronic 1032 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal – immunohistochemistry 730 – histology 1033 carcinoma 398 – microscopic findings 727 histiocytic neoplasm of female reproductive – oncogenes 398 – molecular biology 733 organs 1155 hereditary ovarian cancer 690 – mutational analyses 733 histiocytoma, malignant fibrous of gynecologic herpes – operative findings 727 tract 1195 – genitalis 6, 175 – treatment 735 histopathological classification 194 – gestationis 28, 29 high–grade squamous intraepithelial lesion HIV see human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – gestationis, histopathologic findings 28 (HSIL) 170, 196, 197 HL see hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) 594 – infection 31, 32 – anisonucleosis, histology 217 HMB–45 in uterine PEComa 479 – infection, adjunctive methods 10 – atrophy mimicking 223 HNPCC, and ovarian cancer 691 – infection, clinical behavior 10 – changes in detection in Iceland 199 hobnail cell 424 – infection, clinical features 9 – CIN 3, histology 218 – change 352 – infection, cytologic evaluation 9 – distinguishing features to LSIL 219 – metaplasia in endometrium 340 – infection, general features 9 – dyskeratotic cells, histology 217 – metaplasia in endometrium, histology 340 – infection, microscopic findings 9 – endocervical curetting 246 hobnail change 382 – infection, treatment 10 – extending into endocervical glands, Hofbauer cell 1002 – simplex, high–power view 10 histology 223 Homer Wright (pseudo)rosette 1195 – simplex ulcer 9 – histologically confirmation 245 homologous sarcoma of the uterus 506 – simplex vesicle 9 – histology 221, 236, 237 hormonal agent, effects on endometrium 332 – simplex virus (HSV) 9, 326 – junction to normal squamous hormonal stimulation, development of – simplex virus (HSV), diseases of epithelium 212 endometrial cancer 395 placenta 1032 – keratinization, histology 219 hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 319 – simplex virus (HSV), endometritis 326 – koilocytosis, histology 218 – combined estrogen and progestin 333 – simplex virus (HSV), infection 317 – management 243, 244 – estrogen–only 332 – simplex virus (HSV), infection, – metaplastic features, histology 219, 220 hormone secretion of ovarian tumor, and immunoperoxidase techniques 10 – mimicking LSIL, histology 215 hypertension 838 – simplex virus (HSV), infection, – misdiagnosis 214 hormone use 394 multifocal ulceration 9 – of the cervix 215 hormone–induced changes of the uterus 463 – simplex virus (HSV), infection, – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 220 horn cyst 42 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – p16ink immunostaining 220, 223 HPC see hemangiopericytoma (HPC) technique 10 – parakeratosis, histology 219 hPL see human placental lactogen (hPL) – simplex virus (HSV), infection, of the – reparative process mimicking, HPV see human papillomavirus (HPV) cervix 175 histology 222 HRT see hormone replacement therapy (HRT) – simplex virus (HSV), type 1 9 – small cell carcinoma in situ, histology 218 HSIL see high–grade squamous intraepithelial – simplex virus (HSV), type 2 9 – spontaneous regression/progression 225 lesion (HSIL) – zoster infection 10 – TBS terminology 236 HSV see (HSV) herpes–like lesion of the cervix 175 – typical histology 216 HT see stromal hyperthecosis (HT) herpetic cervicitis 175 – undifferentiated neoplastic cells, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) heterogeneous nodular growth in ovary, histology 216 – and dysgerminoma 853 histology 933 – versus LSIL, histology 215 – and germ cell tumor 833 heterologous sarcoma of the uterus 506 – with extensive endocervical gland – and gestational trophoblastic disease heterologous Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 819 involvement 267 (GTD) 1087 – and EMA 820 highly cellular leiomyoma 463 – and ovarian hyperstimulation – clinical behavior 822 hilar Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 syndrome 596 – differential diagnosis 819 – and hilus cell neoplasia 609 – beta–subunit 1080 – treatment 822 – and rete cyst 609 – secretion 837 hexestrol 111 – and stromal hyperplasia 609 – stimulation 594 hidradenitis suppurativa 24, 26 – and stromal hyperthecosis 609 human EGFR (HER) 266 hidradenoma papilliferum 40 – and stromal Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 118 hidrocystoma of the vulva 38 – histology 609 – infection, vulva ulcer 16 higher multiple births, multiple hilus cell hyperplasia 829 – diseases of placenta 1032 pregnancy 1021 hilus cell neoplasia and hilar Leydig cell human implantation 1000 high–grade serous carcinoma of the ovary 727 hyperplasia 609 human papillomavirus (HPV) 5, 65, 73, 175, – clinical behavior 735 hilus cell tumor 827, 828 195, 272, 408, 586 – clinical findings 727 – histology 829 – associated cervical lesion, flat 196 – DNA copy number changes 734 597 – cellular immune response 207 – gene expression 734 – and PCOS 597 – cervical cancer 199 1222 Index

– classification 199 hyperplasia hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 1061 – cytopathic effects 204 – arising in endometrial polyp 346 hysterectomy 123, 125, 232, 259, 261, 269, – DNA testing 242 – complex, duration of progestin 275, 279 – genomic organization 201, 202 treatment, risk of persistence/progression – adenofibroma of the uterus 502 – high–risk types 262 377 – adenosarcoma 506 – infected cells, electron microscopy 197 – complex, eosinophilic metaplasia, – endometrial carcinoma 433 – infection 6, 586 histology 380 – fallopian tube 535 – infection of the cervix 175 – complex, follow–up 374 – findings 371 – infection, clinical behavior 8 – complex, histology 362–364 – in undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma – infection, clinical features 6 – complex, hobnail change, histology 383, (UES) 496 – infection, development of cervical 384 – postconization, residual invasive tumor 260 disease 205 – complex, mucinous change, histology 384 – serous carcinoma of the endometrium 422 – infection, differential diagnosis 8 – complex, pregnancy 376 – specimen, atypical hyperplasia (AH) 371 – infection, epidemiology 204 – complex, progestin treatment, risk of – treatment for endometrial carcinoma 409 – infection, general features 6 persistence/progression 377 – tubal neoplasm 537 – infection, gross findings 7 – complex, progestin, treatment effect, – with salpingectomy for non–fallopian – infection, microscopic findings 7 histology 378 tube malignant disease 536 – infection, pathogenesis of cervical – complex, secretory change, histology 383 carcinoma 262 – complex, squamous metaplasia, histology I – infection, treatment 8 381, 382 ichthyosis uteri 337 – life cycle 203 – complex, tubal metaplasia, crowded identical twin 1007 – phylogenetic classification 200 glands, histology 383 idiopathic vulvar calcinosis 45 – prevalence of high–risk 205 – complex, tubal metaplasia, histology 382 ifosfamide, malignant mesodermal mixed – squamous lesion 65 – complex, with tubal metaplasia and tumor (MMMT) 430 – villoglandular adenocarcinoma 284 atypia, histology 365 iliac artery 106 human placental lactogen (hPL) 1080 – megestrol acetate treatment 377 imidazole 115 human trophoblast 1077 – of the cervix 177 immature condyloma 211 HUMARA 470 – simple, follow–up 374 immature intermediate villi 1002 hyaline fibrosis 460, 487 – simple, histology 361–363 immature metaplasia 220 hyalinization, and gonadoblastoma 896 – simple, pregnancy 376 immature squamous metaplasia, histology 221 hydatid cyst of the cervix 176 – with cytoplasmic alteration 407 immature teratoma 869 hydatidiform mole 540, 541, 1076 – within endometriosis, histology 651 – and malignant mesodermal mixed tumor – chromosomal origin 1086, 1087 – without atypia 360 (MMMT) 871 hydrop, diseases of the placenta 1061 – without cytologic atypia 361 – clinical behavior 871 hydropic placenta 1061 hyperplasia,cyclic medroxyprogesterone – clinical features 870 hydrops tubae profluens 554 acetate treatment 377 – differential diagnosis 871 545, 546 hyperplastic dystrophy 17, 20 – grading 872 – histology 546 hyperplastic papillary proliferation of the – gross features 870 17–hydroxylase, congenital deficiency 596 endometrium 341 – histology 870, 871 hymen 107 hyperprolactinemia, and PCOS 599 – microscopic features 870 hymenal ring 3 hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) 594 – treatment 871 hyperaldosteronism 838 – and cystic ovarian tumor 596 immotile cilia 542 hyperamylasemia, and ovarian tumor 841 – clinical behavior 595 immune hydrop 1061 hyperandrogenemia 597 – clinical features 594 immunoglobulin therapy 120 hyperandrogenism 597 – differential diagnosis 596 immunohistochemistry of APST 719 – and HAIR–AN syndrome 603 – histology 595 immunopeptide interactions, endometrial hypercalcemia 70 – pathogenesis 595 cycle 312 – including small cell carcinoma 835 – pathological findings 594 immunosuppression 207 hypercalcemic type of small cell – pathological findings 595 impaired follicular, and ovarian changes 617 carcinoma 771 – treatment 595 impaired glucose tolerance, and PCOS 597 hypercoiled umbilical cord 1053 hyperreninism 838 imperforate anus 113 hypereosinophilic syndrome 630 hypertension 361 imperforate hymen 112 hyperinsulinemia 599, 603 – and hormone secretion of ovarian implant – and HAIR–AN syndrome 603 tumor 838 – and atypical proliferative serous tumor – and PCOS 597, 599 – pathologic finding in placenta 1060 (APST) 710 hyperkeratosis 22, 39, 81, 137, 210 hyperthecosis 601 – histology 711 – of the cervix 171 hypoglycemia, and ovarian neoplasm 838 implantation 1000 – of the cervix, histology 172 hypopigmented disorders of the vulva 32 implantation site intermediate trophoblast 1078 hyperpigmentation 32, 39 hypothyroidism 596 – functional aspects 1084 hyperpigmented lesion of the vulva 32 – and multicystic 596 – morphology 1078 Index 1223

IMT see inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor – general features 883 intratumoral heterogeneity, ovarian cancer 702 (IMT) – gross features 883 intrauterine device (IUD) 118, 174, 323, 349, in situ carcinoma of the vagina 133 – immunohistochemical features 884 544, 583 in utero exposure to DES, lesions 111 – microscopic features 883 – and infection 583 inclusion cyst of the cervix 186 – treatment 885 – effects 349 infantile cellular hemangioma of ovary 1179 insulin resistance (IR) 597, 599 – micropapillary formations, histology 349 infarct in the placenta – and HAIR–AN syndrome 603 – progestin containing 350 – clinical behavior 1036 insulin secretion, and PCOS 599 intrauterine fetal death 1064, 1065 – etiology 1036 intercourse 273 intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) 1007 – pathology 1037 Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) 140 intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) 1060 infarcted appendix epiploica 619 Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group – placental lesions 1061 – histology 635 (IRSG) 142 intrauterine infection 1022 infection intermediate cell 157 – consequences 1022 – of the ovary 583 intermediate layer of vaginal mucosa 108 intravascular endometrial tissue, infection-related perinuclear halos 214 intermediate trophoblast (IT) 1000, 1076 adenomyosis, 513 infectious cervicitis 173 323 intravascular endometrium 354 – microorganisms 173 International Agency for Research on Cancer intravascular menstrual endometrium, infectious diseases of the vulva 6, 16 (IARC) 201 histology 354 infectious inflammatory disorder of the interposito velamentosa 1055 intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) vagina 114 interstitial (cyto)trophoblast 1076 – histology 469 infectious villitides 1029 intervillositis, diseases of placenta 1028 – of the uterus 468 infertility 326, 542, 645 intervillous hematoma intussusception of the fallopian tube 549 – endometriosis–related 645 – clinical significance 1039 invasion 66, 68 infiltration of myometrium by implantation – definition 1039 invasive adenocarcinoma 229 site intermediate trophoblast 1119 – etiology 1039 invasive carcinoma 557 inflammation – frequency 1039 invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma – and implant 713 – histology 1039 – histology 277 – of the fallopian tube 544 – maternal circulatory disorders 1039 – superficially, associated with inflammatory dermatosis of the vulva 23, 24 intestinal endometriosis 656 adenocarcinoma in situ 274 inflammatory diseases of the cervix 170 – perforation 657 invasive high–grade serous carcinoma, inflammatory disorders, vulva 5 intestinal–type adenocarcinoma 146 histology 558 inflammatory infiltrate 258 intestinal–type carcinoma of the appendix, invasive implant inflammatory lesion, of the peritoneum 626 ovarian involvement 953 – and atypical proliferative serous tumor inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) intestinal–type mucinous carcinoma 280 (APST) 714 123, 473, 1183 intimal fibrin cushion – and noninvasive micropapillary serous – clinical features 1183 – fetal circulatory disorders 1044 carcinoma (MPSC) 714 – histology 512 – histology 1044 – of ovarian cancer, histology 715 – immunohistochemical results 1183 intra–abdominal desmoplastic small round cell invasive micropapillary serous carcinoma, – of the peritoneum 640 tumor (DSRCT), histology 639 histology 722 – of the uterus 511 intradermal nevus of the vulva 33 invasive mole – of the uterus, histology 1184 – histology 34 – behavior 1101 inflammatory necrosis 461 44 – clinical features 1099 inflammatory pseudolymphoma 516 intraendometrial leiomyoma 342 – differential diagnosis 1100 inflammatory pseudotumor 1183 intraendometrial smooth muscle nodule 342 – gross findings 1100 – of the cervix 187 intraepithelial carcinoma 556 – histology 1100 – of the uterus 511 intraepithelial lesion 196 – microscopic findings 1100 infundibulum of the fallopian tube 533 intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) 132, 196 – treatment 1101 inguinal endometriosis 660 – VAIN 2 (high–grade SIL), histology 135 invasive mucinous carcinoma 745 – and arthritis 660 – VAIN 3 (high–grade SIL), histology 135 – clinical and operative findings 745 – and bursitis 660 intragestational fetal loss, multiple – gross findings 745 – and tendinitis 660 pregnancy 1018 – microscopic findings 745 inguinofemoral lymph node status 79 intraluminal endometriosis 656 – within mature cystic teratoma, inhibin 1080 intramural nodule 499 histology 878 – and sex cord–stromal tumor 787 intramural segment of the fallopian tube 533 invasive peritoneal implant 713, 716 – staining 278 intranodal ectopic decidua, and invasive squamous carcinoma, histology 263 innervation of the vagina 108 endometriosis 671 invasive squamous cell carcinoma 66 insect 27 intranodal leiomyomatosis 671 – histology 238 insular carcinoid tumor intraplacental hematoma – keratinizing, well differentiated 72 – clinical behavior 885 – histology 1039 – moderately to poorly differentiated 73 – differential diagnosis 884 – maternal circulatory disorders 1039 – of the cervix 261 1224 Index

