Morphological Characteristics of the Pre­ Columbian Dentition I. Shovel-Shaped Incisors, Carabelli's Cusp, and Protostylid

DANNY R. SAWYER, D .D.S.

Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Health Sciences Division of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

MARVIN J . ALLISON, PH.D.

Clinical Professor of Pathology , Medical College of Virginia, Health Sciences Division of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

RICHARD P. ELZA Y, D.D.S., M.S.D.

Chairman and Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Health Sciences Division of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. Virginia

ALEJANDRO PEZZIA, PH.D.

Curator, Regional Museum oflea, lea, Peru

This Peruvian-American cooperative study of logic characteristics of the shovel-shaped incisor (Fig paleopathology of the pre-Columbian Peruvian cul­ I), Carabelli's cusp (Fig 2 ), and protostylid (Figs 3A, tures of Southern Peru began in 1971. The purpose of 38, and 3C). this study is to evaluate the medical and dental health A major aspect of any study of the human denti­ status of these cultures which date from 600 BC to tion is the recognition and assessment of morphological the Spanish conquest. While several authors such as variations. The shovel-shape is one such character­ Leigh,1 Moodie,2 Stewart,3 and Goaz and Miller4 istic and is manifested by the prominence of the me­ have studied the dental morphology of Northern Pe­ sial and distal ridges which enclose a central fossa on ruvians, the paleodontology and oral paleopathology the lingual surface of incisor teeth. Shovel-shaped of the Southern Peruvians has not been recorded. incisors are seen with greater frequency among the This paper reports dental findings on the morpho- maxillary incisors and only occasionally among the mandibular incisors. For this reason, only the max­ illary incisors were examined in this study. The presence of the shovel-shaped morpho­ Supported by a grant from the National Geographic Society. logical variation has been common knowledge for Correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Danny R. Sawyer, Department of Pathology, Box 8 17, Medical College of Virginia, many years.5•6 •7•8•9 Hrdlicka10 described the shovel­ Richmond, Virginia 23298. shaped incisor in 1920 and reported a high frequency

54 MCV QUARTERLY 12(2): 54-63, 1976 SA WYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION 55

Fig I-Shovel-shaped incisors. Note prominence of mesial and Fig 3A-Protostylid. Note large pits in buccal grooves of the distal ridges which enclose central fossae on the lingual surfaces. mandibular molars. of this character in the lingual surface of the max­ is variable, involving a pit, furrow, and varying de­ illary incisors of American Indians. As a result of grees of expression of a cusp located in the occlusal H rdlicka's study, further investigations were made in third of the buccal surface of mandibular molars. other populations. Anthropologists have now come Like the Carabelli's cusp, the protostylid is genet­ to employ this feature as one criterion for the assess­ ically determined and has an ancestral reputation ment of population affinities and as an aid in tracing dating back to the earliest fossil forms. The pro­ population migrations. tostylid is manifested with greatest size and character In 1842, Carabelli11 described an accessory cusp in the deciduous second mandibular molars and de­ on the lingual surface of maxillary molars. This cusp creasingly from this tooth through the sequence of has been used in phylogenetic studies and for racia l the first, second, and third permanent mandibular classification. The cusp of Carabelli is an inherited molars.13• 1• · 15 character and Kraus12 showed that the mode of inher­ The aim of our study is: I) to determine the itance was an exceedingly complex one. frequency of these three morphological character­ Dahlberg13 defined and described the protostylid istics in the cultures studied and in the pre-Colum­ as a primary character found on the buccal surface of bian population as a whole and, with the shovel­ the protoconid of mandibular molars both deciduous shaped incisors, to determine the degree of shovelling and permanent. The protostylid is a character which as well as its frequency; 2) to compare the frequency

