Unisys Clearpath 4400 Is the Last Unisys Computer
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"Computers" Abacus—The First Calculator
Component 4: Introduction to Information and Computer Science Unit 1: Basic Computing Concepts, Including History Lecture 4 BMI540/640 Week 1 This material was developed by Oregon Health & Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. The First "Computers" • The word "computer" was first recorded in 1613 • Referred to a person who performed calculations • Evidence of counting is traced to at least 35,000 BC Ishango Bone Tally Stick: Science Museum of Brussels Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 2 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Abacus—The First Calculator • Invented by Babylonians in 2400 BC — many subsequent versions • Used for counting before there were written numbers • Still used today The Chinese Lee Abacus http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/ Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 3 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 1 Slide Rules John Napier William Oughtred • By the Middle Ages, number systems were developed • John Napier discovered/developed logarithms at the turn of the 17 th century • William Oughtred used logarithms to invent the slide rude in 1621 in England • Used for multiplication, division, logarithms, roots, trigonometric functions • Used until early 70s when electronic calculators became available Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 4 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Mechanical Computers • Use mechanical parts to automate calculations • Limited operations • First one was the ancient Antikythera computer from 150 BC Used gears to calculate position of sun and moon Fragment of Antikythera mechanism Component 4/Unit 1-4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum 5 Version 2.0/Spring 2011 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, Italy Leonardo da Vinci • Two notebooks discovered in 1967 showed drawings for a mechanical calculator • A replica was built soon after Leonardo da Vinci's notes and the replica The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine . -
UNIVAC I Computer System
Saved from the Internet on 3/9/2010 Created by Allan Reiter UNIVAC I Computer System After you look at this yellow page go to the blue page to find out how UNIVAC I really worked. My name is Allan Reiter and in 1954 began my career with a company in St Paul, Minnesota called Engineering Research Associates (ERA) that was part of the Remington Rand Corporation. I was hired with 3 friends, Paul S. Lawson, Vernon Sandoz, and Robert Kress. We were buddies who met in the USAF where we were trained and worked on airborne radar on B-50 airplanes. In a way this was the start of our computer career because the radar was controlled by an analog computer known as the Q- 24. After discharge from the USAF Paul from Indiana and Vernon from Texas drove up to Minnesota to visit me. They said they were looking for jobs. We picked up a newspaper and noticed an ad that sounded interesting and decided to check it out. The ad said they wanted people with military experience in electronics. All three of us were hired at 1902 West Minnehaha in St. Paul. We then looked up Robert Kress (from Iowa) and he was hired a few days later. The four of us then left for Philadelphia with three cars and one wife. Robert took his wife Brenda along. This was where the UNIVAC I was being built. Parts of the production facilities were on an upper floor of a Pep Boys building. Another building on Allegheny Avenue had a hydraulic elevator operated with water pressure. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,761,485 Munyan (45) Date of Patent: Jun
USOO5761485A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,761,485 Munyan (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 2, 1998 54 PERSONAL ELECTRONIC BOOKSYSTEM Miyazawa et al. ("An Electronic Book: APTBook". Human-Computer Interaction-Interact '90. Proceedings of 76) Inventor: Daniel E. Munyan, 805 Mt. Gretna the IFIPTC 13 Third International Conference, 1 Jan. 1990, Rd., Elizabethtown, Pa. 17022 pp. 513-519). 21 Appl. No.: 565,915 (List continued on next page.) 22 Filed: Dec. 1, 1995 (51) Int. Cl. ............................ G06F 15/02; G06F 17/40: Primary Examiner Emanuel Todd Voeltz G09G 1/02 Assistant Examiner-Phalaka Kik 52 U.S. Cl. .............................. 395/500; 345/901; 326/8: Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Earl F. Clifford; Clifford & 395/187.01; 455/411 Clifford Law Firm 58) Field of Search .................................... 395/2.69, 500, 395/145. 2.82, 186, 187.01, 188.01, 200.09. 57 ABSTRACT 650; 455/89; 379/98. 368, 58: 348/134: The Personal Electronic Book System invention replaces a 382/14, 56; 345/192, 127, 130,901: 434/317: standard handheld book with an electronic equivalent. The 326/8; 364/286.4, 286.5, 949.81 260: 365/185.04; invention is sized and configured to be book size and to open 462/903: 463/29: 902/4 like a book for use. When opened, the user sees two facing page-like touch-sensitive, display screens with black print 56) References Cited on white background. Icons represent the electronically U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS stored material. "artwork, audio clips, books, E-mail, faxes, 3,718,906 2/1973 Lighter. -
