DOCSLIB.ORG

Multiple Activation of Ion Track Etched Polycarbonate for the Electroless Synthesis of Metal Nanotubes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multiple Activation of Ion Track Etched Polycarbonate for the Electroless Synthesis of Metal Nanotubes Appl Phys A (2011) 105:847–854 DOI 10.1007/s00339-011-6646-z Multiple activation of ion track etched polycarbonate for the electroless synthesis of metal nanotubes F. Muench · M. Oezaslan · T. Seidl · S. Lauterbach · P. Strasser · H.-J. Kleebe · W. Ensinger Received: 15 June 2011 / Accepted: 6 October 2011 / Published online: 4 November 2011 © Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract In our study, we examined the formation of thin 1 Introduction films of silver nanoparticles on polycarbonate and the in- fluence of the silver loading on the electroless synthesis of In the early 1990s, Martin and coworkers developed several methods for the template-supported synthesis of metallic metal nanotubes. Control of the silver film thickness oc- micro and nanotubes (NTs), focusing on electroless plating curred by consecutive dipping of the polymer template in and ion track etched polycarbonate [1–3]. Ion track etched tin(II) and silver(I) solutions. The deposition progress was polymer templates contain stochastically distributed chan- studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The reaction mecha- nels whose density, diameter, and shape can be substantially nism relies on the adsorption of reactive ions on the poly- varied by the production conditions [4–6]. Wires and tubes mer template as well as on the silver nanoparticles. The are obtained by depositing metals in these channels [7–10]. initial catalytic activity of silver-covered ion track etched These virtually one-dimensional nanostructures have been effectively implemented in relevant fields such as nanoelec- polycarbonate is an important governing factor for the elec- trochemistry [3], field emission [7], selective chemical trans- troless synthesis of metal nanotubes with desired thickness port [8] and flow-through [9], or fuel cell [10] catalysis. and shape. Therefore, the presented method allows specific In controlled reactions, electroless plating leads to a uni- template preparation according to given synthetic demands. form metal deposition on the whole template surface. There- High aspect ratio copper, gold, and platinum nanotubes were fore, it is especially suited for the homogeneous coverage of produced by the combination of sufficiently activated tem- complex shaped templates such as nanochannel-containing plates with optimized electroless plating procedures. membranes with extended inner surfaces. NTs are formed by deposition of a metal film on the nanochannel walls. Due to this growth mode, electroless plating is a straightfor- ward method for the synthesis of tubular metal structures. In contrast, electrochemical plating leads to a linear growth F. Muench () · T. Seidl · S. Lauterbach · H.-J. Kleebe · of metal starting from the cathode side. This method prefers W. Ensinger clearly the formation of wires [7]. Electroplating relies on Department of Materials and Geoscience, Technische Universität the reduction of metal cations present in the plating solution Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 23, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany by cathode-supplied electrons. In electroless baths, the reac- e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +49-6151-166378 tion is maintained by a chemical reducing agent. These plat- ing solutions are thermodynamically instable with respect to M. Oezaslan · P. Strasser decomposition to the metal and a corresponding oxidation Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße product [11, 12]. des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany To obtain surface-selective deposition, the reaction must T. Seidl be kinetically suppressed in the bulk solution and enforced Material Research Group, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion on the template surface. The first condition is met by intro- Research GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany ducing metastable redox pairs (an appropriate combination 848 F. Muench et al. of one or more metal sources, reducing agents and additives) 50% in water (Sigma-Aldrich); trifluoroacetic acid (Riedel- which are insensitive toward homogeneous nucleation [11, de Häen, >99%). A commercial electroplating solution (El- 12]. Depending on the metal to be plated, various baths have Form Galvano Goldbad, Schütz Dental GmbH) was used been developed, comprising Co [14], Ni [14], Cu [13–15], as the Au source (15 g 99.9% Au per liter, present as Ag [16], Au [8, 9], Pd [17], or Pt [10]. The critical chal- (NH4)3(Au(SO3)2)). All procedures were conducted with lenge is the stability of these baths [12, 13]. The second purified water (Milli Q 18-M water). requirement is achieved by using templates which catalyze the decomposition reaction. After initiation of the electro- Template synthesis Polycarbonate foils (Makrofol®, Bayer less plating, the formed metal film sustains the deposition MaterialScience AG, nominal thickness 30 µm) were