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Home , Barry Goldwater, Gary Hart, Gerald Ford, Henry Cabot Lodge, Howard Baker, Hubert Humphrey

When Frontrunners Emerge

By Lydia Saad

Between 1952 and 1996 seventeen open races were waged for for president, it will be one of the times in which both the presidential nomination of the two major parties. Nine of open-seat candidates emerged as national frontrunners well in these were on the Democratic side, eight on the Republican advance of the election year. In each previous election where side. This year adds two such contests to the list. there was an open race in both parties—1960, 1968 and 1988—at least one side ran a competitive campaign to select If is upset by John McCain it will be the first time its nominee. in modern polling history that the GOP’s early choice did not proceed to victory at the convention. If is upset by Bill A review of polls from 1952 through Bradley, it won’t be the first time that a strong Democratic 1996 finds that the most common scenario has been for the frontrunner succumbed late in the game, but it would be the eventual Republican nominee to solidify his leading position most dramatic example of such a loss. early, and for the Democratic nominee to emerge relatively late, usually through the primary process. One thing is clear from Gallup’s last half-century of primary polling: If Gore and Bush ultimately become the nominees

Lydia Saad is managing editor, the Gallup Poll.

The Democratic Primary Races Only a few times in modern election history has a clear 1960 election, Senator John F. Kennedy did not emerge from Democratic frontrunner emerged prior to the start of the the Democratic pack until February. Similarly, Hubert primary season. The two exceptions were Adlai Stevenson, Humphrey in 1968, George McGovern in 1972, Jimmy running for his second consecutive election in 1956, and Carter in 1976, in 1988 and in , running in 1984 four years after having 1992 were all late bloomers, not leading the field until served as ’s vice president. In each of the other somewhere between January and June of the election year. seven cases of an open Democratic race, the eventual nominee was hardly obvious entering the year of the election. Al- Beginning with 1960, and with the 1964, 1980 and 1996 though Stevenson was nominated by the Democratic conven- Democratic incumbent years excluded, here is an overview of tion in 1952, he never did particularly well among Democrats when the eventual Democratic nominee in each election nationally in Gallup’s pre-convention polls that year. In the emerged as a party frontrunner.

1960 60%

50% Democratic Primary Candidates 40% 41% John Kennedy 29% 30% 25% Adlai Stevenson 20% 25% 10% 16% 10% 10% 0% 7% Lyndon Johnson 1/59 2/60 7/60

From January 1959 through the end of that year, Gallup polls recorded John Kennedy and Adlai Stevenson in a tight race for the Democratic nomination, running within four points of each other. In February 1960, Kennedy finally pulled ahead, steadily expanding his lead through the primary season.

10 Public Perspective, March/April 2000 1968 60% 53% 50% 43% Democratic Primary Candidates 40% 39% 31% 30% 34% 37% Eugene McCarthy 20% 23% Lyndon Johnson 10% 8% Robert Kennedy 0% 1/67 4/68 7/68

Hubert Humphrey ran in single digits behind President Lyndon Johnson and Robert Kennedy in Gallup polls conducted in 1967. By , Gallup recorded a close three-way race between Humphrey, Kennedy, and Eugene McCarthy, with Kennedy slightly ahead. It wasn’t until May that Humphrey took the lead for good.

1972 60% Democratic Primary Candidates 50% George McGovern 40% 26% 32% Hubert Humphrey 25% 30% 29% 27% Edward Kennedy 20% 22% 21% 15% 17% 10% 5% 0% 1/71 7/72

Gallup polls throughout 1971 showed George McGovern in single digits behind Edmund Muskie, Edward Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey, with Muskie the presumed frontrunner. McGovern did not become a national force in the Democratic field until the primaries were well underway, and he did not take the lead until June.

60% 1976 53% 50% Democratic Primary Candidates 40% 36% Jimmy Carter 30% 29% 22% Hubert Humphrey 20% 14% 10% 16% Edward Kennedy 4% 0% 6% George Wallace 1/75 1/76 7/76

Carter was non-existent in Gallup’s 1975 pre-primary polls of Democrats. When Carter entered the fray in , he garnered 4% of the vote, behind Humphrey, who was in the lead with 29%. Carter’s “peanut brigade” in earned him national attention and a jump to 16% by February, but he did not take the lead in Gallup’s polls of Democrats until June.