– of the cervix, behavior 269 K laminin 67 – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 267 Kaposi sarcoma 42 Langerhans cell 161 – of the cervix, etiology 262 – involving gynecologic tract 1195 – histiocytosis of vulva, histology 1156 – of the cervix, general features 261 Kartagener’s syndrome 534, 542 – histiocytosis, clinical features 1155 – of the cervix, gross findings 263 karyorrhexis 217 – histiocytosis, involving gynecologic tract – of the cervix, histological typing 264 keratin 219 1195 – of the cervix, histopathologic prognostic keratinization 73, 75, 219, 263, 431 – histiocytosis, outcome 1155 features 268 keratinizing carcinoma 264 – histiocytosis, pathologic features 1155 – of the cervix, HPV DNA status 269 keratinocyte, pigmented basalar 33 – histiocytosis, patterns 1155 – of the cervix, metastases 269 keratinous cyst – histiocytosis, treatment 1155 – of the cervix, microscopic findings 263 – histology 36 Langhans cell 1076 – of the cervix, microscopic grading 265 – of the vulva 36 Langhans giant cell 16 – of the cervix, pathogenesis 262 keratoacanthoma large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 291 – of the cervix, prognostic biomarkers 266 – metastasis 40 large vessel anastomoses, monochorionic – of the cervix, spread 269 – of the vulva 40 placenta 1012 – of the cervix, treatment 269 keratosis follicularis 29 laryngeal papillomatosis 6 – of the vulva 70 Keyes punch biopsy 97 laser ablation 225 – of the vulva, chromosomal and Ki–1 lymphoma 78 laser vaporization 134 immunohistochemical studies 72 Ki–67 72, 213, 266, 389, 425, 462 – effects on endometrium 351 – of the vulva, clinical features 70 – adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) 231 last menstrual period (LMP) 319 – of the vulva, microscopic findings 71 Klippel–Tre´naunay–Weber syndrome 1179 late abortion 1065 – TBS terminology 237 koilocyte 128 latent infection 203 IR see insulin resistance (IR) koilocytosis 134, 195, 208, 218 LDH see serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) irritant dermatitis 23 – histology 209 LEGH see lobular endocervical glandular IRSG koilocytotic atypia 195, 208 hyperplasia (LEGH) – staging system 142 KRAS oncogene 373 leiomyoblastoma 465 – surgical–pathologic grouping system 141 17 leiomyoma 911 ischemic fasciitis 1179 Krukenberg tumor 606, 935 – and leiomyosarcoma 912 isolated palisading granuloma of ovary, – and cysts 939 – benign metastasizing 671 histology 588 – and edema of the ovary 606 – benign metastasizing, histology 470 isthmic endometrium 312 – and fibroma 941 – benign metastasizing, of the uterus 469 isthmus 156, 307 – and glands 939 – comparison of the gross pathology with – of the fallopian tube 533 – and heterologous Sertoli–Leydig cell leiomyosarcoma 472 – of the fallopian tube, histology 534 tumor 820 – dissecting 468 IT see intermediate trophoblast (IT) – and mucicarminophilic histiocytosis 942 – gynecologic tract 1160 IUD see intrauterine device (IUD) – and mucinous carcinoid tumor 942 – histology 460 IUFD see intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) – and signet–ring stromal tumor 811 – immunohistochemical features 475 IUGR see intrauterine growth restriction – average age of patients 936 – management 335 (IUGR) – differential diagnosis 941 – multiple 460 IVL see intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) – frequency 936 – of the cervix 185 – gross findings 937 – of the fallopian tube 553 J – in ovary, histology 938–947 – of the uterus 455 JAZF1–JJAZ1 gene fusion 498 – microscopic findings 938 – of the uterus 459 JGCT see juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) – mortality 937 – of the uterus, atypical 464 junctional nevus of the vulva 33 – stroma 940 – of the uterus, cellular 462 juvenile GCT, and adult GCT 801 – symptoms 936 – of the uterus, clinical behavior 461 juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) 800 – with functioning stroma 833 – of the uterus, clinical features 459 – and malignant germ cell tumor 803 – of the uterus, cytogenetics 461 – and metastatic malignant melanoma 804 L – of the uterus, gross findings 459 – and small cell carcinoma of hypercalcemic labial fusion 5 – of the uterus, immunohistochemistry 461 type 804 labium majus 3, 107 – of the uterus, microscopic findings 460 – and thecoma 803 labium minus 3, 107 – of the uterus, mitotically active 462 – clinical behavior 804 – asymmetry 5 – of the uterus, subtypes 462 – clinical features 800 – hypertrophy 5 – of the uterus, treatment 461 – differential diagnosis 803 lactating adenoma 44 – of the uterus, with hematopoietic cells 467 – gross findings 801 Lactobacillus 114 – of the vagina 129 – histology 802, 803 LAM see (LAM) – with bizarre nuclei 464 – microscopic findings 801 lamina propria – with lymphoid infiltration 1148, 1149 – nuclear atypicality 802 – multinucleate stromal cells 110 – with lymphoid infiltration, differential – treatment 804 – of the vagina, histology 109 diagnosis 1150 Index 1225

– with lymphoid infiltration, etiology 1150 lice 27 loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) – with lymphoid infiltration, histology 1149 lichen planus (LP) 225, 255 – with lymphoid infiltration, microscopic – clinical behavior 22 low grade serous tumor 705 examination 1150 – differential diagnosis 22 – clinical behavior 719 – with vascular invasion 468 – general features 21 – differential diagnosis 719 leiomyomatosis – gross findings 21 – treatment 719 – diffuse 468 – histology 21 low malignant potential tumor of the ovary 735 – intranodal 671 – microscopic findings 21 lower uterine segment 156 leiomyosarcoma 294, 462, 495, 912 – of the vulva 21 – endometrium 312 – and leiomyoma 912 – treatment 22 – endometrium, histology 313 – comparison of the gross pathology with lichen sclerosus (LS) 17, 22, 70, 71 low–grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, leiomyoma 472 – atrophicus 17 ovarian involvement 951 – gynecologic tract 1160 – classic 17 low–grade endometrial B–cell lymphoma, – histology 472, 473 – clinical behavior 19 type 1146 – immunohistochemical features 475 – differential diagnosis 18 low–grade peritoneal serous carcinoma – of the uterus 471 – gross findings 18 (LGPSC) 665 – of the uterus, clinical behavior 476 – histology 18 low–grade serous carcinoma – of the uterus, clinical features 471 – hyperkeratosis 18 – of the ovary 720 – of the uterus, cytogenetics 476 – immunohistochemical studies 19 – pathogenesis 725 – of the uterus, gross findings 471 – microscopic findings 18 low–grade soft tissue neoplasm, involving – of the uterus, immunohistochemistry 474 – treatment 19 gynecologic tract 1179 – of the uterus, lymph node metastasis 476 – ultrastructural findings 19 low–grade squamous intraepithelial lesion – of the uterus, microscopic findings 472 – vulvar lesion 18 (LSIL) 196, 197, 208 – of the uterus, prognosis 477 lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) 20 – acanthosis, histology 210 – of the uterus, staging 456 – clinical behavior 21 – borderline condyloma, histology 212 – of the uterus, treatment 476 – differential diagnosis 20 – cytological atypia, histology 209 – of the vagina 145 – gross findings 20 – cytological features 204 – p16 staining 475 – histology 20 – distinguishing features to LSIL 219 – p53 staining 475 – microscopic findings 20 – histologically confirmation 245 LELC see –like carcinomas – treatment 21 – histological features 204 (LELC) 272 Liesegang ring, histology 653 – histology 235 lengito simplex 32 ligneous endometritis 328 – hyperkeratosis, histology 210, 211 – histology 33 ligneous vaginitis 121 – immature condyloma 211 lentigines 32 – histology 121 – koilocytosis 235 leprosy 585 limb–body wall complex 1047 – koilocytosis, histology 209 – of the ovary 585 linear IgA disease of the vulva 31 – low magnification, histology 210 Leser–Trelet syndrome 35 lipid cell tumor 826 – management 242, 243 lesion 196 lipogranulomatous peritonitis, histology 627 – misdiagnosis 214 – nongranulomatous histiocytic 627 lipoid cell tumor 826 – nuclear atypia, histology 209 – non–neoplastic lipoleiomyoma 467 – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 211 – of the cervical squamous mucous – of the ovary 912 – overdiagnosis 213 membrane 175 lipoma 1179 – p16ink and Ki–67 staining 213 – of the secondary Mu¨llerian system 642 – of the cervix 185 – papillomatosis, histology 210 – of the urethra, benign 45 – of the fallopian tube 553 – parakeratosis, histology 210, 211 – tumor–like 630 Listeria monocytogenes – postmenopausal women 242 leukoderma 32 – clinical significance 1030 – spiked condyloma, histology 210 17, 219 – diseases of placenta 1030 – spontaneous regression/progression 225 leuprolide acetate – pathology 1030 – TBS terminology 235 levonorgestrel 350 Listeria placentitis, histology 1030 – versus HSIL, histology 215 Leydig cell 814 LMP see last menstrual period (LMP) low–grade stromal sarcoma (LGSS) 485 – and PCOS 598 lobular 43 low–molecular–weight cytokeratin 1080 – hyperplasia 602, 609 lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia Loxosceles reclusa 27 – hyperplasia, and PCOS 600 (LEGH) 179 LP see lichen planus (LP) – tumor 786, 828 – histology 180 LS see lichen sclerosus (LS) 18 – tumor of nonhilar type 829, 828 lobulated ovary 581 LSC see lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) LGPSC see low–grade peritoneal serous long umbilical cord LSIL see low–grade squamous intraepithelial carcinoma (LGPSC) – clinical significance 1052 lesion LGSS see low–grade stromal sarcoma (LGSS) 485 – definition 1052 luetic oophoritis 585 LGV see 15 – frequency 1052 LUFS see luteinized unruptured follicle LH see luteinizing hormone (LH) – pathologic changes 1052 syndrome 1226 Index

luteal phase – of fallopian tube 1141 – of the vulva, clinical behavior 93 – defect 332 – of lower female genital tract, and – of the vulva, differential diagnosis 92 – inadequate 332 carcinoma 1151 – of the vulva, general features 89 luteinized follicle 593 – of lower female genital tract, and – of the vulva, microscopic mindings 90 – histology 593 embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 1151 – of the vulva, treatment 93 luteinized stromal cell 602 – of lower female genital tract, and – ovarian involvement 974 luteinized thecoma 602 endometrial stromal sarcoma 1151 malignant mesodermal mixed tumor luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome – of lower female genital tract, and (MMMT) 394, 407, 426, 771, 910 (LUFS) 644 extramedullary hematopoiesis 1151 – and immature teratoma 871 luteinizing hormone (LH) 332, 335 – of lower female genital tract, and – behavior 429 LVSI see lymphvascular space invasion (LVSI) lymphoma–like lesion 1151 – clinical features 426 lymph node – of lower female genital tract, and spindle – differential diagnosis 428 – and APST 717 cell sarcoma 1151 – gross findings 426 – and MPSC 717 – of lower female genital tract, differential – histology 427, 428 – lesion with atypical proliferative serous diagnosis 1151 – microscopic findings 427 tumor (APST), histology 717, 718 – of the fallopian tube 569 – survival rates 429 – lesion with serous carcinoma, – of the ovaries 1138 – treatment 429 histology 718 – of the urethra, differential diagnosis 97 malignant mesothelioma 636 – metastasis 66, 275 – of the uterine 1143 – clinical features 636 – metastasis in leiomyosarcoma of the – of the uterus 516 – pathologic findings 636 uterus 476 – of the vulva 1148 malignant mixed germ cell tumor, histology 891 – metastasis in endometrial carcinoma 435 lymphoma–like lesion 327, 1148 malignant mixed tumor of the vagina 145 lymphadenectomy 85, 88, 98, 269 – and lymphoma 1149 malignant mu¨llerian mixed tumor (MMMT) – with inguinal lymph node metastasis, – and lymphoma of lower female genital 294, 567, 702 plotted against depth of invasion 70 tract 1151 – histology 568 lymphadenopathy 12, 25 – in uterine cervix, histology 1149 malignant neoplasm of the vagina 132 lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) 478, – of the cervix 188 malignant neurilemmoma 919 479, 671 lymphoproliferative disorder 272 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor – involving the myometrium, histology 480 lymphvascular invasion 258 (MPNST) 919 lymphangioma 514, 1179 lymphvascular space invasion (LVSI) 259 – involving gynecologic tract 1193 – and hemangioma 917 Lynch syndrome 398 malignant PSTT, histology 1111 – and teratoma 917 – oncogenes 398 malignant schwannoma 147, 294, 919 – circumscriptum, histology 44 – involving gynecologic tract 1193 – circumscriptum, microscopic findings 43 M malignant soft tissue tumor involving – circumscriptum of the vulva 43 magma reticulare 859 gynecologic tract 1186 – of the ovary 917 malacoplakia 46, 327, 548 malignant struma ovarii lymphangiomyomatosis 1185 – microscopic examination 46 – clinical behavior 882 in the ovary 916 – of ovary, histology 585 – clinical features 881 lymphatic space invasion 259 – of the ovary 584 – microscopic features 881 lymphedema 1179 – of the ovary, histology 585 – treatment 882 lymphoepithelial–like carcinoma of the vulva, – of the urethra 46 malignant transitional cell tumor 768 histology 79 – of the urethra, histology 46 – and serous carcinoma 769 lymphoepithelioma–like carcinoma (LELC) – of the vagina 118 – clinical behavior 770 – discohesive cells, histology 272 malaria, diseases of placenta 1032 – clinical findings 768 – of the cervix 272 male, and endometriosis 661 – differential diagnosis 769 – of the vulva 78 malignant blue nevus 94 – gross findings 768 lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) 6, 15, malignant Brenner tumor 768 – immunohistochemistry 769 175, 267 – histology 769 – microscopic findings 769 – diagnosis 15 malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor – operative findings 768 – histology 15 (MERT) 1191 – treatment 770 lymphoid follicle, histology 161 malignant fibrous histiocytoma 147 malignant trophoblastic disease, clinical lymphoid neoplasm – involving gynecologic tract 1195 classification 1088 – in placenta 1147 malignant germ cell tumor, and juvenile malignant tumor of the urethra 97 – of female reproductive organs 1138 granulosa cell tumor 803 MALT see mucosal–associated lymphoid tissue lymphoid proliferation, nonneoplastic 1148 malignant lymphoma of the vulva 94 (MALT) 535 lymphoid–derived cell 161 – differential diagnosis 94 MALT lymphoma see extranodal marginal zone lymphoma 431 malignant melanoma 35 lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) – and lymphoma–like lesion 1149 – amelanotic, spindle cell type 92 mammary gland–like adenocarcinoma of the – in uterine cervix 1144 – of the cervix 295 vulva 89 – in vagina 1147 – of the vulva 89 mammary–like cyst 38 Index 1227 mammary–like tissue in the vulva 44 – with malignant transformation, general – of the vulva 89 marginal hematoma features 877 – of the vulva, distinguishing from vulvar – chronic, maternal circulatory – with malignant transformation, gross intraepithelial neoplasia [VIN] 63 disorders 1039 features 877 melanophage 58 – clinical significance 1039 – with malignant transformation, melanosis, peritoneal 627, 628 – definition 1039 microscopic features 877 melanosome 144 – etiology 1039 – with malignant transformation, melanotic schwannoma, involving gynecologic – maternal circulatory disorders 1039 treatment 878 tract 1195 – pathology 1039 mature glial implant, histology 873 MELF 404 marginal insertion of umbilical cord mature intermediate villi 1002 menarche 3, 5, 114, 361 – clinical associations 1055 mature solid teratoma 872 meningioma, ovarian involvement 982 – definition 1055 – clinical behavior 873 menopause 110, 114, 317 – frequency 1055 – gross features 873 menorrhagia 323 marginal zone lymphoma in endometrium, – microscopic features 873 – idiopathic 350 histology 1145 – treatment 873 – management 335 markers mature teratoma 295 menstrual cycle 110, 309 – of apoptosis 436 Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser menstrual endometrium 354, 407 – of proliferation 437 syndrome 113 menstruation 308, 311 masculinization, Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 814 McCune–Albright syndrome 591, 593 – retrograde 113 massive ovarian edema, histology 605 MDA see minimal deviation adenocarcinoma Merkel cell massive perivillous fibrin (MPF) (MDA) 280 – carcinoma, histology 95 – clinical significance 1041 MEC see – tumor of the vulva 94 – deposition (MFD), histology 1041 meconium induced vascular changes, – tumor of the vulva, differential – deposits 1041 histology 1049 diagnosis 95 – etiology 1040 meconium peritonitis 626 MERT see malignant extrarenal rhabdoid – maternal circulatory disorders 1040 meconium reaction, histology 1048 tumor (MERT) – pathology 1041 meconium stain mesenchymal dysplasia of placenta 1007 massive subchorial hematoma, maternal – clinical significance 1049 mesenchymal neoplasm, nonspecific to the circulatory disorders 1040 – definition 1048 ovary 910 maternal circulatory disorder 1034 – diseases of the placenta 1048 mesenchymal tumor – clinical significance 1036 – frequency 1048 – involving gynecologic tract 1179 – etiology 1034 – pathology 1048 – of the cervix, malignant 294 maternal floor infarct (MFI) meconium–induced necrosis of umbilical – of the fallopian tube 553 – clinical significance 1041 vessel 1057 – of the uterus 453 – etiology 1040 mediastinal tumor, ovarian involvement 977 mesenchymal villi 1002 – maternal circulatory disorders 1040 medulloblastoma 889 mesenteric lipodystrophy 630 – pathology 1041 – ovarian involvement 982 mesenteric panniculitis 630 maternal underperfusion, histology 1036, 1037 medulloepithelioma 889 mesenteritis sclerosing 630 maternal vascular underperfusion 1034, 1035 megestrol acetate treatment of hyperplasia 377 mesodermal adenosarcoma in ovarian maturation phenomenon, metastatic Meigs’ syndrome 596 endometriosis, histology 663 carcinoma 934 – and fibroma 806 mesodermal stromal polyp 129 maturation, and ovarian changes 617 – and massive edema of the ovary 604 – histology 184 mature cystic teratoma 132 32 – of the cervix 183 – clinical behavior 376 32, 33 mesonephric carcinoma of the cervix 285 – clinical features 873 melanoma – histology 286 – complications 876 – distinguishing from dysplastic nevus 34 mesonephric cyst – cytogenetic features 874 – measurements for tumor thickness when – histology 126 – general features 873 the tumor is ulcerated 68 – of the vagina 126 – gross features 874 – of the cervix 295 mesonephric duct 530–532 – hemolytic anemia 876 – of the vagina 142 – remnant 535 – histology 374, 375 – of the vagina, clinical behavior 144 mesonephric hyperplasia – infection 876 – of the vagina, confluent nodular – florid, histology 179 – 876 pigmented masses 143 – of the cervix 178 – microscopic features 874 – of the vagina, differential diagnosis 144 mesonephric remnant 229 – rupture 876 – of the vagina, general features 142 – histology 179 – tissues 375 – of the vagina, gross findings 143 – hyperplasia 285 – torsion 876 – of the vagina, histology 143, 144 – of the cervix 178 – treatment 376 – of the vagina, microscopic findings 143 mesonephric tubule 179 – with malignant transformation, clinical – of the vagina, prognosis 144 mesonephric–like cyst 46 behavior 878 – of the vagina, treatment 144 – of the vulva 38 1228 Index