CHAP Videos' Summary W/Links (Vipclubmn.Org)
An IT Legacy Paper September 2019 Revised December 2020 Computer History Archives Projects Mark Greenia, Researcher and Producer former University of San Francisco Adjunct Professor Introduction Mark posted the ERA video {#1 below} on September 26th, 2019 – over 1,000 views during the first weekend. Mr. Greenia noted that as of Sept. 27th CHAP videos had had over 775,000 views. This paper1 lists the ERA/…/UNISYS associated videos produced by CHAP, the Computer History Museum, and the Hagley Museum plus two bonus clips. Replaced item 12 with a new video in December 2020. Table of Contents2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Computer History "Engineering Research Associates" - Atlas, ERA 1101, Univac Sperry Rand Minnesota ......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. 1977 Sperry UNIVAC Drive Exerciser Diagnostic Unit: .................................................................. 3 3. 1961 Remington Rand UNIVAC "What Do You Want?" Sperry UNISYS LARC Athena Solid-State Computers ........................................................................................................................................ 3 4. 1949 BINAC: Binary Automatic Computer, History Mauchly Eckert EMCC UNIVAC First Stored Program, U.S .................................................................................................................................... -
Human Services Examiner
Cayuga County Department of Human Resources and Civil Service Commission JOB SPECIFICATION Civil Service Title: HUMAN SERVICES EXAMINER Jurisdictional Class: Competitive Civil Division: County Adoption: CSM 12/17/03 Revised: CSM 02/09/05 (Change in Title); 10/18/06; 6/14/17; 3/16/21 DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE CLASS: This position exists in the Department of Social Services and involves responsibility to participate in the delivery of financial service programs including: Public Assistance, Medical Assistance, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Child Support Enforcement Services. The work is performed in accordance with State and Federal regulations and department policy and involves responsibility in determining financial eligibility, investigations, in-depth interviewing, establishing amounts of assistance, making appropriate referrals; and the processing and maintenance of a variety of forms and records. In addition, the incumbents may represent the department in court as custodian of record to ascertain the completeness of records. Depending upon unit and/or assignment, work is performed under the direct or general supervision of a higher-level employee with leeway allowed in the performance of work assignments. Supervision is not normally a function of the class. Does related work as required. TYPICAL WORK ACTIVITIES: (Illustrative Only) Conducts investigations, including in-depth interviews to elicit sufficient information to approve, deny or determine the feasibility of a financial service/program, make an -
The UNIVAC System, 1948
5 - The WHAT*S YOUR PROBLEM? Is it the tedious record-keepin% and the arduous figure-work of commerce and industry? Or is it the intricate mathematics of science? Perhaps yoy problem is now considered im ossible because of prohibitive costs asso- ciated with co b methods of solution.- The UNIVAC* SYSTEM has been developed by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer to solve such problems. Within its scope come %fm%s as diverse as air trarfic control, census tabu- lakions, market research studies, insurance records, aerody- namic desisn, oil prospecting, searching chemical literature and economic planning. The UNIVAC COMPUTER and its auxiliary equipment are pictured on the cover and schematically pre- sented on the opposite page. ELECTRONS WORK FASTER.---- thousands of times faster ---- than re- lavs and mechanical parts. The mmuses the in- he&ently high speed *of the electron tube to obtain maximum roductivity with minimum equipment. Electrons workfaster %an ever before in the newly designed UNIVAC CO~UTER, in which little more than one-millionth of a second is needed to deal with a decimal d'igit. Coupled with this computer are magnetic tape records which can be read and classified while new records are generated at a rate of ten thousand decimal- digits per second. f AUTOMATIC OPERATION is the key to greater economies in the 'hand- ling of all sorts of information, both numerical and alpha- betic. For routine tasks only a small operating staff is re- -qured. Changing from one job to another is only a matter of a few minutes. Flexibilit and versatilit are inherent in the UNIVAC methoM o e ectronic *contro ma in9 use of an ex- tremely large storage facility for ttmemorizi@ instructions~S LOW MAINTENANCE AND HIGH RELIABILITY are assured by a design which draws on the technical skill of a group of engineers who have specialized in electronic computing techniques. -
