DOCSLIB.ORG

Broadband: the Last Mile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Broadband: the Last Mile 11/30/2016 Last-Mile Network Broadband and Last Mile Networks Design Concerns History: Dial-up • Infrastructure Cost • First public Internet service used telephone lines • Throughput: Upstream and Downstream • Telephone lines: broadly available, low infrastructure cost • Packet or Circuit Switching • Phone modem encoded/decoded data in voiceband • Congestion Control • Dial-up: call a phone number, get Internet • Latency • Result: different networks used in different scenarios 1 11/30/2016 History: DSL History: Cable Broadband • Digital Subscriber Line: improvement on dial-up • Growth of Internet required greater throughput • Used extra bandwidth on telephone line • Use extra bandwidth in existing cable TV networks • Always on, circuit-switched • Higher throughput, but along shared medium • Allowed concurrent use of phones • Primary standard is DOCSIS • Faster than dial-up, but slower with distance • Still used in rural areas due to low infrastructure cost DOCSIS DOCSIS Architecture (DOCSIS 3.0) • Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications • Formed by industry consortium, maintained by CableLabs • Combined 2 earlier, proprietary standards • Physical layer from Motorola CDLP • MAC layer from LANcity 2 11/30/2016 Physical Infrastructure Transmission • Coaxial cable or hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network • Radio frequency transmission • Fiber for trunk network, coaxial (RF) for client access • Downstream bandwidth: 108 MHz – 1002 MHz • Coaxial cables easy to install near metal objects • Upstream bandwidth: 5 MHz – 42 MHz or 85 MHz selectable • Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) • Bandwidth divided into 6 MHz channels (NTSC) • Evolved from headend for cable TV distribution • 38 Mbps downstream throughput per channel • Handles the MAC layer and content distribution for an area • 9 Mbps (DOCSIS 1.0) or 27 Mbps (2.0) upstream throughput per channel • Interface to wide area network • Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) • Client Cable Modem • 2 carrier signals: phase difference encodes data • Performs demodulation of RF signal into usable data. • Channel bonding (3.0): use multiple channels for more throughput • Connects to network via coaxial cable (usually RG-6) CMTS MAC Protocols • Core • Cable is shared medium • Downstream transmitter, upstream receiver • Upstream: FDMA/TDMA or S-CDMA • Modulation and demodulation of data • All users transmit upstream on same channels • Packet forwarding between Network Side Interface & upstream RF Interface • Downstream: Request-Grant model • Timing module: maintains transmission timing requirements • Clients use certain channel(s), request packet from CMTS • EQAM (3.0): Handles downstream RF interfaces for channel bonding • Packet sequence number to maintain order at receiver • Provisions client modems (CM) • Upper layer protocols • CM acquires 1 downstream channel, gets init data from CMTS • SNMP for CM management • CM contacts CMTS by “ranging” upstream channel • TFTP for configuration • CM authentication, encryption, MAC layer initialization • DHCP for IP management 3 11/30/2016 Packet Headers Alternative: Satellite Broadband Frame Layout: MAC Header Layout: • Wireless broadband: access by satellite or broadcast tower • Little infrastructure needed • Satellite • Satellite dish at client location • Issues with latency • Dish -> satellite -> headend -> Internet takes time FC_PARM specifies type of packet: • Affected by weather, satellite location • Timing • MAC Management • Request Frame • Fragmentation • Concatenation Upcoming: Fiber-Optic Cable Last-mile network comparisons • Encode data in light DSL: on its way out Cable (DOCSIS): current standard • Lower latency, less interference, higher throughput than cable • Longer transmission distances possible than cable • Lowest infrastructure cost • Low infrastructure cost (cable TV (phone lines) lines) • Current providers: Google Fiber, Verizon FiOS • Pre-existing infrastructure • Pre-existing infrastructure • Adoption blocker: cost of new infrastructure • No pre-existing last-mile fiber-optic network • Circuit-switched • Shared medium • Used mainly for trunk networks • Low bandwidth • Higher bandwidth • Requires planning, permits, construction work • Limited effective range • Longer effective range • Planned to supersede cable • Still used in rural areas • Widely used in urbanized areas 4 11/30/2016 Last-mile network comparisons Fiber-optic cable: the future Satellite: when wires don’t work • High infrastructure cost • Low infrastructure cost • No pre-existing infrastructure • Pre-existing infrastructure • Shared medium (satellites) • Very high bandwidth • Can offer good bandwidth • Very low latency • Significant latency issues • Long range • Long range • Growing adoption in urban areas • Used in remote areas 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Last-Mile Guide
