DOCSLIB.ORG

Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe 2 Table of Contents Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe 1.2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe 2 Table of Contents Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe 1.2 APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS IN EUROPE 1. FOREWORD 1.1. Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe (APAE) 1.2. Organising committee 6 IN EUROPE 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. What is a particle accelerator? 8 2.1.1. The units used 2.2. How do particle accelerators work? 2.2.1. Electrostatic acceleration 2.2.2. Radiofrequency acceleration 2.2.3. Components of a modern accelerator layout 2.3. Types of accelerator 2.3.1. Linacs 2.3.2. Circular accelerators 2.4. What can the accelerated particles do? CONTENTS 2.5. The everyday applications of particle accelerators 2.6. Developments in accelerator technology 2.6.1. Use of superconducting components 2.6.2. New compact accelerator configurations 3. ACCELERATORS AND HEALTH APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ACCELERATORS OF PARTICLE APPLICATIONS 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Radiotherapy 16 3.2.1. State of the art 3.2.2. X-ray therapy 3.2.3. Particle therapy 3.2.4. Research challenges 3.2.5. Generic challenges 3.2.6. Priority areas for R&D in radiotherapy TABLE OF TABLE 3.2.7. Impact on industry and education 3.3. Radionuclides 3.3.1. State of the art 3.3.2. Radionuclide production 3.3.3. Research challenges 3.3.4. Political and social challenges 3.3.5. Priority areas for R&D in medical radionuclide production 3.3.6. Impact on industry and education 3.4. Key recommendations in funding for applications of particle accelerators to health 2 TABLE OF TABLE APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ACCELERATORS OF PARTICLE APPLICATIONS 4. ACCELERATORS AND INDUSTRY 42 4.I. Introduction 4.2. Very low-energy e-beams 4.2.1. Background and state of the art 4.2.2. Applications of very low-energy e-beams 4.2.3. Research challenges 4.2.4. Other challenges 4.2.5. Priority areas for R&D 4.2.6. Impact on industry and education 4.3. Low-energy e-beams 4.3.1. Background and state of the art 4.3.2. Applications of low-energy e-beams 4.3.3. Research challenges CONTENTS 4.3.4. Other challenges 4.3.5. Priority areas for R&D 4.3.6. Impact on industry and education IN EUROPE 4.4. Ion beams 4.4.1. Ion beam analysis – state of the art 4.4.2. Applications of ion beams for the environment and cultural heritage 4.4.3. Research challenges 4.4.4. Priority areas for R&D 4.4.5. Ion implantation 4.4.6. Applications of ion implantation 4.4.7. Priority areas for R&D 4.4.8. Impact on industry and education/skills transfer 4.5. Key recommendations for applications of accelerators to industry 5. ACCELERATORS AND ENERGY 5.1. Introduction 70 5.2. Solving nuclear fission problems 5.2.1. Current status 5.2.2. Destroying long-lived radioactive waste 5.2.3. Accelerator-driven transmutation 5.2.4. Accelerator-driven nuclear power generation 5.3. Paving the road towards fusion-based nuclear energy 5.3.1. Current status 5.3.2. Accelerators for intense sources of neutrons 5.4. Research challenges 5.4.1. Nuclear fission 5.4.2. Nuclear fusion 5.4.3. Other challenges – licensing aspects 5.5. Priority areas for R&D 5.6. Impact in industry and education 5.7. Key recommendations for applications of particle accelerators to energy 3 6. ACCELERATORS AND SECURITY 80 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Border security IN EUROPE 6.2.1. Current status 6.2.2. X-ray imaging 6.2.3. Use of neutrons 6.2.4. Gamma-rays 6.3. Counter-terrorism 6.4. Nuclear security 6.4.1. Support to maintaining international treaties, safeguards and nuclear arms control 6.4.2. Support to stockpile stewardship 6.5. Research challenges 6.5.1. Border security CONTENTS 6.5.2. Nuclear security 6.6. Other challenges 6.7. Priority areas for R&D in security 6.8. Impact on industry and education 6.8.1. Industry 6.8.2. Education 6.9. Key recommendations for applications of particle accelerators to security APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ACCELERATORS OF PARTICLE APPLICATIONS TABLE OF TABLE 4 TABLE OF TABLE APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ACCELERATORS OF PARTICLE APPLICATIONS 7. ACCELERATORS AND PHOTON SOURCES 7.1. Introduction 88 7.1.1. Current use of photon sources in research 7.2. State of the art 7.2.1. Synchrotron-based light sources 7.2.2. Linac-based light sources 7.2.3. Compton sources 7.2.4. Advantages and disadvantages of the diferent light sources 7.3. Research challenges 7.3.1. SRs 7.3.2. SASE FELs 7.3.3. ERLs 7.4. Other challenges CONTENTS 7.5. Priority areas for R&D 7.5.1. Compact FELs using plasma-wave accelerators 7.5.2. Accelerator on a chip IN EUROPE 7.6. Impact on industry and education 7.6.1. Industry 7.6.2. Education 7.7. Key recommendations for applications of particle accelerators to photon sources 8. ACCELERATORS AND NEUTRON SOURCES 8.1. Introduction 8.1.2. Applications of neutron scattering 102 8.2. State of the art 8.2.1. Neutrons from research reactors 8.2.2. Neutrons from particle accelerators 8.3. Current usage of neutron sources 8.4. Compact neutron sources (CNSs) 8.5. Research challenges 8.6. Other challenges 8.7. Priority areas for R&D 8.8. Impact on industry and education 8.9. Key recommendations for applications of particle accelerators to neutron sources 9. A SUMMARY OF KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS 112 5 1. FOREWORD PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ARE SOPHISTICATED MACHINES, WHICH, IN PROVIDING ENERGY TO SUBATOMIC PARTICLES, MAKE THEM CAPABLE OF INTERACTING WITH ATOMIC NUCLEI, OF GENERATING NEW PARTICLES, OF PRODUCING INTENSE STREAMS OF X-RAYS OR NEUTRONS, AND OF PRECISELY DELIVERING THEIR ENERGY TO MATERIALS OR IN EUROPE BIOLOGICAL CELLS. In less than the 90 years since their invention, accelerators have propelled modern science – contributing to more than one-third of the Nobel prizes in physics – and they have reached well beyond fundamental research towards applied science and market applications. Although the most visible accelerators are the large machines employed in particle physics, of the more than 30,000 accelerators that currently exist in the world, only less than 1 per cent operate for the benefit of fundamental research; the large majority are small accelerators used for healthcare or in industry. The transition of accelerator technology, from its use in basic science to applications more directly benefiting society, has been a very visible trend in recent decades; and that represents only the first step in a major evolution for particle accelerators. While accelerators for basic research are growing in dimensions and complexity, the increasing expansion and accessibility of accelerator technologies, together with the emergence of smaller, compact designs, are fostering their spread across a wealth of applications in fields as diverse as health, industry, energy, security, and the environment. All these accelerator applications share a common drive to move beyond the traditional chemical approaches used in 1. FOREWORD analysis and material transformations to those that rely on interactions at the atomic and subatomic scale, thus opening up new opportunities in terms of novel APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ACCELERATORS OF PARTICLE APPLICATIONS products, industrial processes, and techniques addressing societal problems. These include improving cancer treatment and medical diagnostics, reducing air pollution and treating radioactive waste. 1.1. APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS IN EUROPE (APAE) Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe (APAE) is an EU project, launched in June 2015, which aims to show how the accelerator technology, developed as a result of accelerator research, is of benefit to the wider community. It is organised by Work Package 4 of the EuCARD2 project, an Integrating Activity Project for coordinated Research and Development on Particle Accelerators, co- funded by the European Commission under the FP7 Capacities. The APAE project aims to promote the development of novel accelerator technologies and to identify new applications in six sectors: › Health – accelerators produce particles and radiation for radiotherapy, and make radionuclides for clinical applications. › Industry – accelerators generate electron beams and ion beams for materials analysis and modification. › Energy – accelerators can be employed in the transmutation of nuclear waste and in nuclear fusion. › Security – accelerators generate X-rays, gamma-rays and neutrons required for screening operations in border security, counter-terrorism and nuclear security. › Analysis with photons – the accelerator-based production of very bright electromagnetic radiation (mostly X-rays) for studies of the structure and behaviour of a wide variety of materials at the atomic and molecular scales using a variety of X-ray analytical techniques such as crystallography. The main photon sources used are synchrotrons and free electron lasers. › Analysis with neutrons – the accelerator-based production of neutron beams via spallation for studies of the structure and behaviour of materials at the atomic and molecular scales using neutron-scattering techniques. This document explains the current state of the art in accelerator technology and how accelerators are used in these applied areas. It also identifies the key future developments that would be 6 beneficial to these sectors. 1. FOREWORD APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ACCELERATORS OF PARTICLE APPLICATIONS EUROPE’S ROLE Europe hosts a large infrastructure of accelerator laboratories dedicated to applied research or medical treatments, a wide network of advanced universities and research centres active in the accelerator field, as well as established companies and innovative SMEs producing accelerator components and complete small- scale accelerators. This dynamic environment makes Europe a world-leader in developing and exploiting accelerator technology to the advantage of society. The ambition of the European Commission and the main European national agencies is to maintain this leading position, with the goal of improving the quality of life of European citizens, while generating employment and economic growth.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recent Progress in the Membrane Distillation and Impact of Track-Etched Membranes