mesonephroma 758, 856 metastatic carcinoma in ovary, metastatic cecal adenocarcinoma of the ovary 932 mesonephros 531 histology 966 metastatic cervical carcinoma in ovary 983 mesothelial cell 635 metastatic breast cancer metastatic of the ovary, – benign peritoneal washings 699 – histology 1067 histology 935 – histology 590, 631 – in ovary 967 metastatic colloid adenocarcinoma in ovary, – proliferation 590 – in ovary, histology 970 histology 934 mesothelial cyst of the vulva 38 – in ovary, differential diagnosis 969 metastatic colon carcinoma surrounding mesothelial hyperplasia 630, 638 – in ovary, gross findings 968 a corpus albicans in ovary, histology 934 – histology 590, 630, 631 – in ovary, histology 971–973, 975 metastatic ductal adenocarcinoma from the – mural, histology 590 – in ovary, markers 970 pancreas in ovary 959 mesothelial neoplasm 635 – in ovary, microscopic findings 968 metastatic endocervical adenocarcinoma in mesothelial proliferation on ovarian surface, metastatic bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the ovary 984 histology 590 lung in ovary, histology 978 – histology 985–987 mesothelioblastoma 638 metastatic carcinoid 883 metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma 514 – tumor in ovary 954 histology 146 – malignant 636 – tumor in ovary, and adenofibroma 958 metastatic endometrial adenosarcoma to the – of the fallopian tube 550 – tumor in ovary, and Brenner tumor 958 vagina 145 metabolic diseases, and ovarian changes – tumor in ovary, and Sertoli–Leydig cell metastatic endometrial carcinoma in ovary 983 metabolic storage disorders 1064 tumor 958 metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma in metaplasia 164, 336, 407 – tumor in ovary, differential diagnosis 957 ovary 987 – definition 379 – tumor in ovary, granulosa cell tumor 958 – histology 988–990 – of ovarian surface epithelium 589 – tumor in ovary, gross findings 956 metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma in the – of the cervix 164 – tumor in ovary, histology 957–959 ovary, and primary endometrioid stromal – of the endometrium, behavior 385 – tumor in ovary, microscopic findings 956 sarcoma 989 – of the endometrium, differential – tumor in ovary, microscopic findings 956 metastatic ETT 1114 diagnosis 385 – tumor in ovary, patterns 956 metastatic extragenital sarcoma in ovary 980 metaplastic adipose tissue 342 metastatic carcinoma – gross features 980 metaplastic Brenner tumor 766 – epithelium 934 – microscopic findings 980 metaplastic epithelium, immature 167 – from the colon in ovary 948 metastatic female genital tract tumor in metaplastic papillary tumor 552 – from the colon in ovary, histology ovary 982 metaplastic squamous epithelium 111 949–952 metastatic fetal melanoma, histology 1067 metastases in the placenta 1067 – from the extrahepatic bile duct in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor in metastasis ovary 963 ovary, histology 981, 982 –fromtheendometriumtothe – from the extrahepatic bile duct in ovary, metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary 440 differential diagnosis 964 uterus in ovary 989 – from the ovary to the endometrium 440 – from the extrahepatic bile duct in ovary, metastatic glassy cell carcinoma in ovary 986 – staging gross findings 963 metastatic in ovary 967 metastasizing leiomyoma of the uterus 469 – from the extrahepatic bile duct in ovary, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic acinar cell carcinoma microscopic findings 964 – from the liver in ovary 964 – from the pancreas in ovary, differential – from the gall bladder in ovary 963 – from the liver in ovary, differential diagnosis 962 – from the gall bladder in ovary, differential diagnosis 965 – from the pancreas in ovary, gross diagnosis 964 – from the liver in ovary, pathologic findings 962 – from the gall bladder in ovary, gross findings 965 – from the pancreas in ovary, microscopic findings 963 – in ovary, histology 967, 968 findings 962 – from the gall bladder in ovary, metastatic intestinal carcinoma in ovary 944 – of the pancreas in ovary, histology 964 microscopic findings 964 – and primary ovarian adenocarcinoma 947 – of the pancreas in ovary, histology 965 – from the intestine in ovary, histology – differential diagnosis 947 metastatic adenocarcinoma 278 952, 953 – gross findings 945 – from the lung in ovary 978, 979 – from the pancreas in ovary, differential – microscopic findings 946 metastatic adenosquamous carcinoma in diagnosis 960, 963 metastatic intestinal–type adenocarcinoma of ovary 986 – from the pancreas in ovary, gross the stomach in ovary 942 metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma in findings 960 – gross findings 943 ovary 974 – from the pancreas in ovary, histology – microscopic findings 943 metastatic adrenal gland tumor in ovary 973 961, 962 – differential diagnosis 943 metastatic and primary mucinous cystic tumor, – from the pancreas in ovary, microscopic metastatic intestinal–type carcinoma comparison 936 findings 960 – from the stomach in ovary, histology metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma of the – in ovary, histology 936 947, 948 ovary 931 – of the stomach 935 – in ovary 953 metastatic appendiceal carcinoma with – of the thyroid in ovary 981 metastatic intraabdominal desmoplastic small neuroendocrine differentiation in ovary, – to a serous neoplasm in ovary, round cell tumor in ovary 991 histology 956 histology 974 – histology 991, 992 Index 1229 metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastatic small cell carcinoma from the lung – of the cervix, general features 255 – from the liver in ovary 965 in ovary 978, 980 – of the cervix, horizontal extent 260 – from the liver in ovary, pathologic – histology 978, 979 – of the cervix, lymphvascular space findings 965 metastatic squamous cell carcinoma invasion 259 – in ovary, histology 968–970 – from cervix in ovary, histology 988 – of the cervix, pathologic features 256 metastatic islet cell carcinoma from the – of the cervix in ovary 985 – of the cervix, pattern of invasion 258 pancreas in ovary 963 metastatic tubal carcinoma in ovary 982 – of the cervix, risk factors 258 metastatic large cell carcinoma from the lung in – microscopic examination 983 – of the cervix, surgical margins 260 ovary 978 metastatic tumor – of the cervix, treatment 260 metastatic leiomyosarcoma in ovary 987, 989 – of the central nervous system in ovary 982 – of the cervix, tumor volume 260 metastatic low–grade appendiceal mucinous – of the extrahepatic bile duct in ovary 963 microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the neoplasm in ovary 953 – of the fallopian tube 568 cervix – histology 954, 955 – of the gall bladder in ovary 963 – histology 256, 257 metastatic lung cancer in ovary 977 – of the liver in ovary 964 – outcome 259 metastatic malignant melanoma – of the ovary, frequency among all ovarian micrometer 257 – and juvenile granulosa cell tumor 804 tumors 930 microorganisms causing infectious cervicitis 173 – in ovary, and pregnancy luteoma 976 – of the ovary, general principles 929 micropapillary serous borderline tumor of the – in ovary, and steroid cell tumor 976 – of the pancreas in ovary 959 ovary 720 – in ovary, differential diagnosis 976 – of the peritoneum 641 micropapillary serous carcinoma (MPSC) of – in ovary, gross findings 974 – of the placenta 1065 the ovary 720, 725 – in ovary, histology 933, 935, 976–978 – of the ureter in ovary 973 micropapilloma labialis 39 – in ovary, microscopic findings 975 – of the urethra in ovary 973 microphthalmia transcription factor (MiTF) 478 metastatic malignant mesothelioma of – of the urinary bladder in ovary 973 microsatellite 757 peritoneum in ovary, histology 991 – of the vulva 95 – instability (MSI) 757 metastatic mediastinal tumor in ovary, gross – with 935 Miescher–Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 25 findings 977 metastatic vaginal carcinoma in ovary 990 minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA) metastatic medulloblastoma in ovary 982 metastatic vulvar carcinoma in ovary 990 – diagnosis 282 metastatic melanoma, and steroid cell tumor metatypical basal cell carcinoma of the vulva 81 – histology 281, 282 not otherwise specified (NOS) 831 metronidazole 117 – microscopic features 281 metastatic meningioma in ovary 982 MFD see massive perivillous fibrin deposition – of the cervix 280 metastatic micropapillary serous carcinoma (MFD) Mirena coil 350 (invasive implant), histology 723 MFI see maternal floor infarct (MFI) Mirena coil-associated endometrium, histology metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma of the MIB1 72 350, 351 cervix in ovary 985 – proliferation 316 MIS see mu¨llerian inhibiting substance metastatic mucinous carcinoma 748 MICA see microinvasive carcinoma (MICA) (MIS) 530 – in the ovary 747 Michaelis–Gutmann body 46, 119 MISIIR see mu¨llerian inhibitory substance II – of the appendix 953 microcystic stromal tumor 786, 809 receptor (MISIIR) metastatic mucinous – differential diagnosis 810 mite 27 from the pancreas in ovary 959 – histology 812 mitotic index 459 metastatic neuroblastoma from the adrenal microglandular endocervical hyperplasia 177 mitotically active leiomyoma, histology 462 gland in ovary 973 microglandular hyperplasia 140, 229 mixtures of different types of cellular changes 385 metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma – histology 178, 230 MMMT – from the lung in ovary, histology 980 – of the cervix 178 – see malignant mixed mesodermal tumor – in ovary 954 microglandular remnant hyperplasia 285 (MMMT) – in ovary, histology 960 microinvasion with atypical proliferative serous – see malignant mu¨llerian mixed tumor metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, tumor (APST), treatment 710 (MMMT) histology 932 microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the Mobiluncus metastatic parathyroid carcinoma in ovary 982 cervix 274 – curtisii 116 metastatic parotid gland in ovary 982 – clinical behavior 275 – mulieris 116 metastatic in ovary 990 – endocervical adenocarcinoma 275 Mohs’ micrographic surgery, metastatic peritoneal tumor in ovary 990 – FIGO definition 274 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans metastatic pulmonary tumor in ovary 977 – microscopic findings 274 (DFSP) 1180 – differential diagnosis 978 – treatment 275 molar placenta 1090 – gross findings 977 microinvasive carcinoma (MICA) 66 – behavior 1090 – microscopic findings 978 – methods of measuring depth of – clinicopathological features 1090 metastatic in ovary, invasion 257 – treatment 1090 histology 975, 976 – of the cervix 254 molluscum body 11 metastatic renal tumor in ovary 971 – of the cervix, clinical features 256 6, 11 – differential diagnosis 972 – of the cervix, depth of invasion 258 – clinical diagnosis 11 – gross findings 972 – of the cervix, diagnosis 256 – cytologic identification 11 – microscopic findings 972 – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 258 – high–power view 11 1230 Index

