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From Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus Horridus (Serpentes: Crotalidae) from Oklahoma Chris T 62 New Records of Paracapillaria sonsinoi in Timber Rattlesnake A New Host and Geographic Record for Paracapillaria sonsinoi (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus (Serpentes: Crotalidae) from Oklahoma Chris T. McAllister Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745 Charles R. Bursey Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Shenango Valley Campus, Sharon, PA 16146 Abstract: Compared to other members of the genus Crotalus, little is known about the helminth parasites of the timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus. Here, we report, for the first time, a species of capillariid nematode from C. horridus and from Oklahoma. the Catskill Mountains (New York), Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia (Fantham and Introduction Porter 1954; Solomon 1974; Bowman 1984; Ernst and Ernst 2006; Davis et al. 2016). More The timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus L., recently, McAllister et al. (2018) reported an 1758, is a heavily-bodied venomous snake that unknown species of capillariid (egg) from C. ranges from southcentral New Hampshire and horridus from Oklahoma. However, no adult the Lake Champlain region south to northern helminths have been reported from C. horridus Florida and west to southeastern Minnesota from Oklahoma. Here, we document a new and central Texas (Powell et al. 2016). In host and geographic distributional record for a Oklahoma, C. horridus is found from the eastern nematode from C. horridus. tier of counties westward to the central part of the state (Sievert and Sievert 2011). This snake Methods occurs in a wide variety of terrestrial habitat but typically occurs in mountainous regions Between June 2013 and July 2020, two adult but will also inhabit rocky woodland hardwood and one juvenile C. horridus (snout vent length and pine hillsides, swampy wetlands, and river [SVL] = 750–1,030 mm) were collected in floodplains. Much is known about the natural McCurtain County, Oklahoma, and examined for history and ecology of this snake (Collins and endoparasites. Snakes were euthanized with an Knight 1980). It is an ambush predator that intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital feeds mostly on small mammals, birds, and (Nembutal®). A midventral incision was snakes. The species is ranked S3 (vulnerable) made from the cloaca to oral cavity to expose by NatureServe (2020) in Oklahoma. the viscera and the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs (lungs, liver, gallbladder, Surprisingly little is known about the helminth gonads) were placed in individual Petri dishes parasites of C. horridus (Ernst and Ernst 2006). containing 0.9% saline. Feces from the rectum A trematode and five species of nematodes have was collected and placed in an individual vial been previously reported from this host from containing 2.5% (w/v) potassium dichromate Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 100: pp 62 - 65 (2020) C.T. McAllister and C.R. Bursey 63 (K2Cr2O7) and, after flotation in Sheather’s sugar New host: Timber rattlesnake, Crotalus solution (sp. gr. 1.30), examined for coccidians horridus L., 1758, collected on 2 July 2020, 750 by brightfield microscopy. Organ contents were mm SVL. examined at 20 to 30× under a stereomicroscope and parasites found were rinsed of mucus. Specimens deposited: HWML 111651. Nematodes were fixed in near boiling water and preserved in 70% (v/v) ethanol. They New locality: USA: Oklahoma: McCurtain were later cleared and identified in temporary County, Eastern Oklahoma State College mounts of lactophenol and then returned to the campus, Idabel (33° 55’ 17.1012’’ N, 94° 46’ preservative. 43.5612’’ W). Standard common and scientific names Prevalence and intensity: 1/3 (33%); 8 follow Crother et al. (2017). Voucher specimens female worms. of snakes were deposited in the EOSC collection, Idabel, Oklahoma. Voucher specimens of Site of infection: Intestine. nematodes were deposited in the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology (HWML), Remarks: Moravec (1986) reported that University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. Paracapillaria included two subgenera, Paracapillaria and Ophidiocapillaria. Results Presently, three subgenera are now recognized: Paracapillaria Mendonça, Eight very thin nematodes were found in 1963, Ophidiocapillaria Moravec, 1986, and the small intestine of a single C. horridus. No Crossicapillaria Moravec, 2001 (Moravec snakes were found to be passing coccidians. 