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Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime This Page Intentionally Left Blank Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime Contemporary Issues Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime This page intentionally left blank Football Hooliganism, Fan Behaviour and Crime Contemporary Issues Edited by Matt Hopkins Lecturer in Criminology, University of Leicester, UK and James Treadwell Lecturer in Criminology, University of Birmingham, UK Selection, introduction and editorial matter © Matt Hopkins and James Treadwell 2014 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-34796-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-46758-7 ISBN 978-1-137-34797-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137347978 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Notes on Contributors viii Introduction 1 Matt Hopkins and James Treadwell Part I Football as a Crime Generator 1 The Football ‘Hotspot’ Matrix 21 Justin Kurland, Nick Tilley and Shane D. Johnson 2 Talking Prada and Powder: Cocaine Use and Supply among the Football Hooligan Firm 49 James Treadwell and Tammy Ayres 3 ‘We’ve Got the Equivalent of Passchendaele’: Sectarianism, Football and Urban Disorder in Scotland 71 John Flint and Ryan Powell 4 The Hollow Victory of Anti-Racism in English Football 92 Jon Garland and Michael Rowe 5 Crime in the Boardroom: Extending the Focus beyond Football Fans 106 Graham Brooks Part II Exploring Fan Behaviour in the Global Media Age 6 The Last of the Working-Class Subcultures to Die? Real Tales of Football Hooligans in the Global Media Age 127 Steve Redhead 7 The Hooligan Film Factory: Football Violence in High Definition 154 Emma Poulton v vi Contents 8 Playing on a Different Pitch: Ethnographic Research on Football Crowds 176 Geoff Pearson Part III Criminalisation, Control and Crowd Management 9 Football Fans in an Age of Intolerance 201 Stuart Waiton 10 Football Banning Orders: The Highly Effective Cornerstone of a Preventative Strategy? 222 Matt Hopkins and Niall Hamilton-Smith 11 Policing Football ‘Hooliganism’: Crowds, Context and Identity 248 Clifford Stott 12 Justice for the 96? Hillsborough, Politics and English Football 273 John Williams Index 296 Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 The three spatial hotspot categories of Ratcliffe’s (2004) hotspot matrix 25 1.2 The three temporal hotspot categories of Ratcliffe’s (2004) hotspot matrix 26 1.3 Illustration of the buffers used to profile spatial patterns of crime in and around the stadium 28 1.4 Leeds United criminal damage spatial ratio 29 1.5 Temporal ratio profile for criminal damage within 1 km of Leeds United Football Club 33 1.6 Leeds United theft-and-handling spatial ratio 35 1.7 Temporal ratio profile for theft and handling within 1.75 km of Leeds United Football Club 35 1.8 Leeds United violence-against-the-person spatial ratio 36 1.9 Temporal ratio profile of violent offences within 1 km of Leeds United Football Club 37 1.10 Football policing hotspot matrix 42 10.1 Comparison of banning orders and arrests: seasons 1992–1993 to 2012–2013 237 10.2 The impact of banning orders on hooliganism: supporters’ views 240 Tables 7.1 Hooligan-themed films 155 10.1 The incremental development of legislation implemented to prevent hooliganism 225 10.2 Banning orders in force: a comparison of England/Wales with Scotland (14a and 14b banning orders) 228 10.3 Offences related to the imposition of 14a banning orders: England and Wales (2008–2009) 229 10.4 A comparison of disorder and arrests involving England supporters at the six major tournaments before the widespread implementation of FBOs and the five tournaments since 235 vii Contributors Tammy Ayres is Lecturer in Criminology at Leicester University, UK. Her research interests focus on the link between drugs and crime: partic- ularly, why some drug users control their drug use while others descend into more problematic patterns of drug use and criminality. She is also interested in drug use in prison and its subsequent treatment: specif- ically, chemical detoxification and re-toxification; the perceived links between substance use, self-harm and suicide within the prison system; ‘narcoterrorism’; and the issues surrounding female substance users. Graham Brooks is Professor of Criminology at Wolverhampton Uni- versity, UK. His research interests are fraud and corruption in sport, money-laundering and gambling, and state capture and corruption. He has also held a wide range of roles such as Secretariat of the Counter Fraud Professional Accreditation Board, Community Safety Officer in the United Kingdom, Offender Liaison Officer for a charity in Sydney, Australia, and Assistant Director of the Centre for Counter Fraud at Portsmouth University. He is lead author of Fraud, Corruption and Sport (2013) and The Prevention of Corruption: Investigation, Enforcement and Governance (2013), and has published numerous articles on fraud and corruption. John Flint is Professor and Head of Department in the Department of Town and Regional Planning at the University of Sheffield, UK. He is the co-editor, with John Kelly, of Bigotry, Football and Scotland (2013). He has published several articles on sectarianism in Scotland, including its governance, the role of denominational schooling and the regulation of sectarian conduct among football supporters. He led a Scottish gov- ernment evaluation of Celtic and Rangers Football Clubs’ community education initiatives. Jon Garland is Reader in Criminology in the Department of Sociol- ogy at the University of Surrey, UK. His main areas of research are in the fields of hate crime, rural racism, community and identity, policing and victimisation. He has published four books, including Racism and Anti-Racism in Football (with Mike Rowe, 2001) and Hate Crime: Impact, viii Notes on Contributors ix Causes, and Consequences (also with Neil Chakraborti, 2009). He has also had numerous journal articles and reports published on issues of racism, the far right, hate crime, policing, football, cultural criminology and identity. Niall Hamilton-Smith is Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Stirling, UK, a member of the Scottish Centre for Crime and Jus- tice Research and formerly a researcher within the UK’s Home Office. Niall’s research primarily focuses on policing, crime reduction and the governance of security, including security governance within sport. Notably, he led the Scottish government evaluation of football banning orders, is currently a team member of a European Commission–funded project examining security governance of sporting mega-events (focus- ing on the Glasgow Commonwealth Games in 2014) and is the principal investigator of the Scottish government-commissioned evaluation of the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012. Niall is also currently leading on a related Scottish government project examining the community impact of loyalist and republican marches and parades in Scotland. Matt Hopkins is Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Leicester, UK. He has published in a number of journals, including the British Journal of Criminology, the International Review of Victimology, the Security Journal, Policing & Society and Criminology & Criminal Justice. He has been involved in a number of applied research projects and evaluations of national government programmes. His work spans a variety of areas in relation to crime prevention, commercial victimisation, organised crime and football hooliganism. Shane D. Johnson is Professor at the Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, UK. He has a PhD and an MA in psychology and a BSc in computer science. He has particular interests in the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, complexity science and evaluation methods. Justin Kurland is a PhD candidate at the Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, UK. His research inter- ests include football-related crime and disorder, situational crime pre- vention, environmental criminology, computer
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