irradi- reaction by autocatalysis [11, 12]. The bare polymer tem- ated with Au ions (energy: 11 MeV per nucleon; fluence: plates mostly do not promote the deposition reaction. There- 1 × 108 ions per cm2) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for fore, an appropriate pre-treatment of polymer templates is of Heavy Ion Research (Darmstadt). Subsequently, they were major importance for electroless plating. Usually, they are irradiated with UV light in the presence of air (1 h per side, activated by anchoring Ag- [3, 9, 10] or Pd-nanoparticles UV source provides 1.5 and 4 W m2 in the range between (NPs) [13] on their surface. However, sparse effort has been 280 nm–320 nm and 320 nm–400 nm) and etched in stirred ◦ spent on examining the nature of the Ag structures formed sodium hydroxide solution (6 M, 50 C, time depending on on polycarbonate templates as well as their reactivity in con- desired nanotube diameter). The as-prepared templates were secutive electroless plating. New methods to enhance and thoroughly washed with purified water and dried in air be- tune the activity of these templates are required to improve fore use. or to enable the challenging synthesis of high aspect ratio metal-NTs. Covering the template with Ag-nanoparticles Firstly, the In general, the successful preparation of metal-NTs by etched polycarbonate membranes were stored in a Sn(II)- electroless plating depends on the combination of a suffi- solution for at least 45 min (0.042 M SnCl2, 0.071 M = ciently activated substrate with a plating bath ensuring slow CF3COOH in methanol:water 1:1). To remove exces- and controlled metal deposition. Activation as the starting sive Sn(II), the impregnated foils were washed twice with point of the metal film growth is a crucial step for both the ethanol before immersing them in Ag(I)-solution for 3 min homogeneity and density of the obtained NTs [11], while (0.059 M AgNO3, 0.230 M NH3). These procedures were low deposition rates are essential to ensure sufficient mass performed at room temperature. For multiple activation, the transport of the reactants to the poorly accessible regions in- templates were washed twice with ethanol prior to repeating side the template [8, 14]. Additionally, the metal deposit has the described procedure. to be uniform on the nanoscale. In this work, we provide synthetic guidelines for the electroless fabrication of Au-, Electroless synthesis of metal nanotubes The last washing Pt-, and Cu-NTs using tailored Ag-NP activation. step before the transfer to the growth solution was conducted with ethanol, followed by water. All depositions took place at 8◦C. After the desired reaction time, the metal-covered templates were taken out, washed with water and dried in 2 Experimental details air. Au and Pt deposition solutions were prepared accord- ing to reported procedures [9, 10]. They contained Au(I), General, chemicals All glassware was cleaned with aqua sulfite, 4-(dimethylamino)pydidine and formaldehyde in the regia prior to use. All reaction solutions were freshly pre- case of the Au solution and Pt(IV), chloride, ethylenedi- pared. Following chemicals were used without further pu- amine and hydrazine for the Pt solution. The Cu deposition rification: 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (Fluka, puriss.); sil- solution contained 0.10 M Cu(II) (introduced as copper sul- ver nitrate (Grüssing, p.a.); ammonia 33% in water (Merck, fate), 0.22 M tartrate (introduced as potassium sodium salt), puriss.); copper sulfate pentahydrate (Fluka, purum p.a.); 0.24 M ethylenediamine and 1.2 M formaldehyde. It was ethylenediamine (Fluka, puriss. p.a.); formaldehyde solu- adjusted to a pH value of 11.5–12.0. tion 37% in water, methanol stabilized (Grüssing, p.a.); hexachloroplatinic acid 8% in water (Fluka); hydrazine Analytics TEM (FEI CM 20 microscope (Netherlands) hydrate 80% in water (Merck, for synthesis); methanol with a LaB6 cathode, operated at 200 kV, equipped with (Sigma-Aldrich, laboratory reagent); potassium sodium tar- an Oxford Model 6767 EDS-system (England); FEI Tecnai 2 trate tetrahydrate (Fluka, puriss. p.a.); sodium chloride G S-TWIN microscope with a LaB6 cathode, a Gatan MS (Merck, suprapur); sodium hydroxide solution 32% in wa- 794 P CCD camera and EDS detector, operated at 200 kV): ter (Fluka, puriss. p.a.); sodium sulfite (Merck, p.a.); tin(II) The tube-containing templates were embedded in Araldit chloride (Merck, for synthesis); tin(II) methanesulfonate 502© (polymerization at 60◦C for 16 h) and examined as Multiple activation of ion track etched polycarbonate for the electroless synthesis of metal nanotubes 849 ultrathin sections (70 nm, Reichert-Jung Ultracut E ultrami- crotome, DKK diamond knife). SEM (JEOL JSM-7401F, 5– 10 kV acceleration voltage): Prior to the measurement, the polymer template was removed with dichloromethane. The freed metal structures were collected on silicon wafer pieces sputter-coated with a thin Au film. XRD (Seifert PTS 3003): Investigations on Cu-NT containing membranes were per- formed using a Cu anode and an x-ray mirror primary to the sample. At the secondary side, a slit system and a soller 45 slit was used. UV-Vis spectroscopy (ATi Unicam UV/Vis Spectrometer UV4): The measurements were performed on twice ethanol washed template strips in ethanol-filled quartz Fig. 1 Reaction route for the electroless synthesis of metal-NTs: Ion cuvettes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recent Progress in the Membrane Distillation and Impact of Track-Etched Membranes
