Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 55 (1): 16-24 — 1985
Distribution patterns in British Chilopoda
by
A.D. Barber
Plymouth College of Further Education, King's Road, Devonport, Plymouth PL1 5QG, United Kingdom
Abstract to occur in more easily sampled microsites often
in apparently large numbers compared with the Twenty-one nonmaritime species of chilopod are recorded
from northern Britain and a further fourteen from the frequently soil-dwelling geophilomorphs. Ap-
All the characteristic of north- records have been made for South. northern species are proximately 1,200
with the of Lithobius Leach ern Europe exception variegatus both Lithobius forficatus and L. variegatus whilst but the remainder include both Lusitanian and central the number for Brachygeophilus truncorum and European species. Geophilus carpophagus are approximately 450 and An examination of distribution in relation patterns to
climate that be 430, respectively. suggests spring/summer temperatures may
in for L. of the records based visits in- significant influencing occurrenceexcept variegatus Many are on to
where isotherms show a better correlation January dividual sites on one or only a small number of
although problems arise when altitudinal effects are ex- occasions, so species will clearly have been amined. It is that urban “heat suggested areas acting as missed. Andersson (1983) estimated that litter islands” in where may permit some species to occur areas and hand would find they would otherwise be absent. sifting sorting on average
50% of the species in a locality each time. The
comparatively large number and wide scatter of
records however clear of gives a fairly picture INTRODUCTION the distributionfor rather general many species
than simply that of recorders. Isolated from the European mainland the
fauna of Britain be chilopod may predicted to
consist of a species list broadly similar to adja- SPECIES WIDESPREAD IN BRITAIN
cent mainland areas such as the Netherlands,
Belgium and France together with what is If a line is drawn approximately from the
element of nonmaritime usually described as a Lusitanian Mersey to the Wash, only 21 and
of the French Atlantic and Iberia. maritime north species coast 3 chilopod species are recorded
It may be anticipated that certain widespread of this, all the nonmaritime, with the exception
European species may be absent. of Lithobius variegatus Leach, being members of
Accumulated distributional data collected the fauna of the Netherlands and Scandinavia.
since the of Eason's standard work The total number of would publication species appear to
(Eason, 1964) and in particular records from decline northwards until for the Shetland
the Myriapod Survey Scheme (Barber & Islands only 8 are recorded in total (unpub-
Fairhurst, 1974) permit a more detailed lished data from collections made in 1974 by the
analysis of distribution than hitherto. Rather University of Edinburgh and Institute for Ter-
than records been In more 8,000 individual have restrial Ecology, Grange over Sands). con- obtained but certain 14 recorded parts of Wales and much trast, a further species are from of Scotland still known. outdoor sites in various of southern are very imperfectly parts
For Ireland there are insufficient recent data to Britain.
comment in detail on its fauna (Barber, 1984a). Table I summarises the nonmaritime species
recorded from Lithobiids, especially the larger species, are various areas of Britain and cer-
most frequently recorded due to their tendency tain European countries. Lithobius erythrocephalus - 1985 17 BIJDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE, 55 (1)
latter C. L. Koch (general European), Lithobius two not necessarily being reliable, but the
tenebrosus Meinert (Scandinavia) and Geophilus seems to have a more northerly limit than the
proximus C. L. Koch (Scandinavia, Netherlands) former.
have not been reliably recorded from the British Geophilus electricus (Linnaeus) is very patchily
L. distributedand often associated with human Isles. Pachymerium ferrugineum (C. Koch), a ac-
species widespread in Europe from Scandinavia tivity, a pattern which seems to be similar to
that elsewhere in northern to the Mediterranean region has only been Europe.
found once in Britain, possibly a chance in-
the troduction, on South coast of England
It has found the (Lewis, 1960). not been on LITHOBIUS VARIEGATUS LEACH
French Atlantic coast.
