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Fatty Acids and Fat Soluble Vitamins Content of Black Sea Round Goby (Neogobius Melanostomus Pallas, 1814) During Fishing Seasons

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Fatty Acids and Fat Soluble Vitamins Content of Black Sea Round Goby (Neogobius Melanostomus Pallas, 1814) During Fishing Seasons Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(2) 780-792 2020 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2019.119730.0 Fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins content of Black Sea round goby (Neogobius melanostomus Pallas, 1814) during fishing seasons Merdzhanova A.1*; Dobreva A.D.1 Received: August 2017 Accepted: September 2018 Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the seasonal changes in the proximate composition, fatty acids profile and fat soluble vitamins content in spring and autumn goby (Neogobius melanostomus) caught from the Bulgarian Black Sea waters. The proximate composition (moisture, protein and total lipid) has been determined according to AOAC (1990). Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters has been performed by GC/MS system. Vitamins A, D3 and E were analysed using RP-HPLC system. Protein was in the range 18.10 – 18.75 %, fat content was: 1.60-2.61g 100g-1 wet weight (w.w.). The fatty acids (FA) and vitamins contents showed significant seasonal changes. The spring goby was characterized with low saturated fatty acids (SFA, 31.8 %), high mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 34.86 %) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 33.34 %). In both seasons omega-3 (n-3) PUFA levels were higher than omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs. Higher amounts of alpha-tocopherol (614.9 μg 100g-1w.w.) and all-trans retinol (14.8 μg 100g-1 w.w.) were found in autumn samples, whereas cholecalciferol (4.9 μg 100g-1 w.w.) - in spring goby. Regardless of the observed seasonal changes of nutritional quality, goby species is an excellent source of analysed components, especially of n-3 PUFA, and can be recommended for healthy human diet. Keywords: Black Sea, Neogobius melanostomus, Omega-3 fatty acids, Fat soluble vitamins 1-Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Varna, 9000, Bulgaria *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 781 Merdzhanova and Dobreva, Fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins content of… Introduction and Azov Sea neighbouring countries. Many studies have been conducted on the Invasive round goby has important effects effects of fish consumptions in the on the function of native food chain in the prevention of coronary heart disease, aquatic ecosystems and also represent food arthrosclerosis, thrombosis and others. In source for other benthic predators (sharks, the past few years, the increase in the rays, sturgeons, Percids). On the other supplementary intake of vitamin D3 and hand, the evaluation of nutritional quality omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 of this resident and widespread species PUFA) consumptions by the general will be useful for consumers. population was recommended (Jump et al., Determination of the proximate 2012; Stark et al., 2016). This could result composition (proteins, carbohydrates, in a concomitant rise in brain serotonin lipids and moisture contents) is the first levels and function, therefore increasing step, which is used to ensure that fish normal cognitive function. In comparison tissues have good nutrition quality and that to the other European countries (23 kg it meets the requirements of food year-1 per capita) the fish consumption (n- regulations and commercial specifications 3 PUFA and vitamin D3 respectively) in (FAO, 2010). In the recent years, a number Bulgaria is traditionally low (5.1 kg year-1 of investigations have assessed the per capita). Bearing in mind all these facts, proximate composition of fish species as it would be beneficial to increase fish shad, horse mackerel, garfish and goby consumption especially native Black Sea from Southeast (Guner et al., 1998; Boran fish like round goby. It is well known that and Karaçam, 2011) and Northwest marine fish are richer sources of nutrients (Creteanu et al., 2008) part of the Black mentioned above compare to freshwater Sea. The chemical composition and fatty fish (Tocher, 2003; Ghomi et al., 2014). acids content of fish is known to be Some species inhabiting low salinity or affected by different abiotic factors brackish waters may also contain the high including seasons. However, studies of amounts of n-3 PUFA. One interesting but seasonal changes in the proximate and fat invasive Black Sea species, which inhabit soluble components (fatty acids, vitamins) marine and brackish waters, is round goby. of the commercially important round goby After invasion in Black Sea region this (N. melanostomus) from Bulgarian part of small, resident (non-migrated) Gobies the Black Sea are lacking. Furthermore, species acquire even economic the fish demand has been increased in the significance. According to official recent years and consumers’ interests turn statistics of the fishing on Gobies in into the investigated species (Health of the Bulgaria, their catches have kept the Nation Report, 2009). Unfortunately, the