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Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes Ampullaria) Choice by Frogs of the Microhyla Nepenthicola and M

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Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes Ampullaria) Choice by Frogs of the Microhyla Nepenthicola and M Faculty of Resource Science and Technology PITCHER PLANT (NEPENTHES AMPULLARIA) CHOICE BY FROGS OF THE MICROHYLA NEPENTHICOLA AND M. BORNEENSIS COMPLEX FOR BREEDING AT KUBAH NATIONAL PARK, SARAWAK MOHAMAD PAISAL BIN WAHAB (24032) Bachelor of Science with Honours (Animal Resources Science and Management) 2012 PITCHER PLANT (NEPENTHES AMPULLARIA) CHOICE BY FROGS OF THE MICROHYLA NEPENTHICOLA AND M. BORNEENSIS COMPLEX FOR BREEDING AT KUBAH NATIONAL PARK, SARAWAK MOHAMAD PAISAL BIN WAHAB This project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours (Animal Resource Science and Management) Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2012 DECLARATION I hereby declare that no portion of this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher learning. _____________________________ MOHAMAD PAISAL BIN WAHAB Program of Animal Resource Science and Management Department of Zoology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak The project entitled ‘Pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria) choice by frogs of the Microhyla nepenthicola and M. borneensis complex for breeding at Kubah National Park, Sarawak’ was prepared by Mohamad Paisal Bin Wahab and submitted to the Faculty of Resource Science and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Zoology. Received for examination by: ____________________ (Prof. Dr. Indraneil Das) Date: ____________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, praise to Almighty Allah S.W.T for giving me wisdom and strength, to finish my final year project. I am also grateful to Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for giving me studentship for the past three years. My special acknowledgment goes towards my kind and respected supervisor, Prof. Dr. Indraneil Das and my co-supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Abu Affan, who has given me their precious guidance, enthusiasm, strength and support throughout this research. I am very pleased to thank Mr. Charlie Laman and Prof Dr Andrew Alex Tuen, Director IBEC for their suggestions and advice on writing this thesis. A wholeheartedly appreciated goes to the Chemistry Department staff, Mr. Salam and all of the Zoology Department staff, especially Mr. Wahap Marni and Mr. Isa Sait for their willingness to assist and advice during the sampling and analysis. I would like to thank my colleagues, especially Wan Fareez Bin Wan Idrus, Kirupaliny Susiee Bhaskaran, Nur Hidayah Binti Khairi, Sharizati Binti Rais and to my cousin, Norzaiheme Bin Yusuf for their assistance and support provided during the sampling period and data analysis. Lastly, I would like to convey my innermost gratitude towards my father, Mr. Wahab Bin Jolhi, my mother, Mrs. Sharifah Norheni Bt Tuanku Sulaiman and my closest friends who have been prayed and gave me the motivation to overcome all sorts of problems in completing this thesis. Enormous appreciation for the contributions and assistance from all parties involved, directly or indirectly in this project. Every bit of our hard work and experiences will be stored in memory. Thank you. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Table of Contents ii List of Abbreviations vi List of Figures v List of Tables vii List of Appendixes viii Abstract x 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Statements 3 1.2 Objectives 3 2.0 Literature Review 4 2.1 Pitcher plants 4 2.2 Nepenthes ampullaria 5 2.3 Distribution of Nepenthes ampullaria 6 2.4 Amphibians 7 2.5 Microhyla nepenthicola 8 2.6 Relationship between Nepenthes and Animals 9 3.0 Hypotheses 11 4.0 Materials and Methods 12 4.1 Location 12 4.2 Materials 12 4.3 Sampling Methods 15 4.3.1 Physical Parameters 15 4.3.2 Chemical Parameters 17 4.3.3 Biological Parameters 18 4.4 Preservation of Dietary Specimens 21 4.5 Species Identification 22 4.6 Laboratory Analysis 22 4.7 Permanent Storage 22 4.8 Statistical Method 23 5.0 Results 26 5.1 Characteristic of Pitchers Types and Tadpole Presence 26 5.2 Tadpoles Density 26 ii 5.3 Physical Parameters 28 5.3.1 Distance of Pitchers from the Nearest Tree 28 5.3.2 Size of Pitcher 29 5.3.3 Volume of Pitcher Fluid 32 5.3.4 Temperature of Pitcher Fluid 34 5.4 Chemical Parameters 36 5.4.1 pH Value of Pitcher Fluid 36 5.4.2 Organic Compound of Pitcher Fluid 37 5.5 Biological Parameters 40 5.5.1 Position of the Pitcher 40 5.5.2 Condition of Pitcher 41 5.5.3 Canopy Cover 42 5.5.4 Arthropods Presence Analysis 44 6.0 Discussions 45 6.1 Physical Parameters 45 6.1.1 Distance of Pitchers from the Nearest Tree 45 6.1.2 Size of Pitcher 45 6.1.3 Volume of Pitcher Fluid 46 6.1.4 Temperature of Pitcher Fluid 46 6.2 Chemical Parameters 47 6.2.1 pH Value of Pitcher Fluid 47 6.2.2 Organic Compound of Pitcher Fluid 47 6.3 Biological Parameters 48 6.3.1 Position of the Pitcher 48 6.3.2 Condition of Pitcher 48 6.3.3 Canopy Cover 49 6.3.4 Arthropod Presence Analysis 49 7.0 Conclusions 51 8.0 References 52 Appendices iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Cm - Centimetre Cm-1 - A reciprocal centimetre unit for comparing energies when dealing with spectra Mm - Millimetre ml - Millilitre M - Metre Km - Kilometre N - North E - East % - Percentage IR - Infrared FTIR - Fourier Transform Infrared UV - Ultraviolet UNIMAS - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak FRST - Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Hr/Hrs - Hour/Hours Min - Minute iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Kubah National Park. 14 Figure 2 Kubah National Park, showing the trails. 