Sperry Rand's Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980
Sperry Rand’s Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980 George T. Gray and Ronald Q. Smith The change from transistors to integrated circuits in the mid-1960s marked the beginning of third-generation computers. A late entrant (1962) in the general-purpose, transistor computer market, Sperry Rand Corporation moved quickly to produce computers using ICs. The Univac 1108’s success (1965) reversed the company’s declining fortunes in the large-scale arena, while the 9000 series upheld its market share in smaller computers. Sperry Rand failed to develop a successful minicomputer and, faced with IBM’s dominant market position by the end of the 1970s, struggled to maintain its position in the computer industry. A latecomer to the general-purpose, transistor would be suitable for all types of processing. computer market, Sperry Rand first shipped its With its top management having accepted the large-scale Univac 1107 and Univac III comput- recommendation, IBM began work on the ers to customers in the second half of 1962, System/360, so named because of the intention more than two years later than such key com- to cover the full range of computing tasks. petitors as IBM and Control Data. While this The IBM 360 did not rely exclusively on lateness enabled Sperry Rand to produce rela- integrated circuitry but instead employed a tively sophisticated products in the 1107 and combination of separate transistors and chips, III, it also meant that they did not attain signif- called Solid Logic Technology (SLT). IBM made icant market shares. Fortunately, Sperry’s mili- a big event of the System/360 announcement tary computers and the smaller Univac 1004, on 7 April 1964, holding press conferences in 1005, and 1050 computers developed early in 62 US cities and 14 foreign countries. -
Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division Photographs and Audiovisual Materials 1985.261
Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials 1985.261 This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on September 14, 2021. Description is written in: English. Describing Archives: A Content Standard Audiovisual Collections PO Box 3630 Wilmington, Delaware 19807 [email protected] URL: http://www.hagley.org/library Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials 1985.261 Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 3 Historical Note ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 6 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 8 Bibliography -
UNIX Operating System Porting Experiences*
UNIX Operating System Porting Experiences* D. E. BODENSTAB, T. F. HOUGHTON, K. A. KELLEMAN, G. RONKIN, and E. P. SCHAN ABSTRACT One of the reasons for the dramatic growth in popularity of the UNIX(TM) operating sys- tem is the portability of both the operating system and its associated user-level programs. This paper highlights the portability of the UNIX operating system, presents some gen- eral porting considerations, and shows how some of the ideas were used in actual UNIX operating system porting efforts. Discussions of the efforts associated with porting the UNIX operating system to an Intel(TM) 8086-based system, two UNIVAC(TM) 1100 Series processors, and the AT&T 3B20S and 3B5 minicomputers are presented. I. INTRODUCTION One of the reasons for the dramatic growth in popularity of the UNIX [1, 2] operating system is the high degree of portability exhibited by the operating system and its associated user-level programs. Although developed in 1969 on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP7(TM), the UNIX operating system has since been ported to a number of processors varying in size from 16-bit microprocessors to 32-bit main- frames. This high degree of portability has made the UNIX operating system a candidate to meet the diverse computing needs of the office and computing center environments. This paper highlights some of the porting issues associated with porting the UNIX operating system to a variety of processors. The bulk of the paper discusses issues associated with porting the UNIX operat- ing system kernel. User-level porting issues are not discussed in detail. -
P the Pioneers and Their Computers
