Attention Modification Program in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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The Journal of Positive Psychology
This article was downloaded by: [Institute of Coaching Professional Assoc], [Institute of Coaching] On: 30 October 2014, At: 07:55 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpos20 Positive impact by design: The Wales Centre for Behaviour Change J.A. Parkinsona, K.E. Ecclesa & A. Goodmana a Wales Centre For Behavior Change, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Bangor, Gwynedd Ll57 2AS, UK Published online: 11 Jul 2014. To cite this article: J.A. Parkinson, K.E. Eccles & A. Goodman (2014) Positive impact by design: The Wales Centre for Behaviour Change, The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 9:6, 517-522, DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2014.936965 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.936965 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. -
Alcohol-Related Attentional Bias: the Oler of Support Networks Kevin Hallgren
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of New Mexico University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Psychology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2-8-2011 Alcohol-related attentional bias: The oler of support networks Kevin Hallgren Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/psy_etds Recommended Citation Hallgren, Kevin. "Alcohol-related attentional bias: The or le of support networks." (2011). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ psy_etds/58 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALCOHOL-RELATED ATTENTIONAL BIAS: THE ROLE OF SUPPORT NETWORKS BY KEVIN A. HALLGREN B.A. Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Psychology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December, 2010 ©2010, Kevin A. Hallgren iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Dr. Barbara S. McCrady, my advisor and committee chair, for her help in the preparation of this project and manuscript. Her guidance has greatly helped my development as a researcher and a writer and helped shape my perspective on psychology research and practice. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Eric Ruthruff and Angela Bryan for their assistance with the design of this study and data interpretation. I would like to acknowledge the substantial contributions by Aaron Haslam and Nichole Lawler for their assistance with running participants for this study. -
The Search for New Ways to Change Implicit Alcohol-Related Cognitions in Heavy Drinkers
ALCOHOLISM:CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Vol. 30, No. 2 February 2006 The Search for New Ways to Change Implicit Alcohol-Related Cognitions in Heavy Drinkers Reinout W. Wiers, W. Miles Cox, Matt Field, Javad S. Fadardi, Tibor P. Palfai, Tim Schoenmakers, and Alan W. Stacy This article summarizes a symposium on new ways to change implicit alcohol-related cognitions, presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism in Santa Barbara, California, organized by Wiers and Cox. During the past few years, research has demonstrated that implicit cognitions predict unique variance in prospective alcohol use and preliminary results indicate that they also predict treatment outcomes. The central question in this symposium was how implicit cognitions can be changed and how the changes will influence behavior. Field presented data showing that an attentional bias for alcohol can be altered by attentional training: heavy drinkers who were trained not to attend to alcohol stimuli reported less craving and drank less beer than those trained to attend to alcohol stimuli. Schoenmakers used a similar, clinically relevant attentional retraining (AR) procedure, heavy drinkers were trained not to attend to alcohol pictures or received no training. After the training, the AR group attended less to the alcohol pictures than the control group. Fadardi de- scribed the Alcohol Attentional Control Training Program (AACTP), which makes alcohol drinkers aware of the automatic, cognitive determinants of their drinking and aims to help them to gain con- trol over these processes. Data were presented to support the effectiveness of the AACTP. Palfai pre- sented data showing that alcohol drinkers can be taught to use implementation intentions to gain control over their drinking, which may be used to automatically activate self-control skills in the presence of alcohol cues. -
A Behavioural Perspective Choice and Force – the Former Always Being More Resilient, Truthful and Apt for a Democratic System Like Ours