    LAST-MILE GUIDE Leveraging KentuckyWired for local broadband deployment Phone: 606-677-6000 Address: Email: [email protected] 2292 South Highway 27 Web: www.centertech.com Suite 300 Social Media: facebook.com/CRDbroadband Somerset, KY 42501 This Page Intentionally Left Blank The Center for Rural Development’s Fiber Infrastructure Project - Phase 3 is funded by grant KY-18984-17 from the Appalachian Regional Commission and is administered by The Center for Rural Development. Page 3 of 20 OVERVIEW The Last-Mile Action team was formed to help your community with the task of solving the “Last- Mile” dilemma that faces most of rural America. The team was created as a partnership between The Center for Rural Development, which works to positively impact the communities within 45 counties of Southern and Eastern Kentucky, and SOAR, part of whose mission it is to enhance opportunity and innovation in Appalachian Kentucky. The last-mile is the final bit of fiber optic cable, copper wire or radio transmission that goes from a home, business, school or hospital and connects into the “middle-mile” infrastructure. The middle-mile is typically an intra-state web of high-speed, high-capacity fiber optic cable that consolidates thousands of last-mile connections and gets them access to the national tier 1 internet providers. There have been numerous discussions with telecommunications providers over the years regarding improving service and widening availability of broadband access, but little to no improvement had taken place until the KentuckyWired initiative. The fiber infrastructure that exists in the service area is dated and is being used, for the most part, at capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Route to the Last Mile
    White paper The changing route to the last mile www.commscope.com 1 In most European countries telecommunications service providers have rolled out either copper or fiber networks as far as the street cabinets or drop points from which connections are made to customer premises. These connections cover what is referred to as the ‘last mile’—the final route taken by a cable from the street to the subscriber. The last mile to the customer is, in most European countries, a copper network, but replacing copper with fiber—or fiber to the home (FTTH)—is being actively considered across the continent. In particular, the so-called Digital Agenda, presented by the European Commission as one of the seven pillars of the Europe 2020 Strategy, suggests that new services such as high definition television or video conferencing need much faster internet access than is generally available in Europe. It proposes that Europe needs download rates of 30 Mbps for all of its citizens and at least 50% of European households subscribing to Internet connections above 100 Mbps by 2020. FTTH is seen as a way of achieving this. This, however, may be easier said than done. Fiber is replacing Fiber, meanwhile, is also coming closer to the home. In fact not just copper in many networks but the closer you bring fiber cable to the fiber to the curb (FTTC) but fiber to the drop point or distribution customer the more expensive it gets, partly because you eventually point (FTTDP) allow fiber terminations within very close range of have to penetrate the customer’s premises.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Broadband Over the Last Mile
    TELECOM Interactive 97 Infrastructure - Session [GII.9] BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES - CRASHING THE BANDWIDTH BOTTLENECK BRINGING BROADBAND OVER THE LAST MILE Implementation Issues for ADSL By Mark Huntzinger Director, 3Com ADSL System Product Management Introduction This paper covers some business and technical implementation issues of extending the broadband network to the end user, using Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) to send multi-megabit data over ordinary subscriber loops, the “last mile” of the installed copper plant, to end-users. In order for a mass-market, broadband-access network to develop, it requires low costs and flexible services for market segments. Key issues of ADSL service are how to configure and manage concurrent connections from end-users to their multiple service destinations, end-to-end. 3Com sees three implications: · ATM is the key back-end infrastructure needed to build a broadband-access network over the last mile, because it best accommodates end-to-end connections. For the ADSL end user, who is a telecommuter, Internet enthusiast, or small office, ATM does wonderful things. But the carriers must hide the complexity of ATM from the end user; this is a lesson learned from ISDN experience worldwide. · Renovation of the Element Management System and the configuration process are key to making the business case for mass deployment. Management systems will have to learn to look end-to-end, not just at a collection of elements. · Open standards are the key to lowering costs, protecting customers’ investments, and achieving interoperability. ADSL equipment vendors and customers that are slow to adopt open standards endanger their ADSL business.
