1 From the Director’s Desk...

The Environmental Information System (ENVIS) has been providing a base for information dissemination issues related to State of Environment of . Publication of newsletter is one of the major components of the ENVIS Programme; other being information dissemination through web- enabled system and query services. The Centre has been responding to various queries on environmental issues. We have discussed on various issues in our earlier publication. This issue covers "Water Quality of River".

Dr. Sailabala Padhi , M.Phil, Ph.D., D.Sc. Director, Centre for Environmental Studies

Water Quality of Mahanadi River

State's Water Resources: river in Odisha are Ib, Jeera, Ong, Tel, Bratang, Manjore, Karadijore, Hardharjore & Odisha depends largely upon monsoon Surubalijore. The river length in the Odisha is for its water resources. South west monsoon 494 km. triggers rainfall in the state. About 78% of total Its farthest headwaters lie 6 kilometers amount of rainfall occurs during the period from Pharsiya village of Chhatisgarh. The hills from June to September and balance 22% are an extension of the and are a remaining period. In addition to seasonal source of many other streams which then go on availability, the rainfall in the state also shows to join the Mahanadi. For the first 80 kilometers special variation i.e. from 1200 mm in the of its course, the Mahanadi flows in a northerly southern coastal plain to about 1700 mm in the direction and drains the and northern plateau. The state is endowed with an touches the eastern portions of Raipur city. It is extensive network of rivers and streams. The a rather narrow river at the stage. After being major river basins are Subarnarekha, Brahmani, joined by the Seonath, the river flows in the Bahuda, Indrabati, Budhabalanga & Jambhira, easterly direction through the remaining parts Mahanadi, Vansadhara, Kolab, Baitarani, of its journey. It is joined by the Jonk and Hasdeo Rushikulya, and Nagavali. In this issue focus rivers here before entering into Odisha after has been made on Mahanadi river basin. covering about half of its total length. Near the Mahanadi River Basin: city of , Odisha, it is dammed by the The Total Catchment area is 141134 sq. km. largest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud It covers 4 states namely Odisha (65628 sq. km.), Dam. River is joined by the Ib, Ong, Tel, and (132 sq. km.), Chhatisgarh (75136 sq. other minor streams. It then skirts the km.), Maharastra (238 sq. km.). In Odisha, it boundaries of the district and forces a passes through Sundargarh, Sambalpur, , tortuous way between ridges and ledges on a , Deogarh, Keonjhar, and series of rapids until it reaches Dholpur. The . Major Tributaries of Mahanadi rapids end here and the river rolls towards he 2 Source: Website-Water Resources Information of Eastern Ghats, forcing its way through then via point, Jagatsinghpur. The combined Delta of the 64 kilometers long Satakosia Gorge. The Mahanadi's numerous distributaries and the Satakosia Gorge ends at Badamul of Nayagarh. Brahmani in one of the largest in India. The The river enters the Odisha plains of Naraj, Mahanadi was notorious for its devastating , where it pours down between two hills. floods for much of recorded history. However, The river travels in the east-west the constriction of the has greatly direction, just before entering Cuttack, it gives altered the situation. Today a network of canals, off a large distributaries called the Kathajori. The barrages and check dams keep the river well in Kathajori then throws off many streams like the control. However heavy rain can still cause large Kuakhai, Devi, Surua which fall into the Bay of scale flooding. Bengal after entering district. The Kathajori Water Quality: itself falls into the sea as the Jotdar. Other distributaries of Mahanadi include the Paika, For assessment of water quality of the Birupa, Chitraptala river, Genguti and Lun. The Mahanadi river, results of five major parameters Birupa then goes on to join the namely pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), at Krushnanagar and enters the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total at Dhamara. The Mahanadi proper enters the Conductivity, Total Coliform(TC), have been sea via several channels near at false taken into consideration. Results of the different 3 parameters for different stations/points have been collected from the reports of Odisha State Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board. Only annual average data has been analyzed. Following stations/points have been covered while analysis of the results.