monoamnionic monochorionic placenta – molecular biology 747 mu¨llerian agenesis 113 1009, 1010 – of the appendix, ovarian involvement 953 mu¨llerian cell type 589 monoblastic sarcoma 1150 – of the endometrium 415 mu¨llerian cyst 126 monochorionic placenta – of the endometrium, behavior 417 – histology 127 – and twin gestation 1008 – of the endometrium, differential mu¨llerian duct 106, 307, 530, 532 – vascular anastomoses 1011 diagnosis 416 – atresia 308 monodermal teratoma 890 – of the endometrium, treatment 417 – fusion defects 307 – composed of vascular tissue 889 – treatment 748 – genes in embryologic development 530 – with neuroectodermal differentiation 889 mucinous change 383 mu¨llerian inhibiting substance (MIS) 530 – with sebaceous differentiation 890 mucinous cystadenoma mu¨llerian inhibitory substance II receptor monomorphic choriocarcinoma, histology 1104 – endocervical–like 737 (MISIIR) 692 monozygous twin 1007 – histology 736 mu¨llerian mixed tumor 394, 407, 426 mons pubis 3 – intestinal–type 736 mu¨llerian papilloma 128, 142 morbid obesity 1179 –mu¨llerian–type 737 – histology 128 morphea 22 mucinous cystic tumor mu¨llerian tumor, mixed, of the uterus 500 morphology – histology 832, 833 mu¨llerian papilloma 187 – of chorionic–type intermediate – with functioning stroma 833 – histology 187 trophoblast 1079 mucinous differentiation 384, 416 mullerianosis 667 – of cytotrophoblast 1078 mucinous metaplasia mu¨llerian–type tumor, and endometriosis 661 – of implantation site intermediate – in endometriosis, histology 650 multicystic adenomatoid tumor 634 trophoblast 1078 – in endometrium, histology 339 multicystic ovaries 596 – of syncytiotrophoblast 1078 – of the endometrium 338 multifocal chorangiomatosis, fetal circulatory – of trophoblast 1078 – of the endometrium, diagnosis 338 disorders 1045 – of villous intermediate trophoblast 1078 – of the vulva 31, 37 multilobate placenta 1004 morule 338 mucinous tumor multilocular cystic lymphangioma 633 MOSE see murine ovarian surface epithelium – arising in mature cystic teratoma 878 multilocular peritoneal inclusion cyst (MOSE) – arising in mature cystic teratoma, clinical (MPIC) 632 MPF see massive perivillous fibrin (MPF) 1040 behavior 879 – high power view 633 MPIC see multilocular peritoneal inclusion cyst – arising in mature cystic teratoma, – histology 633 (MPIC) differential diagnosis 879 – with mural mesothelial proliferation 6333 MPNST see malignant peripheral nerve sheath – arising in mature cystic teratoma, multinucleated atypia of the vulva 63 tumor (MPNST) immunohistochemical features 879 multinucleated tumor giant cell 464 MPSC see noninvasive micropapillary serous – arising in mature cystic teratoma, multinucleation 75 carcinoma (MPSC) microscopic features 879 multiple follicle cyst 596 MSI see microsatellite instability (MSI) – arising in mature cystic teratoma, multiple gestation 1007 mucicarminophilic histiocytosis 588, 619 nomenclature 879 multiple pregnancy 1007 – and Krukenberg tumor 942 – arising in mature cystic teratoma, – asymmetric growth 1017 – histology 629 treatment 879 – complications 1013 mucin granuloma 961 – of the ovary 735 – duplication abnormalities 1019 mucinous adenocarcinoma – with mural nodules 744 – placental mass 1069 – arising in the surface epithelium of the – with (PMP) 741 – placentation type 1069 vulva 86 mucocele, tumor of the appendix 950 – reduced fetuses 1019 – of the cervix 280 mucocutaneous candidiasis, and autoimmune – vascular anastomoses 1069 – with focal squamous and neuroendocrine oophoritis 614 mumps oophoritis 586 differentiation 89 mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the Munro abscess 22, 23 mucinous borderline tumor 737 cervix 288 mural hypertrophy of membrane arterioles mucinous carcinoid tumor mucopurulent cervicitis 174 – histology 1035 – and Krukenberg tumor 942 mucosa 108 – maternal circulatory disorders 1034 – clinical behavior 887 – of the fallopian tube, histology 534 mural nodule 744 – differential diagnosis 887 mucosal–associated lymphoid tissue murine ovarian surface epithelium (MOSE) 692 – general features 886 (MALT) 535 muscle–specific actin 508 – gross features 886 mucosal–lentiginous melanoma 90 muscularis 108, 532 – immunohistochemical features 887 – histology 92, 93 musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis – microscopic features 886 – microscopic mindings 90 – behavior 1176 – treatment 887 mucous cyst – clinical features 1175 mucinous carcinoma 275 – of the vestibule, histology 37 – histology 1176 – behavior 748 – of the vulva 36 – pathologic findings 1175 – differential diagnosis 747 – periurethral 46 – treatment 1176 – FIGO grade 1, histology 416 mucus–producing epithelium 168 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16, 547 – histology 745, 746 mu¨llerian adenosarcoma 294 – infection of the cervix 174 – immunohistochemistry 746 – of the ovary 772 116, 1023 Index 1231 mycoplasma, endometritis 326 necrosis neurofibrosarcoma, involving gynecologic myeloid neoplasia of female reproductive – bland, histology 457 tract 1193 organs 1150 – of the vagina 124 neuroglial tissue in the cervix 188 – clinical features 1150 – uterine smooth muscle tumor 457 nevis lipomatous superficialis of the vulva 44 – ovarian involvement 1152 necrotic endometrial polyp, histology 344 nevomelanocytic type 33 – pathologic features 1152 necrotic pseudoxanthomatous nodule 652 nevus 32 – uterine involvement 1152 necrotizing fasciitis 26 – cell 33 – vaginal involvement 1153 Neisseria – of the vulva 32 – vulvar involvement 1153 – gonorrheal infection 36 NF1 see neurofibromatosis–1 (NF1) myeloid sarcoma – gonorrhoea cervicitis 174 nickel 23 – differential diagnosis 1154 – gonorrhoeae 543 nodular fasciitis – of female reproductive organs 1150 – meningitidis 119 – behavior 1175 – of female reproductive organs, clinical neonatal encephalopathy (NE) 1061 – clinical features 1174 features 1150 neoplasia 196 – differential diagnosis 1174 – of vagina, histology 1154 neoplasm – pathologic findings 1174 myiasis, of the vulva 17 – and endometriosis 661 – treatment 1175 Myo–D1 508 – and granulosa cell proliferations of nodular hidradenoma myofibroblast 474 pregnancy 608 – high power view 41 myofibroblastic tumor, of peritoneum 640 – and PCOS 599 – histology 41 myofibroblastoma of the ovary 915 – not specific to ovary 910 – of the vulva 41 myogenin 508 – of the endometrioid type 664 nodular hyperthecosis 827 myoinvasion, endometrioid carcinoma 403 – of the vagina, secondary 145 nodular melanoma 90 myomectomy 461, 484 nephroblastoma of the ovary 926 – histology 91 myomelanocytic tumor nephrotic syndrome, and ovarian tumor 840 – microscopic mindings 90 – as mesenchymal neoplasm 1185 nerve sheath tumor, malignant peripheral 919 – partial deep vulvectomy 91 – behavior 1186 nervous system disorder, and ovarian nodule of hepatocyte in placenta 1066 – clinical features 1185 cancer 839 nongranulomatous histiocytic lesion 627 – differential diagnosis 1186 neural tumor of the fallopian tube 553 Non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the urethra 97 – involving gynecologic tract 1184 neurilemoma 1170 nonimmune hydrop 1061 – pathologic findings 1185 – behavior 1171 noninfectious cervicitis 172 – treatment 1186 – clinical features 1170 noninfectious disorders of the ovary 586 myometrial hypertrophy 468 – histology 1171 noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the myometrial invasion 403 – of the ovary 919 vagina 120 – by carcinoma 406 – pathologic findings 1170 noninfectious , of the – in endometrial carcinoma 433 – treatment 1171 vulva 17 – statistical model of survival 438 neuroblastoma 889 noninvasive desmoplastic implant (implant), myometrium 185, 307, 403 neuroendocrine carcinoma histology 712, 713 – hypertrophic, adenomatoid tumor, – non–small cell type 925 noninvasive epithelial implant (implant), histology 514 – ovarian involvement 954 histology 711, 712 – superficial 321 neuroendocrine cell 160 noninvasive micropapillary serous carcinoma myosalpinx 532 neuroendocrine dense–core granule 293 (MPSC) 703 myxoid leiomyoma of the uterus 466 neuroendocrine granule 291 – and invasive implant 714 myxoid leiomyosarcoma 473, 509 431 – histology 721 – histology 474 – of the cervix 290 noninvasive peritoneal implant 716 myxoid smooth muscle proliferation 457 – of the cervix, categories 290 – and atypical proliferative serous tumor myxoma – of the cervix, histologic features used for (APST) 711 – and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 911 distinguishing 291 nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma 264 – and fibroma with myxoid degeneration 910 – of the cervix, large cell 291 – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 293 – of the ovary 910 neurofibroma 132 nonneoplastic epithelial disorders, of the – of the ovary, massive edema of the – behavior 1172 vulva 17 ovary 910 – clinical features 1171 nonneoplastic lesion – histology 1173, 1174 – of ovarian follicles and stroma 591 N – of the cervix 185 – of the ovary 580 185 – of the ovary 919 nonneoplastic lymphoid proliferation 1148 – histology 186 – pathologic findings 1172 non–neoplastic trophoblastic cell, and tumor National Health Service (NHS) Cervical Cancer – treatment cell 1084 Screening Program 255 neurofibromatosis–1 (NF1) non–small–cell neuroendocrine carcinoma 771 National Institute of Health (NIH), – behavior 1172 nonsteroidal estrogen 111 classification of metastatic GTD 1088 – clinical features 1171 nonsyphilitic spirochetes 1032 NE see neonatal encephalopathy (NE) – pathologic findings 1172 nonthrombocytopenic purpura, and ovarian necrobiotic granuloma of the ovary 587 – treatment tumor 840 1232 Index

nontrophoblastic tumor of the – and HNPCC 691 ovarian changes placenta 1065 – and inflammation 682 – secondary to cytotoxic drugs 617 normal trophoblast, histology 1107 – and mouse models, implications for – secondary to metabolic diseases 617 NOS see steroid cell tumor, not otherwise treatment 692 – secondary to radiation 617 specified (NOS) – and nervous system disorders 839 ovarian cholelithiasis 587 nRBC see nucleated red blood cells – and ovulation 681 ovarian chondroma 917 (nRBC) 1062 – atypical proliferative neoplasm 689 ovarian chondrosarcoma 918 nuclear : cytoplasmic ratio 216 – Bowel involvement 697 ovarian decidual reaction 610 nuclear atypia in the evaluation of endometrial – cell type 694 ovarian diffuse large B–cell lymphoma, hyperplasia 364 – chemotherapy 700 differential diagnosis 1142 nucleated red blood cells (nRBC), in fetal – cytopathology 698 ovarian echinococcosis 585 circulation 1062 – etiology 680 ovarian ectopic prostatic tissue 582 – elevation, in fetal circulation 1062 – FIGO stage 694 ovarian edema 604 nulliparity 360 – five–year survival 696 – histology 605 nulliparous cervix 156 – genetic predisposition 690 ovarian endometriosis 646 Nurse’s Health Study, and ovarian cancer 694 – geographic distribution 680 ovarian endometriotic cyst, histology 649, 650 nutritional deficiency, of the vulva 17 – gonadotropin hypothesis 682 ovarian enlargement – histologic grade 694 – and lipidoses 617 O – histology 612 – and mucopolysaccharidoses 617 obesity 360, 394 – hormonal factors 681 ovarian epithelial tumor, and cell type 688 – and PCOS 599 – hormonal therapy 701 ovarian fibromatosis 603 occult carcinoma 561 – incessant ovulation hypothesis 681 – clinical behavior 606 ocular micrometer 257 – incidence 680 – clinical features 604 OHS see ovarian hyperstimulation – malignant transformation 682 – differential diagnosis 606 syndrome (OHS) – melphalan 701 – gross findings 604 oligomenorrea 597 – metastases 697 – histology 605 omental–mesenteric myxoid 640 – mortality 680 – microscopic findings 604 omphalomesenteric remnant – mouse models 691 – pathogenesis 606 – histology 1050 – new model of pathogenesis 682 – treatment 606 – umbilical cord 1050 – number of positive nodes 697 ovarian ganglioneuroma 919 oncocytic metaplasia in endometrium 340 – Nurse’s Health Study 694 ovarian hemangioma 915, 1179 oncogenes 437 – origin 689 – origin 915 oophorectomy 603 – patterns of spread 694 ovarian hemorrhage 614 – tubal neoplasm 537 – pelvic ultrasound 693 ovarian hepatoid carcinoma 922 – with salpingectomy for non–fallopian – peritoneal dissemination 682 ovarian hilus (Leydig) cell, and PCOS 598 tube malignant disease 536 – prevention 694 ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome oophoritis 585 – prognostic factors 694 (OHS) 596 – cytomegalovirus (CMV) 585 – radiation 701 – and ovulation induction 596 – tuberculous 584 – reporting of College of American ovarian infarction 615 ophthalmologic inflammation 26 Pathologists (CAP) 702 ovarian infection 583 Opisthorchis viverrini 966 – reproductive factors 681 ovarian involvement of low–grade mucinous oral aphthous ulcer 26 – risk factors 680 tumors of the appendix oral contraceptive 284, 395 – screening tests 693 – gross findings 952 – as risk factor for cervical cancer 206 – serous tumors 703 – microscopic findings 952 – developing high–grade SIL 262 – surgery 700 – differential diagnosis 952 ORS see ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) – survival 694 ovarian Leydig cell tumor 828 osseous metaplasia in endometrium 342 – volume of residual disease 697 ovarian lipoleiomyoma 912 osteoma of the ovary 918 – WHO classification 702 ovarian lymphoma 1138 osteosarcoma 294 ovarian carcinoma – differential diagnosis 1140 – involving gynecologic tract 1195 – and surface epithelial inclusions 686 ovarian metastasis – of the ovary 918 – and uterine corpus carcinoma 984 – age distribution of patients 931 ovarian abscess 583 – cell type 686 – and uterine corpus metastasis 984 ovarian adenofibroma 185 – FIGO stage 686 – from intestinal carcinomas 944 ovarian adenomatoid tumor 920 – metastatic to the endometrium 440 – gross features 931 ovarian amyloidosis, histology 617 – precursors 685 – microscopic appearance 932 ovarian cancer – resembling adenoid cystic carcinoma, – spreading routes 931 – and ovarian stromal metaplasia 611 histology 925 ovarian metastatic tumor, frequency among all – and age 680 – type I origin 684 ovarian tumors 930 – and BRCA 690 – types 683 ovarian mucinous tumor – and endometriosis 683, 687 – with basaloid appearance, – survival rate 739 – and fimbriae 689 histology 926 – tumor types 739 Index 1233 ovarian myofibroblastoma 915 ovary 107 – of the vulva, distinguishing from vulvar ovarian neoplasm and edema of the ovary 606 – absence 581 intraepithelial neoplasia [VIN] 63 ovarian nephroblastoma 926 – accessory 581 – of the vulva, prognosis 85 ovarian neurilemmoma 919 – bacterial infection 583 – of the vulva, treatment 85 ovarian neurofibroma 919 – blood supply 580 – primary type 82 ovarian osteoma 918 – congenital lesion 581 – primary type, histology 83 ovarian osteosarcoma 918 – ectopic tissue 581 – primary type, partial deep vulvectomy 82 ovarian paraganglioma 919 – embryology 580 – primary, classification 82 ovarian pheochromocytoma 919 – foreign body granuloma 586 – secondary type, histology 84 ovarian pregnancy 616 – fungal infection 586 – secondary type, of anorectal ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) 591, 617 – gross anatomy 580 adenocarcinoma origin 84 – and residual ovary syndrome 617 – infection 583 – secondary, classification 82 – histology 618 – lobulated 581 pagetoid urothelial intraepithelial neoplasia ovarian rhabdomyoma 913 – menopause 580 (PUIN) 63, 81, 84 ovarian rhabdomyosarcoma 913 – mesothelial proliferations 590 – histology 85 ovarian salivary gland–like carcinoma 925 – noninfectious inflammatory disorder 586 – of the urethra 96 ovarian schistosomiasis 585 – nonneoplastic lesion 579 – Paget disease, secondary type, of ovarian schwannoma 919 – nonneoplastic lesion of the follicular/ urothelial origin 85 ovarian sex cord–stromal tumor 480 stromal elements 591 palisading granuloma 587 ovarian small cell carcinoma, pulmonary – of the newborn 580 – of the ovary 587 type 923 – parasitic infestation 585 – of the ovary, histology 588 ovarian stimulation 591 – sclerocystic 600 pan–arteritis 121 ovarian stromal metaplasia 610, 611 – supernumerary 581 pan–cytokeratin 407 – and calcification 611 – surface epithelial inclusion (SEI) cyst 589 pancytopenia, and ovarian tumor 840 – histology 611 – surface epithelial inclusion (SEI) Pap smear 262 ovarian surface epithelial inclusions from gland 589 – screening 171 fimbrial epithelium 687 – surface proliferative lesion 589 Pap test 237 ovarian surface epithelium 588 – surface stromal proliferations 590 papillary adenofibroma of the cervix 185 ovarian surface stromal proliferation, – viral infection 585 papillary cystadenoma, associated with von histology 591 overexpression 438 Hippel–Lindau disease 571 ovarian torsion 615 ovulation 309 – histology 572 ovarian tumor – induction, and ovarian hyperstimulation papillary endocervical reparative change, – and connective tissue disorder 839 syndrome 596 histology 171 – and cutaneous disorders 840 oxyphilic clear cell carcinoma 761 40 – and hematologic disorders 840 oxyphilic endometrioid carcinoma, and – clinical behavior 40 – and nephrotic syndrome 840 steroid cell tumor not otherwise – clinical features 40 – and PCOS 599 specified (NOS) 831 – high–power examination 40 – benign 689 oxyphilic metaplasia in endometrium 340 – histology 40 – in the idiopathic group 833 oxyuriasis 548 – microscopic findings 40 – of intestinal origin 944 – of the vulva 40 – of probable wolffian origin 921 P – treatment 40 – of probable wolffian origin, and sex p16 425 papillary hyperplasia, complex, histology 370 cord–stromal tumor 921 – expression 267 papillary mesothelioma, – of probable wolffian origin, histology 921 p16ink 213 well–differentiated 635 – of the adrenogenital syndrome 610 – adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) 231 papillary proliferation of the – with carcinoid syndrome 835 p53 398, 420, 425 endometrium 341 – with functioning stroma 832 – gene 437 papillary serous carcinoma, histology 417 – with paraendocrine disorders 835 – gene mutation 267, 387 papillary squamotransitional cell – with paraneoplastic syndromes 839 – in endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma carcinoma 137 – with thyroid hyperfunction 834 (EIC) 387 – histology 138 – with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 835 – signature, ovarian carcinoma 689 papillary squamous cell carcinoma – World Health Organization (WHO) paclitaxel 336 – histology 271 classification 701 – ovarian cancer 700 – of the cervix 271 ovarian vein Paget cell 83 – of the vulva 78 – syndrome 616 Paget disease 63 – typical squamous epithelium, – thombosis 615 – distinguishing from superficial spreading histology 272 – thrombophlebitis 615 malignant melanoma 92 papillary syncytial metaplasia 329, 330, 341 ovarian wolffian tumor, and heterologous – of the vulva, adjunctive studies 84 – histology 312 Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 821 – of the vulva, clinical behavior 85 papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC), in ovarian xanthogranuloma 583 – of the vulva, clinical features 81 struma ovarii 882 – histology 583 – of the vulva, differential diagnosis 84 – histology 881 1234 Index