    [Show full text]
  • Last-Mile Agility Streamlines Rural Connectivity in Multi-Locale Oil & Gas Project
    Last-Mile Agility Streamlines Rural Connectivity in Multi-Locale Oil & Gas Project Agile Networks Agile Networks is the premier provider of hybrid fiber wireless broadband data networks, provides connectivity to empower individuals and transform organizations. Agile Networks’ hybrid network - The Agile Network - utilizes vertical infrastructure along with the latest in fiber-optic and wireless technologies to provide world-class data solutions. Engineered to the stringent specifications required to support public safety, The Agile Network boasts carrier-grade performance and military-grade security. Agile’s Last-Mile Agility makes delivering solutions to rural areas just as feasible as major cities. Customer Profile M3 Midstream LLC (“Momentum”) is an independent midstream energy company that provides oil and gas producers with flexible, responsive and reliable midstream services linking the Gas Gathering NGL Storage Cryogenic Processing Rail Loading wellhead to the market. Their core focus is the development of high quality green field projects Fractionation that meet the emerging needs of their customers. Situation Result Situation Lack of IT infrastructure stymies Improved operational efficiency, • Need for IT infrastructure for newly constructed plant operation product delivery and application plants in rural area void of traditional connectivity options Momentum constructed a multi-billion dollar opportunities natural gas refining plant with multiple Momentum provides customers with rich gas Solution locations throughout southeastern Ohio; gathering, cryogenic processing, fractionation, • Agile leverages a vertical infrastructure and fiber however, the rural landscape did not offer the NGL storage, rail loading and multiple gas assets necessary IT infrastructure to support the and NGL redelivery options through the newly • Agile develops a reliable and efficient security and plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Grid Last-Mile Communications Model and Its Application to The
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013 5 Smart Grid Last-Mile Communications Model and Its Application to the Study of Leased Broadband Wired-Access Felipe Gómez-Cuba, Student Member, IEEE, Rafael Asorey-Cacheda, and Francisco J. González-Castaño Abstract—This paper addresses the modeling of specificSmart Grid (SG) communication requirements from a data networking research perspective, as a general approach to the study of dif- ferent access technologies suitable for the last mile (LM). SGLM networks serve customers’ Energy Services Interfaces. From functional descriptions of SG, a traffic model is developed. It is then applied to the study of an access architecture based on leased lines from local broadband access providers. This permits con- sideration of the potential starvation of domestic traffic, which is avoided by applying well-known traffic management techniques. From previous results obtained for a purpose-built WiMAX Fig. 1. A wired ISP access network carries SGLM data. SGLM network, the intuition that a leased broadband access yields lower latencies is verified. In general, the proposed traffic Even though communications architectures connecting model simplifies the design of benchmarks for the comparison of candidate access technologies. households to the SG are usually called Advanced Metering Interfaces (AMI), we prefer to refer to them as Last-Mile net- Index Terms—Communication systems traffic control, diff- works to emphasize that meter reading is simply one possible serv networks, quality of service, smart grids, subscriber loops, WiMAX. application. For instance, AMIs and Distribution Automation Systems (DAS) may coexist in these architectures [5]. In a recent work [6] we assessed the viability of WiMAX for I.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Mile Access Dedicated a Quickly Deployable Corporate Wireless Service That Operates on a Licensed, Regulated Spectrum
    High-speed, wireless Vox Wireless last mile access Dedicated A quickly deployable corporate wireless service that operates on a licensed, regulated spectrum. Dedicated, symmetric Licensed, legal spectrum wireless last mile (28GHz) Scalability and flexibility with easy upgrade path Connect any regional Offers security, branch to Vox’s MPLS network performance and reliability of wired networks 99.5% access link uptime Product overview Vox‘s corporate wireless service provides an ideal and quality service through the use of licensed microwave complementary or alternative service to traditional, fixed-line, technology, utilising the 28GHz ICASA-allocated spectrums. last mile access services. A great standby solution when quality This proven technology, combined with Vox’s discounted voice bandwidth is not available. Vox Wireless is a fixed-wireless, and internet access services, creates an instantly deployable and point-to-point data solution boasting high throughput cost-effective product that is perfect for your business. How it works SCENARIO ONE SCENARIO TWO SCENARIO THREE HIGH SITE ONLY HIGH SITE ONLY .. ..OR CLIENT SITE ME & HIGH SITE ME SITE ONLY REPEAT SITE ME SITE ONLY LEGEND TERACO ISANDO TERACO DBN TERACO CPT PTP WIRELESS: PTMP WIRELESS: ME FIBRE: (ME Fibre connectivity from Telkom, Neotel, FibreCo, DFA, Internet Solutions, etc.) Visit us at vox.co.za Vox Wireless Dedicated - Page 1 Features and benefits • Metro ethernet architecture • Dedicated service Vox Wireless is easier to manage and upgrade. No contention. Last mile speeds are guaranteed and managed with controlled contention ratios providing • Wireless dedicated end-to-end capacity. No fixed lines required. Vox Wireless provides similar security, performance and reliability of • Fixed pricing irrespective of distance, wired networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Access — the Last Mile