    polymers Review Recent Progress in the Membrane Distillation and Impact of Track-Etched Membranes Arman B. Yeszhanov 1,2, Ilya V. Korolkov 1,2 , Saule S. Dosmagambetova 1, Maxim V. Zdorovets 1,2,3,* and Olgun Güven 4,* 1 The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Ibragimov Str. 1, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan; [email protected] (A.B.Y.); [email protected] (I.V.K.); [email protected] (S.S.D.) 2 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satbaev Str. 5, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan 3 Ural Federal University, Mira Str. 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia 4 Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.V.Z.); [email protected] (O.G.); Tel.: +7-7-01-979-8859 (M.V.Z.); +90-31-2297-7977 (O.G.) Abstract: Membrane distillation (MD) is a rapidly developing field of research and finds applications in desalination of water, purification from nonvolatile substances, and concentration of various solutions. This review presents data from recent studies on the MD process, MD configuration, the type of membranes and membrane hydrophobization. Particular importance has been placed on the methods of hydrophobization and the use of track-etched membranes (TeMs) in the MD process. Hydrophobic TeMs based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polycarbonate (PC) have been applied in the purification of water from salts and pesticides, as well as in the concentration of low-level liquid radioactive waste (LLLRW). Such membranes are Citation: Yeszhanov, A.B..; Korolkov, characterized by a narrow pore size distribution, precise values of the number of pores per unit area I.V..; Dosmagambetova, S.S..; and narrow thickness.
    [Show full text]
  • And Shape-Controlled Platinum Cones by Ion-Track Etching and Electrodeposition Techniques for Electrocatalytic Applications
    Article Fabrication of Size- and Shape-Controlled Platinum Cones by Ion-Track Etching and Electrodeposition Techniques for Electrocatalytic Applications Yuma Sato 1, Hiroshi Koshikawa 2, Shunya Yamamoto 2, Masaki Sugimoto 2, Shin-ichi Sawada 2 and Tetsuya Yamaki 1,2,* 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan; [email protected] 2 Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki 370-1292, Gunma, Japan; [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (S.-i.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The micro/nanocone structures of noble metals play a critical role as heterogeneous electrocatalysts that provide excellent activity. We successfully fabricated platinum cones by elec- trodeposition using non-penetrated porous membranes as templates. This method involved the preparation of template membranes by the swift-heavy-ion irradiation of commercially available polycarbonate films and subsequent chemical etching in an aqueous NaOH solution. The surface diameter, depth, aspect ratio and cone angle of the resulting conical pores were controlled in the ranges of approximately 70–1500 nm, 0.7–11 µm, 4–12 and 5–13◦, respectively, by varying the etching Citation: Sato, Y.; Koshikawa, H.; conditions, which finally produced size- and shape-controlled platinum cones with nanotips. In Yamamoto, S.; Sugimoto, M.; Sawada, order to demonstrate the electrocatalytic activity, electrochemical measurements were performed for S.-i.; Yamaki, T. Fabrication of Size- and Shape-Controlled Platinum the ethanol oxidation reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2017 Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials Jonathan Allen Gill University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons, and the Other Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Gill, Jonathan Allen, "Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4770 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jonathan Allen Gill entitled "Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Howard L. Hall, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas T. Meek, Joseph R. Stainback IV, John D. Auxier Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Novel Fission Track Detection for Identification and Characterization of Special Nuclear Materials A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jonathan Allen Gill December 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jonathan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Nanocasting in Ion-Track Etched Polycarbonate Membranes