Sl. Monitoring Station District Sl. Monitoring Station District 1. Sundargarh Sundargarh 10. Tikarapada Bolangir 2. Jharsuguda 11. Narasinghpur Cuttack 3. Brajrajnagar U/S Jharsuguda 12. Cuttack U/S Cuttack 4. Brajrajnagar D/S Jharsuguda 13. Cuttack D/S Cuttack 5. Hirakud Sambalpur 14. Kathajodi D/S Cuttack 6. Sambalpur U/S Sambalpur 15. Kuakhai U/S Khurda 7. Sambalpur D/S Sambalpur 16. Kuakhai D/S Khurda 8. Sonepur U/S Sonepur 17. Choudwar, Birupa D/S Cuttack 9. Sonepur D/S Sonepur 18. Paradeep D/S Jagatsinghpur

Data covers from the year 2004 to 2013 (last 10 years).

Biological Oxygen Demand: BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic materials. Results of monitoring at different parts of the river Mahanadi show that BOD Value is more than 3 at Kathajodi D/S and Kuakhai D/s during last 10

Annual Average of BOD Value of Mahanadi River during last 10 years 39

36 3.8 33 4.2

3.4 30 4.3 3.1 27 2.9

4 3.5 24 2.8 2.5

21 2.7 3.5 3.6 2.5

2.7 1.7 18 2.5 3.9 4 2.2 2.6 1.5 2.2 1.9 BOD Value 1.6 15 2 1.6 2 2.4 3.3 2.7 2.2 3.5 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.1 12 1.8 2.1 1.6 1 1.6 1.1 2.2 0.8 1 2.6 1 0.8 1.5 3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 3.9 2.1 1.4 1.3 2.2 9 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.4 3.1 1.8 3.2 2.5 1.1 1 0.9 1.7 1 1.1 0.7 0.9 1 1.3 1 2.7 6 1 1 1.4 0.9 1 1.3 0.95 0.9 1.3 1.4 1 1.3 4.2 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 1 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.2 3.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 2.8 1 1 1.3 1.4 1.6 0.9 1 1.2 1.2 2.8 1.4 2 3 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.8 1 1.1 0.8 1.1 1 1.5 3.6 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.1 0.7 3 1.3 0.9 2.3 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 0 111.2 0.9 0.8 1 1.2 Hirakud Tikarapada Sundargarh Jharsuguda Cuttack U/S Cuttack D/S Kuakhai U/S Kuakhai D/S Sonepur U/S Sonepur D/S Narasinghpur Kathajodi D/S Paradeep D/S Paradeep Sambalpur U/S Sambalpur D/S Brajrajnagar U/S Brajrajnagar D/S Monitoring Station Choudwar D/S Birupa at

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 4 years. In other points, it is less than 3. In the Hirakud reservoir, the Value is the less than 1.5. It clearly indicates that when the river passes to various places directly or through rivulets, BOD value is increasing. Such higher value may be due to anthropogenic activities. The normal standard is less than 2 for drinking water. As per CPCB guideline BOD is determined by 5 days at 200C procedure. Value is more then 2 in 3 locations namely Cuttack D/S, Kathajodi D/S & Kuakhai D/S found during last ten years. pH value: It is a measure of activity or alkalinity of water soluble substances. The normal standard of drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5., while analysing of pH value of different points of the Mahanadi River, it shows that pH value is near 8 during 2010, 2011, 2012 & 2013 at all points and it is less during rest years. Maximum value of 8.2 has been observed at Kathajodi D/s during the year 2013 and minimum annual average of 7.3 has been observed at Tikarapada in 2005 and Kuakhai D/s in 2009.