papillary tumor, metaplastic, histology 552 PAS see periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) peritoneal inclusion cyst 632 papillary urothelial cell carcinoma 138 pathogenesis of low–grade serous – histology 632 papillary/villoglandular pattern in the carcinoma 725 peritoneal keratin granuloma 634 endometrium 370 pathologic finding in placenta of clinical – histology 634 papilloma of the fallopian tube 552 syndromes 1059 peritoneal lavage, ovarian cancer 699 papillomatosis 39, 127, 134, 210 PBC see platinum–based chemotherapy (PBC) peritoneal leiomyoma of the uterus 470 papulosquamous dermatosis, noninfectious, PCOS see polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) peritoneal leiomyomatosis 669 of the vulva 17 PEC see perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) peritoneal malignant mesothelioma (PMM) parabasal cell 157 PEComa see perivascular epithelioid cell tumor 631, 636 parabasal layer of vaginal mucosa 108 (PEComa) – differential diagnosis 638 paraendocrine disorder, and ovarian tumor 835 pelvic actinomyces infection 583 – histology 636–638 paraganglioma 132 pelvic adhesion 113 peritoneal melanosis 627, 628 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise pelvic endometriosis 658 peritoneal mesothelioma 920 specified (NOS) 831 pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 583 peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis – involving gynecologic tract 1195 pelvic node metastasis with early invasive (PMCA) 743 – of the ovary 919 carcinoma according to depth of stromal – and DPAM 743 parakeratosis 22, 58, 210, 219 penetration 259 peritoneal psammocarcinoma 665, 666 – of the cervix 171 pelvic retroperitoneum, and schwannoma 1170 peritoneal serous carcinoma, and ovarian – of the cervix, histology 172 pelvis serous carcinoma 666 paramesonephric duct 307, 530, 532 – median sagittal section 107 peritoneal serous lesion 664 – fused 532 – vagina, uterus, and supporting peritoneal serous tumor 665 paramesonephric tubercle 531 structures 107 peritoneal transitional cell lesion 668 , and ovarian pemphigoid 28 peritoneal tumor, ovarian involvement 990 tumor 839 – microscopic findings 28 peritonitis parasites in the fallopian tube 548 pemphigus – acute 626 parasitic infection – of the vulva 27 – infectious granulomatous 626 – of the ovary 585 – vegitans 28, 29 – noninfectious granulomatous 626 – of the vagina 119 – vulgaris 27–29 – rare types 630 – of the vulva 17 – vulgaris, histology 30 periurethral cyst 46, 96 – vulva skin 5 – vulgaris, of the cervix 175 perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) 478 parasitic leiomyoma of the uterus 470 penile–genital transmission 115 perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) parasitic twin, multiple pregnancy 1019 Peptococcus 114, 544 478, 491 parathormone (PTH) 835 Peptostreptococcus 114, 544, 1023 – as mesenchymal neoplasm 1185 – related peptide (PTHRP) 835 periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) 626 – behavior 1186 parathyroid carcinoma, ovarian – reaction 852 – benign or malignant 1186 involvement 982 perioophoritis 583 – clinical features 1185 paratubal cyst 569 peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor – differential diagnosis 479, 1186 – histology 570 (pPNET) 1194 – histology paratubal lesion 569 – family, histology 1194 – involving gynecologic tract 1184 paratubal neoplasm 567 peripheral villous hypoplasia, maternal – not otherwise specified (NOS) 1185 paratubal region, diseases 529 circulatory disorders 1035 – of uterine cervix, histology 1185 parenchymal endometriosis 660 peritoneal cytology specimens, – pathologic findings 1185 paroo¨phoron 531 pitfalls 699 – treatment 1186 parotid gland, ovarian involvement 982 peritoneal decidual reaction – uterine, HMB–45 staining 479 parous cervix 156 – clinical and operative findings 669 Peutz–Jeghers syndrome 274, 281, 537, 813, partial deep vulvectomy 97 – microscopic findings 669 824, 826, 838 partial hydatidiform mole 1095 peritoneal encapsulation 630 pheochromocytoma – behavior 1095, 1097 peritoneal endometrioid lesions, other than – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise – clinical features 1095 endometriosis 663 specified (NOS) 831 – differential diagnosis 1096 peritoneal endometriosis 646 – of the ovary 919 – gross findings 1095 peritoneal epithelioid – histology 1096, 1098 hemangioendothelioma 638 – of the breast 345 – microscopic findings 1095 peritoneal fibrosis 629, 630 – of the vulva, histology 44, 45 – pathologic features 1097 peritoneal fluid cytology, ovarian cancer physiologic change, incomplete, maternal – treatment 1095 698, 699 circulatory disorders 1034 parturition 111 peritoneal granuloma, histology 627 picket cell 159 Parvovirus peritoneal implant PID see pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – B19, clinical significance 1031 – invasive 716 pigment disorder of melanocytic origin of the – B19, diseases of placenta 1031 – morphologic features 716 vulva 32 – B19, pathology 1031 – noninvasive 716 pigmented lesion of the vulva 32 – infection, histology 1030 – pathogenesis 716 pigmentosis tubae 546 Index 1235

PIK3CA oncogene 396 placental site nodule or plaque podophyllin 8 pilar tumor 42 (PSNP) 353 POH see premature ovarian failure (POF) pink cell metaplasia 340 – histology 354 polar body twinning 1007 pinworm 17, 548 placental site plaque 1121 polyarteritis 121 pipelle biopsy 319 – of the peritoneum, histology 634 – nodosa 177 Pipelle device 376 placental site trophoblastic nodule 184 polycystic 361 pituitary–type tumor, and steroid cell tumor placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) polycystic ovarian syndrome 243, 331 not otherwise specified (NOS) 831 1076, 1108 polycystic ovary disease (POD) 840 placenta – algorithm in diagnosis 1129 – histology 598 – accreta, clinical behavior 1006 – and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – accreta, clinical features 1005 histologic comparison of cytological 594, 597 – accreta, etiology 1005 features 1119 – and HAIR–AN syndrome 603 – accreta, pathology 1005 – and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, – clinical features 597 – accreta, treatment 1006 histology 1118 – differential diagnosis 599 – anomalous shapes 1003 – behavior 1112 – gross findings 597 – circulations 1003 – clinical features 1102, 1108 – histology 598 – clinical syndromes and their pathologic – differential diagnosis 1111 – microscopic findings 598 correlates in placenta 1059 – gross findings 1109 – pathophyiology 599 – development 1000 – histology 1109, 1110 polyembryoma 866 – examination 1067, 1068 – microscopic findings 1109 – clinical behavior 867 – examination, culture 1069 – morphological features 1106 – gross features 866 – examination, cytogenetics 1069 – treatment 1112 – histogenesis 866 – examination, fetal membranes 1068 placental tumor 1067 – histology 867 – examination, immunoperoxidase placentation type 1009 – immunohistochemical features 866 stains 1069 plaminogen (PLG) deficiency 121 – microscopic features 866 – examination, techniques 1069 PLAP see placental alkaline phosphatase – treatment 867 – examination, umbilical cord 1068 (PLAP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CMV – increta, clinical behavior 1006 plasma cell infection 1029 – increta, clinical features 1005 – granuloma 640, 1183 polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, pruritic – increta, etiology 1005 – pseudotumor 1183 urticarial plaques and papules in pregnancy – increta, histology 1006 – vulvitis 24 (PUPPP) 29 – increta, pathology 1005 plasmacytoid squamous carcinoma of the polyp 130, 343, 366, 425 – increta, treatment 1006 vulva 78 – fallopian tube 541 – membranacea 1004 – differential diagnosis 79 – mixed 183 – normal anatomy 1000 – treatment 79 polypectomy 348, 484 – percreta, clinical behavior 1006 plasmacytoma 431 polypoid adenomyoma, atypical 514 – percreta, clinical features 1005 platinum–based chemotherapy (PBC), ovarian polypoid endometriosis 539, 647 – percreta, etiology 1005 cancer 700 polypoid lesion of the cervix, differential – percreta, pathology 1005 41 clinical diagnosis 183 – percreta, treatment 1006 pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma 509 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and – with mesenchymal dysplasia 1007 pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma 914, 507 granulosa cell tumor 799 – with mesenchymal dysplasia, – involving gynecologic tract 1195 portio of the cervix 163 histology 1007 pleomorphic undifferentiated portio vaginalis 156 placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) sarcoma 510 POSCN see postoperative spindle cell nodules 853, 1080 – involving gynecologic tract 1195 (POSCN) placental hemangioma 1065 pleomorphism, embryonal carcinoma 865 post–Cesarean scar endometriosis 659 placental hydrop 1061 pleural endometriosis 660 postinflammatory depigmentation of the placental inflammation 1022, 1032 pleuropulmonary endometriosis 660 vulva 32 – consequences 1022 plexiform leiomyoma 465 postmenopausal bleeding 319 placental lesion, and IUGR 1061 plexiform tumorlet 466 postmenopausal endometrium 317 placental mass, multiple – histology 466 postmenopausal estrogen/progestin pregnancy 1008 ploidy in endometrial carcinoma 436 intervention (PEPI) trial 333 placental metastases 1067 PMCA see peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis postoperative fasciitis 26 placental site nodule 267, 1076, 1121 (PMCA) postoperative spindle cell nodule – and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, PMM see peritoneal malignant mesothelioma (POSCN) 123 histologic comparison 1126 (PMM) – histology 123 – differential diagnosis 1123 PMP see pseudomyxoma peritonei – involving gynecologic tract 1184 – features 1121 PNET see primitive neuroectodermal tumor postpartum cervix 162 – histology 184, 1122–1124 (PNET) post–salpingectomy endometriosis – microscopic findings 1122 pneumopolycystic endometritis 353 539, 656 – morphologic features 1122 POD see polycystic ovary disease (POD) post–term pregnancy 1060 1236 Index

