VOL. IV, No. 38 SEPTEMBER 23, 1944

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One Step Toward a Better Europe Those people who do not know geography Having progressed that far in the lin­ are learning very rapidly these last few guistic labyrinth, they hear that not all Bel­ weeks, but one cannot blame them if at gians speak French but that the majority of times they are somewhat bewildered. For them speak . Then again they are instance, they knew about the existence of told that Flemish is Dutch and that the Holland and , but now they hear official Belgian documents are published about the or the Low Lands both in French and in what is officially and also about the , and they called Netherlandish, which is Dutch and have a hard time keeping them apart. When which is Flemish. At this point they may they have understood that by Low Coun­ lose confidence in their book knowledge tries are meant both Belgium and Holland, and consult a Dutchman (Hollander or although these are separate political enti­ Netherlander) and ask him if the Flemings ties, that the Nether lands mean only H ol­ speak Dutch. He may answer, "Yes, in a land and not Belgium, they are confronted way!" They may consult a Belgian-Fleming with another problem: the inhabitants of and ask if he speaks Dutch and the answer the Nether lands who are called either may be, "I earnestly try to." Dutchmen, Hollanders or Netherlanders To save the poor student of geography speak Dutch, that much one knows. One from going berserk, someone must stand up suspects that it is not the same language as and tell him that Flemish is to Dutch what Pennsylvania Dutch, which is German mix­ American is to English, or - not to make ed with bad English grammar. it too plain at once - the reverse, that the NEWS FROM BELGJUM SEPTEMBER 23, 1944 difference between the language of of Charles V and to and that of Holland is approximately the join Belgium and Holland together. same as that between Mr. Churchill's and It did not work out very well, mainly Mr. Roosevelt's English, a matter of vocabu· on account of administrative blundering by lary and-pronunciation; lift for elevator and a well-meaning but very conservative mon­ footpath for sidewalk, etc., etc. Once the arch, and to the astonishment of Europe newspaper reader has survived this informa­ the Belgian revolt against the Dutch regime tion and got hold of the clues, he may pro­ in 1830 became a success. ceed without danger on the road to further The Belgian revolution proved one his­ knowledge. torical fact, - that although people may He will find out that the Belgians and have a common historical tradition, a com­ the Dutch have a great deal in common, mon language and a lot of common interests, although they are in many respects very two centuries of separation create a distance different. Up to the end of the sixteenth which leaves practical and psychological re­ century they constituted one single country sults. Different institutions influence peo­ the seventeen Provinces of the Low Coun­ ples differently. Above all, the religious tries which belonged to . All of them difference between the two countries was revolted against the Spanish regime: the instrumental in creating an atmosphere in issue was freedom of religion, which meant Holland which could not be likened to the at that time simply freedom, at least at the Belgian atmosphere. A century ago the in­ outset. Human folly being as it is, immense fluence of religious thinking on social and and incurable, once the fighters for religious political life was certainly far greater than freedom attained their object, they started it is now: it was a determining factor in the persecuting those who did not adhere to Dutch-Belgian conflict. The Dutch regarded their doctrines, just as a century later the the Belgians as easy-going, bigoted papists· brave men who, on account of their con­ the Belgians looked on the Dutch as sour victions, had come to the wilderne8s of heretics. The Belgians were profoundly in­ America used to pester those who did not fluenced by the French outlook on life, the worship exactly as they did. (It is all very Dutch more by the English and by the discouraging, but it is wearing off!) When lessons they had derived from their own the Spanish reconquered the Southern Neth­ extraordinary achievements on the sea and erlands, they restored Catholicism; when in the colonies. The Belgians, although most they had to give up reducing the Northern of them were of Dutch stock, had a lot of Provinces, they were forced to make their "Latin" in their character; the Dutch abhor­ peace with these "heretics," who were ag­ red this apparent flightiness. gressive Protestants. All that was 114 years ago and since then From then on till 1814, Holland took the a lot has changed. Religious differences no high road to prosperity and riches, Belgium longer set nations against each other, men took the low road to provincialism and are no longer ready to fight for or against mediocrity. Holland became a great nation, the doctrine of predestination. They fight Belgium became a more or less neglected for their interests and for their civil free­ outpost of Spain, later on of Austria, and dom. finally of conquering . When the In the last hundred years the Dutch and Allied countries had finally broken down the Belgians have discovered that - their the Adolf of their day, Napoleon they de­ quarrel being settled - a great number of cided to reunite under the Dutch king the elements in their respective economies were