Annual Average of pH Value of Mahanadi river during last 10 years

90

80

7.9 8 8.1 7.9 8.2 7.8 8 8 7.7 7.9 8.1 7.9 8 8 7.8 8.1 8 7.8 70 8.1 8.1 8 8 8 7.7 7.6 7.8 8 8 8 7.9 7.8 8.1 7.9 8 7.8 7.8

60 8 7.9 7.9 7.9 8 7.9 7.8 7.8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7.7 8 7.8 7.5

8.1 8.1 7.8 8.1 8.1 7.8 7.8 8 7.7 7.6 8.1 50 8 7.9 7.9 7.9 8 7.6 8

7.8 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.71 7.6 7.74 7.9 7.4 7.8 7.8 7.7 8 7.55 7.8 7.3 7.6

pH Value 40

7.9 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.9 8 7.6 7.6 7.7 30 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.9

20 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.9 8 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.6

7.8 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.5 8.1 10 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.6

7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.5 0 Hirakud Tikarapada Sundargarh Jharsuguda Cuttack U/S Cuttack D/S Kuakhai U/S Kuakhai D/S Sonepur U/S Sonepur D/S Narasinghpur Kathajodi D/S Paradeep D/S Paradeep Sambalpur U/S Sambalpur Sambalpur D/S Brajrajnagar U/S Brajrajnagar D/S

Monitoring Station Choudwar Birupa at D/S

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : It is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. The parameter remains far below the normal prescaribed standard in all points from the year 2006 to 2013. Stations where more value has been observed as compared to other stations are Sambalpur D/s, Cuttack D/s, Kathajodi D/s, and Kuakhai D/s.

5 Annual Average of COD Value of Mahanadi River during last 8 years

250

200 19.9

29.6 31 21

26 150 24.5 22 33.2 21.7

23 22.9 21.7 20.5 23

14.4 22.4 18.4 COD Value 21 16.8 100 20 12.8 22.3 15.5 16.6 14.9 12.8 18.5 22 12.1 9.9 16.8 10 13 8.3 8.6 11.6 42 9.5 13.1 10.2 15 8.4 12 21.6 8.5 10.8 15.7 10.7 11.8 11.6 9 14 14.2 9.9 10.7 12 9.8 22.2 10.4 11.7 11 14.6 10 10 10.9 11 11.5 10 15.3 17.3 50 12.5 18.9 14 15.1 12 8.1 9.85 9.8 10 9.7 8 10.9 13 10.1 26 6 7.9 8.4 9.6 24.4 11.2 9.4 9.7 14 9.85 7.6 16.3 6.55 7.5 17.1 9.7 19.5 10.1 8.6 8.6 9 8 11 7.1 8.5 13.4 9 9.6 12 11 12.6 9.5 8 9 9.4 9.6 12 999.4 30 9 23.5 26.2 26.2 23.7 17 12 12 15.2 14 16 12 12 16 14.9 7 11 11.8 0 Hirakud Tikarapada Sundargarh Jharsuguda Cuttack U/S Cuttack D/S Kuakhai U/S Kuakhai D/S Sonepur U/S Sonepur D/S Narasinghpur Kathajodi D/S Paradeep D/S Paradeep Sambalpur U/S Sambalpur D/S Brajrajnagar U/S Brajrajnagar D/S

Monitoring Station Choudwar Birupa at D/S

2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Conductivity: Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current. Conductivity in water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, nitrate, sulphate

Annual Average of Conductivity Value of Mahanadi River during last 10 years

1000000

100000

10000

1000

100 Conductivity Value 10

1 Choudwar at Birupa Sundargarh JharsugudaBrajrajnagar U/SBrajrajnagar D/S Hirakud Sambalpur U/SSambalpur D/SSonepur U/S Sonepur D/S Tikarapada Narasinghpur Cuttack U/S Cuttack D/S Kathajodi D/S Kuakhai U/S Kuakhai D/S ParadeepD/S D/S

2013 156 153 153 165 199 204 240 214 230 215 223 202 206 210 209 261 245 12116 2012 144 147 154 163 179 180 196 186 209 181 199 189 188 218 195 244 195 18179 2011 143 143 156 162 187 199 231 201 236 186 197 195 191 194 200 247 215 23249 2010 160 178 157 165 177 190 220 214 227 231 193 202 191 271 193 242 234 20365 2009 129 144 144 155 156 176 202 173 241 184 189 179 183 192 180 229 72 26951 2008 126 133 140 150 176 156 200 168 204 256 175 166 182 236 163 216 174 17723 2007 118 126 131 160 172 165 187 157 200 188 169 153 178 209 165 203 337 16157 2006 131 159 148 180 145 149 180 158 179 195 206 164 197 205 167 217 187 27068 2004 156 161 172 176 212 194 204 230 258 246 244 201 234 279 171 232 192 10095 Monitoring Station