posttraumatic fasciitis 26 primary ovarian adenocarcinoma, and progesterone receptor (PR) 277, 313, 314, 420, 435 pPNET see peripheral primitive intestinal carcinoma 947 – expression 277 neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) primary ovarian carcinoma progesterone receptor modulator (PRM) 335 preeclampsia 1034 – and primary uterine corpus carcinoma 984 progesterone receptor modulator (PRM)- – definition 1059 – and uterine corpus metastasis 984 associated endometrial changes 335 – etiology 1059 primary ovarian chondrosarcoma, progestin 334, 410 – pathology 1059 histology 918 – endometrioid carcinoma 410 pregnancy 162, 286, 315 primary ovarian gestational trophoblastic – therapy 333 – multiple, complications 1013 disease 617 – therapy, ESS 492 pregnancy luteoma 596, 602, 606 primary ovarian lymphangioma, histology 917 – treatment of atypical hyperplasia 376 – and hCG 608 primary ovarian lymphoma 1138 – treatment, morphologic changes 378 – and metastatic malignant melanoma – Burkitt’s lymphoma 1138 progestin-induced changes 410 in ovary 976 – linical features 1138 progestin-treated complex atypical hyperplasia 379 – clinical behavior 608 – diffuse large B–cell lymphoma 1138 progestin-treated complex hyperplasia 379 – clinical features 606 – follicular lymphoma 1139 progestin-treated lesion of the endometrium, – differential diagnosis 608 – pathologic features 1138 classification 379 – gross findings 607 – rare lymphomas 1139 progestin-treated well–differentiated – histology 607 primary ovarian mucinous tumor 735 carcinoma 379 – microscopic findings 607 primary ovarian small cell carcinoma with prognosis, models for predicting 438 – pathogenesis 608 pulmonary differentiation 924 prognostic biomarker 266 – treatment 608 primary ovarian tumor of uncertain prolactin secretion, and dermoid cyst 839 pregnant cervix 162 histogenesis 922 within ovarian dermoid cyst, premature follicular depletion 612 primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the ovary 913 histology 838 premature menopause 612 – histogenesis 913 prolapse premature ovarian failure (POF) 612 – histology 913, 914 – of the fallopian tube 549 – and galactosemia 612 primary trabecular carcinoid tumor of the – of the fallopian tube into the vagina 125 premature rupture of membranes (PROM) 1022 ovary, histology 885 – of the urethral mucosa 45 premelanosome 144 primary uterine corpus carcinoma, and ovarian proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) prepuce 3 metastasis 984 437, 462 preterm birth (PTB) 1022, 1060 primary uterine lymphoma 1143 proliferating of the vulva 42 – acute chorioamnionitis (ACA) 1026 – clinical features 1143 proliferating trichilemmal tumor of the vulva 42 – ascending infection of placenta 1026 – diffuse large B–Cell lymphoma 1143 proliferation previllous trophoblast, functional – extranodal marginal zone lymphoma – of mesothelial cell 590 aspects 1083 (MALT lymphoma) 1144 – of ovarian stromal cells 601 bivia 116 – follicular lymphoma 1144 – markers 266, 437 primary amenorrhea – outcome 1147 proliferative endometrium – and dysgerminoma 851 – pathologic features 1143 – disordered, histology 365 – and gonadoblastoma 893 – rare lymphomas 1147 – histology 309 primary and metastatic mucinous cystic tumor, – staging 1147 proliferative fasciitis 1179 comparison 936 – treatment 1147 PROM see premature rupture of membranes primary angiosarcoma of ovary, histology – clinical features 1147 (PROM) 1022 916, 917 – outcome 1148 prostatic tissue 582 primary carcinoid 883 – pathologic features 1148 pruritus 24, 81 primary chancre 175 – staging 1148 psammocarcinoma of the ovary 720 primary endometrioid stromal sarcoma, and – treatment 1148 psammoma body 353, 538, 589 metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma in primary vulvar cutaneous Paget disease 82 – in the endometrium 352 the ovary 989 – classification 82 – in the endometrium, histology 353 primary hypothalamic–pituitary disorder, and primary vulvar lymphoma 1148 psammomatous variant of invasive PCOS 600 primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) micropapillary serous carcinoma, primary insular carcinoid tumor of the ovary, – of the cervix 295 histology 724 histology 884 – of the uterus 511 pseudo Meigs’ syndrome 840 primary leiomyoma of the ovary 911 – of the uterus, histology 511 pseudoacanthosis nigricans of the vulva 35 – histology 911 primitive trophoblast, histology 1080 pseudoangiomatous carcinoma of the vulva 78 primary leiomyosarcoma of the ovary 912 PRM see progesterone receptor modulator pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia primary lymphoma of fallopian tube 1141 (PRM) pseudodecidual reaction 163 primary melanoma 976 productive viral infection 203 – of cervical stromal cell, histology 164 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise progestational stimulation 379 pseudodecidualization 334, 350 specified (NOS) 831 progesterone 158, 161, 309, 312, 333 – of the stroma 163 primary mucinous carcinoid tumor, histology – lichen sclerosus 19 pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia 137 886, 887 progesterone-related dysfunctional uterine pseudohyphae 116 primary mucinous carcinoma in the ovary 747 bleeding–luteal phase defects 332 pseudokoilocyte 213 Index 1237 pseudokoilocytosis secondary to infection 214 rare ovarian metastases in ovary 981 rhabdomyosarcoma 140, 427, 428, 431, pseudolymphoma of the cervix 188 RAS 495, 913 pseudomembranous endometritis 328 – mutation 267 – clinical behavior 510 pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) 641, 667, – proto–oncogene 438 – embryonal, of the fallopian tube 568 741, 743 reactive glandular atypia 229 – gynecologic tract 1160 – and tumors of the appendix 953 – secondary to irradiation 230 – mimicing leiomyosarcoma, histology 509 pseudoneoplastic glandular condition of the 124 – of the uterus 507 cervix 177 rectovaginal fistula 113 – of the uterus, clinical features 507 pseudopapillary endometrium 321 rectum 107 – of the uterus, differential diagnosis 509 pseudopolyp 111 reduction in follicle numbers, and ovarian – of the uterus, gross findings 507 pseudotumor, reactive nodular fibrous 630 changes 617 – of the uterus, immunohistochemistry 508 pseudoxanthomatous salpingitis 546 Reinke crystal – of the uterus, microscopic findings 507 PSNP see placental site nodule or plaque – and gonadoblastoma 895 – of the uterus, molecular pathology 508 (PSNP) 353 – and Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 – pleomorphic of gynecologic tract 1195 20 – and Leydig cell tumor 828, 829 – treatment 510 – differential diagnosis 22 – and ovarian tumors with functioning ridge 111 – histology 23 stroma 832 ring–shaped placenta 1004 – microscopic findings 22 – and pregnancy luteoma 608 risk–reducing salpingooophorectomy – of the vulva 17, 22 – Leydig cell 817 (RRSO) 689 PSTT see placental site trophoblastic renal tumor, ovarian involvement 971 Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser syndrome 308 tumor (PSTT) repair, atypia Rosai–Dorfman disease 1179 PTB see preterm birth (PTB) 1022 reparative change 267 RRSO see risk–reducing PTEN reparative process mimicking HSIL 222 salpingooophorectomy (RRSO) – mutation 381, 396 replacement estrogen therapy, development of rubber 23 – 373, 396, 399 endometrial cancer 395 rubella, diseases of placenta 1032 PTH see parathormone (PTH) resection, effects on endometrium 351 rules of Virchow’s triad 1042 PTHRP see parathormone–related peptide reserve cell 166 RUTROSCT see retiform uterine tumor (PTHRP) – hyperplasia 230 resembling ovarian sex cord tumor puerperium 162 – hyperplasia, histology 166 (RUTROSCT) 499 PUIN see pagetoid urothelial intraepithelial – immunohistochemical staining neoplasia (PUIN) pattern 159 S pulmonary endometriosis 660 resistant ovary syndrome 612, 613 salivary gland–like carcinoma 925 pulmonary small cell carcinoma, metastatic to – and Cushing’s syndrome 613 – of the ovary 925 the ovary 924 – and ORS 617 – of the vulva 45 pulmonary tuberculosis 16 – pathogenesis 613 salpingectomy pulmonary tumor, ovarian involvement 977 rete adenocarcinoma 922 – for benign disease of the fallopian pulmonary type of small cell carcinoma 771 rete adenoma 922 tube 535 punch biopsy 97 rete adenomatous hyperplasia 922 – for tubal ectopic pregnancy 536 PUVA 21 rete cyst 618, 922 – for tubal neoplasm 537 pyelonephritis, and ovarian vein – and hilar Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 – for tubal sterilization 536 thrombophlebitis 615 – histology 619 salpingitis 542, 583 pyoderma gangrenosum 24 rete cystadenoma 922 – acute 542 – microscopic findings 26 – and serous cystadenoma 922 – acute, histology 543 rete lesion of the ovary 922 – and implant 713 – histology 43 retiform Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 818 – chronic 545 – of the vulva 43 retiform uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex – chronic, histology 546 cord tumor (RUTROSCT) 499 – follicular 545 Q retrograde menstruation 684 – follicular, histology 545 quintuplet 1022 retroperitoneal hemorrhage 616 – fungal 548 retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma, – granulomatous 546 R histology 668 – granulomatous, histology 547 radiation 229 retroperitoneal mucinous tumor, histology 668 – granulomatous, pinworm, histology 548 – and ovarian changes 617 retroplacental hematoma – histiocytic 546 – change, histopathologic feature 125 – clinical significance 1038 – isthmica nodosa (SIN) 539 – changes of ovary 618 – definition 1037 – parasitic 548 – effect on the endometrium, histology 351 – etiology 1037 – physiologic 544 – endometrioid carcinoma 410 – frequency 1037 – pseudoxanthomatous 546 radiation-induced atypia of the cervix 171 – pathology 1037 – pseudoxanthomatous, histology 547 radical vulvectomy 98 rhabdomyoma 142 – tuberculous 547, 584 radionecrosis 124 – of the ovary 913 – xanthogranulomatous 546 raloxifene 336 – of the vagina 130 salpingolith 538 1238 Index

salpingo–oophorectomy 409, 469, 492 of the vulva 81, 89 – of the endometrium, – prophylactic 536 – histology 81 immunohistochemical findings 421 – specimen, occult disease 560 sebaceous tumor 890 – of the endometrium, microscopic – specimen, incidental carcinomas 690 seborrheic dermatitis 22 findings 417 salt–and–pepper chromatin 431 – of the vulva 17 – of the endometrium, prognostic SAM see superficial angiomyxoma (SAM) factors 422 sarcoid granuloma 587 – of the vulva 39 – of the endometrium, survival rates 422 sarcoidosis 587, 627 – pigmented, histology 39 – of the endometrium, treatment 422 – of the fallopian tube 548 secondary lymphoma of fallopian – of the fallopian tube, molecular sarcoma 144 tube 1143 features 563 – arising in a mature teratoma 772 secondary mucous patch 175 – of the fallopian tube, pathogenesis 565 – botryoides 140 secondary mu¨llerian system 642, 643 – of the ovary 725 – of the fallopian tube 567 secondary ovarian lymphoma 1140 – oncogenes 397 – of the ovary 772 secondary uterine lymphoma 1147 – prevalence 417 – of the peritoneum 641 secondary vaginal lymphoma 1148 serous cystadenoma – of the urethra 97 secondary villi, histology 1001 – and rete cystadenoma 922 – of the urethra, differential diagnosis 97 secondary vulvar cutaneous Paget disease, – of the ovary 725 – pleomorphic undifferentiated of classification 82 serous ovarian neoplasm gynecologic tract 1195 secondary vulvar lymphoma 1148 – clinical behavior 726 – undifferentiated 911 secretory carcinoma 412 – differential diagnosis 724 sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma 77 – differential diagnosis 412 – distinguishing morphologic features 725 Savage syndrome 613 – of the endometrium 416 – molecular biology 725 SBT see serous borderline tumor (SBT) secretory change 382 – treatment 726 27 secretory endometrium 309 serous ovarian tumor, terminology 703 scanty endometrial biopsy 320 secretory exhaustion 310 serous peritoneal tumor, terminology 703 scar endometriosis 659 secretory insufficiency 332 serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) Schiller–Duval body 144, 425, 857 secretory phase, inadequate 332 689, 731 Schistosoma segmental thinning of umbilical vessel 1057 – H&E 559 – haematobium 119, 548 SEI see surface epithelial inclusion (SEI) – histology 557 – haematobium infection of the selective estrogen receptor modulator – immunohistochemical features 559 cervix 177 (SERM) 335 – Ki–67 proliferation index 559 – mansoni 119, 548 seminal fluid, allergic reaction 121 – p16 expression 559 – mansoni infection of the cervix 176 septum, longitudinal 113 – p53 expression 559 schistosomiasis 548 SERM see selective estrogen receptor serous tumor – of the cervix 176 modulator (SERM) – low grade, clinical behavior 719 – of the ovary 585 seromucinous cystadenoma 737 – of borderline malignancy, and Schwann cell, neurofibroma 1172 serosal endometriosis 656 Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 822 schwannoma 1170 serous adenocarcinoma Sertoli cell neoplasia, patterns 813 – behavior 1171 – distinction of endometrioid Sertoli cell tumor 786, 813 – clinical features 1170 adenocarcinoma 732 – and granulosa cell proliferations of – histology 1171 – of the cervix 285 pregnancy 608 – of the ovary 919 – of the cervix, prognosis 285 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise – pathologic findings 1170 – poorly differentiated 732 specified (NOS) 831 – (psammomatous) melanotic of serous borderline tumor (SBT) 705 – differential diagnosis 813 gynecologic tract 1195 serous carcinoma 385, 397, 412 – histology 814–817 – treatment 1171 – and malignant transitional cell Sertoliform endometrioid carcinoma, scleroderma 22 tumor 769 histology 754 sclerosing mesenteritis 630 – and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 822 Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) 599, 733, 753, sclerosing peritonitis – of peritoneum, histology 666 786, 812, 813 – and thecoma 806 – of the endometrium 417 – and metastatic carcinoid tumor in – histology 629 – of the endometrium, behavior 422 ovary 958 sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma 507 – of the endometrium, clinical – androgens 815 sclerosing stromal tumor 786, 808 features 417 – clinical features 814 – and edema of the ovary 606 – of the endometrium, differential – erythrocytosis 814 – and fibroma 808, 812 diagnosis 420 – gross findings 815 – and steroid cell tumors 812 – of the endometrium, expression of p16, – masculinization 814 – and thecoma 808, 812 histology 421 – of intermediate differentiation 814 – histology 810, 811 – of the endometrium, expression of p53, – of intermediate differentiation, histology SCTAT see sex cord tumor with annular tubules histology 421 817–820 (SCTAT) – of the endometrium, gross findings 417 – poorly differentiated 814 seatworm 17 – of the endometrium, histology 418–420 – prognosis 823 Index 1239

– retiform variant 821 – etiology 1056 – sarcoma 772 – subtypes 814 – frequency 1056 – tumor and tumor–like lesion with benign – versus adult granulosa cell tumor 823 – low birth weight 1057 behavior 1160 – well differentiated 814 – pathology 1056 solid cystic hidradenoma 41 – well differentiated 815 – perinatal mortality 1057 solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) 640 – well differentiated, histology 817 – umbilical cord abnormality 1056 – behavior 1183 – with heterologous elements, histology Sjogren’s disease, and autoimmune – clinical features 1181 822, 823 oophoritis 613 – differential diagnosis 1182 – with retiform pattern, histology 820, 821 skeletal endometriosis 661 – histology 1182 Sertoli–stromal cell tumor 812 differentiation 130, 141, 142 – involving gynecologic tract 1180 – and granulosa cell tumor 819 Skene duct 3 – pathologic findings 1181 – and tumor outside sex cord–stromal Skene gland 3, 89 – treatment 1183 category 819 – primary adenocarcinoma 96 solitary follicle cyst 591 serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) 855 skin infection 27 – and endometriotic cyst 594 sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) of the vulva 38 – differential diagnosis 594 824, 899 SLCT see Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) S–phase fraction 437 – histology 824, 826 slide micrometer 257 spider bite 27 – with annular tubules 786 small cell carcinoma 147 spiked condyloma 210 sex cord–stromal tumor 786, 824, 825 – in situ 218 spindle cell 472 – and calretinin 787 – of hypercalcemic type 836 – carcinoma of the vulva 77 – and epithelial membrane antigen – of hypercalcemic type, and juvenile – epithelioma of the vagina 130 (EMA) 787 granulosa cell tumor 804 – epithelioma, histology 132 – and inhibin 787 – of hypercalcemic type, histology 836–838 – nodule, postoperative 123, 352 – and ovarian tumor of probable wolffian – of neuroendocrine type 430, 431 – nodule, postoperative, of the cervix 187 origin 921 – of pulmonary type, histology 924 – proliferation 131 – and PCOS 600 – of the cervix 292 – sarcoma, and lymphoma of lower female – classification 786 – of the cervix, clinical behavior 293 genital tract 1151 – during pregnancy 825 – of the cervix, differential diagnosis 293 – squamous cell carcinoma 77 – evaluating 787 – of the cervix, immunohistochemical spiral artery remodeling histology 1001 – molecular pathogenesis 788 findings 293 spirochetes, methods for identification 13 sex steroid 110 – of the cervix, molecular genetic splenic–gonadal fusion 582 – hormone–receptor action, concept of the findings 293 – histology 582 mechanisms 313 – of the cervix, pathologic findings 292 splenosis 634 sexual transmission 115 – of the cervix, treatment 293 spongiosis 18, 24 sexually transmitted disease (STD) 56, 197 – and granulosa cell tumor 800, 836 spongiotic dermatitis, of the vulva 17 sexually transmitted pathogen 114 – histology 292 spontaneous abortion 1064 SFT see solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) – pulmonary type 923 squamocolumnar junction SGA see small for gestational age (SGA) small for gestational age (SGA) 1017 – functional 162 SH see stromal hyperplasia (SH) SMILE see stratified mucin–producing – new 162 shave biopsy 97 intraepithelial lesion (SMILE) – of the cervix 161 Shigella vulvovaginitis 119 smooth muscle – original 162 short umbilical cord 1051 – actin 463, 474 – physiologic 162 – clinical significance 1051 – differentiation 456 squamotransitional cell metaplasia, – definition 1051 – differentiation, endometrial stromal histology 537 – frequency 1051 nodule, histology 483 squamous and transitional sialomucin 229 – metaplasia in endometrium 342 (squamotransitional) cell carcinoma 138 sickle cell disease 1063 – neoplasm of the uterus 455 squamous carcinoma 144 sign of Leser–Trelat 840 – neoplasm, differentiated cell type 456 squamous cell abnormality, ASC 233 signet–ring cell – neoplasm, evaluation 456 squamous cell carcinoma 71, 135, 770 – adenocarcinoma involving – neoplasm, patterns of necrosis 457 – basaloid variant 264 peritoneum 641 – nodule 468 – depth of invasion 69 – carcinoma 280, 334 – proliferation 468 – histology 264 – carcinoma of the endometrium 440 – tumor 455 – in mature cystic teratoma, histology signet–ring stromal tumor 786, 811 – tumor of the vagina, benign 129 877, 878 – histology 813 – tumor of uncertain malignant potential – invasive 66 SIL see squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) (STUMP) 477 – measurement for the depth of invasion 68 SIN see salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN) – within pelvic lymph node, histology 671 – measurements for tumor thickness when single artery cord, multiple gestation 1013 soft tissue the tumor is ulcerated 68 single umbilical artery (SUA) – endometriosis 661 – moderately differentiated 265 – congenital malformations 1057 – lesions involving female reproductive – of the Bartholin gland 87 – definition 1056 organs 1160 – of the cervix 254 1240 Index