Fig 2-Carabelli's cusp. Note large Carabelli's cusp on the mesial Fig 38-Protostylid. Note expression of protostylid by pits and a lingual cusp of this maxillary molar. distal extension of buccal groove. 56 SAWYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION

of the group from Murga used in this study was 74.2% Colonial (the Murga group encompasses all the Colonials studied) and 25.8% lea. The cultural composition of the group from Huayuri used in this work consisted of: 66.7% lea, 20.0% Huari, and 13.3% Nazca. Sex determinations and age estimations have been made for most of the material used in this study and were carried out as outlined by Allison and Gerszten .16 The degree and frequency of shovelling was studied in all maxillary incisors of both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. With the use of a modified Boley gauge, the depth of the lingual fossa was meas­ ured from a point midway between the incisal and Fig 3C-Protostylid. Note distal extension of buccal groove with gingival margins, and midway from the mesial and actual cusp formation. distal enamel margins. The shovel-shaped character was then classified into one of four categories. Each of these morphological characteristics in the pre­ category was identified by numbers from Oto 3. Zero Columbian population with that in other cultures in = no shovel-shape; I = < I mm shovel; 2 = I mm order to assess racial characteristics of these cultures; shovel, and 3 = > I mm shovel. 3) to add to the list of genetic markers which will be Dahlberg'7 pointed out that the classification of used to compare and contrast these different cultures, the Carabelli's cusp had always been a problem and their migrations, and the influences of outside cul­ at that time, he introduced a new classification, grad­ tural groups on them. ing the Carabelli cusp into seven categories. The Materials and Methods. A total of 195 mummies classification system used in this study was that de­ and skulls were studied, the material being from the scribed by Bang and Hasund18 who reduced the num­ M useo Regional de lea, lea, Peru. All the cultures ber of categories to three by combining some of studied were found in the Department of lea and Dahlberg's groups. Their three groups consisted of: 0 existed during the following periods: Paracas, 600 BC- = smooth surface (no cusp or pit); I = single furrow 100 AD; Nazca, 100 BC-800 AD; Huari, 800 AD-1200 and pit; and 2 = cusps of all sizes. The frequency of AD; lea, 1200 AD-1450 AD; Inca, 1450 AD-1532 AD; this character was studied in the deciduous maxillary Colonial, 1534 AD-1700 AD. The dating of these cul­ second molars and in the first, second, and third tures, mummies, and skeletal material has been carried permanent maxillary molars. out by both archeological dating and 14C dating. Two In this study, only the presence or absence of a large cemeteries, one at Murga and one at Huayuri, protostylid was noted. Thus this study differentiated are included in this study. The cultural composition the smooth surface with no structure from that con-

TABLE 1 Distribution of Shovel-Shaped Permanent Incisors in the Pre-Columbian Peruvian Cultures* (percent) Central Incisors Lateral In cisors Culture N Shovel Classification N Shovel Classification 0 1 2 3 0 I 2 3 Paracas 21 28 .7 28.6 4.8 38.1 15 40.0 26. 7 33.3 0.0 Nazca 3 0.0 33.3 66.7 0.0 4 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 Huari 9 0.0 22.2 22 .2 55.6 10 0.0 20.0 40.0 40.0 lea 21 4.7 42.9 9.5 42.9 20 0.0 30.0 50.0 20.0 Inca 0** 2 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Colonial 17 0.0 52.9 41.2 5.9 13 0.0 53 .8 23.1 23.1 Totals for Population 71 9.9 38.0 19.7 32.3 64 9.3 35.9 37.5 17.2 * Both sexes included ** No permanent Inca incisors available for study N = the number of incisors available SA WYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION 57