This is the nonurban Of the commoner British species, Lithobius common large lithobiid of
crassipes L. Koch (map 3) is almost ubiquitous sites throughout most of western Britain and
in northern and Britain Ireland. It is also in Channel Islands eastern although not present the
from recorded from Shetland and not occurring in and has recently been recorded Brittany
sites. It in both and N. in Eason and Serra synanthropic occurs upland (A. Keay, litt.). (in litt.)
lowland sites but in have shown that the is identical with upland areas Caernarvon- species
shire (Eason, 1957) and Devon have L. borealis Lithobius rubriceps Newport ( = L. insignis
instead. both Meinert In Kent and Surrey L. Meinert) a species of the Iberian peninsula, borealis and L. southern Tunisia and Morocco. crassipes are patchily distributed Italy, Sicily,
whilst L. Meinert is in Lewis that this is less microps very common; (1964) suggests species
Devon and Cornwall L. crassipes would seem to tolerant of climatic extremes than L. forficatus be is also L. of largely or entirely absent, as curtipes (Linnaeus) including possibly dryness
C. L. Koch and L. macilentus L. Koch. This lat- climate. Eason (unpub.) has drawn attention to
has distribu- eastward ter species an extremely patchy the relationship between the limits of
tion; possibly its parthenogenetic habits would the species (map 2) and the 3.33° C (38° F)
it from foci isotherm and there would be permit to spread easily when it January seem to
with least for reached an area by chance. some agreement this at eastern
Insufficient data are currently available for England. However, the situation is undoubted-
L. draw curtipes to conclusions on its distribu- ly more complex.
L. calcaratus C. L. Koch is but tion; a typical Detailed studies show the species to be ex- rarely dominant species of acid moorland and tremely patchily distributed at the edge of this
L. has marked In Northumberland and the Scottish heath; melanops Newport a range. tendency for synanthropic sites, like L. calcaratus borders, the species is almost completely absent
from it occurs throughout Britain. Andersson (1983) all types of site both lowland and upland describes correlation but is in the an inverse between L. cur- (Barber, 1984b) present upper part
and L. in there would of Dale to 400 and in tipes microps Goteborg; Coquet at up m areas seem to be a "small nonurban lithobiid" niche South and West. In Cumbria it occurs in
different in sites. 750 occupied by species particular upland areas up to m and is a widespread
nemorensis C. in- and Schendyla L. Koch, Geophilus common species. sculptus Attems, G. carpophagus Leach, Necro- Highland areas show marked differences in phloeophagus longicornis (Leach) and Brachygeo- climate compared with the surrounding low-
lands: lower the of philus truncorum (Bergso & Meinert) are temperatures (of order 6°C
Britain. 1000 and widespread throughout G. carpophagus per m), greater precipitation humidity is a very characteristic animal of all types of acid and freezing temperatures above 600 m on most
and winter heath moor. Data on Strigamia crassipes (C. nights (Chandler & Gregory, 1976). This
L. and S. accuminata insuffi- that of 3-4° in Koch) (Leach) are means a difference temperature, cient clear older records of the the between the for conclusions, comparable to difference ex- 18 PROCEEDINGS 6th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MYRIAPODOLOGY
treme East and the extreme South-West, would area from mid-Wales to Hampshire (map 4)
and small occur between the coast the mountains in whilst C. pinguis is known only from a
Britain those de- number certain areas of including area in North Devon. A of other
scribed. between distribution animals have such Any relationship species of a southwestern
and winter is for instance the temperatures clearly not a pattern, diplopods Chordeuma
and straightforward one. proximum Ribaut Microchordeuma gallicum
both of which The tendency of this species apparently to (Latzel) are widespread in
favour in fact be more due southern and Britain upland areas may to western (Kime, 1978)
the fact that it does not occur in urban and whilst Chordeuma sylvestre C. L. Koch is known
from which suburban sites in general, areas a only from Cornwall (J. G. Blower, pers.
substantially higher proportion of lowland, comm.). Of the British isopods (Harding, 1976)
compared with upland, records are made. Metaponorthus cingendus (Kinahan) and Ar-
Brandt madillidium depressum are further ex-
amples of southwestern animals, the latter, in-
terestingly, not having been recorded from
BRITAIN SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN Ireland; Ligidium hypnorum (Cuvier), by con-
trast, is southeastern.
