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Guide to the Last Mile Table of Contents Guide to the Last Mile A Benchmark for VDSL Testing WWW.MEGGER.COM The word “Megger” is a registered trademark Table of Contents Introduction ......................................2 Resistive fault locator (RFL) ............14 What is VDSL? ..................................2 Load coil detection ........................15 Balance .........................................16 Why the Old Ways Won’t Voice-band noise ...........................16 Work with VDSL ...............................3 Voice-band power influence ..........17 Basic Testing Procedure ...................4 Longitudinal balance .....................18 Characteristics of a Perfect Pair Stress test ......................................18 for Installing VDSL2 Service ............6 Noise .............................................19 Factors That Can Cause a Pair to Voice-band spectrum analyzer .......20 be Ineffective for VDSL Service ......7 Wide-band spectrum analyzer .......21 Breakdown of Impulse noise ...............................22 insulation resistance ........................7 Open meter ...................................25 Grounding .....................................8 Time Domain Reflectometer Bonding ..........................................8 (TDR) .............................................27 Bridged tap .....................................9 Bridged tap ...................................28 Load coils ......................................10 Steps to Turn up a VDSL Circuit ....30 Excess length .................................10 Troubleshooting VDSL ...................32 Impedance changes .......................10 Slow service/reduced data Unbalanced pair ............................11 throughput ...................................32 Power company ............................11 Factors in Selecting a Tests to Effectively VDSL Test Set .................................35 Deliver VDSL Service ......................12 AC volts ........................................12 Megger HT1000 Copper Wire Analyzer .................................37 DC volts ........................................12 Resistance .....................................12 Author: Ed Rousselot, Megger Technical Sales Ed has been employed in the telephone industry since 1971 when he went to work for Southwestern Bell. He worked for telephone companies until 1984 when he took a position with a communications test equipment manufacturer. He has been in the industry since then in technical sales and support positions. Ed holds a BS degree from Missouri State University and a MS degree from Oklahoma State University. www.megger.com Guide to the Last Mile 1 Introduction How does Triple Play (television, voice telephone and internet access) work Telephone companies (telcos) have been generating increasing levels of on VDSL2? The International Standards Organization’s (ISO) open system revenue out of their twisted-pair copper outside plant (OSP) cables by interconnection (OSI) 7-layer protocol stack defines a hierarchy of duties offering high-speed data services. These services are, in most cases, delivered or tasks for establishing and maintaining a communications link across a from the telco’s central office over fiber to a remote terminal and, from this network so that the applications that reside at the top layer (email, IPTV, remote terminal, to the customer over what is called the “last mile,” a/k/a VoIP, etc.) will work. We do not have to worry about what these are called twisted-pair copper cable. The latest of these services is VDSL2. The stringent and the differences between layers and the different methods of achieving demands that VDSL2 place on this copper cable require specific tests to the task of a particular layer. What we need to know is that each layer “qualify” it as being able to carry VDSL2. Test equipment has been designed communicates with the layers directly above and below it and, through this, to qualify this last mile of twisted-pair copper for VDSL and to fix the VDSL with its corresponding layer at other points in the network to establish a service if something goes wrong with it. communications path. This booklet is written as a guide to assist the telecom technician in Why the Old Ways Won’t Work with VDSL qualifying and maintaining twisted pair cable for VDSL service. This section will cover why the old ways of testing and installing services are Factors that a technician may want to consider when selecting a piece of test not conducive to having satisfied VDSL subscribers. equipment for qualifying twisted pair for VDSL service are addressed in the Telcos have deployed services on twisted-pair for years that required them Appendix. to make alterations to their POTS (plain old telephone service) lines. In the 1970s they had to remove load coils to accommodate analog subscriber What is VDSL? carrier. In the 1980s they had to remove bridged taps and load coils to offer VDSL is the acronym for Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Line. It provides a service called ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). Frame Relay faster data transmission over twisted pair, which allows for the provision debuted and the telco installer became involved not only in making sure of high-bandwidth applications such as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), that the twisted-pair (the physical layer) was very clean, but he or she might Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and very-high-speed internet access. have to “go up the protocol stack” to install and troubleshoot the service. VDSL works over twisted pair. Finally ADSL came along which further tightened the rules about what kind The first version, VDSL1, with its 1.2 MHz bandwidth and asynchronous data of twisted pair was required. Despite all these changes in technology, telcos rates of up to a theoretical 16 Mbps upstream and 52 Mbps downstream, could select from available vacant plant a twisted pair that would work for did not allow telcos to offer all the features that cable television companies these applications. offer, such as the ability to simultaneously view several HDTV programs. VDSL service is much touchier about what kind of twisted pair it will work VDSL2, on the other hand, utilizes bandwidth up to 30 MHz to provide over than any of the above services. Most ADSL1 service had the “blazing” theoretical data rates up to 100 Mbps both upstream and downstream. data rate of 1.5 Mbps and telcos still had some trouble conditioning the While VDSL2 works on twisted-pair, it has to be very good twisted-pair. The twisted pair to handle it. VDSL2, as deployed in the U.S., has data rates of challenge that telcos face is to ensure that the twisted pair in their system is approximately 50 Mbps, or, about thirty times faster than ADSL1. capable of supporting VDSL2 service. 2 Guide to the Last Mile www.megger.com Guide to the Last Mile 3 Telcos have been successful with these older services by having a reactive for voice-grade POTS. When a tech investigates trouble on a circuit with a approach to maintenance. In simple terms, they try to install the service DSL service, he or she must make sure that the copper, the physical layer, is and if it doesn’t work or if the subscriber complains, they look for another in excellent condition before testing the service. If there is a physical-layer pair to use. As a last resort, they try to fix the problem. Now they have to problem, it doesn’t matter what condition the DSL equipment is in, because become proactive when they implement VDSL for IPTV. As we’ll discuss the service won’t work properly. Once the technician is certain that the below, with the older services, a subscriber may not even be aware that the physical-layer is in good shape, he or she then goes on to test the service. service is substandard. However, with real-time, very high speed services, the subscriber is aware of the smallest degradation of service. Consequently, The second step is to verify that there is Layer 2 connectivity. Does the the pair should be thoroughly tested (qualified) before this real-time, very (subscriber premises) DSL modem work? Will it communicate with the high speed service is installed on it. The tech or the telco can’t merely install (remote cabinet) DSLAM? Will they “sync”? This is accomplished by it on a likely pair and, if the subscriber complains, switch pairs and hope replacing, in turn, the modem and the DSLAM with known-good (“golden”) that the subscriber doesn’t complain again. If the tech finds a fault when modem and DSLAM and trying to sync. The tech also verifies that these conditioning a pair for VDSL2, he or she doesn’t merely look for another devices are configured properly. pair. Rather, the tech finds and removes the fault. The next step is to verify that there is Layer 3 connectivity to and through the Internet. Does the BRAS connect to other BRASs in the network? Will Basic Testing Procedure it “surf”? The tech can determine this by trying to ping an IP address of a What are the elements of the VDSL network that we need to test? Basically, known server that is “on the other side” of the internet. If this is successful, VDSL works by having a DSL modem or, for “Triple Play,” a DSL router at the the tech is said to be able to “surf.” customer’s premise connect to and communicate with a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) at the telco’s central office or, more likely, The key to testing is to make sure it is done one layer at a time and that at a remote cabinet that is connected to the central office via fiber. From the technician works his or her way
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