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Vegetative Propagation of Selected Nepenthes Species by Stem Cuttings

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Vegetative Propagation of Selected Nepenthes Species by Stem Cuttings VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF SELECTED NEPENTHES SPECIES BY STEM CUTTINGS Nurul Syahira Binti Karim Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) 2016 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF SELECTED NEPENTHES SPECIES BY STEM CUTTINGS NURUL SYAHIRA BINTI KARIM (43623) The project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2016 APPROVAL SHEET Name of Candidate : Nurul Syahira binti Karim Title of Dissertation : Vegetative Propagation of Selected Nepenthes Species by Stem Cuttings ……………………………… (Prof. Dr. Hamsawi bin Sani) Supervisor …………………………........ (Dr. Freddy Yeo Kuok San) Coordinator Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak i DECLARATION I am Nurul Syahira binti Karim, the final year student of Plant Resource Science and Management hereby declare that this thesis is my own work with the guidance of my supervisor, Professor Dr. Hamsawi bin Sani. No portion of the work referred to this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher learning. ___________________________ Nurul Syahira binti Karim (43623) Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, for His abundant grace towards me, I managed to finish my final year project within the time provided. Here, I want to express my gratitude to all those people that always lend their hands and always support me to accomplish my research works. First of all, it difficult to overstate my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Hamsawi bin Sani for his advices, guidance, motivation and support from the beginning until the end of this project. Thanks for always cared, support and taught me a lot of new things through the accomplishment of this project. Thanks for being such a patience lecturer for me and treat me like a daughter. I also would like to thank my examiner Dr. Rebicca Edward for her comments and advices. For my parents, Karim bin Abu Sha and Haniza binti Adnan, thank you for great sacrifice, endless prayers, blessing and support to reach me at this level of higher education. They are such a good listener of me, always being supportive especially when I’m in the breaking point from the beginning until now. Their love and care gave me motivation to complete my project and thesis writing. My very big thanks to my special person and my adviser because not getting tired to give me inspiration and motivation to accomplish my research works. Thank you also to all my fypmates, coursemates and friends who help me a lot and being such a good friend of me. Lastly, my gratitude to my true self for not giving up even there are many times I want to give up. I always said to myself “You can do it”. And at the end, I managed to complete my Final Year Project and writing thesis. Thanks to myself and everyone. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET i DECLARATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF PLATES ix LIST OF TABLES x ABSTRACT 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background 2 1.2 Problem statements 5 1.3 Objectives 5 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Botanical description 2.1.1 Nepenthes ampullaria 6 2.1.2 Nepenthes mirabilis 7 2.1.3 Nepenthes gracilis 8 2.2 Economic importance 9 2.3 Vegetative propagation 9 2.4 Vegetative propagation of Nepenthes sp. 10 2.5 Factor affecting rooting of cuttings 2.5.1 Effect of types of cutting 11 iv 2.5.2 Effect of cutting position 11 2.5.3 Effect of age of cutting 12 2.5.4 Effect of leaf retention 13 2.5.5 Effect of Plant Growth Regulator 14 2.5.6 Effect of Rooting Media 15 3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 Study site 16 3.2 Stock plant preparation 17 3.3 Rooting Media preparation 17 3.4 Preparation of Plant Growth Regulator 18 3.5 Cutting preparation 18 3.6 Experimental design 20 3.7 Experimental layout 21 3.8 Data analysis 22 4.0 RESULTS 4.1 Rooting success 23 4.2 Number of root formed 30 4.3 Length of root 33 4.4 Root dry weight 35 4.5 Number of cuttings produce shoot 37 4.5.1 Number of shoots formed 37 4.6 Shoot dry weight 38 v 4.7 Root to shoot ratio 40 5.0 DISCUSSIONS 5.0 Rooting success of Nepenthes sp. between treatments 42 5.1 Effect of rooting media to the rooting of cuttings 43 5.2 Effect of leaf retention to the rooting of cuttings 45 5.3 Effect of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) to the rooting of cuttings 46 5.4 Effect moisture surrounding to the rooting of cuttings 47 5.5 Effect