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bound to bring them closer together. Neither land's economy would be a complement to of them was bloodthirsty or wanted to the highly industrialized Belgian economy. avenge anything. There was some bickering They had the vision of a group of seventeen from time to time, but without consequence. million people, located in the most inter­ They found out that they were both small esting part of Europe, defending their com­ countries of about the same size, as to ter­ mon interests unanimously, making cultural ritory and population. That they were at and economic contacts among themselves the mercy of their neighbors and apt to easier, transforming the Meuse-Rhine­ become buffer states between conflicting Scheldt delta into an economic unit which, interests. They both had colonial empires together with the Grand Duchy of Luxem­ to protect and care for. Spiritually they bourg, already linked to Belgium in a cus­ enriched each other. Flemish writers learn­ toms union, would be an impressive and ed a great deal from the formal perfection respectable ensemble. of Dutch letters in the last century, and Efforts to that end had failed repeatedly when Flemish literature experienced a new on account of a number of secondary blossoming, it greatly profited Dutch writ­ factors. But the common dangers of1939- ing. In recent years there was less distance 1940 brought forth a common political between Dutch and Flemish letters than action on the part of Queen Wilhelmina and there was between French and French-writ­ King Leopold. Together, expressing the will ing Belgian authors. The latter had always of their peoples, they appealed to the na­ to contend with a great and productive liter­ tions of Europe to save peace and they of­ ary activity; the Flemish authors met the fered their good services. Both Belgium and Dutch as perfect equals. Holland were engulfed in the German am· But the main element of rapprochement lanche of 1940. Common suffering and the was the fact that both countries understood realization that their fate in Western Eu­ how the combination of their economic rope reposes on solidarity and not on strife assets could lead to very interesting results: resulted a few weeks ago in the conclusion they were competitors as far as maritime of a customs union between Holland anJ trade was concerned. Both had their com­ Belgium. It had already existed between mercial hinterland to a great extent in Ger­ Belgium and since 1921, to the many. The ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp ~atisfaction of both parties. It is temporary sometimes looked at each other askance, m character - on account of the war situa· each trying to snatch traffic from the other, It had been preceded by a monetary agree­ but after all, that was a traditional proce­ for a permanent and complete settlement. dure which only an earthquake could alter. in character- on account of the war situa­ The competition of two great ports could ment between the two nations. never lead to the decadence of one or the The significance of these agreements for the three parties concerned is not to be other: they were doomed to stand each underestimated, but they are also of great other and to compete. interest for the rest of the world. Belgians Economic rapprochements are never bas­ and Dutchmen are known as realistic and ed on similarity but on contrast. For more practical people. By what they have done, than thirty years, therefore, groups of bus­ they clearly point the way to a regional re­ inessmen have tried in Belgium and in H ol­ organization of Europe which will improve land to establish greater intimacy between economic conditions and which will make both countries because they understood that international relations safer and sounder. the mainly agricultural character of Hol- -THE EDITOR.

