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Hopanoid Lipids May Facilitate Aerobic Nitrogen Fixation in the Ocean

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Hopanoid Lipids May Facilitate Aerobic Nitrogen Fixation in the Ocean Hopanoid lipids may facilitate aerobic nitrogen fixation BRIEF REPORT in the ocean Francisco M. Cornejo-Castilloa,1 and Jonathan P. Zehra,1 aDepartment of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Edited by Donald E. Canfield, Institute of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M., Denmark, and approved August 6, 2019 (received for review May 14, 2019) Cyanobacterial diazotrophs are considered to be the most impor- (12), but whether these mechanisms are sufficient to lower the O2 tant source of fixed N2 in the open ocean. Biological N2 fixation is concentration in the inner cell while N2 fixation takes place remains catalyzed by the extremely O2-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. In unknown. cyanobacteria without specialized N2-fixing cells (heterocysts), mecha- We have discovered a consistent pattern of distribution of nisms such as decoupling photosynthesis from N2 fixationinspaceor hopanoid synthesis genes among marine cyanobacteria that sug- time are involved in protecting nitrogenase from the intracellular O2 gests that they may play an important role in marine N2 fixation. evolved by photosynthesis. However, it is not known how cyanobac- Hopanoids are a class of membrane lipids that have been shown to terial cells limit O2 diffusion across their membranes to protect nitroge- confer special properties to cell membranes (13). Hopanoids can nase in ambient O2-saturated surface ocean waters. Here, we explored intercalate into lipid bilayers of membranes due to their planar all known genomes of the major marine cyanobacterial lineages for the and hydrophobic structure and might decrease their permeability presence of hopanoid synthesis genes, since hopanoids are a class of to O2 (14). Approximately 10% of bacteria, including plant- lipids that might act as an O2 diffusion barrier. We found that, whereas associated diazotrophs, have the gene for the synthesis of hopanoids all non−heterocyst-forming cyanobacterial diazotrophs had hopanoid (the squalene−hopene cyclase gene shc) (13). Interestingly, the synthesis genes, none of the marine Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus only direct evidence showing that hopanoids facilitate N2 fixation (non−N -fixing), and marine heterocyst-forming (N -fixing) cyanobacteria 2 2 comes from studies of the terrestrial N2-fixing heterotrophic did. Finally, we conclude that hopanoid-enriched membranes are a bacteria Frankia.InFrankia sp., hopanoids might serve as an SCIENCES conserved trait in non−heterocyst-forming cyanobacterial diazotrophs ENVIRONMENTAL O2 diffusion barrier in their N2-fixing vesicles (15), with the that might lower the permeability to extracellular O2.Thismembrane thickness of the vesicle envelope directly correlated to the property coupled with high respiration rates to decrease intracellular external O concentration (16). However, this linkage was later − 2 O2 concentration may therefore explain how non heterocyst-forming questioned based on the observation of high proportions cyanobacterial diazotrophs can fix N2 in the fully oxic surface ocean. of hopanoids in membranes regardless of the N status in Frankia sp. (17). oxygen diffusion barrier | hopanoid lipids | nitrogen fixation | marine We compiled data on hopanoid production and mined the cyanobacteria publicly available genomes of marine cyanobacteria to provide an exploration of the presence of hopanoid biosynthetic and mod- arine cyanobacterial diazotrophs, i.e., those capable of ification genes across all of the major marine cyanobacterial line- Mreducing dissolved dinitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia ages, including both diazotrophs and non-diazotrophs (Fig. 1). We through N2 fixation, are key suppliers of bioavailable N, a lim- found that the shc gene for synthesizing hopanoids was consistently iting nutrient for primary production in the ocean (1). Biological present in all of the non−heterocyst-forming cyanobacterial diazo- N2 fixation is solely performed by the O2-sensitive nitrogenase en- trophs, including unicellular cyanobacterial symbionts with ex- zyme (2), and understanding how low intracellular O2 concentra- tremely reduced genomes such as UCYN-A. In contrast, none of tions are maintained in fully oxic open waters is a long-standing the non-diazotrophic marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, question that has attracted much interest (3–6). which are the dominant cyanobacteria in the ocean (18, 19), nor the Although, a priori, it would seem that N2 fixation is incompatible heterocyst-forming marine cyanobacteria Calothrix rhizosoleniae with the O2-evolving photosynthetic lifestyle of cyanobacteria, it is SC01 and Richelia intracellularis HH01 had the shc gene in their known that these microorganisms have evolved