    polymers Review Recent Progress in the Membrane Distillation and Impact of Track-Etched Membranes Arman B. Yeszhanov 1,2, Ilya V. Korolkov 1,2 , Saule S. Dosmagambetova 1, Maxim V. Zdorovets 1,2,3,* and Olgun Güven 4,* 1 The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Ibragimov Str. 1, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan; [email protected] (A.B.Y.); [email protected] (I.V.K.); [email protected] (S.S.D.) 2 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satbaev Str. 5, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan 3 Ural Federal University, Mira Str. 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia 4 Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.V.Z.); [email protected] (O.G.); Tel.: +7-7-01-979-8859 (M.V.Z.); +90-31-2297-7977 (O.G.) Abstract: Membrane distillation (MD) is a rapidly developing field of research and finds applications in desalination of water, purification from nonvolatile substances, and concentration of various solutions. This review presents data from recent studies on the MD process, MD configuration, the type of membranes and membrane hydrophobization. Particular importance has been placed on the methods of hydrophobization and the use of track-etched membranes (TeMs) in the MD process. Hydrophobic TeMs based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polycarbonate (PC) have been applied in the purification of water from salts and pesticides, as well as in the concentration of low-level liquid radioactive waste (LLLRW). Such membranes are Citation: Yeszhanov, A.B..; Korolkov, characterized by a narrow pore size distribution, precise values of the number of pores per unit area I.V..; Dosmagambetova, S.S..; and narrow thickness.
    [Show full text]
  • And Shape-Controlled Platinum Cones by Ion-Track Etching and Electrodeposition Techniques for Electrocatalytic Applications
    Article Fabrication of Size- and Shape-Controlled Platinum Cones by Ion-Track Etching and Electrodeposition Techniques for Electrocatalytic Applications Yuma Sato 1, Hiroshi Koshikawa 2, Shunya Yamamoto 2, Masaki Sugimoto 2, Shin-ichi Sawada 2 and Tetsuya Yamaki 1,2,* 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan; [email protected] 2 Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki 370-1292, Gunma, Japan; [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (S.-i.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The micro/nanocone structures of noble metals play a critical role as heterogeneous electrocatalysts that provide excellent activity. We successfully fabricated platinum cones by elec- trodeposition using non-penetrated porous membranes as templates. This method involved the preparation of template membranes by the swift-heavy-ion irradiation of commercially available polycarbonate films and subsequent chemical etching in an aqueous NaOH solution. The surface diameter, depth, aspect ratio and cone angle of the resulting conical pores were controlled in the ranges of approximately 70–1500 nm, 0.7–11 µm, 4–12 and 5–13◦, respectively, by varying the etching Citation: Sato, Y.; Koshikawa, H.; conditions, which finally produced size- and shape-controlled platinum cones with nanotips. In Yamamoto, S.; Sugimoto, M.; Sawada, order to demonstrate the electrocatalytic activity, electrochemical measurements were performed for S.-i.; Yamaki, T. Fabrication of Size- and Shape-Controlled Platinum the ethanol oxidation reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2017 Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials Jonathan Allen Gill University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons, and the Other Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Gill, Jonathan Allen, "Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4770 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jonathan Allen Gill entitled "Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Howard L. Hall, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas T. Meek, Joseph R. Stainback IV, John D. Auxier Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jonathan Allen Gill December 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jonathan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Charged-Particle (Proton Or Helium Ion) Radiotherapy for Neoplastic Conditions
    Charged-Particle (Proton or Helium Ion) Radiotherapy for Neoplastic Conditions Policy Number: Original Effective Date: MM.05.005 07/01/2009 Line(s) of Business: Current Effective Date: HMO; PPO; QUEST Integration 07/28/2017 Section: Radiology Place(s) of Service: Outpatient I. Description Charged-particle beams consisting of protons or helium ions are a type of particulate radiation therapy (RT). Treatment with charged-particle radiotherapy is proposed for a large number of indications, often for tumors that would benefit from the delivery of a high dose of radiation with limited scatter that is enabled by charged-particle beam radiotherapy. For individuals who have uveal melanoma(s) who receive charged-particle (proton or helium ion) radiotherapy, the evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, disease-free survival, change in disease status, and treatment-related morbidity. Systematic reviews, including a 1996 TEC Assessment and a 2013 review of randomized and non- randomized studies, concluded that the technology is at least as effective as alternative therapies for treating uveal melanomas and is better at preserving vision. The evidence is sufficient to determine qualitatively that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome. For individuals who have skull-based tumor(s) (i.e., cervical chordoma and chondrosarcoma) who receive charged-particle (proton or helium ion) radiotherapy, the evidence includes observational studies and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, disease-free survival, change in disease status, and treatment-related morbidity. A 1996 TEC Assessment concluded that the technology is at least as effective as alternative therapies for treating skull-based tumors.