TABLE 2 Distribution of Shovel-Shaped Deciduous Incisors in the Pre-Columbian Peruvian Cultures* (percent) Centra l Incisors Lateral Incisors Culture N Shovel C lassification N Shovel Classification 0 I 2 3 0 I 2 3 Paracas 10 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 7 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Nazca I 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Huari 3 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 lea 16 12 .5 75.0 12.5 0.0 17 23.5 64.7 11 .8 0.0 Inca 3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 Colonial 24 25.0 70.8 4.2 0.0 21 19.0 81.0 0.0 0.0 Totals for Population 57 14.0 75 .5 10.5 0.0 54 14. 8 75.9 9.3 0.0 * Both sexes included N = the number of incisors available for study taining the pit, the distal deviation of the buccal central incisors and 60.0% of the lateral incisors dem­ groove, and the various gradations of cusp size. The onstrate this character. It is apparent from Tables I protostylid frequency was studied in the deciduous and 2 that the shovel character was manifested to its second mandibular molars and in the first, second, maximum degree in the permanent dentition of the and third permanent mandibular molars. Huari culture and in the deciduous dentition of the Results. The incidence and distribution of the lea and Inca cultures. Table 2 shows a significant shovel-shaped character is given for this pre-Colum­ decrease in the shovel character in the deciduous bian Peruvian population and its cultures in Tables I dentition in the Colonial and lea cultures with all and 2 (Table I for the permanent dentition and Table other cultures approaching the 100.0% frequency 2 for the deciduous dentition); both sexes were com­ level. bined as the difference between them was statistically The frequency of Carabelli's cusp is given for insignificant. As seen in Table I, 90.1 % of the central this pre-Columbian Peruvian population and its cul­ incisors and 90.7% of the lateral incisors in the per­ tures in Table 3. Nineteen and seven tenths percent of manent dentitions of this population showed some the permanent dentitions having maxillary molars evidence of shovelling. In the deciduous dentition and 60.0% of the deciduous dentitions having max­ (Table 2 ), 86 .0% of the central incisors and 85.2% of illary molars possessed the character known as Cara­ the lateral incisors showed some degree of shovelling. belli's cusp. In the permanent dentitions, the ex­ In studying the cultural differences it should be noted pression of the cusp more frequently took the form of that all the cultures with the exception of the Paracas a single furrow and pit while in the deciduous denti­ culture (the earliest studied) approach 100.0% fre­ tions, actual cusp formation prevailed over the single quency for the shovel character in the permanent furrow and pit expression. The range of expression of dentition. In the Paracas culture, only 71.5% of the this character varied from O in the N azca dentitions

TABLE 3 Distribution Frequency of Carabelli's Cusp in the Pre-Columbian Peruvian Cultures* (percent) Permanent Dentition Deciduous Dentition Culture N Carabelli's Classification N Carabelli's Classification 0 I 2 O I 2 Paracas 50 74.0 14.0 12.0 10 40.0 10.0 50.0 Nazcas 9 100.0 0.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 100.0 Huari 15 73.4 13.3 13.3 5 40.0 20.0 40.0 lea 28 75.0 17.9 7.1 14 42.9 14.2 42.9 Inca 2 100.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 33.3 66.7 Colonial 23 95.7 0.0 4.3 12 50.0 16.7 33.3 Totals for Populatio n 127 80.3 11.0 8.7 45 40.0 15.6 44.4 * Both sexes included N = the number of individuals in a culture who had maxillary molars for study 58 SAWYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION

TABLE4 bution separately of the three characters of shovel­ Frequency of Protostylid in the Pre-Columbian Peruvian Population and Its Cultures* (percent) shape, Carabelli's cusp, and protostylid as seen in the mummies excavated from two large cemeteries Frequency in Frequency in Permanent Deciduous (Murga and Huayuri). As can be seen from Table 5, Culture N Dentition N Dentition all the central and lateral permanent incisors from these two cemeteries, Murga and Huayuri, express Paracas 30 73.3 6 83.3 Nazca 18 77.8 0** the shovel character. The group from Huayuri, how­ Huari 13 69.2 3 66.7 ever, show a greater degree of shovelling. In Table 6, lea 26 53.8 II 36.6 75 .9% of the central and 78.6% of the lateral decid­ Inca I 100.0 2 100.0 Colonial 23 34.8 12 83.3 uous incisors from the Murga group have the shovel­ Totals ling character. In the H uayuri group, 100.0% of the for central and 83.3% of the lateral deciduous incisors Populdion Ill 61.3 34 67.6 express the shovel-shape character. Only 3 .5% of the * Both sexes included group from the Murga cemetery had Carabelli's ** No deciduous mandibula r Nazca teeth were available cusps in the permanent dentition while 50.0% of the for study N = the number of individuals in a culture who had deciduous dentitions had expressions of this charac­ mandibular molars for study ter as seen in Table 7. The group from Huayuri showed Carabelli's cusps in 14.3% of the permanent (both permanent and deciduous) and in the per­ dentitions and 100.0% of the deciduous dentitions. manent Inca dentitions to a 100.0% expression in the Table 8 shows that in the Murga group the pro­ deciduous dentitions of the Inca culture. It should be tostylids were expressed in 52.6% of the permanent pointed out however that this extremely high dentitions and in 58 .8% of the deciduous dentitions. ( I 00.0%) expression in the Inca deciduous dentitions In the H uayuri group, only 25.0% of.the permanent was based on the study of only three individuals. dentitions and none of the deciduous dentitions The frequency of the protostylid character is showed expression of this character. shown in Table 4. The protostylid was expressed in Discussion and Conclusions. After studying Table 61.3% of the permanent dentitions and in 67.6% of 9, it is quite evident that the frequency of shovel­ the deciduous dentitions. The frequency ranged from shaped incisors varies considerably in the different a low of 34.8% in the permanent dentitions of the population groups. In modern man, marked shovel­ Colonial culture to a high of 100.0% in the dentitions ling usually suggests Mongoloid affinities. The ab­ of the Inca culture. sence of shovel types occurs infrequently in Mon­ Tables 5 through 8 give the frequency and distri- goloid peoples.4•10•13•19 Hrdlicka10 has shown that in