2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 6 and phosphate anions. Organic compounds like oil, phenol, alcohol and sugar do not conduct electrical current very well and therefore have a low conductivity. Conductivity in streams and river s is affected primarily the geology of the area through which the water flows. Discharges to streams can change the conductivity depending on their make-up. Conductivity of Mahanadi river at different location is varying. However higher conductivity has been observed at Paradeep D/s. The Result Varies from 10000 to 27000. Total Coliform Coliform bacteria are commonly used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality of food and water. Limit for Total Coliform for drinking water sources after conventional treatment and disinfection is 5000 or less MPN/100 ml. These organisms are good indicators of the potential contamination of a water source. While analyzing the results of different locations, it indicates that the value in much higher than the standard at Sambalpur D/s, Cuttack D/s, Kathajodi D/s, and Paradeep D/s. At Kuakhai U/s, the value has gradually increased from the year 2011. Annual Average of TC Value of Mahanadi River during last 10 years

1000000

100000

10000

1000 TC Value TC 100

10

1 Sundargarh Jharsuguda Brajrajnagar U/SBrajrajnagar D/S Hirakud Sambalpur U/S Sambalpur D/S Sonepur U/S Sonepur D/S Tikarapada Narasinghpur Cuttack U/S Cuttack D/S Kathajodi D/S Kuakhai U/S Kuakhai D/SChoudwar at Birupa D/SParadeep D/S

2013 2678 1973 2734 2759 2246 7710 38300 1790 2593 1880 3603 4552 48571 60667 21500 49300 12611 9784 2012 2241 3609 1676 3191 1376 3608 76042 1749 2588 2393 3567 3256 55417 90333 7225 40783 4467 4875 2011 2513 4135 1481 2774 1978 2457 47692 1692 2717 3345 1553 1038 35675 66083 6392 26942 5445 6159 2010 1518 2675 1658 3225 1885 1762 33375 1325 2550 2400 1130 1083 17133 110833 2768 11258 2125 1137 2009 1542 2533 1495 1816 2925 1458 238083 1235 2400 2300 1145 1287 14970 86033 2492 25475 2025 3412 2008 1417 2600 1500 2117 1775 1983 93583 1550 2225 2325 1020 1412 26617 123945 1425 12825 2825 2875 2007 1302 1958 1348 2767 1523 1766 88992 745 2275 2200 1160 1422 27467 119733 1475 12150 2425 1850 2006 1625 2449 1823 2708 1600 2650 36742 1003 1550 2225 1295 1831 57467 89750 1727 17250 2375 33333 2005 5939 4868 1795 6000 1333 3051 33182 1248 10400 2740 1733 2899 46091 51633 3876 15330 7150 9050 2004 1134 978 2062 4072 493 2291 14308 1700 7950 530 1818 1090 17608 12336 1633 7700 6700 21900 Monotoring Station

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Conclusion: The Mahanadi River is a major source of water for many districts of the state Odisha. The higher value of certain parameters of water in certain locations is a concern. There may be different reasons. However, it can be controlled by checking the various anthropogenic activities and through awareness as well. Detail study is needed to identify the exact reason behind alternation of water quality of the Mahanadi river at different points. 7 Odisha ENVIS Centre, Centre for Environmental Studies observed "SWACHH BHARAT" Abhiyan at various places of Odisha State to create awaness among the students as well as the society to achieve the goal of "SWACHH BHARAT" by 2019, on the eve of 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. Acknowledment We are thankful to Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi and State Pollution Control Board, Odisha as the issue has been completed on the basis of the information collected from their reports.

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ENVIS EDITORIAL TEAM This newsletter is also available in electronic form at our website: Dr. Sailabala Padhi, M.Phil, Ph.D., D.Sc., Director www.orienvis.nic.in and www.cesorissa.org Pravat Mohan Dash, Programme Officer Prashanta Ku. Nayak, Information Officer BOOK POST

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