second place during the last two decades available information about the nutrition and the target Gobiid species is Neogobius quality of round goby edible tissues is still melanostomus (Vassilev et al., 2011; insufficient and incomplete. Therefore, the National Strategic Plan for Fisheries and aims of this work are to assess the seasonal Aquaculture 2007-2013). This demersal changes of the proximate composition, fish is of commercial interest for the Black fatty acids profile and fat soluble vitamins Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(2) 2020 782 content of edible tissues of the round goby calculated as weight loss. Crude protein (N. melanostomus) caught from the content has determined by Kjeldahl Bulgarian Black Sea coast. method (BDS 9374:1982). Total lipids (TL) were determined according to Bligh Materials and methods and Dyer procedure (1959) and results Sample preparation were presented as g per 100 g wet weight All fresh fish specimens were purchased (g 100g-1w.w.). Carbohydrate content has from Varna local fish markets during calculated by subtracting the total of fishing season in spring (March 2015) and protein, TL and water as a whole. Energy autumn (September 2015). The fish value has calculated by multiplying fat and species were caught from Varna Region of protein with appropriate coefficients (4.0 the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Specimens kcal g-1 for proteins and carbohydrates, 9.0 of similar body weight and length have kcal g-1 for lipids) (FAO, 2010). been selected from captured species in both seasons. Biological characteristics, Fatty acids analysis such as body weight (g), length (cm) and Fatty acids compositions of TL in edible habitats are noted in Table 1. A minimum fish tissues have determined by Gas of twenty-five specimens have been chromatography (GC) of the randomly selected from 2 kg batches corresponding methyl esters. The residual during each individual season. Fish were lipid fraction was methylated by base- immediately gutted, filleted, minced and catalysed transmethylation according to then stored at –20 ºC prior to analysis. BDS EN ISO 12966-2:2017. Gas chromatography has performed by a Table 1: Biological characteristics of analysed FOCUS Gas Chromatograph with Polaris goby samples (meanSD). Q MS detector (Thermo Scientific, USA). Sampling Length Weigh Season location (cm) (g) Three replicate GC analyses have Spring Varna 16.0±1.1 65.0.0±1.0 performed. The values of FA have Autumn Varna 17.5±1.5 74.0±2.5 SD - standard deviation expressed as percentage of total FAs mass as a mean value±standard deviation (SD) Hydrographic parameters according to BDS EN ISO 12966-4:2015. During the study period, temperature The percentage values of long–chain n-3 ranged from 5.9°C in March 2015 to 24.4 FA (EPA+DHA) were recalculated to g °C in September 2015 (www. 100g-1 of goby edible tissues according to stringmeteo.com/synop/seawater.php,BG). FAO/INFOODS Guidelines (2012). All of Salinity varied from 17.5 ‰ (March 2015) the chemicals used in the experiments to 16.5‰ (September 2015). were at analytical grade and GC grade (Sharlau, Sharlau Sourcing Group, Spain). Proximate composition analysis The homogenized fish tissues Nutrition quality indices (NQI) (2.000±0.005 g) were dried at 105±2 oC in Nutrition qualities have been estimated by an air oven to constant weight for 16-18 several indices and ratios based on FAs hours (AOAC 950.46). The moisture has composition: the indices of atherogenicity 783 Merdzhanova and Dobreva, Fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins content of… (AI), thrombogenicity (TI), corresponding standards (Retinol solution, cholesterolemic index (h/H); n-6/n-3 and Fluka; DL-alpha Tocopherol, Supelco; PUFA/SFA ratios, according to Cholecalciferol, Supelco). The results are Simopoulos (2013). Ulbritct and Southgate expressed as µg 100g-1 wet weight (µg 100 (1991) suggest two indices – AI and TI g-1 w.w.). which might better describe the atherogenic and thrombogenic potential of Statistical analysis unsaturated FA. h/H presents the The results of analysis are presented as functional effects of different PUFAs of mean valuesstandard deviation (SD). cholesterol metabolism (hypo- and hyper- Column statistics has used for calculation cholesterolemic effect), and calculated of the means and standard deviations. according to Santos-Silva et al. (2002). Student’s t-test has used to evaluate the differences between the means. Statistical Extraction of fat soluble vitamins and significance has indicated at p<0.05. HPLC analysis Statistical analysis has done using Graph The extraction and quantity analysis has Pad Prizm 5, USA software. performed using the method of Dobreva et al. (2011). Three fat soluble vitamins (A, Results E and D3) have been analysed Proximate composition simultaneously using HPLC system The seasonal changes in the proximate (Thermo Scientific Spectra SYSTEM) composition of the round goby have been equipped with analytical column ODS2 shown in Table 2. In this study, it has Hypersil™ 250×4.6mm, 5um. The been found an inverse relationship quantitation has done by the method of between the water, protein and lipid external calibration comparing the contents of goby fish tissues.
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