TABLE 5 Distribution of Shovel-Shaped Permanent Incisors in the Two Large Cemeteries Excavated* (percent) Central Incisors Lateral Incisors Cemetery N Shovel Classification N Shovel Classification 0 I 2 3 0 I 2 3 Murga 27 0.0 55.6 33.3 I I. I 20 0.0 50.0 35.0 15 .0 Huayuri 12 0.0 25.0 33.3 41.7 13 0.0 23.1 30.8 46.1 Both sexes included N = the number of incisors available for study

TABLE 6 Distribution of Shovel-Shaped Deciduous Incisors in the Two Large Cemeteries Excavated* (percent) Central Incisors Lateral Incisors Cemetery N Shovel Classification N Shovel Classification 0 I 2 3 0 I 2 3 Murga 29 24.1 65.5 10.4 0.0 28 21.4 67.9 10.7 0.0 Huayuri II 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 12 16.7 83 .3 0.0 0.0 * Both sexes included N = the number of incisors available .for study SAWYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION 59

TABLE 7 Distribution Frequency of Carabelli's Cusp in the Two Large Cemeteries Excavated* (percent) Permanent Dentition Deciduous Dentition Cemetery N Carabelli's Classification N Carabelli's Classification 0 I 2 0 I 2 Murga 29 96.5 0.0 3.5 18 50.0 22.2 27.8 Huayuri 14 85.7 14.3 0.0 6 0.0 33.3 66.7 *Both sexes included N = the number of individuals in a cemetery available for study

Caucasoid races the frequency of shovel-shaped in­ cisors is quite low. Lasker20 in his later study of American whites also found a low percentage of indi­ TABLES viduals with the shovel character. All of these authors Frequency of Protostylid in the Two Large Cemeteries agree that the degree of shovelling is greater in Mon­ Excavated* (percent) goloids than in Caucasoids. The degree of shovelling Frequency in Frequency in in the permanent incisors has been shown by Hani­ Permanent Deciduous hara21 to be greater than the degree of shovelling in Cemetery N Dentition N Dentition the deciduous dentition, probably due to the weak­ Murga 29 52.6 17 58.8 ness of the lingual marginal ridges of the deciduous H uayuri 16 25.0 6 0.0 incisors. Table 9 shows that the high incidence of * Both sexes included shovelling in this pre-Columbian Peruvian popu­ N = the number of individuals in a cemetery available for study lation fits with Mongoloid groups, suggesting, of course, affinity to this race. Our study also shows, as

TABLE 9 Percentage Frequency of Shovel-Shaped Incisors in Several Populations* N Population Frequency Author