– of the cervix, histology 268 squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) 132, 166, steroid cell tumor 603, 826 – of the cervix, keratinizing type 237 187, 255 – and metastatic malignant melanoma in – of the cervix, non–keratinizing type 237 – abnormal mitotic figures 215 ovary 976 – of the cervix, p16 expression, – behavior 224 – and PCOS 600 histology 268 – colposcopic appearance 226 – and sclerosing stromal tumor 812 – of the cervix, papillary squamous cell – differential diagnosis 134 – clinical features 827 carcinoma 271 – distribution on the cervix 206 – not otherwise specified (NOS) 829 – of the cervix, verrucous carcinoma 270 – impact of age 198 – not otherwise specified (NOS), clinical – of the cervix, warty carcinoma 271 – management 225 behavior 829 – of the endometrium 439 – of the cervix, clinical features 207 – not otherwise specified (NOS), – of the urethra 96 – of the cervix, pathologic differential diagnosis 831 – of the vagina, clinical behavior 137 findings 207 – not otherwise specified (NOS), gross – of the vagina, clinical features 136 – of the vulva, cassification 56 findings 829 – of the vagina, general features 135 – prevalence 196 – not otherwise specified (NOS), – of the vagina, gross findings 136 – risk factors 199 histology 830 – of the vagina, histology 136 – Toronto long–term follow–up of – not otherwise specified (NOS), – of the vagina, microscopic abnormal cervical cytology 225 microscopic findings 829 findings 136 squamous metaplasia 163, 267, 381 – not otherwise specified (NOS), – of the vagina, treatment 137 – diseases of the placenta 1045 treatment 830 – of the vulva 64 – histogenic mechanisms 165 – pathologic features 827 – of the vulva, basaloid carcinoma 73 – histology 167 steroid hormone – of the vulva, clinical behavior 79 – immunohistochemical staining – endometrial cycle 312 – of the vulva, condylomatous pattern 159 – receptor 110, 436 carcinoma 74 – in endometrium, histology 337 – receptor, endometrial cycle 312 – of the vulva, histologic – in endometrium, squamous morule, Stevens–Johnson syndrome 29, 31, 37, 121 subtypes 65, 73 histology STIC see serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma – of the vulva, invasive 70 – of the cervix 164 (STIC) – of the vulva, sarcomatoid 77 – of the endometrium 337 stillbirth 1064, 1065 – of the vulva, treatment 79 – of the surface ovarian epithelium 588 storage disorders 1064 – of the vulva, verrucous carcinoma 76 squamous morule 337, 367, 381 stratified mucin–producing intraepithelial – of the vulva, warty carcinoma 74 – beta–catenin immunohistochemistry 338 lesion (SMILE) 219 – poorly differentiated 265 – CDX2 immunohistochemistry 338 – histology 220 – precursors 194 squamous papilloma of the vagina 127 stratum basale 308 – precursors, general features 196 squamous papillomatosis 127 stratum spongiosum 308 – well–differentiated 265 squamous reparative atypia, histology 170 Streptococcus agalactiae 118 – with tumor giant cells 77 squamous tumor 770 stromal alteration 372 squamous cell hyperplasia 20 – benign 770 stromal blue ball 329 squamous cell lesion 668 – of the vulva 56 stromal breakdown, histology 329 squamous cells of the vagina 110 ST see syncytiotrophoblast (ST) stromal collapse 329 squamous differentiation 367, 380, 381 staging 66 stromal desmoplasia 369, 372 squamous epithelial cell abnormality – carcinoma of the fallopian stromal endometriosis 652 – Bethesda system 236 tube 554 – histology 653 – CIN terminology 236 – carcinoma of the vulva 66 – of uterine cervix, histology 655 – criteria of diagnosis 236 – of urethral carcinoma primary tumor, stromal hyperplasia (SH) 600 – WHO terminology 236 clinical 96 – and fibroma 807 squamous epithelialization 165 – ovarian carcinoma, problems 695 – and hilar Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 – histology 165 – system for GTD of International – clinical behavior 603 squamous epithelium 212 Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics – differential diagnosis 602 – mature 166 (FIGO) 1088 – gross findings 601 – normal, electron microscopy of the staphylococcal enterotoxin 120 – histology 601 superficial cells 159 staphylococcal infection of the vagina 119 – microscopic findings 601 – of the cervix 157 Staphylococcus – pathophysiology 602 – of the cervix, histology 157, 158 – aureus, infection of the vagina 120 – treatment 603 – of the portio 158 – epidermidis 114 stromal hyperthecosis (HT) 600, 829 – of the portio of the cervix, histology 157 stasis problems, umbilical cord 1051 – and acanthosis nigricans 840 – of the vagina 106 Stein–Leventhal syndrome 331, 361 – and hilar Leydig cell hyperplasia 609 – stratified, immunohistochemical staining stenosis of the vagina 124 – and PCOS 600 pattern 159 sterility 177 – clinical behavior 603 squamous inclusion cyst sterilization 542 – clinical features 600 – histology 126 steroid cell, adjacent to ovarian – differential diagnosis 602 – of the vagina 126 tumors 834 – gross findings 601 Index 1241

– histology 602 – pathologic findings 1164 – secondary, Warthin–Starry stain 13 – microscopic findings 601 – treatment 1164 – treatment 14 – pathophysiology 602 superficial cell of the cervix 159 syphilitic chancre 6 – treatment 603 superficial functionalis 308 syphilitic ulceration 32 stromal invasion 257, 258, 371 superficial implantation, maternal circulatory syringoma of the vulva 41 – criteria for identification 367, 368 disorders 1034 syringoma, histology 41 stromal Leydig cell hyperplasia and hilar Leydig superficial myometrial invasion, diagnosis 406 cell hyperplasia 609 superficial spreading malignant melanoma T stromal luteoma 827 63, 90 T cell vasculitis 1033 stromal nodule 480 – differential diagnosis 92 T lymphocyte in the cervix 161 – diagnosis 482 – histology 91 Taenia solium 548 stromal proliferation from ovarian superficial vulvectomy 97 tamoxifen 333, 335, 348, 633 surface 590 superficial zone 158 – and endometriosis 661 – histology 591 superimposition of acute transfusion on tampon 122 stromal sarcoma 146 established chronic transfusion, TTTS 1018 – ulcer 122 stromal tumor supernumerary ovary 581 taxane 336 – and adult granulosa cell tumor 794 surface epithelial inclusion (SEI) 589 TBS see Bethesda system (TBS) – with minor sex cord elements 786 – cyst 589 TCC see transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) stromal–smooth muscle tumor of the – cyst, and cystadenoma 589 TCRE see transcervical resection of the uterus 496 – cyst, and epithelial tumors of the endometrium (TCRE) struma ovarii ovary 589 telescoping 320 – and clear cell carcinoma 763 – gland 589 teratoma – and idiopathic germ cell tumor 834 – gland, and epithelial tumors of the – and lymphangioma 917 – clinical behavior 881 ovary 589 – histogenesis 869 – clinical features 880 surface epithelial ovarian tumor, types 682 – immature 869 – general features 880 surface epithelium of the ovary 588 – of the fallopian tube 553 – gross features 880 surface papilloma, ovarian cancer 703 terminal villi 1003 – histology 880 surface proliferative lesion 588 tertiary gumma 175 – immunohistochemical features 880 surgical pathology report 68, 98, 99 testicular feminization syndrome 106 – microscopic features 880 surgical procedures of vulvar tumors 80 testosterone 602 – treatment 881 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results – lichen sclerosus 19 , histology 832 (SEER) cancer registry 198 tethered insertion of umbilical cord 1056 strumal carcinoid tumor survivors of co–twin demise, multiple The 2001 Bethesda System 233 – clinical behavior 888 pregnancy 1019 theca cell 788 – clinical features 888 sweat gland – and adult granulosa cell tumor 793 – general features 888 – adenocarcinoma 89 thecoma 786, 805 – gross features 888 – apocrine, benign tumor of 40 – and edema of the ovary 606 – histology 888 – eccrine, tumor of 41 – and granulosa cell tumors 805 – immunohistochemical features 888 – vulvar, carcinoma 89 – and juvenile granulosa cell tumor 803 – microscopic features 888 symphysis pubis 107 – and sclerosing peritonitis 806 – treatment 888 syncytial knot 1078 – and sclerosing stromal tumor 812 STUMP see smooth muscle tumor of uncertain syncytiotrophoblast (ST) 1000, 1076 – and steroid cell tumor not otherwise malignant potential (STUMP) – and choriocarcinoma 869 specified (NOS) 831 SUA see single umbilical artery (SUA) – functional aspects 1083 – and stromal hyperplasia (SH) 601 subacute chorioamnionitis 1027 – in choriocarcinoma, histology 1107 – histology 805–807 subamnionic hematoma, fetal circulatory – morphology 1078 – size 805 disorders 1045 syncytiotrophoblastic giant cell, and – with sclerosing peritonitis, histology subcolumnar reserve cell 165 dysgerminoma 853 808–809 submesothelial fibroblast 640 syndecan immunohistochemical staining 325 thermal artifact, histology 538 submucosal nodule 499 145 thermal coagulation, effects on subserosal endometriosis 656 – clinical features 1191 endometrium 351 suburethral diverticulum 46 – histology 1192 thickness measurements for cutaneous succenturiate lobe 1003 – involving gynecologic tract 1191 malignant melanoma 93 superfecundation 1007 syphilis 12, 175, 585 thickness of tumor 68 superfetation 1007 – adjunctive methods 13 thrombocytopenia, and ovarian tumor 840 superficial angiomyxoma (SAM) – chancre 12 thrombocytosis, and ovarian tumor 840 – age distribution of patients 1160 – clinical behavior 14 thrombophilias, and adverse pregnancy – ehavior 1164 – clinical features 12 outcomes 1063 – clinical features 1163 – diagnosis 12 thrombosis of umbilical vessel 1058 – differential diagnosis 1164 – microscopic findings 12 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 122 – histology 1164, 1165 – of the ovary 585 thyroid hyperfunction, and ovarian tumor 834 1242 Index

TIC see tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (TIC) trichoblastic fibroma 42 tubal sterilization 536 tobacco smoking 273 of the vulva 42 tubal teratoma 553 TOPS see twin trichomonal vaginitis 176 tube, clubbed 545 oligohydramnios–polyhydramnios sequence Trichomonas 115 tuberculosis 6, 119, 547 (TOPS) 1018 – vaginalis 116, 119 – of the cervix 174 torsion of the fallopian tube 549 – vaginalis infestation of the cervix 176 – of the ovary 584 total deep vulvectomy with en–block – vaginitis, Papanicolaou–stained cytologic – of the vulva 16 lymphadenectomy 98 preparation 117 tuberculous oophoritis 584 total vulvectomy 98 116, 213 tuberculous peritonitis 626 toxic shock syndrome (TSS) 119 – diagnosis 117 tuberculous salpingitis 547, 584 – clinical behavior 120 Trichuris trichiura 119 tuberous sclerosis 1179 – clinical features 120 triphenylethyl 335 – complex 1185 – general features 119 triplet placentation, multiple pregnancy 1021 tubo–endometrioid metaplasia 181, 182 – gross findings 120 trophoblast 1000 – histology 169 – microscopic findings 120 – functional aspects 1083 – of the cervix 168 – pathogenesis 120 – histology 1080, 1107 tuboovarian abscess 544, 583, 586 toxic shock syndrome (TSS), treatment 120 – in a complete mole, histology 1093 – histology 583 toxin 120 – morphology 1078 tubular gland 310 Toxoplasma trophoblast-associated gene expression 1080 tubular Krukenberg tumor, and heterologous – gondii, clinical significance 1031 trophoblastic cell 1076 Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 820 – gondii, diseases of placenta 1031 trophoblastic implant 634 tubular racemose 159 – gondii, pathology 1031 trophoblastic island 1078 tubulin 336 – villitis, histology 1031 trophoblastic lesion 267 tumefaction of blood vessels, gynecologic trabecular carcinoid tumor trophoblastic marker, expression in different tract 1178 – clinical behavior 886 trophoblastic subpopulations 1082 tumor 505 – clinical features 885 trophoblastic , and subpopulations tumor benign, of the cervix 182 – differential diagnosis 885 of intermediate trophoblastic cells 1090 tumor cell – general features 885 trophoblastic subpopulation 1082 – and non–neoplastic trophoblastic cell 1084 – gross features 885 – gene expression 1080 – necrosis 457 – immunohistochemical features 885 – immunohistochemical features 1080 – necrosis, coagulative, histology 457 – microscopic features 885 – in the placenta and fetal membranes 1077 tumor – treatment 886 trophoblastic tubal lesion 569 – diameter, clinical measurement 68 trachelectomy 261 trophoblastic tumor 1076 – diathesis, histology 238 transcervical resection of the endometrium – and tumor–like lesion, differential – giant cell, multinucleated 77 (TCRE) 319 diagnosis 1126 – metastatic to the endometrium 440 transformation zone – behavior 1101 – of adipose tissue differentiation 919 – colpophotographs of endocervical – clinicopathological features 1101 – of bone differentiation 918 eversion 163 – treatment 1101 – of cartilage differentiation 917 – epithelium, histology 168 trophoblastic tumor-like lesion 1076 – of extrahepatic bile duct, ovarian – mature, histology 166 trophogram involvement 963 – of the cervix 161 – commercial antibodies 1128 – of intermediate differentiation 817 – schematic representation of original and – for differential diagnosis of trophoblastic – of mesothelial differentiation 920 functional squamocolumnar junctions 162 tumors and tumor–like lesions 1126 – of muscle differentiation 911 transforming growth factor–beta (TGF–b) 65 true umbilical cord knot 1052 – of neural differentiation 918 transfusion, chronic, TTTS 1014 TSS see toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – of poor differentiation 817 transitional carcinoma of the cervix 271 TTTS see twin–twin transfusion syndrome – of the appendix, ovarian involvement 950 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) 768 (TTTS) – of the endometrium, mixed 348 – histology 769 tubal duplication 549 – of the gall bladder, ovarian – of the endometrium 440 tubal dysplasia 556 involvement 963 – of the urethra 96 tubal ectopic pregnancy 536 – of the 935 transitional cell tubal endometriosis 656 – of the liver, ovarian involvement 964 – metaplasia, histology 169 tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (TIC) 556 – of the pancreas, ovarian involvement 959 – metaplasia, of the cervix 169 tubal lymphoma 569 – of the peritoneum, miscellaneous – cell tumor 765 tubal metaplasia 166, 182, 229, 366, 382, 389 primary 638 transmission 115 – atypical 168 – of the placenta 1066 traumatic inclusion cyst 186 – atypical, histology 169 – of the ureter, ovarian involvement 973 traumatic splenosis 582 – histology 168, 232 – of the urethra 96 treatment of low grade serous tumor 719 tubal neoplasm 537 – of the urethra, ovarian involvement 973 12 tubal prolapse 549 – of the urinary bladder, ovarian – diseases of placenta 1030 tubal rupture 540 involvement 973 – pathology 1030 tubal serous intraepithelial carcinoma 556 – of the vulva 43 Index 1243