216 Somasekhar Sundaresan The central bank, which is the regulator, placed itself in the shoes of the regulated, taking decisions that they ought to take. Such a policy change led to undermining the sovereignty of the governance mechanisms of the bank – with the supervisor and regulator taking the 27 decisions for the supervised and the regulated. The actions were still those of the bank, but the actual decision was being taken outside the bank. Lessons in regulation of conduct have been learnt and this has presented a great opportunity to learn about the core difference between The Code: A Behavioural Perspective choice and force – the former always being more resilient, truthful and apt for a democratic system like ours. Anuradha Guru1 Finally, there is still one question that remains at large – does the Code have any preference between liquidation and resolution? Many legal and judicial minds tend to take an approach that liquidation is avoidable and that one must do the most to make resolution work. There is nothing in the Code to make any expression of such a preference. The choice between “Law is defined as a task of social engineering designed to eliminate friction and waste in the resolution and liquidation is a sovereign right of the CoC. They can choose in their wisdom to satisfaction of unlimited human interests and demands out of a limited store of goods in existence.” liquidate a company once they form a view that the CD is a basket case. The SC has upheld such Roscoe Pound2 sovereignty of the CoC. ccording to Marxist theory,3 the legal system of a society constitutes one of the However, in cases where the resolution plan does go through, obviating liquidation, components of its 'superstructure' being influenced and in-turn influencing the base when there is a challenge to the terms of the resolution, the question rears its head again. -
Running Head: SELF-SERVING ATTRIBUTIONS in SPORT
This article is downloaded from http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au It is the paper published as: Author: L. J. Aldridge and M. Rabiul Islam Title: Cultural differences in athlete attributions for success and failure: The sports pages revisited. Journal: International Journal of Psychology ISSN: 0020-7594 Year: 2012 Volume: 47 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-75 Abstract: Self-serving biases in attribution, while found with relative consistency in research with Western samples, have rarely been found in Japanese samples typically recruited for research. However, research conducted with Japanese participants to date has tended to use forced choice and/or reactive paradigms, with school or university students, focusing mainly on academic performance or arbitrary and/or researcher-selected tasks. This archival study explored whether self-serving attributional biases would be shown in the real-life attributions for sporting performance made by elite Olympic athletes from Japan and Australia. Attributions (N = 216) were extracted from the sports pages of Japanese and Australian newspapers and rated by Australian judges for locus and controllability. It was hypothesised that Australian, but not Japanese, athletes would show self-serving biases such that they attributed wins to causes more internal and controllable than the causes to which they attributed losses. Contrary to predictions, self-serving biases were shown to at least some extent by athletes of both nationalities. Both Australian and Japanese men attributed wins to causes more internal than those to which they attributed losses. Women, however, attributed wins and losses to causes that did not differ significantly in terms of locus. All athletes tended to attribute wins to causes that were more controllable than the causes to which losses were attributed. -
A Cognitive Model of Pathological Worry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Behaviour Research and Therapy 50 (2012) 636e646 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Behaviour Research and Therapy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/brat A cognitive model of pathological worry Colette R. Hirsch a,b,*, Andrew Mathews a,c a King’s College London, UK b University of Western Australia, Australia c University of California, Davis, USA article info abstract Article history: We present an evidence-based model of pathological worry in which worry arises from an interaction Received 23 February 2012 between involuntary (bottom-up) processes, such as habitual biases in attention and interpretation Received in revised form favouring threat content, and voluntary (top-down) processes, such as attentional control. At a pre- 11 June 2012 conscious level, these processes influence the competition between mental representations when Accepted 27 June 2012 some correspond to the intended focus of attention and others to threat distracters. Processing biases influence the probability of threat representations initially intruding into awareness as negative Keywords: thoughts. Worry in predominantly verbal form then develops, influenced by conscious processes such as Worry Emotional processing biases attempts to resolve the perceived threat and the redirection of attentional control resources to worry fl Attention content, as well as the continuing in uence of habitual processing biases. After describing this model, we Interpretation present evidence for each component process and for their causal role in pathological worry, together Attentional control with implications for new directions in the treatment of pathological worry. -
Attentional Bias Components in Anxiety and Depression: a Systematic Review