Public Perspective, March/April 2000 11 1984 60% 50% 48% Democratic Primary Candidates 40% 37% 35% Walter Mondale 30% 20% 20% 10% 7% 6% 0% 2% 7% 1/83 1/84 7/84

Walter Mondale began the 1984 election year as the clear frontrunner, holding a 17-point lead over John Glenn in January. By March, Gary Hart was besting Mondale, but Mondale managed to hold on and emerged from the primaries in June with a 13-point lead over Hart.

1988 60% 53% 50% Democratic Primary Candidates 40% Michael Dukakis 32% 30% Jesse Jackson 21% 23% 20% 12% Gary Hart 10% 3% 1% 10% 0% Richard Gephardt 1/87 2/88 7/88

Michael Dukakis trailed frontrunner Gary Hart through the first half of 1987, until Hart’s campaign came to an end over the “Monkey Business” affair. At that point Dukakis rose to the middle of the pack and finally took the lead from his chief rival, Jesse Jackson, in February 1988.

1992 60% 54% 50% Democratic Primary Candidates 40% 33% Bill Clinton 30% 24% 23% Al Gore 20% 18% 18% Jesse Jackson 10% 11% 4% 0% 1/91 1/92 7/92

Bill Clinton proved to be a single-digit wonder, emerging in January 1992 in second place behind Jerry Brown, after a year of holding last or nearly last place among potential candidates Mario Cuomo, Jesse Jackson, Lloyd Bentsen, and Al Gore. Clinton became the frontrunner in February 1992.

12 Public Perspective, March/April 2000 The Republican Party Races

In all eight competitive Republican races, the eventual nomi- nomination on the first ballot at the 1968 convention. nee emerged early, and in most cases held that position Similarly, few in March 2000 would say that George W. Bush consistently through the pre-primary and primary months. doesn’t face a potential upset from John McCain with his This included Dwight Eisenhower in 1952, in double-digit victory in . But the fact remains 1960, Nixon again in 1968, in 1976, Ronald that in every election since 1952, the Republican presidential Reagan in 1980, George Bush in 1988, and Robert Dole in nominee was a leading contender almost a full year before the 1996. It also included in the 1964 election, start of the primary season. as he led rivals and George Romney for most of 1963. However, Goldwater languished in the national The historical record may have little predictive value, but if polls during the turbulent 1964 Republican primary season George W. Bush is not the Republican Party’s nominee in and had to fight for the nomination to the 2000, it will be the first time since at least 1952 that someone convention. other than an early election frontrunner did not capture the GOP nomination. Beginning with 1960 and excluding the None of this is to say that significant challenges or even Republican presidential re-election years of 1972, 1984 and dramatic upsets weren’t real possibilities. In particular, Reagan 1992, here is an overview of when Republican frontrunners and Bush both had to stave off strong challenges in the early emerged. primary states, and Nixon came very close to losing his

1960 90% 80% 75% 70% 56% 60% Republican Primary Candidates 50% 40% Richard Nixon 30% 27% 20% 6% 12% 10% 6% 0% Nelson Rockefeller 1/59 7/60

When Richard Nixon ran for the Republican nomination in 1960, he did so as the sitting vice president. Nelson Rockefeller and Henry Cabot Lodge (who never announced candidacies) proved to be weak rivals, and Nixon maintained a double-digit lead throughout the campaign.

1964 Republican Primary Candidates 60% 49% Henry Cabot Lodge 50% 40% Richard Nixon 29% 30% 26% Nelson Rockefeller 25% 17% 19% 20% 21% Barry Goldwater 10% 10% 13% 16% George Romney 0% 1/635/63 7/64

Barry Goldwater had a tumultuous candidacy through the primary season and into the Republican National Convention. While Goldwater was the Republican frontrunner starting as early as May 1963, his lead slid significantly in 1964 when Lodge scored a stunning write-in win in New Hampshire. But he continued to lead his chief rival Nelson Rockefeller through the late primary months leading up to the 1964 convention.