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speculation that P rince Charles, who i Count 1. Belgium of Flanders and a brother of King Leopold III, would be installed as a regent, since King Leo­ The War pold is a prisoner of the . It is believed that Prince Charles had been in biding in Bel­ Royal Palaces at Antwerp and at gium. Disposal of R ed Cross - Some time before having been taken to , King Leopold Economic and Social Life offered the royal palace at Antwerp to the Red German Occupation Ruined Belgian Agri­ Cross for use as a hospital. In August 1942, culture- The German-controlled newspapers part of the royal palace in Brussels was placed in occupied Belgium were obliged to admit thn at the disposal of the Red Cross by the King, the German occupation bas ruined Belgian ao-ri­ also for use as a hospital. culture. One of these papers wrote : "The war has caused a loss of £fteen billion francs (about $480,000,000) to Belgian agricul­ Mayor of Bruges Sends Thanks to ture. The impoverishment of that industry ex· Canadian Prime Minister tends to the livestock, the equipment, and the reserve fertility of the soil. The number of bo­ Th e Burgomaster of Bruges sent the following vine has fallen by 670 829 head; the number message from his newly liberated city to the of pigs by 365,000; that of horses by 40,000, Prime Minister of : and of poultry by 16,500,000." "Today, delivered and preserved by the splendid conduct of the brave Canadian Belgium Starving- A cJipping from the troops, the Municipality of Bruges pre­ Brooklyn, New York Ea,r;le tates that Belgium sents to the Right Honourable William Lyon will need ten years to re,.,.ain normalcy. "Th Mackenzie Ki ng, Prime Minister of Canada, Germans bled the Belgians white, physically the homa ge of all her gratitude and ad­ and economieall ," v rites John A. Parris from miration. Victor Van Hoestenberghe Brussels. Burgomaster of Bruges." He goe on, "Rehabilitation experts who kept charts of the country's decline under German f f f occupation estimated today that it would take The Canadian Prime Minister acknowledged at least ten years to bring Belgium back to it the message as follows: prewar tanda.rd. "I thank you for your kind message for­ "Jviany Belgian women have lost 20 to -!0 warded by the G. 0. C. in C. First Cana­ pound and the children have been tnnted for dian Army, which reached me yesterday lack of Sllfficient food and vitamins. The .._ azi at Quebec where the meetings between had the country on a starvation basi . the President of t he and the Prime Minister of Great Brit ain a re now " uthorities told me after my arrival here taking pl ace. Th e news that t he liberat ing with the Belgian Government returning from forces of t he historic and beautiful city of London after years of exile that the people of Bruges were Canadians has been received Brussels had not seen pork or fi h since the Ger­ with great enthusiam throughout Canada. mans moved in. To you and all its citizens I send on behalf "The bread was so bad dog refu ed to eat it, of the Canadian people warmest greeting s they said. It was made of ground bean and and the best of wishes. peas, with grass and a little rea 1 flour. W. L. Mackenzie King." "When the Allies came back to Belgimn the food shortage had reached such a stage that eco­ nomic experts estimated one-fourth of the coun­ Prince Charles of Belgium Reported try's women and children would have succumb­ Home -According to The New York Sun of ed in another year of such conditions." September 18, Prince Charles of Belgium, whose whereabouts have been a mystery, has Belgians Establish Own Exchange Rate - arrived in Brussels. The New York Herald Tribune of September The paper states that there has been some 14 carries the following comment :

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Mississippi Yank Gets Kissed - A private from Louisville, Mississippi, receives a kiss from a Belgian girl after U.S. troops entered liege. Happy greetings from the Belg ians to the Ameri­ cans and vice versa are scrawled on the tank. German Prisoners Rounded Up as British Capture Antwerp. Hundreds of German prisoners being marched through the streets of Antwerp with the Central Station in the background.

German Prisoners Rounded Up as British Capture Antwerp. German prisoners and Belgian collaborators are guarded by British soldiers on tl,eir march through Antwerp streets. .. Scene in Brussels. The people of Brussels gave British and Belgian troops a tremendous wel­ come. They rode on the vehicles, waved flags and threw flowers.

TO OUR

British Advance in Belgium. A banner across a road in Antoing reads "Welcome to Our Allies." British armor is seen making its way through. The Mayor of Liberated Brussels Addresses the People. Mayor Van De Meulebroeck (center, front row), who was a prisoner for 2 I / 2 years, and party on the balcony of a building in the Market Place after addressing the crowd.

A section of the huge crowd in the Market Place, Brussels, where the city's mayor addressed the people. Many hands are raised in the V-for-Victory salute. N bJWS FROM BELGIUM SEPTEMBER 23, 1944