Although the January isotherms in Britain run L. pilicornis is widespread in South-West
approximately North-South, those of the spring Devon and in Cornwall, especially in urban
with records from and summer are approximately East-West areas, synanthropic a
which fits in number of sites the South of (maps 12, 13), a pattern roughly on coast England
with the distribution of animals. Rainfall and inland It tends to many (map 5). replace L. for-
follows a more or less East-West pattern with ficatus almost entirely in those locations in which
much of central Britain drier but its distribution is being relatively it is found very patchy
with distinct in sites (map 14). Mean annual relative humidity is colonies whilst a nearby
in coastal and lowest in central less than 100 will have highest areas location, m away, only
which does latter England (map 15), a pattern cor- the species. Geoffroy (1983) comments on
relate obviously with species distribution. competition between these two species in alpine
Presumably local humidity is important but the sites, where L. forficatus occurs at high altitudes
overall Britain of L. is differences across < 70% to when pilicornis is absent. L. pilicornis essen-
>80% are not obviously so. tially a species of South-West Europe, Alps,
South-West and West southern Britain has a French West coast, Pyrenees and Iberia and is
climate of relatively high rainfall, humidity and reportedly the commonest chilopod in Navarre
sometimes described Euoceanic temperature, as (R. D. Kime, pers. comm.).
(Bendelow & Hartnup, 1980). The extreme L. tricuspis, first described from Britain by
South-West (West Cornwall, Pembroke) shows Eason (1965), has been found in a variety of
these conditions even more strongly. South- habitats, frequently woodland (but also in-
with its suburban from East England high summer cluding a cliff top and a ruin), a
but of Devon and temperatures relatively colder winters and small area South despite exten-
climate closer the it has been found in lower rainfall has a to that of sive collecting not adjacent
continent. It nearby areas. is a widespread European species, oc-
recorded far North Species largely or exclusively from curring as as Limburg, the
the south-western areas include It in Ireland Geophilus os- Netherlands. may possibly occur
New- quidatum Brolemann, Lithobius pilicornis (Eason, 1965). There are no immediately ob-
Lithobius for British port, tricuspis Meinert, Cryptops parisi vious reasons its apparent present
Brolemann, Schendyla peyerimhoffi Brolemann & distribution.
Ribaut, and Chalandea pinguis (Brolemann). Of Species largely recorded from South-East
these is G. osquidatum widespread across a large England include Lithobius muticus C. L. Koch 55 - 1985 19 BIJDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE, (1)
1-11. 50 km distribution for selected data Lithobius Lithobius Maps maps species (Irish not included): 1, forficatus; 2,
Lithobius Lithobius Lithobius variegatus; 3, Lithobius crassipes; 4, Geophilus osquidatum; 5, pilicornis; 6, muticus; 7, piceus; 8, Chaetechelyne vesuviana; 9, Cryptops hortensis; 10, Cryptops parisi; 11, Cryptops anomalans.
L. but than other and Lithobiuspiceus L. Koch. The former species variegatus is larger lithobiids of is in deciduous woodland in the Its distribution like widespread area. pattern, that of L.
counties would southeastern (map 6) having apparent- tricuspis is difficult to explain although it
been first recorded Brade-Birks be that it ly by (un- tempting to suggest represents the re-
and It is of much of mains of extensive published 1934). a species a once more occurrence.
East and Europe including southern Chaetechelyne vesuviana (Newport) is a
Netherlands of so that its British pattern is quite widespread species the Mediterraneanregion consistent. and western Europe with one synanthropic
L. woodland much record Netherlands. In Britain piceus, a species from of from the it is central and of in South Devon western Europe (including parts widespread being recorded the Netherlands) is a common animal of from both rural and urban sites and is similarly deciduous in small of in the There woodland a area Surrey, so Isle of Wight. are synanthropic
Sussex and Hampshire (map 7). It does not records from elsewhere in the South (map 8). become either L. The related as large as forficatus or C. montana oblongocribellata Verhoeff 20 PROCEEDINGS 6th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MYRIAPODOLOGY
has scattered records across southern England, MARITIME SPECIES
mostly from gardens.