of environmental factors to the rooting of cuttings 48 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49 7.0 REFERENCES 51 8.0 APPENDIXES Appendix 1 54 Appendix 2 55 Appendix 3 56 Appendix 4 57 Appendix 5 58 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA Analysis of Variance IBA Indole-butyric acid PGR Plant Growth Regulator PPM Parts per million sp. Species % Percentage P P-value χ2 Chi-square UNIMAS Universiti Malaysia Sarawak RDW Root Dry Weight SDW Shoot Dry Weight RSR Root to Shoot Ratio vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Distribution of Nepenthes sp. (Honda, n.d.) 3 Figure 2 : Image of pitcher Nepenthes ampullaria (Clarke, 1997) 6 Figure 3 : Image of pitcher Nepenthes mirabilis (Clarke, 1997) 7 Figure 4 : Image of pitcher Nepenthes gracilis (Clarke, 1997) 8 Figure 5 : The percentage of rooting success for 24 Nepenthes ampullaria Figure 6 : The percentage of rooting success for 26 Nepenthes mirabilis Figure 7 : The percentage of rooting success for 28 Nepenthes gracilis Figure 8 : Mean Number of Roots Per Cuttings of N.ampullaria 31 Figure 9 : Mean Number of Roots Per Cuttings of N.mirabilis 31 Figure 10 : Mean Number of Roots Per Cuttings of N.gracilis 32 Figure 11 : Mean of Root Dry Weight 36 Figure 12 : Mean of Shoot Dry Weight 39 Figure 13 : Mean of Root to Shoot Ratio 41 viii LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 : Concrete bed covered with transparent plastic sheet and equipped 16 with a simple misting system. Plate 2 : Container box containing 5 ml of tap water 17 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Experimental design for this experiment 20 Table 2 : The experimental layout for each species 21 Table 3 : Comparison of Chi-square between treatments for rooting on 23 N.ampullaria Table 4 : Comparison of Chi-square between treatments for rooting on 25 N.mirabilis Table 5 : Comparison of Chi-square between treatments for rooting on 27 N.gracilis. Table 6 : Rooting percentage of three different Nepenthes sp. 29 Table 7 : Mean number of roots produced by three different 30 Nepenthes sp. Table 8 : Length of roots (cm) in cuttings of three different 33 Nepenthes sp. with respect to different rooting media and leaf retention. Table 9 : Overall comparison of length of roots (cm) shown by different 34 rooting media and leaf retention x Table 10 : Root dry weight of three different Nepenthes sp. 35 Table 11 : Overall comparison root dry weight (g) shown by different 36 rooting media and leaf retention Table 12 : No of shoots produced by different species of Nepenthes sp. 37 with respect to different rooting media and present of leaf retention Table 13 : Shoot dry weight of three different Nepenthes sp. 38 Table 14 : Overall comparison shoot dry weight (g) shown by 39 different rooting media and leaf retention Table 15 : Root to shoot ratio of three different Nepenthes sp. 40 Table 16 : Overall comparison root to shoot ratio (g) shown by 41 different rooting media and leaf retention Table 17 : Raw data for overall results (exclude died cuttings) of 54 species 1(N.ampullaria) Table 18 : Raw data for overall results (exclude died cuttings) of 55 species 2(N.mirabilis) Table 19 : Raw data for overall results (exclude died cuttings) of 56 species 3(N.gracilis) Table 20 : Raw data for overall rooting success for three species 57 xi Vegetative Propagation of Selected Nepenthes Species by Stem Cuttings Nurul Syahira Binti Karim Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resources Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ABSTRACT Pitcher plant has a high potential and beneficial as ornamental and medicinal plants. However, only a few studies have been carried out. Due to the clearing of lands and natural forests, the population of pitcher plant is nearly extinct. Hence, in order to save the extinction of Nepenthes sp., the conventional propagation by rooting of stem cuttings is done because low percentage of seed germination showed by Nepenthes sp. The present study focused on N.ampullaria, N.gracilis and N. mirabilis. There are five treatments altogether have been tested which include three different rooting media with present or without of leaf retention (Sand with leaf, sand with no leaf, cocopeat with leaf, cocopeat with no leaf, water with leaf and water with no leaf).To enhance rooting, the cutting were treated with commercial hormone, SADEX 1 for sand media and cocopeat media while for water media were treated with 600 ppm of IBA hormone. The results showed cuttings N.gracilis has the highest percentage rootings success (13.33%) compared to N.ampullaria and N.mirabilis (11.67%).
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