"Impressive evidence is accumulating of a Remaining alive in Liege :for almost any Jew rapid tUl'n to sound financial practi<_!es, under was an incredible :feat, especially after the Ger­ the principal influence of the Low Countries. A mans promulgated in this city two years ago private American loan to the Belgian govern­ their anti-Semitic Nuremberg laws. Rabbi Lep­ ment, it now appears, is being negotiated along chivcher saw his 73-year-old :father and his 69- with the similar credit to the Netherlands. It year-old mother dragged off to Germany and appears, moreover, that the Belgians wanted no death. The Rabbi himself found refuge in the part of the invasion currency which is being home o:f a Catholic :family, where he remained scattered over liberated Europe and which is hidden :for two weeks, working as a house ser­ sure to cause endless headaches on the score of vant. H e told me that som e Jewish gu·ls and accounting, responsibility, and perhaps of legi­ women were saved by a Catholic sister, who timacy. They made their own national currency dressed them as nuns and permitted them to li.ve available to the liberatinO' forces and established in a convent. their own exchange rate of 43.773 Belgian It was a picturesque congregation at the cere­ francs to the dollar, along with the equivalent mony. American soldiers wearing _their steel respecting sterling." helmets and with their rifles beside them, were among the worn and weary Liege Jews, who Religious Life wept with joy and thanked the Americans end­ N. Y . Gls Join Jewry of Liege in Rites - lessly. H. R. Knickerbocker, in a special dispatch to The U. S. infantry division had sent money PM) writes: and men to clean the synagogue and £t it with Wilh the 1st V. S. A.rmy at Liege, B elgium) new electric lights. The holy scrolls had nearly ept. 18. - Two score J ewish GI's and officers all been used by the Germans as carpets for the from all over the U. . A. but chiefly from N ew floor, but the Rabbi had hidden £ve ancl took York, aided Liege J eWI·y in returning t'o this them out. At the end of the ceremony the happy city last night - of this Jewish New Year, congregation thronged about the Americans. Rosh Hashanah - after £ve years o:f living death under the Nazis. Resistance to Nazi Occupation These American soldiers and about 70 Liege Belgian Boy Saved Bridge for Allies - Jews, led by Rabbi Joseph Lepchivcher, reopen­ A dispatch to The N ew York Times :from Ant­ ed and reconsecrated the Liege synagogue, which werp, September 17, reads: the Nazis desecrated and closed when they came How an 11-year-old Belgian boy stopped the to Liege in June, 1940. There were 3000 Jews Germans :from blowing up the last bridge over in Liege then. The handful which assembled in the Rupel River near Boom and thus made pos­ the syna"'ogue believed there could not be more sible the continued Briti h advance may become than 200 or 300 now. a legen d as famous as that of the little Dutch By J ewish chronology, yesterday was the boy who plugged a dike with his thumb to save 5705th Rosh Hashanah and Jews have nffered Holland from the sea. much aud enjoyed many !ITeat days in those A resistance movement member saw and talk­ centuries. But the J ewry of Liege :feels that this ed with the boy. The Germans were fleeing north ew Year's day deserves to rank among the and east from Brus els toward the Dutch fron­ greatest in Jewish history. tier, bl owing up bridges behind them. Just north Maj. 'l:ichael Kowal, a dental officer in a of Boom one bridge remained. The Germans . S. Infantry Division, who lives in Rochester, moved the last of their troops across and engin­ N . Y., as isted the Rabbi in conducting the eers placed dynamite under the structure and service before a congregation that could hardly attached wires leading to the detonator. believe the event could be real. Hidden in bushes near by, the boy watched Of the Jewish residents o:f Liege who were the Germans set the explosives. When they had present, there was not one who had not been £nished he slipped :from his hiding place, cut tortured in a concentration camp or lost :friends the wires, then slipped back and ran to the vil­ and relatives among the Belgian Jews who had lage. been killed or taken to Germany :for fates worse Until Germany i. defeated be must remain than death. anonymous.

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We reprint here the proclamation issued by Burgomaster Fr. ]. Van De Meule­ broeck on .June 30, 1941. It was this gesture of defiance which led to the Mayor's ar­ rest and imprisonment by the Nazis. My dear Fellow Citizens, The German Authorities have just informed me that I must relinquish my office. I have no option but to conform to this order, although legally it is a violation of Convention and, in fact, nothing justifies such a decision against me. I feel that I have loyally and usefully accomplished the multiple duties, often so hard, which befall to the chiefs of towns and communities occupied by the enemy. I have been given the offer to remain in office, but under circumstances such that they would have implied my participation in the execution of the Decrees of April 16 and May 26, 1941. Had I accepted, it meant giving up my honor and my duty; it meant disobedience to the fundamental laws of our country, the laws to which I have sworn fidelity; I refused. Contrary to what is being said, I have not left my post and I have not resigned. l am, I remain, I will remain the only legitimate burgomaster of Brussels. I am not bidding you adieu, but au revoir. In taking leave from you temporarily, I ask you to bear your matel"iaJ and moral hardships with calm, courage ana confidence. You will face fate with a strong souJ and a proud heart. · Those who really belong to our race fear nothing nor anybody m this world. They have but one fear: to fail to their duty and to their honor. Remain united: union will be our strength and will assure us a happier future. God will protect Belgium and her King.

