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Annotation to the Lesson № 1 Topic : Anatomy of Teeth. Teeth

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Annotation to the Lesson № 1 Topic : Anatomy of Teeth. Teeth Annotation to the lesson № 1 Topic : Anatomy of teeth. Teeth alignments. Anatomy of maxillary incisors. Maxillofacial system - the set of combined anatomical organs which perform the functions of the digestive, respiratory and speech. It consists of the following components: bone skeleton - teeth - temporomandibular joint (TMJ) - chewing and mimic muscles - salivary glands - the surrounding soft tissues (lips, cheeks, tongue, soft palate) Teeth are anatomical structures in the jaws that perform the function of • biting, • holding and grinding of food, • taking part in face formation • sounds pronunciation Anatomically tooth has the following parts of tooth: crown, cervix and root. Anatomical crown – that portion of the tooth which is covered by enamel. Clinical crown – that portion of the tooth which is visible in the mouth. The clinical crown may, or may not correspond to the anatomical crown, depending on the level of the tooth’s investing soft tissues. As can be seen from this description, the clinical crown may be an ever changing entity throughout life, while the anatomical crown is a constant entity. Anatomical root – that portion of the tooth which is covered with cementum. Clinical root – that portion of the tooth which is not visible in the mouth. Cervical line – the identifiable line around the external surface of a tooth where the enamel and cementum meet. It is also called the cement-enamel junction (CEJ). The cervical line separates the anatomical crown and the anatomical root, and is a constant entity. Its location is in the general are of the tooth spoken of as the neck or cervix. Histological structure of tooth contains: enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum. Enamel – the hard, mineralized tissue which covers the dentin of the anatomical crown of a tooth. It is the hardest living body tissue, but is brittle, especially when not supported by sound underlying dentin. Dentin – the hard tissue which forms the main body of the tooth. It surrounds the pulp cavity, and is covered by the enamel in the anatomical crown, and by the cementum in the anatomical root. The dentin constitutes the bulk, or majority, of the total tooth tissues, but because of its internal location, is not directly visible in a normal tooth. Dentino-enamel junction (DEJ) – the internal line of meeting of the dentin and enamel in the anatomical crown of a tooth. Cementum – the layer of hard, bonelike tissues which covers the dentin of the anatomical root of a tooth. Pulp – the living soft tissues which occupies the pulp cavity of a vital tooth. It contains the tooth’s nutrient supply in the form of blood vessels, as well as the nerve supply. Pulp cavity – the entire internal cavity of a tooth which contains the pulp. It consists of the following entities: - Pulp canals – located in the roots of the tooth, and may also be called root canals. - Pulp chamber- the enlarged portion of the pulp cavity which is found mostly in the anatomical crown of the tooth. - Pulp horns – the usually pointed incisal or occlusal elongations of the pulp chamber which often correspond to the cusps, or lobes of the teeth. Surrounding Tissues Alveolar processes – form the boney sockets that hold and support the teeth in position. Gingiva/gums – cover the alveolar bone – protect the tooth and deeper tissues from injury or infection. Gingival sulcus – the open space between gingival/gums and a tooth. Periodontal ligaments / periodontal membranes: 1. Small fibers anchored in the cementum and attached to the alveolus 2. Act as a shock absorber for the tooth Dental row (dental alignment) – is a genetically determined sequence of teeth positioning. The general arrangement of the arches and the inclinations of the individual teeth are interrelated in such a manner as to allow the most efficient use of the forces of mastication, while at the same time stabilizing and protecting the dental arches. Those teeth in the upper arch are termed maxillary, the teeth in the lower arch are termed mandibular. The mandible is the movable member of the two jaws, while the maxilla is stationary. Maxillary arch has a semi-ellipse shape. Mandibular arch – parabola. Groups of teeth. According to morphology and functional features teeth are divided into groups. According to anatomical and function teeth are divided into 4 groups: incisors, canines, premolars and molars. According to number of roots there are 1-root, 2-root and 3-root teeth. According to position in dental arch there are anterior (frontal) teeth, containing incisors and canines; and posterior (masticatory) teeth, containing premolars and molars. In man, the two dentitions are termed deciduous and permanent, while the transitional phase when both deciduous and permanent teeth are present, is called the mixed dentition period. Deciduous dentition (or primary dentition) is the first dentition, which erupts into the mouth at 6 month – 2 years