14 Figure 3 The Prolate Spheroid. 17 Figure 4 Measuring the size of pitcher. 19 Figure 5 Pitcher dimension. 19 Figure 6 Measuring volume of pitcher fluid. 20 Figure 7 Measuring temperature of pitcher fluid. 20 Figure 8 Measuring pH value of pitcher fluid. 20 Figure 9 FT-IR (Infrared) Thermo Spectrometer. 20 Figure 10 Position of pitcher. 21 Figure 11 Checking condition of pitcher. 21 Figure 12 Arthropods presence analysis. 21 Figure 13 Regression analysis of number of tadpoles versus number of pitchers. 27 Figure 14 Correlation analysis of number of tadpoles versus distance from tree. 29 v Figure 15 Correlation analysis of number of tadpoles versus prolate spherical volume of 32 pitcher fluid. Figure 16 Correlation analysis of number of tadpoles versus volume of pitcher fluid. 33 Figure 17 Correlation analysis of number of tadpoles versus temperature of pitcher fluid. 35 Figure 18 Correlation analysis of number of tadpoles versus pH value of pitcher fluid. 37 Figure 19 (a) IR-spectrum of pitchers fluid with tadpoles (liquid cell). 39 (b) IR-spectrum of pitchers fluid without tadpoles (liquid cell). Figure 20 Distribution of position of pitcher and number of pitchers. 41 Figure 21 Distribution of condition of pitcher and number of pitchers. 42 Figure 22 Correlation analysis of the number of tadpoles versus canopy cover. 44 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 List of equipments used. 13 Table 2 Characteristic of pitchers types and tadpole presence. 26 Table 3 Relationship between pitchers and number of tadpoles. 27 Table 4 Comparison of distance in pitchers with and without tadpoles. 28 Table 5 Prolate spherical volume and number of tadpoles. 30 Table 6 Comparison of prolate spherical volume in pitchers with and without tadpoles. 31 Table 7 Comparison of volume in pitchers fluid with and without tadpoles. 33 Table 8 Comparison of temperature in pitchers fluid with and without tadpoles. 34 Table 9 Comparison of pH value in pitchers fluid with and without tadpoles. 36 Table 10 Comparison characteristic of IR-spectrum in pitchers fluid with and without 38 tadpoles. Table 11 Comparison of position in pitchers with and without tadpoles. 40 Table 12 Comparison of age condition in pitchers with and without tadpoles. 41 Table 13 Comparison of canopy cover in pitchers with and without tadpoles. 43 Table 14 Comparison of arthropods in pitchers with and without tadpoles. 44 vii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Independent-sample t-test for distance of pitcher. Appendix 2 Independent-sample t-test for prolate spherical volume of pitchers. Appendix 3 Independent-sample t-test for volume of pitchers fluid. Appendix 4 Independent-sample t-test for temperature of pitchers. Appendix 5 Independent-sample t-test for pH value of pitchers fluid. Appendix 6 Independent-sample t-test for canopy cover of pitchers. Appendix 7 Regression analysis between number of tadpoles and number of pitchers. Appendix 8 Correlation analysis between number of tadpoles and distance of pitchers from tree. Appendix 9 Correlation analysis between number of tadpoles and prolate volume percentage (%). Appendix 10 Correlation analysis between number of tadpoles and volume of pitchers fluid. Appendix 11 Correlation analysis between number of tadpoles and temperature of pitchers fluid. Appendix 12 Correlation analysis between number of tadpoles and pH value of pitchers fluid. Appendix 13 Correlation analysis between number of tadpoles and canopy cover. viii Appendix 14 Data on pitchers fluid samples. Appendix 15 Absorption bands (cm-1) of organic compound for 40 pitchers with tadpoles. Appendix 16 Absorption bands (cm-1) of organic compound for 40 pitchers without tadpoles. Appendix 17 Absorption bands (cm-1) of organic of pitcher samples. Appendix 18 Data of arthropods present in 40 pitchers with tadpoles. Appendix 19 Data of arthropods present in 40 pitchers without tadpoles. ix PITCHER PLANT (NEPENTHES AMPULLARIA) CHOICE BY FROGS OF THE MICROHYLA NEPENTHICOLA AND M. BORNEENSIS COMPLEX FOR BREEDING AT KUBAH NATIONAL PARK, SARAWAK Mohamad Paisal Bin Wahab Program Animal Resource Science and Management Department of Zoology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology University of Malaysia Sarawak ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate the relationship between the pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes with frogs of the genus Microhyla.
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