Strigamia maritima (Leach) has been recorded
times is all round the many and likely to occur
British coast in suitable sites; Hydroschendyla sub-
marina has occurred in of SYNANTHROPIC SPECIES (Grube) a number
sites from Yorkshire to Devon. The latter
Enghoff (1973) notes that the peak of species species has probably been overlooked because
for and fauna diversity both diplopod chilopod of its tendency to occur lower on the shore in
in Denmark is in urban/suburban localities and rock crevices and its superficial similarity to the
the many chilopods are clearly synanthropic on preceding.
of their linearis L. seurati Brolemann has been edge range. Clinopodes (C. Geophilus fucorum
has Koch) as an example been recorded several found in various locations (Lewis, 1962); it is
times in England from gardens and similar sites widespread in southwestern estuaries.
and is known as a synanthrope throughout Schendyla peyerimhoffi was first described for
northern Europe including Scandinavia (table Britain by Lewis (1961) from Plymouth and
from Sussex. Misioch I)- Although (1979) ques-
Of the three Cryptops species recorded from tions the validity of the species there is un-
hortensis Leach is the distinct Britain, C. most doubtedly a form, agreeing with
with marked widespread, a preference for man- Lewis's description and most easily recognised
influenced habitats (map 9); all northern by the crenulate concavity of the forcipule and
records are synanthropic. C. parisi Brolemann small size of the telopodites of the last legs,
is in South-West widespread Devon, notably found under stones and in similar sites just
but in urban not exclusively areas with scat- above high water in muddy estuaries in South
tered records from elsewhere (map 10). All Devon, Cornwall and Wales. It is often
records of C. anomalans from urban associated in the Newport are with, although not same
and suburban in the South- microsite S. maritima and G. seurati. locations, mostly as, fucorum
East (map 11). It has also been found in the Scilly Isles, inland
Lithobius Meinert microps and Haplophilus in Portugal and coastal in Morocco. It may well
be that its habits have subterraneus (Leach) are both species common in caused it to be overlooked
the South but and elsewhere but it would markedly synanthropic even- at present seem to repre-
more or less absent in the the lat- another memberof the southwestern tually North, sent group
ter species also apparently synanthropic in Kent of species.
and Surrey (South-East) where the former is
widespread in woodland.
Urban OTHER areas are characteristically "heat SPECIES
islands" calm clear with, on a night, a
temperature 5° or more above the surrounding Species not mentioned above (apart from the
& This Lithobius and the countryside (Chandler Gregory, 1976). ubiquitous forficatus: map 1,
is due their loss of to slower heat (as a function widespread but rarely common Lamyctes fulvicor- of and also results in nis have been recorded building density) a propor- Meinert) once or on only
lower relative tionately humidity. Such a situa- a small number of occasions.
tion would clearly favour species otherwise Brachyschendyla dentata Brolemann & Ribaut
has been preferring a more southern or warmer region found in soil from synanthropic sites able assuming they were to tolerate the other ef- in Surrey, Plymouth, the Netherlands and
fects of human in- It described activity. Clearly species Denmark. was originally from tolerant of such activity would not show such a France; no doubt its small size has led to it be-
L. L. pattern, e.g. tricuspis and piceus. ing overlooked elsewhere. Geophilus pusillifrater BIJDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE, 55 (1) - 1985 21
TABLE I
record, britannicus status unknown; S, Nonmaritime chilopod species recorded from various areas: + , pre-1948 records; Ø, 1913 ssp. Bagnall,
known to be solely synanthropic.
& 1978) 1977) S. & (Palmen, & E.) (Becker, 1970) (Jeekel, N.) (except & & 1930) Copenhagen 1977) (S. (Albert, Northumbria England (Mcidell, (Andersson, 1973) Is. (Hammer (C. Midlands borders (Eason, Fennoscandia Germany 1977) Wales (Jeekel, Bausenberg/Eifel Shetland Scotland Borders, Yorkshire Cumbria Welsh Southern Iceland 1949) Norway Faeroes Henriksen, Goteborg 1983) Suburban (EnghofT, 1964) Netherlands Netherlands (Jeekel, Wuppertal 1982) East S. E. N.W. E.)