    [Show full text]
  • 00307399.Pdf
    + ASI&’rrrativc ActioIs/Eq51dS&MtSUdtyErrqsbyer < This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute, Division of Research Resources and Centers, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Edited by Ixruise Taylor, AT Division. DISCLAMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by assagency of the Uruted States &rvcrrrment. Neither the United States Ciovernanerstnor any agency thereof, nor asryof their employru, makes any *anty, express or irnpfied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulnessof arsyirsfornsation, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specitlc comnserciat product. process, or aer+ce by trade name, trademark, rnamafacmrer, or otherwise, does not necessady constitute or imply ita errdorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Urdted States Government or any agency thersof. llte view and opinions of authors expressed herein do not nemsas-ity stare or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. LA-9144-MS UC-28 and UC-48 Issued: February 1982 . ● / A Linear Accelerator for Radioisotope Production L.D. Hansborough R. W. Harem J. E. Stovall i !-=-—- ‘ - I I . -.... J“’”’ .“ Los Alamos National Laboratory ~~~~la~~s Lo.Alamo.,New.exi..875.~ A LINEAR ACCELERATOR FOR RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION by L. D. Hansborough, R. W. Harem, and J. E. Stovall ABSTRACT A 200- to 500-uA source of 70- to 90-MeV protons would be a valuable asset to the nuclear medicine program. A linear accelerator (linac) can achieve this performance, and it can be extended to even higher energies and currents. Variable energy and current options are available.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Nanocasting in Ion-Track Etched Polycarbonate Membranes
    Materials Letters 187 (2017) 56–59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matlet Carbon nanocasting in ion-track etched polycarbonate membranes ⁎ crossmark Xin Zhaoa,b, Falk Muencha, , Sandra Schaefera, Claudia Fasela, Ulrike Kunza, Sevda Ayatac, Shouxin Liub, Hans-Joachim Kleebea, Wolfgang Ensingera a Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany b Northeast Forestry University, College of Material Science and Engineering, 150040 Harbin, PR China c Dokuz Eylul University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Tinaztepe Kampusu, Buca, 35160 Izmir, Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We replicate the unique pore structure of ion-track etched polymers with carbon using an organic sol-gel Ion beam technology precursor strategy. First, phenol resin is cross-linked in the membrane pores, followed by selective dissolution Carbon materials of the template matrix and carbonization at a temperature of 550 °C. The potential to create nanomaterials of Template synthesis novel morphology is demonstrated by synthesizing free-standing, interconnected networks composed of aligned Pyrolysis carbon nanowires of defined or modulated diameter. Nanowire networks 1. Introduction These templates can be used to synthesize e.g. parallel arrays [9], networks or hierarchical assemblies [4] of 1D nano-objects. One-dimensional (1D) carbon structures such as nanotubes or Conventional template-assisted carbon deposition routes require nanowires (CNWs) represent one of the most important and frequently high-temperature processes such as chemical vapor deposition, and studied nanomaterial types. Due to their chemical, electrical, optical thus are limited to heat resistant templates such as anodized aluminum and mechanical properties, they can be employed in an exceptionally oxide [10], excluding ion-track etched polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Heating by Intense Charged Particle-Beams Injected on Solid Targets T
    PLASMA HEATING BY INTENSE CHARGED PARTICLE-BEAMS INJECTED ON SOLID TARGETS T. Okada, T. Shimojo, K. Niu To cite this version: T. Okada, T. Shimojo, K. Niu. PLASMA HEATING BY INTENSE CHARGED PARTICLE-BEAMS INJECTED ON SOLID TARGETS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1988, 49 (C7), pp.C7-185-C7-189. 10.1051/jphyscol:1988721. jpa-00228205 HAL Id: jpa-00228205 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00228205 Submitted on 1 Jan 1988 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C7, supplgment au n012, Tome 49, dbcembre 1988 PLASMA HEATING BY INTENSE CHARGED PARTICLE-BEAMS INJECTED ON SOLID TARGETS T. OKADA, T. SHIMOJO* and K. NIU* ' Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184, Japan *~epartmentof Physics, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184, Japan Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 227, Japan Rbsunb - La production et le chauffage du plasma sont estimbs numbriquement B l'aide d'un modele simple pour l'interaction de faisceaux intenses d'blectrons ou protons avec plusieurs cibles solides. On obtient ainsi les longueurs d'ionisation et la temperature du plasma produit.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Activation of Ion Track Etched Polycarbonate for the Electroless Synthesis of Metal Nanotubes