    GSMA Intelligence Mobile access ANALYSIS Mobile access — the last mile July 2014 © GSMA Intelligence gsmaintelligence.com/m4d • [email protected] • @GSMAi Mobile for 1 Development Impact GSMA Intelligence Mobile access Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ 3 Mobile and the internet — a coalescence in adoption ............................................................... 6 Alternative connectivity 101 — what are these technologies targeting? .............................. 9 Aerial networks .............................................................................................................................................11 TV white space ............................................................................................................................................12 Potential for wider scale disruption ..............................................................................................14 Scale and cost ..............................................................................................................................................14 Licensing and regulatory .........................................................................................................................16 Quality of service ........................................................................................................................................17 Regardless, innovation is a good thing
    [Show full text]
  • Fiber-Based Last-Mile Delivery Is Changing the Telecom Industry
    Fiber-Based Last-Mile Delivery is more. In addition, new hardware may be necessary to Changing the Telecom Industry bond the additional T1s and hand them off to the company’s equipment. The concept of huge quantities of voice and data If a fiber-based Ethernet had been installed in the last traveling vast distances almost instantaneously over a mile, the situation would have been much better. Fiber beam of light is still awe-inspiring, even for those who has vastly greater capacity than copper. While only a understand the depths of fiber optic technology. For very small part of that capacity would have been used the rest of us, fiber-based telecom is an incredible to deliver the original 1.5 mbps, the speed could very opportunity to increase capabilities, enhance security easily be scaled up to 10 mbps just by making a re- and improve cost-effectiveness. It has many benefits quest to the carrier – and the cost would have been over copper, from bandwidth capacity and signal about the same as the traditional 4.5 mbps example reliability to security and longevity. With dropping above. The carrier would simply “turn up the port” re- prices, the value advantage is clear. Copper has served motely, without scheduling a service call, running new us well over the past century plus, and it still has a role cable or installing new equipment. This would typically today, but there is little question that fiber is changing happen in 2-3 days at a very low cost. There would still our industry and lighting the future of telecom and IT.
    [Show full text]
  • ITU-Dstudygroups
    ITU-D Study Groups Study period 2018-2021 Broadband development and connectivity solutions for rural and Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ remote areas ICTs for rural and remote areas Executive summary This annual deliverable reviews major backbone telecommunication Annual deliverable infrastructure installation efforts and approaches to last-mile connectivity, 2019-2020 describes current trends in last-mile connectivity and policy interventions and recommended last-mile technologies for use in rural and remote areas, as well as in small island developing States (SIDS). Discussions and contributions made during a workshop on broadband development in rural areas, held in September 2019, have been included in this document, which concludes with two sets of high-level recommendations for regulators and policy-makers, and for operators to use as guidelines for connecting rural and remote communities. 1 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Trends in telecommunication/ICT backbone infrastructure 4 Last mile-connectivity 5 Trends in last-mile connectivity 6 Business regulatory models and policies 7 Recommendations and guidelines for regulators and policy-makers 8 Recommendations and guidelines for operators 9 Annex 1: Map of the global submarine cable network 11 Annex 2: Listing of submarine cables (A-Y) 12 2 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Introduction The telecommunications/ICT sector and technologies have evolved over a long period of time, starting with ancient communication systems such as drum beating and smoke signals to the electric telegraph, the fixed telephone, radio and television, transistors, video telephony and satellite.