Haplophilus subterraneus Sx xxx S xxxx
xxx xx xxxxxxx Schendyla nemorensis xxxx
Chaetechelyne vesuviana x S
Ch. montana oblongocribellata X
Strigamia accuminata xxxx xxxxx
x + xxxxxxx St. crassipes + x xxx
xxx Pachymerium ferrugineum X XX X
Clinopodes linearis + + S S xxSSS
Geophilus carpophagus XXXXXXX X X xxx
xxx XXXX XX G. electricus XX Sx
G. osquidatum X
G. insculptus XXXXXXXX X XX XX
G. proximus XXX X
xxxxxxx Necrophloeophagus longicornis XXX XXX XX
Brachygeophilus truncorum XXXXXXXX xxx xxxxx
Chalandea pinguis X
Cryptops anomalans S S x
xx xx C. hortensis SSx xxx Sx
C. parisi X S xxxx
Lithobius variegatus xxxxxxx
X L. forficatus XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX
L. piceus 0 X xxxx
L. pilicornis x S
xxx + xxxxx L. melanops xxxx xSx
X X + X X L. borealis XXXX
L. dentatus C. L. Koch X xxx
L. tricuspis X xxx
L. agilis C. L. Koch X X
L. macilentus XXXXXX X xxx
L. erythrocephalus XXX X xxx
XXX X L. calcaratus XXXXXX X
X L. pelidnus Haase X
L. muticus X XX
L. pusillus Latzel s
L. aeruginosus L. Koch X X
L. crassipes XXXXXXX XX XXXXXX
L. curtipes X XX XX X xxxx
xxxxxxx L. microps SSx xxx Sx
L. tenebrosus XX X
Lamyctes fulvicornis XXXXXX X xxx + xxxx
In addition monoeci Verhoeff was described from Sussex by Lewis to these Brachyschendyla
of the Brolemann in in (1961) and a specimen same species as his was found a greenhouse Corn-
been found Lands Cornwall wall Turk and souletina brevior has near End, (by by Nesoporogaster
R. Jones); it was previously reported from Eason is described from a garden in the same
has from Yugoslavia. county. Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus) 22 PROCEEDINGS 6th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MYRIAPODOLOGY
12-15. Climatic Britain Chandler isotherms: Maps maps of Great (based on & Gregory, 1976): 12, January mean(°C);
isotherms: rainfall: 13, April mean (°C); 14, annual 800 mm isohyet; 15, relative humidity: mean annual values (per- cent) at 15.00 hrs. BIJDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE, 55 - 1985 (1) 23
for but for time to time been recorded from inside seem to be important some species
im- Lithobius be the buildings. Scolopendra spp. are occasionally variegatus J anuary mean may
det. E. dominant effect. In the latter ported, a mecistocephalid (? Tygarrup, case, however,
variation H. Eason) has been found in hothouses at the local altitudinal and consequent
Botanic and climatic into this Royal Gardens, Kew, there are old effects do not fit easily pat-
records of Dicellophilus carniolensis (C. L. Koch) tern.
from and There greenhouses a garden. are no
of zonalis Brolemann modern records Schendyla & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ribaut. I would especially like to thank Mr. R. D. Kime and Dr.
E. H. Eason for information and advice and also the large
number of collectors who have contributed to the record-
CONCLUSIONS ing scheme.
In the absence at the time of ob- present any REFERENCES vious indication of soil factors such as pH being
ALBERT, A. M., 1978. Bodenfallenfangevon Chilopoden significant in chilopod distribution, it would in Wuppertaler Waldern. Jber. naturw. Ver. Wup- that the of in seem species a presence any par- pertal, 31: 41-45. ticular location is the result of several of fac- sets ANDERSSON, G., 1983. The chilopod fauna in the vicinity
of — between collected results tors: Goteborg a comparison
obtained in the 1920s and the 1970s. Acta ent. with similar for the fenn., a. Competition species par- 42: 9-14. ticular niches occupied by the species. BARBER, A. D., 1984a. Irish centipedes. Bull. ir. biogeog. b. Availability of suitable microsites and Soc., 7: 2-10. for these presumably prey nonspecific car- —-—, 1984b. Chilopoda and Diplopoda from the Cheviot
nivores. In it is area. mon. 120: 87-92. a particular area common to Entomologist's Mag., A. D. C. P. in wide of BARBER, & FAIRHURST, 1974. A habitat and find a species a variety sites, distribution recording scheme for Myriapoda and although many species probably depend on other invertebrates. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond., 32: woodland to suitable shelter and provide 611- 619.
prey. BECKER, J., 1982. Hundertfiissler (Chilopoda) des Bausen- Human this has twofold c. influence; a effect, bergs und der ostlichen Eifel. Decheniana Beih., 27:
76-86. excluding some species whilst at the same
BENDELOW, V. C. & R. HARTNUP, 1980. Climatic classi- time encouraging others. Buildings of fication of England and Wales. Soil Surv. tech. various be types, including ruins, may Monograph, 15: i-vii, 1-27 (Harpenden).