– of the vulva, malignant 55 – normal anatomy 1050 ureterovaginal fistula 124 – of the vulva, premalignant 55 – prolapse 1052 urethra 107 – of the vulva, surgical procedures and – rupture 1054 – prolapse 45 characterization of depth of invasion 80 – stricture, clinical significance 1054 urethral carcinoma 96 – of vascular differentiation 915 – stricture, definition 1053 – prognosis 97 – staging 72 – stricture, etiology 1053 urethral caruncle 45, 97 – suppressor gene 437 – stricture, pathology 1054 urethral condyloma acuminatum 47 – thickness 68 – torsion, clinical significance 1053 urinary schistosomiasis 177 – volume 258 – torsion, definition 1053 urinary tract endometriosis 657 – with functioning stroma during – torsion, frequency 1053 urogenital ridge 532 pregnancy 833 – torsion, pathology 1053 urothelial cyst 46 tumor-grading system 265 – vessel 1056 urothelium 137 tumor-like lesion of the cervix 187 umbilical phlebitis, diseases of placenta 1024 uterine bleeding 319, 329, 361, 364 tumor-like lesion of the vagina 132 umbilical vascular resistance, increased, fetal uterine canal 531 tumor-like lesion of the vulva 38, 43 circulatory disorders 1044 uterine cervix 307 tunnel cluster 279 umbilical vessel 1056 – 124 – of the cervix 186 – aneurysm 1059 uterine corpus 156, 307 Turner syndrome 643, 892 – hemangioma 1058 – carcinoma, and ovarian carcinoma 984 twin demise 1018 – hematoma 1058 – tumor 284 twin gestation 1007 – meconium–induced necrosis 1057 uterine endometrial carcinoma, and – etiology 1008 – segmental thinning 1057 endometrioid adenocarcinoma 757 – frequency 1008 – thrombosis 1058 uterine hamartomatous lesion 323 – placentation 1008 – ulceration 1057 uterine ladenofibroma 336 – zygosity 1007 undifferentiated carcinoma 771 uterine ladenosarcoma 336 twin oligohydramnios–polyhydramnios – and adult granulosa cell tumor 793 uterine leiomyosarcoma 336 sequence (TOPS), multiple pregnancy 1018 – and granulosa cell tumor 799 uterine lipoleiomyoma 323 twin placentation 1008 – histology 430 uterine lipoma 323 twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) 1020 – NOS 771 uterine lymphoma 1143 twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) 1013 – of the endometrium 430 uterine perforation 342 – clinical features 1015 – of the endometrium, clinical features 431 471, 505 – definition 1014 – of the endometrium, – staging 456 – etiology 1014 immunohistochemical findings 431 388 – frequency 1014 – of the endometrium, microscopic – histology 388 – gross and microscopic pathology 1014 findings 430 uterine smooth muscle – histology 1016 – of the endometrium, types 430 – neoplasm, cytologic atypia 458 – mortality 1015 – of the endometrium, WHO – tumor, histologic criteria for the – necrotic lesions 1017 definition 430 diagnosis 473 – treatment 1016 undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma (UES) – tumor, patterns of necrosis 457 474, 480, 485, 492 uterine surface carcinoma 386 U – CD10 staining 495 uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord UES see undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma – clinical behavior 496 tumor (UTROSCT) 482, 498, 510 (UES) – clinical features 493 – histology 499, 500 ulceration – coagulative tumor cell necrosis, uterine tumor with sex cord–like elements 498 – of the vagina 124 histology 494 uterine–like mass 553 – of the vulva, differential diagnosis 16 – differential diagnosis 495 uterus 156 – of umbilical vessel 1057 – gross findings 493 – bicornis unicollis 308 ulceronecrotic amebiasis of the cervix 176 – histology 493 – broad ligament 532 umbilical cord – immunohistochemistry 495 – congenital abnormalities 307 – abnormalities 1051 – microscopic findings 493 – inflammatory processes 516 – and diseases of the placenta 1050 – molecular pathology 495 – mesenchymal tumor 453, 511 – anomalies 1013 – monomorphic type, histology 494 – mesenchymal tumor, classification 455 – diameter 1054 – pleomorphic type, histology 494 – mixed tumor, classification 455 – embryonic development 1050 – prognosis 496 uterus-like ovarian mass 582 – entanglement 1052 – treatment 496 UTROSCT see uterine tumor resembling – examination 1068 – vascular invasion, histology 494 ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT) – insertion 1054 undifferentiated sarcoma 911 – knot, clinical significance 1053 upper abdominal endometriosis 661 V – knot, etiology 1052 1023 vacuolation – knot, frequency 1052 ureter 107 vagina – knot, pathology 1052 ureteral endometriosis 658 – anatomy 106 – length 1051 ureteral obstruction 269 – atresia 308 1244 Index

– benign mixed tumor 130, 130 vaginal metaplastic squamous verrucous carcinoma 74, 76, 137, 270 – benign mixed tumor, histology 132 epithelium 111 – differential diagnosis 77 – benign neoplasm 127 vaginal mucosa 108, 109 – histology 76 – cysts 126 vaginal muscularis 108 – of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva 76 – development 106 vaginal nevus 144 – of the cervix 270 – developmental disorders 111 vaginal orgasm 111 vesicovaginal fistula 124 – diseases 105 vaginal prolapse 124 vesicular lesion of the cervical squamous – duplication 113 – histopathologic feature 125 mucous membrane 175 – fistula 124 vaginal rhabdomyoma, histology 131, 1177 vestibular adenosis 37 – gross structural changes 111 vaginal septum, transverse 113 vestibular gland 3 – histology 108 vaginal squamous epithelium, mature, vestibular papilloma of the vulva 39 – in situ carcinoma 133 histology 109 vestibular pruritus 39 – infectious inflammatory disorder 114 121 vestibule 3, 107 – lesions that follow trauma, surgery, and vaginal vault granulation tissue 123 vesticular bullous diseases of the vulva, radiation 122 vaginal wall differential diagnosis 29 – lymphatic drainage 107 – histology 108 vestigial remnant, umbilical cord 1050 – malignant neoplasm 132 – layers 108 villi 1002 – miscellaneous benign tumors 132 vaginectomy 134 – immature intermediate, histology 1002 – miscellaneous malignant neoplasms 146 vaginitis 16, 114, 120 villitis – noninfectious inflammatory diseases 120 – caused by Candida/Trichomonas 115 – chronic, histology 1028 – physiology 108 – clinical diagnosis 114 – etiology 1027 – radiation therapy 124 – parasitic 119 – pathology 1027 – tumor–like lesion 132 vaginosis, bacterial 115, 117 – placental inflammation 1022 vaginal adenocarcinoma in situ, primary 146 VAIN see vaginal intraepithelial – of unknown etiology (VUE) 1027, 1028 vaginal adenosis 111 neoplasia (VAIN) – of unknown etiology (VUE), clinical – embryologic basis 112 valproate 600 significance 1029 vaginal adventitia 108 vanishing twin, multiple pregnancy 1018 – of unknown etiology (VUE), histology vaginal agenesis 113, 308 varicella 1027–1029 vaginal amebiasis 119 – infection 10 – of unknown etiology (VUE) with fetal vaginal 1178 – zoster, diseases of placenta 1032 obliterative vasculopathy 1028 vaginal atrophy, histology 110 varicosity of the ovarian vein 616 villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix 282 136, 274, 348, 400, 503, 540 vasa previa 1054 villoglandular carcinoma 411, 420 – and human chorionic gonadotropin vascular abnormalities of umbilical vessel 1057 – differential diagnosis 411 (hCG) secretion 838 vascular anastomoses villoglandular endometrioid carcinoma 552 – and stromal luteoma 828 – monochorionic placenta 1011 villous adenoma 132 vaginal candidiasis, and autoimmune – monochorionic placenta, types 1011 – of the vagina, histology 132 oophoritis 614 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) villous agglutination, maternal circulatory vaginal carcinoma, FIGO staging 135 266, 438 disorders 1035 vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma 138 vascular invasion villous chorangiosis, fetal circulatory vaginal embryology 106 – in endometrial carcinoma 435 disorders 1045 vaginal endometriosis 654 – statistical model of survival 438 villous edema, fetal circulatory disorders 1044 vaginal epithelial changes 111 vascular leiomyoma of the uterus 467 villous inflammation, graded by extent 1028 vaginal flora 114 vascular polyp 183 villous intermediate trophoblast 1078 vaginal function 111 vascular space involvement 68 – functional aspects 1084 vaginal hemangioma 1178 43 – morphology 1078 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) 132 – and yolk sac tumor 863 villous stromal hemorrhage – clinical behavior 134 – of the uterus 515 – fetal circulatory disorders 1044 – differential diagnosis 134 vasculitis – histology 1038 – general features 133 – cervical 177 villous stromal vascular karyorrhexis, fetal – gross findings 133 – of fallopian tube 549 circulatory disorders 1043 – microscopic findings 133 – of polyarteritis nodosa type, vimentin 461, 488 – treatment 134 histology 616 VIN see vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) – VAIN 1 (low–grade SIL), histology 134 VEGF see vascular endothelial growth factor viral infection 196, 229 vaginal intrapartum laceration 186 (VEGF) – of the cervix 175 vaginal lamina propria 109 velamentous insertion of umbilical cord – of the ovary 585 vaginal leiomyoma 129 – clinical features 1055 – of the vulva skin 5 vaginal leiomyosarcoma, histology 145 – definition 1054 virilizing adrenal tumors, and PCOS 600 vaginal lymphoma 1147 – etiology 1055 vitiligo 32 vaginal malignant mixed tumor 145 – frequency 1054 – of the vulva 32 142 – pathology 1054 von Hippel–Lindau disease 571 – prognosis 144 verruciform xanthoma of the vulva 43 von Recklinghausen’s disease 919 Index 1245

VUE see villitis of unknown etiology – VIN 3 with superficial invasion 59 vulvitis (VUE) 1027 – VIN 3, basaloid type 61 – atrophic 17 vulva – VIN 3, differentiated type with invasive – herpatic 10 – anatomy 3 squamous carcinoma 62 – of Zoon 24 – benign diseases 1 – VIN 3, involving a skin appendage 60 25 – benign solid tumor 38 – VIN 3, warty (condylomatous) type 61 – clinical behavior 25 – benign squamous epithelial tumor 38 – warty pigmented macular papular VIN – general features 25 – bullous diseases 27 lesions 57 – microscopic findings 25 – developmental abnormalities 4 vulvar irritation 56 – therapy 25 – duplication 5 vulvar lesion, lichen sclerosus 18 vulvovaginal candidiasis 120 – infectious diseases 6 vulvar lichen sclerosus 70 vulvovaginitis 10 – inflammatory disorders 5 vulvar lymphoma 1148 – mixed tumor 41 vulvar melanocytic nevus 33 W – radiation therapy 124 vulvar melanoma 89, 93 Walthard nest – skin, infectious diseases 5 – mucosal–lentiginous 90 – histology 538, 667 – ulceration 16 – nodular 90 – on fallopian tube serosa, histology 668 vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation 76 – superficial spreading 90 warty carcinoma 74 vulvar amyloidosis 45 vulvar melanosis 33 – histology 75 vulvar apthosis 16 – microscopic findings 33 – of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva 74 vulvar apthus ulcer 16 vulvar Paget disease 81, 83 – of the cervix 271 vulvar basal cell carcinoma 80 vulvar pagetoid urothelial intraepithelial – of the vagina 137 vulvar biopsy 97 neoplasia (PUIN), therapy 86 warty dyskeratoma 29 vulvar calcinosis 45 vulvar pain 25 – histology 30 vulvar candidiasis 16 vulvar plasmacytoid squamous cell carcinoma, – of the vulva 30 vulvar carcinoma 6, 70 differential diagnosis 79 warty VIN lesion 62 – cytogenetic studies 72 vulvar primary malignant lymphoma 94 WDPM see well–differentiated papillary vulvar contact dermatitis 23 vulvar pruritus 21, 56, 115 mesothelioma (WDPM) vulvar cutaneous Paget disease vulvar schistosomiasis 17 well–differentiated carcinoma, hysterectomy – classification 82 vulvar shingles 10 findings 371 – primary 82 vulvar squamous cell carcinoma 19, 64 well–differentiated papillary mesothelioma vulvar dermatoses 65 – clinical behavior 79 (WDPM) 635 vulvar endometrioma 42 – grading system 71 – histology 635 – histology 42 – histologic subtypes 73 well–differentiated tumor 815 vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) 51, – non–HPV–related 65 Wharton’s jelly 1050 70, 81 – stage I, gross findings 67 Whipple’s disease 627 – distinguishing from superficial spreading – stage I, microscopic findings 67 Wickham’s striae 21 malignant melanoma 92 – stage IA 66 Wilms’ tumor 926 – lesion 8 – stage IA, clinical behavior 69 – protein (WT1) 640 – adjunctive studies 63 – stage IA, treatment 69 wolffian adnexal tumor 570 – cassification 56 – treatment 79 wolffian duct 530 – clinical behavior 64 vulvar squamous intraepithelial carcinoma in – remnant 535 – clinical features 56 situ 56 wolffian–like duct cyst 38 – differential diagnosis 63 vulvar squamous intraepithelial dysplasia 56 World Health Organization (WHO) – distinguishing from melanoma 63 vulvar squamous intraepithelial lesion 56 – classification of endometrial – distinguishing from Paget disease 63 vulvar tuberculosis 16 carcinoma 394 – general features 56 vulvar tumor, surgical procedures and – classification of invasive carcinomas of – histologic subtypes 60 characterization of depth of invasion 80 the uterine cervix 254 – histology 58–62 vulvar vestibular papilloma 8, 39 – classification of endometrial – immunohistochemical studies 63 – microscopic examination 39 hyperplasia 360 – macular and plaquelike aceto–white vulvar vestibular syndrome 25 – classification of endometrial stromal areas 57 vulvar vestibulitis 25, 42 sarcoma (ESS) 485 – microscopic findings 58 – syndrome 120 – classification of neoplasm of the fallopian – microscopic grading 58 vulvectomy 80, 85, 88 tube 550 – pagetoid 63 – partial deep 97 – prognostic index score system for GTD – pigmented papules 57 – radical 98 1088, 1089 – pigmented, slightly raised, – superficial 97 WT1 see Wilms’ tumor protein (WT1) rough–surfaced areas 57 – total 98 – treatment 64 – total deep 98 X – VIN 1, warty type 60 vulvitis granulomatosa 25 xanthogranuloma of the ovary, histology – VIN 2, warty type 58 – differential diagnosis 25 583, 584 – VIN 3 (carcinoma in situ), basaloid type 61 – histopathologic findings 25 Xanthogranulomatous endometritis 324 1246 Index

xanthogranulomatous pseudotumor of the – and idiopathic germ cell tumor 834 – of the endometrium 439 vagina 118 – and Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor 822 – papillary pattern 857, 861 xanthogranulomatous salpingitis 546 – and vascular tumor 863 – polyvesicular vitelline pattern 857, 861 X–cell 1076 – clinical behavior 863 – primitive endodermal pattern 857, 861 – clinical features 856 – reticular pattern 857 Y – differential diagnosis 862 – solid pattern 857, 860 yeast 116 – endodermal sinus pattern 857, 859 – treatment 863 yolk sac tumor (YST) 94, 144, 295, 425, 755 – hepatoid pattern 857, 861 YST see yolk sac tumor (YST) 755 – alveolar–glandular pattern 857, 860 – histogenesis 855 – and adenomatoid tumor 920 – histology 857–860 Z – and clear cell carcinoma 763 – immunohistochemical features 862 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 833 – and dysgerminoma 862 – macrocystic pattern 857 – and ovarian tumor 835 – and embryonal carcinoma 862 – microcystic pattern 857, 858 zygosity, and twin gestation 1007 – and granulosa cell tumor 863 – microscopic features 857 – and hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary 923 – myxomatous pattern 857, 858