    Appl Phys A (2011) 105:847–854 DOI 10.1007/s00339-011-6646-z Multiple activation of ion track etched polycarbonate for the electroless synthesis of metal nanotubes F. Muench · M. Oezaslan · T. Seidl · S. Lauterbach · P. Strasser · H.-J. Kleebe · W. Ensinger Received: 15 June 2011 / Accepted: 6 October 2011 / Published online: 4 November 2011 © Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract In our study, we examined the formation of thin 1 Introduction films of silver nanoparticles on polycarbonate and the in- fluence of the silver loading on the electroless synthesis of In the early 1990s, Martin and coworkers developed several methods for the template-supported synthesis of metallic metal nanotubes. Control of the silver film thickness oc- micro and nanotubes (NTs), focusing on electroless plating curred by consecutive dipping of the polymer template in and ion track etched polycarbonate [1–3]. Ion track etched tin(II) and silver(I) solutions. The deposition progress was polymer templates contain stochastically distributed chan- studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The reaction mecha- nels whose density, diameter, and shape can be substantially nism relies on the adsorption of reactive ions on the poly- varied by the production conditions [4–6]. Wires and tubes mer template as well as on the silver nanoparticles. The are obtained by depositing metals in these channels [7–10]. initial catalytic activity of silver-covered ion track etched These virtually one-dimensional nanostructures have been effectively implemented in relevant fields such as nanoelec- polycarbonate is an important governing factor for the elec- trochemistry [3], field emission [7], selective chemical trans- troless synthesis of metal nanotubes with desired thickness port [8] and flow-through [9], or fuel cell [10] catalysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Radioactive Isotopes: Cyclotrons and Accelerators Numbers of Accelerators Worldwide: Type and Application
    Isotopes: production and application Kornoukhov Vasily Nikolaevich [email protected] Lecture No 5 Production of radioactive isotopes: cyclotrons and accelerators Numbers of accelerators worldwide: type and application TOTAL TOTAL ~ 42 400 ~ 42 400 Electron Protons and ions Science Industry Accelerators Accelerators ~ 1 200 ~ 27 000 27 000 12 000 Medicine Protons ~ 14 200 Accelerators Ion implantation in 4 000 microelectronics ~ 1.5 B$/year Cost of food after sterilization ~ 500 B$/year 20.11.2020 Lecture No 5: Production of radioactive isotopes: cyclotrons and accelerators V.N. Kornoukhov 2 Accelerators for radionuclide production Characterization of accelerators for radionuclide production General cross-sectional behavior for nuclear reactions as a function of the The number of charged particles is usually measured as an electric current incident particle energy. Since the proton has to overcome the Coulomb in microamperes (1 μA = 6 × 1012 protons/s = 3 × 1012 alpha/s) barrier, there is a threshold that is not present for the neutron. Even very low energy neutrons can penetrate into the nucleus to cause a nuclear reaction. In the classic sense, a reaction between a charged particle and a nucleus cannot take place if the center of mass energy of the two particles is less than the Coulomb barrier. It implies that the charged particle must have an energy greater than the electrostatic repulsion, which is given by the following B = Zˑzˑe2/R where B is the barrier to the reaction; Z and z are the atomic numbers of the two species; R is the separation of the two species (cm). 20.11.2020 Lecture No 5: Production of radioactive isotopes: cyclotrons and accelerators V.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Accelerators
    Introduction to Accelerators Lecture 4 Basic Properties of Particle Beams William A. Barletta Director, United States Particle Accelerator School Dept. of Physics, MIT US Particle Accelerator School Homework item US Particle Accelerator School From the last lecture US Particle Accelerator School We computed the B-field from current loop with I = constant By the Biot-Savart law we found that on the z-axis I 2 2IR2 B = Rsin d zˆ = zˆ cr2 2 2 3/2 0 cR()+ z What happens if we drive the current to have a time variation? r R US Particle Accelerator School The far field B-field has a static dipole form Importantly the ring of current does not radiate US Particle Accelerator School Question to ponder: What is the field from this situation? r R We’ll return to this question in the second half of the course US Particle Accelerator School Is this really paradoxical? Let’s look at Maxwell’s equations Take the curl of xE Hence US Particle Accelerator School The dipole radiation field: note the similarity to the static dipole US Particle Accelerator School Now on to beams US Particle Accelerator School Beams: particle bunches with directed velocity Ions - either missing electrons (+) or with extra electrons (-) Electrons or positrons Plasma - ions plus electrons Source techniques depend on type of beam & on application US Particle Accelerator School Electron sources - thermionic Heated metals Some electrons have energies above potential barrier Cannot escape + HV Enough energy to escape # of electrons Work function = Electrons in a metal