2001). Biserkov et al. (1994) disagreed with Information on the nematode species follows. the revision by Moravec (1986) who suggested the synonymy of the species of Paracapillaria Nematoda: Trichuroidea: Capillariidae infecting snakes. The former concluded that the species P. sonsinoi, P. mingazzinii Rizzo, 1902, Syn. Trichosoma soninoi Parona, 1897. P. colubra Pence, 1970, P. viperae Biserkov, Georgiev and Genov, 1985, P. ptyasi Wang, Paracapillaria (Ophidiocapillaria) soninoi 1982, P. xochimilcensis Caballero and Cercero, (Parona, 1897) Moravec, 1986 1943, and P. heterodontis Harwood, 1932, be considered distinct species within the genus Type host: Green whip snake, Hierophis and we concur until molecular analysis can be viridiflavus (Lacépède, 1789). conducted. Location in type host: Intestine (Parona The average length of our specimens was 30 1897). mm, eggs were near the vulva in a single row, but occasionally farther away in two rows, and Type locality: Pisa, Italy (Parona 1897). eggs possessed a roughened surface. They fit the description of P. sonsinoi by Moravec (1986) Other hosts and localities: Viperine water very well. snake, Natrix maura (L., 1758), southern France (Moravec 1986); diamondback watersnake, Discussion Nerodia rhombifer (Hallowell, 1852), Louisiana (Moravec 1986). Other than the report of P. sonsinoi from the urinary bladder of N. rhombifer (Moravec, Location in other hosts: intestine and 1986), there are only two other species of rectum; urinary bladder (Moravec 1986). Paracapillaria currently known from North American snakes. Harwood (1932) described Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 100: pp 62 - 65 (2020) 64 New Records of Paracapillaria sonsinoi in Timber Rattlesnake P. heterodontis from the rectum of eastern hog- Crother BI (Committee Chair). 2017. Scientific nosed snake, Heterodon platirhinos Latreille, and standard English names of amphibians and 1801 from Texas, and additional hosts include reptiles of North America north of Mexico, N. rhombifer and northern cottonmouth, with comments regarding confidence in our Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède, 1789) from understanding. 8th Edition. SSAR Herp Circ Louisiana (Fontenot and Font 1996). Pence 43:1‒102. (1970) provided a description of P. colubra Davis D, Beane JC, Flowers JR. 2016. Helminth from the oviducts of southern black racer, parasites of pit vipers from North Carolina. Coluber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, Southeast Nat 15:729–741. 1939 from Louisiana. Several additional snake Ernst CH, Ernst EM. 2006. Synopsis of the hosts have also been reported with P. colubra, helminths endoparasitic in snakes of the including broad-banded watersnake, Nerodia United States and Canada. SSAR Herp Circ fasciata confluens (Blanchard, 1923), plain- 34:1–86. bellied watersnake, Nerodia erythrogaster Fantham HB, Porter A. 1954. The endoparasites (Forster, 1771), and northern watersnake, of some North American snakes and their Nerodia sipedon sipedon (L., 1758) from North effects in the Ophidia. Proc Zool Soc London Carolina (Collins 1973). In addition, Davis et al. 123:867–898. (2016) reported P. colubra from A. piscivorus, Fontenot LW, Font WF. 1996. Helminth eastern copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix (L., parasites of four species of aquatic snakes 1758), and C. horridus from North Carolina; from two habitats in southeastern Louisiana. J however, they were not able to report the site Helminthol Soc Wash 63:66–75. of the infection from their salvaged hosts. We Harwood PD. 1932. The helminths parasitic in therefore document the first report of P. sonsinoi the Amphibia and Reptilia of Houston, Texas from a crotalid snake and of this nematode and vicinity. Proc US Natl Mus 81:1–71. species from west of the Mississippi River in McAllister CT, Bursey CR, Trauth SE, Barger Oklahoma. MA. 2018. Endoparasites (Apicomplexa, Monogenoidea, Trematoda, Cestoda, Acknowledgments Nematoda, Acanthocephala) from eleven reptiles (Testudines: Lacertilia: Ophidia) of The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife McCurtain County, Oklahoma, including Conservation provided a Scientific Collecting the first report of the endogenous stages of Permit No. 1551646 to CTM. Eimeria robisoni (Eimeriidae). Proc Okla Acad Sci 98:101–111. References Moravec F. 1986. Review of capillariid nematodes (Capillariinae) parasitic in Biserkov VY, Mészáros F, Chipev N. 1994. amphibians and reptiles. Part 3. Genus On the validity of the species considered Paracapillaria. Věst čs Společ Zool 50:273– synonyms of Paracapillaria sonsinoi (Parona, 289. 1897) (Nematoda: Capillariidae). Parasit Moravec F. 2001. Redescription and systematic Hung 27:53–56. status of Capillaria philippinensis, an Bowman DD. 1984. Hexametra leidyi sp. n. intestinal parasite of human beings. J Parasitol (Nematoda: Ascaridae) from North American 87:161–164. pit vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae). Proc NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer Helminthol Soc Wash 51:54–61. [online]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Collins JT, Knight JL. 1980. Crotalus horridus. Available from: https://explorer.natureserve. Cat Amer Amph Rept 47:253.1–253.2. org/. (Accessed: October 6, 2020). Collins RF. 1973.
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