    Materials Letters 187 (2017) 56–59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matlet Carbon nanocasting in ion-track etched polycarbonate membranes ⁎ crossmark Xin Zhaoa,b, Falk Muencha, , Sandra Schaefera, Claudia Fasela, Ulrike Kunza, Sevda Ayatac, Shouxin Liub, Hans-Joachim Kleebea, Wolfgang Ensingera a Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany b Northeast Forestry University, College of Material Science and Engineering, 150040 Harbin, PR China c Dokuz Eylul University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Tinaztepe Kampusu, Buca, 35160 Izmir, Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We replicate the unique pore structure of ion-track etched polymers with carbon using an organic sol-gel Ion beam technology precursor strategy. First, phenol resin is cross-linked in the membrane pores, followed by selective dissolution Carbon materials of the template matrix and carbonization at a temperature of 550 °C. The potential to create nanomaterials of Template synthesis novel morphology is demonstrated by synthesizing free-standing, interconnected networks composed of aligned Pyrolysis carbon nanowires of defined or modulated diameter. Nanowire networks 1. Introduction These templates can be used to synthesize e.g. parallel arrays [9], networks or hierarchical assemblies [4] of 1D nano-objects. One-dimensional (1D) carbon structures such as nanotubes or Conventional template-assisted carbon deposition routes require nanowires (CNWs) represent one of the most important and frequently high-temperature processes such as chemical vapor deposition, and studied nanomaterial types. Due to their chemical, electrical, optical thus are limited to heat resistant templates such as anodized aluminum and mechanical properties, they can be employed in an exceptionally oxide [10], excluding ion-track etched polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Ion-Track Technology Based Synthesis and Characterization of Gold and Gold Alloys Nanowires and Nanocones
    Ion-track technology based synthesis and characterization of gold and gold alloys nanowires and nanocones Vom Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften der Technischen Universität Darmstadt zur Erklärung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl. Ing. M.Sc. Loïc Burr aus Colmar (Frankreich) June 2016 - Darmstadt – D17 Ion-track technology based synthesis and characterization of gold and gold alloys nanowires and nanocones genehmigte Disseration von Dipl. Ing. M.Sc. Loïc Burr aus Colmar (Frankreich) 1. Gutachten: Prof. Dr. Christina Trautmann 2. Gutachten: Prof. Dr. Ralph Krupke Tag der Einreichung: 21.04.2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 21.04.2016 Darmstadt – 2016 D17 II | P a g e The work described in this thesis was carried out between November 2012 and June 2013 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Trautmann at the Materials Research group of the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Reseach, Plackstraße 1, D- 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Top cover image: colorized SEM image of Au nanowires standing on their Au backelectrode fabricated by electrodeposition in etched ion track templates as presented in this thesis Back cover image: modified SEM image of Au nanocones with their caps overlaying a nanocone array III | P a g e Erklärung zur Dissertation Hiermit versichere ich, die vorliegende Dissertation ohne Hilfe Dritter und nur mit den angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmitteln angefertigt zu haben. Alle Stellen, die aus den Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht worden. Diese Arbeit hat in dieser oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. Darmstadt, den 19.04.2016 _________________________________ (Loïc Burr) Loïc Burr Ion-track technology based synthesis and characterization of gold and gold alloys nanowires and nanocones PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-55410 URI: http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/5541 Copyright © 2016 by L.
    [Show full text]
  • Fullerene Irradiation Leading to Track Formation Enclosing Nitrogen Bubbles in Gan Material J.G
    Fullerene irradiation leading to track formation enclosing nitrogen bubbles in GaN material J.G. Mattei, M. Sall, F. Moisy, A. Ribet, E. Balanzat, C. Grygiel, I. Monnet To cite this version: J.G. Mattei, M. Sall, F. Moisy, A. Ribet, E. Balanzat, et al.. Fullerene irradiation leading to track formation enclosing nitrogen bubbles in GaN material. Materialia, Elsevier, 2021, 15, pp.100987. 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100987. hal-03162888v2 HAL Id: hal-03162888 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03162888v2 Submitted on 2 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Fullerene irradiation leading to track formation enclosing nitrogen bubbles in GaN material JG Mattei, M. Sall, F. Moisy, A. Ribet, E. Balanzat, C. Grygiel, and I. Monnet* CIMAP, CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Normandie Université BP5133 F-14070 Caen cedex5 France. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Gallium nitride was irradiated with fullerene projectiles having an electronic stopping power above the threshold required to promote ion track formation. The structural and chemical changes induced by fullerene irradiation were studied through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). High resolution TEM inquiries were performed to identify the structural order along the ion tracks and the strain induced in the lattice neighboring the ion tracks.