Brave Mayor of Brussels Returns to City rider handed him a document which instructed Hall - The following dispatch by L. S. B. Sha­ him to appear at a crossroads two miles east of pirO", North American Newspaper Alliance, ap­ the city to welcome officially the German Army. peared in The Pittsburgh Press, September 11. 'I paid no attention to the order,' the Bur­ It bore the dateline Brussels, September 6. gomaster said. 'It was beneath my dignity as "Following in the footsteps of his famous pre­ the Burgomaster of Brussels to hand over the decessor, Burgomaster Adolph Max, the current city to some minor German officer. I simply sat burgomaster, Joseph Van De Meulebroeck, typi­ in my office and did my r~oW.ar work. fied the defiance of Brussels throughout the 'At 6 o'clock another dispatch rider arrived years· of German occupation. with another order threatening to bombard the "He was interned for three years because of city if I did not appear to welcome the Germans his defiance of the invaders, but now he is back by 9 o'clock. I sent back the message, saying I at the City Hall where on each of the last two would not appear, and I did not. mornings he has had to appear on the balcony to acknowledge cheers from the crowds below. 'At about 8 o'clock a Major came blustering [See fourth page of illustration section.] into my office and demanded to know why I was "Today as the Burgomaster drove through defying an order of the German Army. I told city streets with this correspondent, between him I was not defying anyone but was merely lanes of hysterically happy crowds, he told me carrying out my duties as Burgomaster of Bnls· wh~t happened May 17, 1940, when the Ger­ sels. mans enter.ed Brussels. 'He threatened bombardment, with every con ­ "His short, stocky figure shook with emotion ceivable distress, but he did not succeed in get­ as he spoke of the peremptory order he was ting me to hand over the city formally. At 9 given at 4 p. m. that day. A German dispatch o'clock the Germans occupied the City Hall.'

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"The Burgomaster was allowed to remain in "He remained in prison for three months, the City Hall until June, 1941, during which then was interned in his own home under guard. time he adopted 'a firm but proper attitude' Last Thursday he escaped his guards and hid toward the Germans. himself in the center of the city. "On June 30 he issued a proclamation [see "At 7 :30 last Sunday night, as the last Ger­ above] urging the citizens never to forget they mans were leaving Brussels, he entered the City are Belgians. The proclamation was posted be­ Hall again and began to carry out his duties. fore the Germans could interfere with its dis­ 'As you see,' be said, waving to the cheering tribution, and that night the Burgomaster was crowds, 'The Boche never conquered Brus e) jailed. they merely occupied it.' "

New York's Mayor Greets Colleague in Brussels Upon hearing that Fr. ]. Van De Meulebroeck, Burgomaster of Brussels, who had been imprisoned by the Germans for two and a half years for refusing to obey orders issued by the German Command, was restored to office, Mayor F. H. La Guardia of New York City sent the following telegram to Mr. Van De Meulebroeck: "Hon. Joseph Van De Meulebroeck Burgomeister Brussels, Belgium My dear Colleague: Congratulations n your return. Best wishes for your continued succe . Your city must he as proud of you as the world is proud of the citizens of Belgium. Long live Belgium ! F. H. LA GUARDIA, Mayor of the City of New York." ~

The List Still Mounts - The advance of Armand Moureaux of Piringen the liberating armies in Belgium was greatly Theo Cornips of Eisden, aided by sabotage on the part of the forces of Alfred Paree of Mechel n-snr-Meu the interior. On the eve of their retreat, the Ger­ Jean Vanhees of Eisden, mans continue to execute hostages and p atriot ~ Hubert Thieman of Vucht, in reprisal. The following are recent victims wh Alfons Heyligen of Beverloo, were shot by the Germans: Louis Horemans of Beringen-Minen Mathus Marting of Asch, Jules Pollet of Chevron. Jean Smets of Diepenbeek, Norbert Nizet of Liege, Gaston Delsaer of Zutendael Michel V ergetin of Liege, Jean Achten of Diepenbeek, W aldor Brichot of Brussel . Alphonse Schaeken of Koersel Fern and Generet of Crupet N amur. Clement Schaeken of Koersel, Three Belgians of I~iege Province - stated Alfons Meuris of Koersel, by a German-controlled newspaper to be ''known Albert Cuypers of Paal by all for their feelings and activities hostile to Oeter-Dominik Dekelver of Beverloo. the New Order"-have been mUl'dered in occu­ Emiel Jordens of Waterschei, pied Belgium. They were Mr. .A. Bourguignon, Josef-Alfons Jorden of Water cbei accountant, at .Amay; Mr. Foncoux, lawyer, in Frans Dorissen of Zwartberg, Huy; and Mr. J. Oolmant, a medical practi­ Andre Bergmans of W aterschei tioner, also in Huy. Julius Grommen of Zwartberg, The bodies of these three victims of the trai­ Pieter J eurissen of Bilsen, tors or of the Gestapo were found at La Croix, .Josef Manen of Asch a hamlet near Bonneville, N amur Province.