    [Show full text]
  • Protocol for Heavy Charged-Particle Therapy Beam Dosimetry
    AAPM REPORT NO. 16 PROTOCOL FOR HEAVY CHARGED-PARTICLE THERAPY BEAM DOSIMETRY Published by the American Institute of Physics for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine AAPM REPORT NO. 16 PROTOCOL FOR HEAVY CHARGED-PARTICLE THERAPY BEAM DOSIMETRY A REPORT OF TASK GROUP 20 RADIATION THERAPY COMMITTEE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS IN MEDICINE John T. Lyman, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Chairman Miguel Awschalom, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Peter Berardo, Lockheed Software Technology Center, Austin TX Hans Bicchsel, 1211 22nd Avenue E., Capitol Hill, Seattle WA George T. Y. Chen, University of Chicago/Michael Reese Hospital John Dicello, Clarkson University Peter Fessenden, Stanford University Michael Goitein, Massachusetts General Hospital Gabrial Lam, TRlUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia Joseph C. McDonald, Battelle Northwest Laboratories Alfred Ft. Smith, University of Pennsylvania Randall Ten Haken, University of Michigan Hospital Lynn Verhey, Massachusetts General Hospital Sandra Zink, National Cancer Institute April 1986 Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics Further copies of this report may be obtained from Executive Secretary American Association of Physicists in Medicine 335 E. 45 Street New York. NY 10017 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-71345 International Standard Book Number: 0-88318-500-8 International Standard Serial Number: 0271-7344 Copyright © 1986 by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the American Institute of Physics, Inc., 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017 Printed in the United States of America Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Heavy Charged-Particle Beams 3 2.1 ParticleTypes .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Ion-Track Technology Based Synthesis and Characterization of Gold and Gold Alloys Nanowires and Nanocones
    Ion-track technology based synthesis and characterization of gold and gold alloys nanowires and nanocones Vom Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften der Technischen Universität Darmstadt zur Erklärung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl. Ing. M.Sc. Loïc Burr aus Colmar (Frankreich) June 2016 - Darmstadt – D17 Ion-track technology based synthesis and characterization of gold and gold alloys nanowires and nanocones genehmigte Disseration von Dipl. Ing. M.Sc. Loïc Burr aus Colmar (Frankreich) 1. Gutachten: Prof. Dr. Christina Trautmann 2. Gutachten: Prof. Dr. Ralph Krupke Tag der Einreichung: 21.04.2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.04.2016 Darmstadt – 2016 D17 II | P a g e The work described in this thesis was carried out between November 2012 and June 2013 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Trautmann at the Materials Research group of the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Reseach, Plackstraße 1, D- 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Top cover image: colorized SEM image of Au nanowires standing on their Au backelectrode fabricated by electrodeposition in etched ion track templates as presented in this thesis Back cover image: modified SEM image of Au nanocones with their caps overlaying a nanocone array III | P a g e Erklärung zur Dissertation Hiermit versichere ich, die vorliegende Dissertation ohne Hilfe Dritter und nur mit den angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmitteln angefertigt zu haben. Alle Stellen, die aus den Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht worden. Diese Arbeit hat in dieser oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. Darmstadt, den 19.04.2016 _________________________________ (Loïc Burr) Loïc Burr Ion-track technology based synthesis and characterization of gold and gold alloys nanowires and nanocones PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-55410 URI: http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/5541 Copyright © 2016 by L.
    [Show full text]