Attentional Bias Components in Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review Denise Rogersa, Edel Murphya, Sarah Jane Windersa & Ciara M. Greenea aSchool of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Corresponding author: Associate Professor Ciara M. Greene Email: [email protected] Postal address: School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Tel: +353 1 7168334 1 Abstract Attentional biases have been identified as a transdiagnostic cognitive process that may underlie a range of psychological disorders. They comprise three measurable and observable components; facilitation (rapid detection of concern-related stimuli), difficulty in disengagement (slower attentional shifting away from concern-related stimuli) and attentional avoidance (allocation of attention away from concern-related stimuli). Attentional biases to negative stimuli are common in anxiety and depression; however, their shared (i.e. transdiagnostic) and distinct components have not yet been systematically investigated. Literature searches were conducted on the PsychINFO, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases, yielding 560 articles after duplicates were removed. Articles were subject to abstract and full-text screening against study eligibility criteria. Twenty-five articles were included in the extraction phase. Data regarding population, experimental paradigm and attentional bias components were extracted. Results are suggestive of facilitation as a transdiagnostic attentional process across anxiety, depression and those with co- occurring anxiety and depression. There was strong evidence of avoidance in depression, with weaker evidence in anxiety, while delayed disengagement was observed in anxiety, but not in depression. Critical gaps in the literature were also identified. These findings provide support for the transdisagnostic nature of attentional biases, shedding light on the commonalities observed across diagnostic categories. -
Computer-Delivered, Home-Based, Attentional Retraining Reduces Drinking Behavior in Heavy Drinkers
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 28, No. 2, 559–562 0893-164X/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0036086 BRIEF REPORT Computer-Delivered, Home-Based, Attentional Retraining Reduces Drinking Behavior in Heavy Drinkers John E. McGeary Sydney P. Meadows Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Rhode Island Binghamton University Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island and Brown University Nader Amir Brandon E. Gibb San Diego State University/University of California Binghamton University To examine the impact of a computer-delivered, home-based, alcohol-specific attention modification program (AMP), 41 heavy drinking college students were randomly assigned to AMP or an attention control condition (ACC). Participants selected 10 alcohol-related words most relevant to their own drinking experience as well as 10 neutral words not related to alcohol. These personalized stimuli were used in an attention retaining program based upon the probe detection paradigm twice weekly for 4 weeks. Participants in the AMP condition reported decreased drinking, whereas those in the ACC condition reported no change in their drinking. These preliminary data suggest that a computer-delivered, home-delivered, attention-retraining for alcohol treatment may be an inexpensive and efficacious adjunct to standard alcohol treatments. Keywords: attentional retraining, drinking behavior The 12-month prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has have substantially improved in recent decades, only a third of those been estimated at 10.8% in a nationally representative sample who receive treatment remain abstinent over one year (Miller, (Agrawal, Heath, & Lynskey, 2011) and cause an estimated 79,000 Walters, & Bennett, 2001), demonstrating a clear need for contin- deaths annually (Bouchery et al., 2011). -
Applications of the Dot Probe Task in Attentional Bias Research in Eating Disorders: a Review
Psicológica (2017), 38, 283-346. Applications of the dot probe task in attentional bias research in eating disorders: A review Małgorzata Starzomska* Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Christian Philosophy Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the cognitive approach to eating disorders, which postulates that patients selectively attend to information associated with eating, body shape, and body weight. The unreliability of self-report measures in eating disorders due to strong denial of illness gave rise to experimental studies inspired by research into anxiety disorders involving attentional bias, with the prevalent method being a modified color-naming Stroop task. Unfortunately, that tool was shown to exhibit many limitations, especially in terms of attentional bias measurement. Thus, researchers started to seek alternative methods of evaluating attention in persons with eating disorders. Along with the Stroop test and the Posner paradigm, one of the most frequently used methods is the dot probe task. This paper presents the dot probe protocol as well as the rationale underpinning its use, including its advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, a modification of the task is proposed to enable the assessment of all components of attentional bias in patients with eating disorders. The paper also discusses practical implications of the modification for the treatment of these patients. For several years now there has been an increasingly widespread use of so-called attentional training employing, amongst others, the dot probe task, which may be modified for the purpose of reducing or eliminating of attentional biases in patients with eating disorders. Unfortunately, due to the absence of studies providing a reliable account of all types of attentional bias in eating disorders, this field of research lags considerably behind anxiety research and does not enable therapeutic applications. -