The Videotape Sources: The Pioneers and their Computers • Lectures at The Compp,uter Museum, Marlboro, MA, September 1979-1983 • Goal: Capture data at the source • The first 4: Atanasoff (ABC), Zuse, Hopper (IBM/Harvard), Grosch (IBM), Stibitz (BTL) • Flowers (Colossus) • ENIAC: Eckert, Mauchley, Burks • Wilkes (EDSAC … LEO), Edwards (Manchester), Wilkinson (NPL ACE), Huskey (SWAC), Rajchman (IAS), Forrester (MIT) What did it feel like then? • What were th e comput ers? • Why did their inventors build them? • What materials (technology) did they build from? • What were their speed and memory size specs? • How did they work? • How were they used or programmed? • What were they used for? • What did each contribute to future computing? • What were the by-products? and alumni/ae? The “classic” five boxes of a stored ppgrogram dig ital comp uter Memory M Central Input Output Control I O CC Central Arithmetic CA How was programming done before programming languages and O/Ss? • ENIAC was programmed by routing control pulse cables f ormi ng th e “ program count er” • Clippinger and von Neumann made “function codes” for the tables of ENIAC • Kilburn at Manchester ran the first 17 word program • Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill wrote the first book on programmiidbBbbIiSiing, reprinted by Babbage Institute Series • Parallel versus Serial • Pre-programming languages and operating systems • Big idea: compatibility for program investment – EDSAC was transferred to Leo – The IAS Computers built at Universities Time Line of First Computers Year 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 ••••• BTL ---------o o o o Zuse ----------------o Atanasoff ------------------o IBM ASCC,SSEC ------------o-----------o >CPC ENIAC ?--------------o EDVAC s------------------o UNIVAC I IAS --?s------------o Colossus -------?---?----o Manchester ?--------o ?>Ferranti EDSAC ?-----------o ?>Leo ACE ?--------------o ?>DEUCE Whirl wi nd SEAC & SWAC ENIAC Project Time Line & Descendants IBM 701, Philco S2000, ERA.. -
Fundamentals of Computers (Information Technology)
NME 1 : FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) UNIT-1 Introduction and Data Representation in Digital Computer - Historical Background of computer - merits and limitation of computer - First to fifth Generation of Computers - Characteristics of Computers - Classification of Computers Introduction and Data Representation in Digital Computers Data and instructions cannot be entered and processed directly into computers using human language. Any type of data be it numbers, letters, special symbols, sound or pictures must first be converted into machine-readable form i.e. binary form. Due to this reason, it is important to understand how a computer together with its peripheral devices handles data in its electronic circuits, on magnetic media and in optical devices. Electronic components, such as microprocessor, are made up of millions of electronic circuits. The availability of high voltage(on) in these circuits is interpreted as ‘1’ while a low voltage (off) is interpreted as ‘0’.This concept can be compared to switching on and off an electric circuit. When the switch is closed the high voltage in the circuit causes the bulb to light (‘1’ state).on the other hand when the switch is open, the bulb goes off (‘0’ state). This forms a basis for describing data representation in digital computers using the binary number system. Number System Base Value Number and Alphabetic character used 1 Binary 2 0, 1 2 Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 3 Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 4 Hexa decimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Number systems and their representation A number system is a set of symbols used to represent values derived from a common base or radix. -
Creativity – Success – Obscurity
Author Gerry Pickering CREATIVITY – SUCCESS – OBSCURITY UNIVAC, WHAT HAPPENED? A fellow retiree posed the question of what happened. How did the company that invented the computer snatch defeat from the jaws of victory? The question piqued my interest, thus I tried to draw on my 32 years of experiences in the company and the myriad of information available on the Internet to answer the question for myself and hopefully others that may still be interested 60+ years after the invention and delivery of the first computers. Computers plural, as there were more than one computer and more than one organization from which UNIVAC descended. J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, located in Philadelphia PA are credited with inventing the first general purpose computer under a contract with the U.S. Army. But our heritage also traces back to a second group of people in St. Paul MN who developed several computers about the same time under contract with the U.S. Navy. This is the story of how these two companies started separately, merged to become one company, how that merged company named UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computers) grew to become a main rival of IBM (International Business Machines), then how UNIVAC was swallowed by another company to end up in near obscurity compared to IBM and a changing industry. Admittedly it is a biased story, as I observed the industry from my perspective as an employee of UNIVAC. It is also biased in that I personally observed only a fraction of the events as they unfolded within UNIVAC. This story concludes with a detailed account of my work assignments within UNIVAC.