    [Show full text]
  • Pro Sto A02 Msds 002 Msds Pi Membrane
    MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET MSDS003 - MSDS - Version 06 POLYIMIDE (PI) Date 01/06/21 TRACK-ETCHED MEMBRANE Page 1/6 ION TRACK TECHNOLOGY SECTION 1 : COMPANY INFORMATION ............................................................................................................. 2 MANUFACTURER / DISTRIBUTOR 2 MSDS MANAGER 2 SECTION 2 : COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS ................................................................. 2 SECTION 3 : HAZARD IDENTIFICATION / EMERGENCY OVERVIEW .......................................................... 2 APPEARANCE 2 CLASSIFICATION 2 ADVERSE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS 2 TARGET ORGANS 2 MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE 2 SECTION 4 : FIRST AID MEASURES .................................................................................................................... 3 CONTACT WITH EYES 3 INGESTION 3 INHALATION 3 SKIN CONTACT 3 SECTION 5 : FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES ........................................................................................................... 3 SUITABLE EXTINGUISHING MEDIA 3 SPECIFIC HAZARDS WITH REGARD TO FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES 3 SPECIFIC FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES 3 SPECIFIC FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES 3 SECTION 6 : ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES ........................................................................................... 4 PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS 4 SMALL AND LARGE SPILLS 4 ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS 4 CLEAN UP MEASURES 4 SECTION 7 : HANDLING AND STORAGE ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperative Effect of Electronic and Nuclear Stopping on Ion Irradiation
    Cooperative effect of electronic and nuclear stopping on ion irradiation damage in silica M Backman1;2, F Djurabekova2, O H Pakarinen2, K Nordlund2, Y Zhang3;1, M Toulemonde4 and W J Weber1;3 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA 2 Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 3 Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA 4 CIMAP-CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-University of Caen, F-14070 Caen Cedex 5, France E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Radiation damage by ions is conventionally believed to be produced either by displacement cascades or electronic energy deposition acting separately. However, there is a range of ion energies where both processes are significant and could contribute to irradiation damage. The combination of two computational methods, namely binary collision approximation and molecular dynamics, the latter with input from the inelastic thermal spike model, makes it possible to examine the simultaneous contribution of both mechanisms of energy deposition on the structural damage in the irradiated structure. We study the effect in amorphous SiO2 irradiated by Au ions with energies ranging between 0.6 and 76.5 MeV. We find that in the intermediate energy regime, there is a synergistic effect of local heating due to electronic excitations in enhancing the displacement cascade damage. PACS numbers: 61.80.Jh, 61.43.Bn, 61.43.Fs Cooperative effect of electronic and nuclear stopping 2 1. Introduction Ion irradiation of solids is a topic that is studied both as a tool for materials modification and as a source of damage to materials in, for instance, nuclear reactors.
    [Show full text]
  • NSF-EC Workshop on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Summary Report
    NSF-EC Nanomaterials Workshop 2002 NSF-EC Workshop on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Summary Report I. Workshop Overview The NSF-EC workshop on nanomaterials and nanotechnology was held in Boston, Massachusetts on December 5-7 2002. Both the US and the EC realize the importance of a globally trained technical workforce. A focused effort to enhance interactions between the U.S. and E.C. in scientific research is one important way to create a culture where international cooperation is the rule rather than the exception. This workshop was developed to provide important feedback to NSF and EC on two issues: I) The most critical and timely issues facing those investigators developing new nanomaterials and technologies related to those materials and II) The best practices for catalyzing cooperative research in the emerging area of nanomaterials. Appendix A provides a list of attendees while Appendix B gives the program and talk titles. Recommendations for important topics and challenges in nanomaterials research were arrived at by discussions in breakout groups in each of the three topical theme areas of the work. These discussions were preceded by brief talks from each of the participants. The common themes found in this discussion: • An increased focus on developing materials which have multifunctional capabilities. Nanoparticles that can both sense and treat disease for example, devices that leverage both the optical and electronic properties of nanoparticles assemblies, or functional coatings whose biodegradation can be triggered after a certain time. • Recognition of the importance that the environmental impact of nanomaterials in developing sustainable nanotechnologies. Very little is known about how nanomaterials interact with animals and the larger environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Understanding of Hillocks and Ion Tracks in Ceramics Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions
    Article Comprehensive Understanding of Hillocks and Ion Tracks in Ceramics Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions Norito Ishikawa 1,* , Tomitsugu Taguchi 2 and Hiroaki Ogawa 1 1 Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan; [email protected] 2 Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-29-282-6089; Fax: +81-29-282-6716 Received: 13 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Amorphizable ceramics (LiNbO3, ZrSiO4, and Gd3Ga5O12) were irradiated with 200 MeV Au ions at an oblique incidence angle, and the as-irradiated samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ion tracks in amorphizable ceramics are confirmed to be homogenous along the ion paths. Magnified TEM images show the formation of bell-shaped hillocks. The ion track diameter and hillock diameter are similar for all the amorphizable ceramics, while there is a tendency for the hillocks to be slightly bigger than the ion tracks. For SrTiO3 (STO) and 0.5 wt% niobium-doped STO (Nb-STO), whose hillock formation has not been fully explored, 200 MeV Au ion irradiation and TEM observation were also performed. The ion track diameters in these materials are found to be markedly smaller than the hillock diameters. The ion tracks in these materials exhibit inhomogeneity, which is similar to that reported for non-amorphizable ceramics. On the other hand, the hillocks appear to be amorphous, and the amorphous feature is in contrast to the crystalline feature of hillocks observed in non-amorphizable ceramics.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Orientation on Ion Track Formation in Apatite and Zircon
    American Mineralogist, Volume 99, pages 1127–1132, 2014 Effect of orientation on ion track formation in apatite and zircon Weixing Li1,*,†, Patrick kLuth2, DanieL SchaurieS2, MatiaS D. roDriguez2, Maik Lang1, Fuxiang zhang1, MaxiM zDorovetS3, chriStina trautMann4 anD roDney c. eWing1,5,† 1Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, U.S.A. 2Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3Institute of Nuclear Physics, and The L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan 4GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, and Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 5Departments of Materials Science & Engineering, and Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104, U.S.A. aBStract revealed by chemical etching, because, until now, unetched, latent FTs could not be examined analyti- cally at the atomic-scale. The major challenge to such an analysis has been the random orientation of FTs and their extremely small diameters. Here we use high-energy ions (2.2 GeV Au or 80 MeV transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of single tracks and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for millions of tracks, a precise picture of track morphology as a function of orientation is obtained. High-resolution analysis reveals that orientation affects the shape of tracks in apatite and zircon through the preferential creation of damage along directions with highest atomic density. However, track radius does not depend on orientation, contradicting previous reports. Independent of track orientation, track radii, as measured at each point along the entire length of 80 MeV Xe ion tracks in apatite, can be understood using the thermal spike model of Szenes.
    [Show full text]
  • MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School Certificate for Approving The
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Aleksey N. Pisarenko Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________ Director Dr. Gilbert E. Pacey _____________________________________ Director (Committee Chairperson) Dr. Gilbert Gordon _____________________________________ Reader Dr. Richard T. Taylor _____________________________________ Reader Dr. Michael W. Crowder _____________________________________ Graduate School Representative Dr. Luis A. Actis Abstract ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF PERCHLORATE ION CONCENTRATION IN SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS AND DRINKING WATER: KINETICS OF PERCHLORATE ION FORMATION AND EFFECTS OF ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANTS by Aleksey N. Pisarenko The dissertation consists of six chapters that summarize the investigation of factors impacting perchlorate ion formation in sodium hypochlorite solutions and the development of a predictive model for perchlorate ion formation. There are also two appendices detailing the synthesis and applications of nanomaterials for designing sensors. Chapter 1 gives a brief history of perchlorate ion as an emerging contaminant. A background on the occurrence, toxicology, and regulatory actions is provided. Chapter 2 focuses on the analytical methods that were developed and validated for analysis of perchlorate, bromate, chlorate, hypochlorite, and chlorite ions in various hypochlorite ion solutions. Comparison of a LC-MS/MS method and an iodometric titration method is provided. The chapter also details sample preparation methods, such as the use of malonic acid to stop formation of perchlorate ion. Chapter 3 details the experimental matrix to identify factors that impact perchlorate ion formation. Effects of different contaminants were investigated at elevated temperatures. Chapter 4 provides a detailed investigation of the effects of concentration of hypochlorite and chlorate ions, ionic strength, and temperature.
    [Show full text]