    [Show full text]
  • Tackling Age Verification in the Last Mile
    Tackling Age Verification in the Last Mile Reduce Risk and Meet Demand with Scalable Smartphone Scanning Apps Last Mile Guide Tackling Age Verification in the Last Mile What You’ll Find in this Guide Quick links to content Retailers and last mile delivery firms are still 1. Age-restricted deliveries: A dealing with the drastic impact of COVID-19 and growing compliance challenge adapting to the changes it has brought about. 2. ID scanning on smart devices: Confirm age verification with a The pandemic accelerated Retailers and delivery quick scan the shift towards eCommerce, businesses must ensure they creating a surge in delivery can complete age verification 3. How it works: Contactless, fast volumes. Royal Mail estimated checks quickly, accurately and and accurate there are 200 million more contactlessly – or potentially parcels in the postal and face serious legal and financial 4. Rapid integration: Add ID courier system in the UK consequences. scanning in weeks and this trend has been But there is a simple, accessible, reflected globally. scalable solution for this – Amidst this boom in online leveraging smartphones and shopping and home deliveries computer vision technology. there was a significant increase In this guide, we’ll highlight in age-restricted goods how deploying smartphone purchased, notably alcohol apps with ID scanning in grocery orders or via food capabilities helps handle age delivery apps. verification and reduce risk. So if the challenges around scaling operations to meet demand, controlling costs and adapting to contactless processes weren’t enough – age verification on the doorstep or during pickup at the curbside has become another increasingly important concern.
    [Show full text]
  • NO BROKEN LINK the Vulnerability of Telecommunication Infrastructure to Natural Hazards Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
    LIFELINES: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized NO BROKEN LINK The Vulnerability of Telecommunication Infrastructure to Natural Hazards Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Himmat Singh Sandhu Siddhartha Raja © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org /licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Sandhu, H. S., S.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Mile Connectivity in Emerging Markets
    OCTOBER 2016 Last Mile Connectivity In Emerging Markets Sponsored By Contents Last Mile Connectivity in Emerging Markets 3 Foreword: Last Mile Connectivity in Emerging Markets James Barton - Editor, Developing Telecoms 5 Sponsors: Operator Partner: MTN Nigeria Silver Sponsor: Koonsys Article Sponsor: Omoco 6 Interview: Emerging Markets Will Take a Fresh Approach to Last Mile Connectivity Ian Keene - Vice President, Research, Networking & Communications Equipment, Gartner Research 11 Intelligent Planning for Optimisation of Last Mile Connectivity Krisztian Novak - Co-founder & Strategic Business Development Director, Koonsys Radiocommunications 15 Interview: Tackling Last Mile Connectivity from an African Perspective Thecla Mbongue - Senior Telecoms Analyst, Middle East & Africa, Ovum 17 Last Mile Rural Connectivity - Moving Beyond Traditional Network Infrastructure Tim Guest - Communications & Business Writer 21 Fibre - the Ultimate Last Mile, Now Showing Explosive Growth Stefan Stanislawski - Co-Founder, Ventura Team 25 Interview: Connecting Africa: Last Mile from an Operator’s Perspective Tolulope Williams - Senior Manager, Access, Transmission, Planning & Optimisation, MTN Nigeria www.developingtelecoms.com | October 2016 02 Foreword James Barton, Editor, Developing Telecoms The term ‘last mile’ has long been used to describe the #nal hurdle of delivering telecommunications services to end users, and the challenges of delivering connectivity from core network to #nal destination are so well-known that the term has come to refer to an entire raft of solutions aimed at doing exactly that. Practically speaking, network structures make it virtually impossible to deliver the bandwidth available at a landing site intact to a consumer’s home, often due to obsolete technologies or an unworkable number of links. Last Mile seeks to overcome this bottleneck, delivering connectivity without compromise to areas that su!er from a dearth of bandwidth.
    [Show full text]