of age of a child. Normally there are 20 total deciduous teeth, named “milk” teeth, “baby” teeth or “temporary” teeth. Decuduous dentition contains in each quadrant: 2 incisors (central and lateral), 1 canine (or cuspid), 2 molars (first and second). Permanent dentition Each quadrant contains 8 teeth of different type and function, as follows: - 2 incisors (cenral and lateral). Their function is cutting and incising. - Canine – the third tooth from the midline in each quadrant. Its function is cutting, tearing, piercing, and holding. It is also called a cuspid. - 2 premolars (first and second) – they are fourth and fifth teeth in the row from the midline. Their masticatory role is tearing, holding, and grinding. There are also called bicuspids. - 3 molars – first, second molar and third molar (or wisdom tooth). Numbering systems Numbering systems in dentistry serve as abbreviations. Instead of writing out the entire name of a tooth, such as permanent maxillary right central incisor, it is much simpler to assign it a number, letter, or symbol, such as #8 for the ADA numbering system, or 1.1 for the FDI numbering system. There are three most commonly used systems. 1. ADA (American dental association) This numbering system assigns a specific number to each permanent tooth. The upper right third molar is #1, the upper right second molar is #2 and so forth around the entire maxillary arch to the upper left third molar, which is #16. Since there are no more permanent teeth in the maxillary arch, the succession drops to the lower left third molar which is #17, and continues around the entire mandibular arch where the lower right third molar is #32. For example, tooth #11 is the permanent maxillary left canine. The twenty teeth of the deciduous dentition are numbered in the same manner as are the permanent teeth with the capital letters from A till T. The maxillary right second deciduous molar is tooth A and the mandibular right deciduous second molar is tooth T. 2. Palmer notation method. Another commonly used numerical and letter notation scheme for identifying an individual tooth utilizes a simple symbol, which differs for each of the four quadrants. In addition, the numbers 1 through 8 are used to identify permanent central incisor through third molar in the specified quadrant. Letters A through E, with the quadrant symbol, are used for the deciduous dentition. 3. FDI system (Federation Dentaire Internationale). The international dental organization, has introduced a new numbering system, which is a simple binomial system, which includes both permanent and deciduous teeth. The first of the two numbers identifies the quadrant, and the second digit identifies number of the tooth in the quadrant. Whether the dentition is permanent or deciduous, quadrants numbers are as follows: 1 - Permanent maxillary right quadrant 2 - Permanent maxillary left quadrant 3 - Permanent mandibular left quadrant 4 - Permanent mandibular right quadrant 5 - Deciduous maxillary right quadrant 6 - Deciduous maxillary left quadrant 7 - Deciduous mandibular left quadrant 8 - Deciduous mandibular right quadrant The second number identifies the particular tooth in the quadrant, exactly like the Palmer notation method for permanent teeth (1-8). The deciduous teeth in each quadrant are numbered (1-5), the number increasing in size from the midline posteriorly. Examples in notation utilizing the FDI system are as follows: 18 - Permanent maxillary right third molar 27 - Permanent maxillary left second molar 36 - Permanent mandibular left first molar 45 - Permanent mandibular right second premolar 54 - Deciduous maxillary right first molar 63 - Deciduous maxillary left canine 72 - Deciduous mandibular left lateral incisor 81 - Deciduous mandibular right central incisor As review, the first designation in the above list (18) can be analyzed as follows: 1-The first number indicates that the tooth is located in the permanent maxillary right quadrant. 8-The second number indicates that the tooth is eighth from the midline, and thus is a third molar. Dental Terminology A. Anterior teeth –incisors and the cuspids (canines) 1. labial – surface that touches the lips – facial – towards the front of the face 2. lingual – surface faces toward the tongue 3. incisal – edge of the tooth that we bite with 4. distal – surface away from midline 5. mesial – surface toward the midline B. Posterior teeth – premolars and molars 1. Buccal – surface that touch the cheeks 2. Lingual – surface facing toward the face 3. Occlusal – large chewing surface where food is ground 4. Distal – surface toward the back of the oral cavity 5. Mesial – surface toward the front of the oral cavity Anatomical Structures of crown relief: A. Crown Elevations: 1. Cusps - Elevated and usually pointed projections of various sizes and shapes on the crowns of teeth. They form the bulk of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, and the incisal portion of canine crowns. Incisors do not possess cusps, while canines normally exhibit one cusp, premolars two or three cusps, and molars usually four or more.
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