a variety of strate- genomes. The same pattern was observed for almost all of the gies to protect nitrogenase from O2 inactivation. For example, some hopanoid modification genes except for the hpnK and hpnP genes filamentous cyanobacteria, including the symbionts of marine dia- (Fig. 1). These observations suggest that, whereas the capacity of toms, form specialized cells called heterocysts (7). A microaerobic allocating hopanoids into cell membranes may be universal across environment is created inside heterocysts by inactivating oxygenic all marine non−heterocyst-forming diazotrophic cyanobacteria, it is photosynthesis, by maintaining or enhancing respiration, and by the absent from all marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus (which formation of an extra glycolipid cell envelope outside the cell wall do not fix N2) and from heterocyst-forming marine cyanobacteria − (8). In contrast, non heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria such as the (which already protect nitrogenase from O2 by heterocysts). Fur- filamentous Trichodesmium or the free-living unicellular Croco- thermore, in Crocosphaera and Cyanothece, the transcription of the sphaera must separate photosynthesis and N2 fixation either spa- shc gene peaks right before the nitrogenase-encoding gene (nifH) tially or temporally to avoid exposing nitrogenase to the O2 that starts increasing its expression level (data collected from ref. 20), they produce during the light hours (9, 10). In the unicellular and simultaneous expression of both markers has also been cyanobacterial symbiont UCYN-A, all of the genes for the synthesis of the O2-evolving photosystem II (PSII) apparatus have been lost and so UCYN-A doesn’t generate O2 (11). None of the aforementioned Author contributions: F.M.C.-C. and J.P.Z. designed research, performed research, ana- strategies, however, can protect nitrogenase of non−heterocyst- lyzed data, and wrote the paper. forming cyanobacterial diazotrophs from the O2 that diffuses The authors declare no conflict of interest. across cell membranes from the environment (including host pho- This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- tosynthesis in the case of UCYN-A). Mechanisms such as respira- NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). 1 tion, the Mehler reaction, and/or other O2 scavenging strategies To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. have been proposed as potential ways to overcome this problem www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1908165116 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of3 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Hopanoid biosynthesis SHC Squalene Diploptene or Diplopterol Hopanoid modification 2-Methyl-BHT 3-Methyl-BHT HpnP HpnR HpnH HpnG HpnO Diploptene Adenosylhopane Ribosylhopane Aminobacteriohopanetriol HpnI HpnK HpnJ BHT cyclitol N-acetylglucosaminyl BHT Glucosaminyl BHT ether Presence of hopanoid biosynthesis Hopanoid and modification genes production* Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ Yes Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ Yes Cyanothece sp. BG0011 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ n.t. Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51472 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ n.t. Cyanothece sp. CCY0110 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ n.t. Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ Yes Crocosphaera watsonii WH 0401 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ n.t. Crocosphaera watsonii WH 0003 shc hpnH hpnG hpnP hpnI - hpnJ n.t. UCYN-A1 shc hpnH hpnG - hpnI - hpnJ n.t. Diazotrophic cyanobacteriaDiazotrophic UCYN-A2 shc hpnH hpnG - hpnI - hpnJ n.t. Calothrix rhizosoleniae hpnP n.t. heterocyst- SC01 - - --- - forming Richelia intracellularis HH01 --- hpnP - - - n.t. Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 - - - - - - - No Prochlorococcus marinus AS9601 - - - - - - - n.t. Prochlorococcus sp. MIT 0801 - - - - - - - n.t. Prochlorococcus marinus MIT 9211 - - - - - - - n.t. Prochlorococcus marinus MIT 9313 - - - hpnP - hpnK - No Synechococcus sp. CC9605 - - - hpnP - hpnK - n.t. Synechococcus sp. WH 8102 - - - hpnP - hpnK - No Synechococcus sp. RS9917 - - - hpnP - hpnK - n.t. Non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. RCC307 - - - hpnP - hpnK - n.t. Fig. 1. Hopanids in marine cyanobacteria. (Upper) A schematic representation of the hopanoid biosynthesis and modification pathways, including enzymes and products. (Lower) Summary of the presence/absence of the genes involved in the synthesis and modification of hopanoids across a selection of the major marine cyanobacterial lineages. All of the available marine cyanobacterial genomes in NCBI (May 2019) were screened for this analysis, yet only 21 are shown, for simplification. Asterisk (*), experimentally tested in refs. 20 and 21 (n.t., not tested). Enzymes participating in hopanoid pathways: squalene−hopene cyclase (SHC),
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