Running Head: CLINICAL EFFICACY of ATTENTIONAL RETRAINING
1 Running head: CLINICAL EFFICACY OF ATTENTIONAL RETRAINING Clinical Efficacy of Attentional Bias Modification Procedures: An Updated Meta-analysis Cristina Mogoașe and Daniel David Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Ernst H.W. Koster Gent University, Belgium Reference: Mogoase, C., David, D., & Koster, E.H.W. (in press). Clinical Efficacy of Attentional Bias Modification Procedures: An Updated Meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Disclaimer: Please note that this is the uncorrected proof that may differ from the final article Author Note Cristina Mogoașe, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania and Department of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Daniel David, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj- Napoca, Romania and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; Ernst H.W. Koster, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Cristina Mogoașe, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, No. 37, Republicii Street 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania. Tel/Fax: + 40 264434141; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Running head: CLINICAL EFFICACY OF ATTENTIONAL RETRAINING Abstract Context: Attentional bias modification (ABM) procedures is a promising intervention tool for a variety of clinical conditions. Objectives: This study provides an updated review of the clinical impact of ABM by employing standard meta-analytic procedures to: (a) estimate the average effect size of ABM in reducing both attention bias (AB) and symptoms; (b) estimate the average effect size for different conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, substance abuse); (c) test possible variables that may moderate the effect sizes, and (d) investigate the relationship between pre-existent AB and the reduction in AB and symptoms. -
Attentional Control in OCD and GAD: Specificity and Associations with Core Cognitive Symptoms
Behaviour Research and Therapy 49 (2011) 756e762 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Behaviour Research and Therapy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/brat Attentional control in OCD and GAD: Specificity and associations with core cognitive symptoms Thomas Armstrong*, David H. Zald, Bunmi O. Olatunji Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, United States article info abstract Article history: Obsessiveecompulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are both defined by Received 22 April 2011 excessive negatively-valenced cognitions. Although obsessional thoughts are considered essential to OCD Received in revised form and perseverative worry is considered essential to GAD, these excessive cognitions have been found to 19 July 2011 co-occur in both disorders. Accordingly, a common diathesis may influence the emergence of excessive Accepted 5 August 2011 thoughts in both disorders. The present study examined deficits in attentional control as a cognitive vulnerability that may contribute to both obsessional thought and perseverative worry. Patients with Keywords: OCD (n ¼ 30), GAD (n ¼ 29), and non-clinical controls (NCC; n ¼ 29) completed measures of obsessional OCD fi GAD thoughts, perseverative worry, and attentional control. De cits in self-reported attentional control were Obsession found in both OCD and GAD relative to the NCC. However, attentional control was only related to Worry excessive cognition in the GAD patient group, where deficits were associated with increased persever- Rumination ative worry. Mediational modeling suggested that trait anxiety mediated the relationship between Attention attentional control and perseverative worry in GAD. Implications of these findings for conceptualizing the role of attentional control in the genesis of excessive cognitions in OCD and GAD are discussed. -
The Self-Serving Bias in Children
THE SELF-SERVING BIAS IN CHILDREN Rhonda Darlene Snow B .A. (Hons .), Simon Fraser University, 1982 M.A., Simon Fraser University, 1986 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Psychology O Rhonda Darlene Snow 1993 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 1993 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Rhonda Darlene Snow Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology) Title of thesis: The Self-serving Bias in Children Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. K. Bartholomew - ~r.m Associate Professor of Psychology - - - Dr. M. M& Associate Professor of Psychology Dr. E. ~6es Internal External Examiner Associate Professor of Psychology - Dr. B. Earn External Examiner Professor of Psychology University of Guelph / Date Approved: b PM 99 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. TitIe of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Theself-serving Bias in Children Author: - (signadye) Rhonda Darlene Snow (name) ABSTRACT This study examined the self-serving bias in elementary school-aged children.