Football , Behaviour and Crime This page intentionally left blank , Fan Behaviour and Crime Contemporary Issues

Edited by

Matt Hopkins Lecturer in , University of Leicester, UK and James Treadwell Lecturer in Criminology, University of Birmingham, UK Selection, introduction and editorial matter © Matt Hopkins and James Treadwell 2014 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-34796-1

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List of Figures and Tables vii

Notes on Contributors viii

Introduction 1 Matt Hopkins and James Treadwell

Part I Football as a Crime Generator

1 The Football ‘Hotspot’ Matrix 21 Justin Kurland, Nick Tilley and Shane D. Johnson

2 Talking Prada and Powder: Cocaine Use and Supply among the Football Hooligan Firm 49 James Treadwell and Tammy Ayres

3 ‘We’ve Got the Equivalent of Passchendaele’: , Football and Urban Disorder in 71 John Flint and Ryan Powell

4 The Hollow Victory of Anti- in English Football 92 Jon Garland and Michael Rowe

5 Crime in the Boardroom: Extending the Focus beyond Football Fans 106 Graham Brooks

Part II Exploring Fan Behaviour in the Global Media Age

6 The Last of the Working-Class Subcultures to Die? Real Tales of Football Hooligans in the Global Media Age 127 Steve Redhead

7 The Hooligan Film Factory: Football Violence in High Definition 154 Emma Poulton

v vi Contents

8 Playing on a Different Pitch: Ethnographic Research on Football Crowds 176 Geoff Pearson

Part III Criminalisation, Control and Crowd Management

9 Football Fans in an Age of Intolerance 201 Stuart Waiton

10 Football Banning Orders: The Highly Effective Cornerstone of a Preventative Strategy? 222 Matt Hopkins and Niall Hamilton-Smith

11 Policing Football ‘Hooliganism’: Crowds, Context and Identity 248 Clifford Stott

12 Justice for the 96? Hillsborough, and English Football 273 John Williams

Index 296 Figures and Tables

Figures

1.1 The three spatial hotspot categories of Ratcliffe’s (2004) hotspot matrix 25 1.2 The three temporal hotspot categories of Ratcliffe’s (2004) hotspot matrix 26 1.3 Illustration of the buffers used to profile spatial patterns of crime in and around the 28 1.4 Leeds United criminal damage spatial ratio 29 1.5 Temporal ratio profile for criminal damage within 1 km of Leeds United Football Club 33 1.6 Leeds United theft-and-handling spatial ratio 35 1.7 Temporal ratio profile for theft and handling within 1.75 km of Leeds United Football Club 35 1.8 Leeds United violence-against-the-person spatial ratio 36 1.9 Temporal ratio profile of violent offences within 1 km of Leeds United Football Club 37 1.10 Football policing hotspot matrix 42 10.1 Comparison of banning orders and arrests: seasons 1992–1993 to 2012–2013 237 10.2 The impact of banning orders on hooliganism: supporters’ views 240

Tables

7.1 Hooligan-themed films 155 10.1 The incremental development of legislation implemented to prevent hooliganism 225 10.2 Banning orders in force: a comparison of England/Wales with Scotland (14a and 14b banning orders) 228 10.3 Offences related to the imposition of 14a banning orders: England and Wales (2008–2009) 229 10.4 A comparison of disorder and arrests involving England supporters at the six major tournaments before the widespread implementation of FBOs and the five tournaments since 235

vii Contributors

Tammy Ayres is Lecturer in Criminology at Leicester University, UK. Her research interests focus on the link between drugs and crime: partic- ularly, why some drug users control their drug use while others descend into more problematic patterns of drug use and criminality. She is also interested in drug use in prison and its subsequent treatment: specif- ically, chemical detoxification and re-toxification; the perceived links between substance use, self-harm and suicide within the prison system; ‘narcoterrorism’; and the issues surrounding female substance users.