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General Gerard Calls Belgians to Arms­ Berlin "Propaganda Abteilung" and widely dis­ The New Y 01'k Sun, in the column headed tributed in occupied territory. "Who's News Today," carried the following The false Signal was dedicated to Mr. Church­ story on September 11: ill, in the following terms : ... The Belgians, with Genera] Eisenhower's "This very special number of Signal, intended help, find a leader to run out the last remnants for occnpied Belgium, is dedicated in admira­ tion to 111:r. Winston ChiD'chiU, the symbol of of the Nazis who have infested their country Resistance, in remembrance of the speech in f-or four years. which, after the capitulation of France, he re- 11fajor-Genera1 Ivan Gerard begins his third tored hope to the hearts of the BelO'ian ." personal war against Germany as he takes com· The front cover reproduces a photograph mand of Belgium's underground army. A young taken after the Munich Putsch in 1923, showing officer when the Kai er's legions swarmed over Hitler in handcuffs, with a plain-clothes police­ Liege and Namur in 1914: he was wounded man on either side of him. The caption declares early, and severely, and saw no great amount of that Hitler will soon be chained up again, and action in the first stages of that conflict. ':this time for good." Through the peace years that followed, bow­ This anti-German number of Signal wa sold ever, he prepared himself for this one, and when at 50 francs a copy in Brussels, in aid of the it began commanded the famous frontier Cycle political p1·isoners and the men of the maquis. Regiment. A soldier on a bicycle wa nothing The whole issue was snapped up in the twink­ much when the Germans put into operation for ling of an eye, and already the copies are highly the second time in a quarter of a century the prized in the unofficial market of the collectors great invasion plan designed by General von of underground newspapers. Schlieffen. Their tanks turned the mounts of tho Cycle Regiment into scrap tubing, and their roaring planes comple ed the wa h·up of the 2. whole Belgian Army. Port of Aketi Important Link with Mid­ Gerard not wounded this time, was taken dle East - On the waterways which connect up prisoner and hustled off to Germany. Shortly he many of the inland commercial center of the escaped, a feat which brings up an interesting Belgian Congo there are several ports where traf­ pictru·e of Germany's own underground. Look­ fic has considerably increased since the war. One ing back you can count up a lot of Allied officer of these, the port of Aketi, the shipping termi­ who escaped German prisons; the total is so nus of the Itimbiri River, has greatly developed. con iderable that it is easy to believe anti- azis For the pa t four years it has been an essential in Germany were numerous and helpful. port of call in the 9,375·mile route from the.At­ Mter his escape Gerard coolly retUl'ned to lantic to the }~fiddle Ea t by way of the R1ver Belgium and organized that country s under­ Con"'O and the Nile. Aketi is linked with the ground along effective military lines. Six months Nileb by excellent highways' . ago, with the Gestapo on his trail, he e caped to The port has been called upon to make its England, made contact with Allied headquarters greatest war effort in connection with the end­ and his own government in exile, and et the inO' of goods to the udan. In even ear the stage for his present appointment. He is 5-1: annual volume of traffic has in reased from 22,- years old. 150 tons to 56,G34 tons. British cargo passinO'

throuO'hb Aketi for the Middle Ea t amounted to Underground Press Scored "Signal" Vic­ 772 tons in 1!)41, 17,613 ton in 1942, and 30,- tory over Gestapo - hortly before the free­ 3 2 in 1D43. The other traffic increase recorded ing of Brussels, the Belgian underground press in the direction of the frontier were all con­ scored another victory over the Gestapo. It suc­ cerned with products used in the war industries, ceeded in printing and putting on sale in Brus­ and included p troleum (from 3, 25 tons in sels a patriotic counterfeit of the weekly illus­ 1937 to 6,938 tons in 1943) and cement (none trated newspaper Signal, which is edited by the before the war; 5,687 tons in 1!)43).

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