Public Perspective, March/April 2000 13 1968 60% 60% 50% Republican Primary Candidates 39% 40% Richard Nixon 28% 30% George Romney 23% 20% 11% Nelson Rockefeller 10% 13% 11% 8% 0% 1/67 7/68

When Richard Nixon returned from political retirement in 1967 to seek the Republican nomination, he immediately became the frontrunner. Gallup polls taken in January 1967, 22 months before the general election, showed Nixon beating George Romney and Nelson Rockefeller by solid margins.

1976 60% 50% 50% Republican Primary Candidates Gerald Ford 40% 34% 43% 30% Ronald Reagan 22% 20% 17% Barry Goldwater 10% 10% 9% Nelson Rockefeller 0% 5% 1/75 7/76

Although Gerald Ford ran in 1976 as the sitting president, the unique circumstances which put him there and the serious challenge he faced from Ronald Reagan made this presidential incumbent year a truly competitive one. Nevertheless, Ford was the odds-on favorite from the earliest Gallup primary polls, and led Reagan in nearly every Republican trial heat thereafter.

60% 1980 Republican Primary Candidates Ronald Reagan 50% 44% 40% Gerald Ford 31% 30% 25% 20% 26% 12% 16% 10% 9% 8% 7% George Bush 0% 2/79 7/80

Ronald Reagan’s 1976 campaign efforts paid dividends in 1979 as he emerged as the frontrunner for the 1980 Republican nomination. Reagan led the field in Gallup’s first primary trial heat, conducted in . Although Bush came the closest to actually toppling Reagan in the early primaries, Reagan’s closest competition in national polls came from Gerald Ford, who never actually entered the race.

14 Public Perspective, March/April 2000 1988 Republican Primary Candidates 90% George Bush 80% 69% 70% 60% 49% 50% 40% 30% 27% 22% 20% 13% 10% 5% 0% 1/87 7/88

Not unlike Al Gore today, vice president George Bush enjoyed frontrunner status for his party’s nomination throughout 1987 and 1988. Similarly, Bush was also dogged by a strong second-place showing—Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole.

1996 60% 57% Republican Primary Candidates Bob Dole 50% 38% 40% 30% 20% 18% 10% 7% 13% 0% 1/95 7/96

Bob Dole emerged in February 1995 as the Republican frontrunner. At the time he ran well ahead of rivals Phil Gramm, Lamar Alexander and Pat Buchanan, and he continued to do so throughout the year. Except for the Buchanan upset in New Hampshire, Dole ran into little trouble on his way to the Republican convention.

Some context and caveats are worth mentioning with respect infrequent. In a few cases—such as Hubert Humphrey in to the data presented here. One is the electoral transforma- 1960— there is no record in Gallup polls of an important tion in the which increased the influence of party candidate’s name being included in primary trial heats. Thus, primaries. The national primary polls taken in earlier years the picture we have for some years may be incomplete. may not be as indicative of candidate strength or have the same political import as those conducted more recently. Despite these limitations, many useful insights are gleaned Secondly, trends based on public opinion at the national level from this compilation. At the most basic level, it clarifies the occasionally obscure political battles that were occurring various patterns of public support candidates have garnered behind the scenes or at the state level. Many an Iowa caucus on the way to winning their party’s nomination. It helps or New Hampshire primary has thrown a curve at confirm our understanding of when particular nominees frontrunners over the years and created more lively contests emerged as serious candidates. And it simplifies the process of than the relatively flat line graphs may indicate. Thirdly, not bringing historical data to bear on such questions as, “Can all candidates for all years are shown in the summary trends John McCain beat George Bush?” “Can Al Gore lose to Bill here. In some cases an editorial judgement was made to Bradley?”, which pollsters are flooded with at this time of year. exclude a particular candidate because his or her support level Answering such questions may not be wise, but the foolhardy was low, or because the measurements for the candidate were should at least be armed with data.

Public Perspective, March/April 2000 15