Graham Brooks is Professor of Criminology at Wolverhampton Uni- versity, UK. His research interests are fraud and corruption in , money-laundering and gambling, and state capture and corruption. He has also held a wide range of roles such as Secretariat of the Counter Fraud Professional Accreditation Board, Community Safety Officer in the United Kingdom, Offender Liaison Officer for a charity in Sydney, Australia, and Assistant Director of the Centre for Counter Fraud at Portsmouth University. He is lead author of Fraud, Corruption and Sport (2013) and The Prevention of Corruption: Investigation, Enforcement and Governance (2013), and has published numerous articles on fraud and corruption.

John Flint is Professor and Head of Department in the Department of Town and Regional Planning at the University of Sheffield, UK. He is the co-editor, with John Kelly, of Bigotry, Football and Scotland (2013). He has published several articles on sectarianism in Scotland, including its governance, the role of denominational schooling and the regulation of sectarian conduct among football supporters. He led a Scottish gov- ernment evaluation of Celtic and Rangers Football Clubs’ community education initiatives.

Jon Garland is Reader in Criminology in the Department of Sociol- ogy at the University of Surrey, UK. His main areas of research are in the fields of hate crime, rural racism, community and identity, policing and victimisation. He has published four books, including Racism and Anti-Racism in Football (with Mike Rowe, 2001) and Hate Crime: Impact,

viii Notes on Contributors ix

Causes, and Consequences (also with Neil Chakraborti, 2009). He has also had numerous journal articles and reports published on issues of racism, the far right, hate crime, policing, football, cultural criminology and identity.

Niall Hamilton-Smith is Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Stirling, UK, a member of the Scottish Centre for Crime and Jus- tice Research and formerly a researcher within the UK’s Home Office. Niall’s research primarily focuses on policing, crime reduction and the governance of security, including security governance within sport. Notably, he led the Scottish government evaluation of football banning orders, is currently a team member of a European Commission–funded project examining security governance of sporting mega-events (focus- ing on the Glasgow Commonwealth Games in 2014) and is the principal investigator of the Scottish government-commissioned evaluation of the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012. Niall is also currently leading on a related Scottish government project examining the community impact of loyalist and republican marches and parades in Scotland.

Matt Hopkins is Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Leicester, UK. He has published in a number of journals, including the British Journal of Criminology, the International Review of Victimology, the Security Journal, Policing & Society and Criminology & Criminal Justice. He has been involved in a number of applied research projects and evaluations of national government programmes. His work spans a variety of areas in relation to crime prevention, commercial victimisation, organised crime and football hooliganism.

Shane D. Johnson is Professor at the Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, UK. He has a PhD and an MA in psychology and a BSc in computer science. He has particular interests in the spatial and temporal distribution of crime, complexity science and evaluation methods.

Justin Kurland is a PhD candidate at the Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, UK. His research inter- ests include football-related crime and disorder, situational crime pre- vention, environmental criminology, computer simulation and the development of spatial and temporal analytical techniques for crime reduction. x Notes on Contributors

Geoff Pearson is Senior Lecturer at the Football Industry Group at the University of Liverpool’s Management School, UK, and Director of Studies of the Master of Business Administration (Football Indus- tries) programme. He has conducted ethnographic research on football crowds since 1995, predominantly from a socio-legal perspective, and has worked with the police, Home Office and Football Supporters Feder- ation to improve the management of football crowds. He was a founder of the annual Ethnography Symposium and co-chair of the Liverpool Ethnography Group and has published two books on football crowd behaviour and management.

Emma Poulton is a Sport Sociologist within the School of Applied Social Sciences at Durham University, UK. Her research interests centre on constructions and representations of football fan cultures and football- related violence in different media formats. She has published in a range of international journals and is co-editor (with Martin Roderick) of Sport in Films (2009) and (with Laura Kelly and Peter Millward) of Sport and Criminology: A Critical Perspective (forthcoming).

Ryan Powell is Principal Researcher in the Centre for Regional Eco- nomic and Social Research at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. He has research interests across the broad areas of geographies of exclusion and urban sociology. He has published articles on the regulation of sectarian conduct among football supporters and conducted a Scottish govern- ment evaluation of Celtic and Rangers Football Clubs’ community education initiatives.