islands of distribution. BRADE-BIRKS, S. G., 1934. Notes significant on Myriapoda XXXV. d. Historical factors such climatic in Nomenclatural sources. S.-east. as change Jl. agric. Coll. Wye, 34: 197-209. the distant chance introduc- recent or past or CHANDLER, T. J. & S. GREGORY, 1976. The climate of the tions of species. British Isles: i-xvii, 1-390 (Longman, London/New e. Some overall distributional factors which York). determinethe combination particular species EASON, E. H., 1957. Chilopoda and Diplopoda from Caer-
narvonshire. Proc. zool. Soc. for that area of Britain. These seem likely to Lond., 129: 273-291.
1964. ofthe British Isles: i-x, be climatic. The decline in numbers of , Centipedes 1-294,pis. 1-5 (Warne, London/New York). species further North, the survival of species 1965. On Lithobius Meinert , tricuspis (Chilopoda, outside their normal in range synanthropic Lithobiidae) in Britain. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (13) habitats the of distinct and presence 8: 285-295.
southwestern and southeastern 1970. The and of Iceland. , Diplopoda species sug- Chilopoda Entomologica scand., 1: 47-54. gest temperature factors, possibly in com- ENCHOFF, H., 1973. Diplopoda and Chilopoda from sub- bination with some other effect such as rain- urban localities around Copenhagen. Vidensk. fall. Of the effects, possible temperature Meddr. dansk naturh. Foren., 136: 43-48.
would spring/summer mean temperatures GEOFFROY, J.-J., 1983. Myriapodes du Pare National de 24 PROCEEDINGS 6th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MYRIAPODOLOGY
la Vanoise II: Haute-Mairienne: 1-27 (Contrat de Great Britain. Entomologist's mon. Mag., 95
Recherche No. 11, Paris). 206-207.
1930. 1961. On Brolemann and HAMMER, P. & K. L. HENRIKSEN, Myriapoda , Schendyla peyerimhoffi
Zoology Faroes, 2 (32): 1-6. Ribaut and Geophilus pusillifrater Verhoeff, two
atlas ofthe Crustacea HARDING, P. T., 1976. Provisional geophilomorph centipedes new to the British Isles.
of the British Isles. Part 1, Isopoda: Oniscoidea. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (13) 4: 393-399.
Woodlice: 1-32 Environment 1962. The distribution and of [1-15], maps (Natural , ecology, taxonomy
Research Council, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, the centipedes found on the shore in the Plymouth
Huntingdon). area.J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 42: 655-664.
Kenntnis 1964. The food of the centi- C. A. 1964. zur der and JEEKEL, W., Beitrag Syste- , reproductive cycles
matic und Okologie der Hundertfiissler (Chilopoda) pedes Lithobius variegatus and Lithobius forficatus
Nordwestdeutschlands. Abh. Verh. naturw. Ver. in a Yorkshire woodland. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.,
Hamburg, (N.F.) 8: 111-153. 144: 269-283.
, 1977. Voorlopige atlas van de verspreiding der MEIDELL, B. A., 1977. Norwegian myriapods: Some zoo-
Nederlandse duizendpoten (Chilopoda). Verslagen geographical remarks. In: M. CAMATINI ed., Myria-
technische Gegevens Inst, taxon. Zool. Univ. Am- pod biology: 195-201 (Academic Press, London,etc.).
13: 1-55. 1979. Notes the of central sterdam, MISIOCH, M., on taxonomy
KIME, R. D., 1978. The distribution of millipedes in the European Geophilomorpha. In: M. CAMATINI ed.,
South of — Abh. 83-94 England A preliminary survey. Myriapod biology: (Academic Press, London,
Verh. naturw. Ver. Hamburg, (N.F.) 21/22: etc.).
135-147. PALMEN, E., 1949. The Chilopoda of eastern Fennoscan-
LEWIS, J. G. E., 1960. Pachymerium ferrugineum (C. L. dia. Annls. zool. Soc. zool. bot. fenn. Vanamo, 13
Koch, 1835), a geophilomorph centipede new to (4) "1948": i-iv, 1-45.