Steve Redhead is Professor of Media and Sub Dean of Graduate Studies in the Faculty of Arts at Charles Stuart University, New South Wales, Australia. He has previously held professorships and visiting pro- fessorships in Canada, the UK and Australia. He has published hundreds of articles and 15 books, including We Have Never Been Postmodern: Theory at the Speed of Light (2011), nominated for the American Com- parative Literature Association’s René Wellek Prize in 2012. He edits the Subcultural Style book series for Bloomsbury – books in the series already published include Body Style, Queer Style, Fetish Style and Punk Style;forthcomingareGoth Style and Hip Hop Style. Steve is also on many editorial boards of journals, including Sport in Society,theEntertainment and Sports Law Journal and the International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies. He is a member of the international advisory board of the Teesside Centre for Realist Criminology at the University of Teesside and Notes on Contributors xi the American Society of Criminology Division on Critical Criminology. His personal website is at www.steveredhead.com.

Michael Rowe is Professor of Criminology at Northumbria University, UK. Over the last 15 years, he has completed a variety of research projects evaluating interventions with offenders, police diversity train- ing, police occupational culture, the use of positive arrest policies in response to domestic violence and other policing-related matters. Throughout this period, he has written and researched a range of top- ics relating to the policing of football, and racism and hooliganism within the game. In 2001 he co-authored, with Jon Garland, Racism and Antiracism in Football, one of the first comprehensive studies of racism in the sport.

Clifford Stott is Principal Research Fellow of the Security and Justice Research Group at the University of Leeds, UK. He is based in the School of Law but is also a visiting professor of the Socio-Technical Centre in the School of Business. His research interests revolve around crowd psychology, collective conflict and public order policing, par- ticularly as this relates to understanding ‘’, protests and ‘football hooliganism’. He has published over 50 articles in leading journals, and co-authored and edited three books. He works regularly with police forces, governments and football authorities across the world advising on strategy and tactics in the management of crowd events. The impact of his research has been acknowledged in formal pol- icy documents issued by the European Council, European Union and national governments. He has lectured at the European Police College and at National Police Colleges in the UK, Portugal, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia and Australia. He was responsi- ble for developing and delivering the curriculum of the ‘Pan-European Football Police Training Project’, a 1.2-million Euro project funded by the European Commission and the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) designed to train police commanders from 21 European nations in theory- and evidence-led approaches to football crowd management.

Nick Tilley is a member of the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science at University College London (UCL) and Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Nottingham Trent University, UK. His main research interests lie in evidence-based policing, situational crime prevention, the international crime drop and programme evaluation methodology. xii Notes on Contributors

James Treadwell is Lecturer in Criminology at Birmingham Law School, UK. His particular expertise is on topics of professional and organ- ised crime, violent crime and victimisation. He is the author of the best-selling textbook Criminology (2006) and the revised and updated Criminology: The Essentials (2012). He is perhaps best known as an ethnographic and qualitative researcher, and has published articles in a number of leading national and international Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) ISI-ranked criminology and criminal justice journals. He was the first criminologist to undertake empirical research with former military personnel in UK prisons.

Stuart Waiton is a Sociology and Criminology Lecturer at the Univer- sity of Abertay Dundee, UK. Author of Scared of the Kids and also The Politics of Antisocial Behaviour: Amoral Panics, his latest book is Snobs’ Law: Criminalising Football Fans in an Age of Intolerance.

John Williams is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Leicester, UK, and an active supporter of Liverpool Football Club for close on 40 years. In his early years as an academic, with Eric Dunning and Patrick Murphy he co-wrote three books on football hooliganism: Hooligans Abroad (1984), The Roots of Football Hooliganism (1988) and Football on Trial (1991). He continues to write generally about fan cul- ture and fan behaviour today, but he has also recently written a number of books about Liverpool FC and the club’s fans, including a book on the cities of Valencia and Liverpool (with Ramon Llopis), Groove Armada (2006), and a social and cultural history of the club in the city, Red Men (2010). In 2009 (with Andrew Ward) he published a non-linear post- war history of English football, Football Nation. He remains convinced (perhaps foolishly) that the hyper-commercialised version of the game which pertains today still matters culturally, and that Liverpool FC have at least one more league title in them in his lifetime.