75 Aleuts (centrals) 100.0 Moorrees22 70 Aleuts (laterals) 100.0 Moorrees22 96 Polynesians 76.0 Suzuki and Sakai" and 376 Mapuche Indians 56.9 Muiioz24 (centrals) 376 Mapuche Indians 93.6 Muiioz" (laterals) 689 Chileans 45.7 Pinto-Cisternas and Figueroa25 73 Pewenche Indians 95.3 Rothhammer et al. 26 17 Early Am. Indians 63.0 Devoto and Arias" 24 Mongolian 100.0 Hrdlicka" 40 Eskimo 100.0 Hrdlicka" 2000 American Whites 68.5 Hrdlicka10 642 American Whites 55.0 Lasker" 226 Pima Indians 100.0 Dahlberg17 60 Diaguitas Indians 80.3 Campusano et al." 53 Contemporary Peruvian 100.0 Goaz and Miller• Indians from Amazon area 71 Pre-Columbian Peruvian 90.1 Present study (Perm. centrals) 64 Pre-Columbian Peruvian 90.7 Present study (Perm. laterals) 57 Pre-Columbian Peruvian 86.0** Present study (Decid. centrals) 54 Pre-Columbian Peruvian 85.2** Present study (Decid. laterals) * Both sexes included ** All other percentages are for permanent teeth N = the number of incisors in study 60 SA WYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION

Hanihara21 did, that the degree of shovelling is cultural groups as to the frequency and degree of greater in the permanent dentition than in the de­ shovelling. Only the Paracas and Colonial cultures ciduous. vary greatly from the others. This, of course, might Carbonell1" points out that in 1920, Hrdlicka be explained by this variation within racial groups, had shown that shovelling generally occurs bilaterally but the possibility of outside racial influences must be and only very rarely unilaterally. In this study, shov­ entertained especially in the Colonial culture, as this elling was only seen bilaterally, although in one group was influenced by the Spanish conquerors. mummy the degree of shovelling was greater on one In studying the frequency and degree of the side than on the other. Carbonell19 showed that the shovel character as seen in Tables 5 and 6, it would frequency of shovelling was greater in the lateral appear that the group buried at Huayuri expresses incisor, but also pointed out that the difference was this Mongoloid trait to a greater degree than the not very significant. In this study, the frequency of group buried at Murga. This would be expected since shovelling of the lateral incisor was greater in the the Murga group includes all of our Colonial culture, permanent dentition. However, the 0.6% difference the decreased shovel character having already been again is considered insignificant. In view of this no­ alluded to in this culture. The Huayuri group is com­ ticeable correlation of this morphological character posed of lea, Huari, and Nazca cultural groups as of the central and lateral incisors, it seems quite pos­ previously mentioned. In comparing the frequency sible that a common genetic factor is involved. and degree of expression of the shovel character of Morse30 and Hrdlicka10 observed that pronounced these three cultural groups to the H uayuri group as a shovel-shaped incisors were more frequent in females whole, it is apparent that the Huari, Nazca, and than in males. In this study, the difference between perhaps outside cultural groups have contributed to a the sexes as to both the frequency and degree of greater extent to the high frequency and degree of shovelling was insignificant. shovelling in this group. Differences in the frequency and degree of shov­ Kraus33 has indicated that a low frequency of elling within racial groups are evident from the study expression of Carabelli's cusp coupled with a high of the differences in frequency of shovel-shaping frequency of the intermediate expression of this char­ among the various American-Indian tribes,10 in the acter (pits and furrows) is characteristic of pre­ study of the Chinese from different geographical dominately Mongoloid groups. After surveying Ta­ areas,31 and the differences in the observations made bles 3 and I 0, it can be seen that this pre-Columbian by Shaw32 and by Carbonell, 19 studying similar Bantu population does show a low frequency of cusp ex­ groups. In our study, differences are seen among the pression and a higher frequency of expression of the

TABLE 10 Incidence of Carabelli's Cusp in Different Populations Population Author Incidence (percent) Sec. Decid. First Perm. Sec. Perm. Third Perm. Molar Molar Molar Molar Mixed European Diamond" 50.0 Am. Whites Dahlberg" 41.0 8.0 0.0 Am. Army Men Dietz" 72.3 Japanese Hirakawa" 10.7 E. Greenland Pedersen" 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eskimo Diaguitas Indians Campusano 0.0 0.0 0.0 et al. 29 Pima Indians Dahlberg" cusp 8.0 cusp 0.0 cusp 0.0 pit 27.0 pit 4.0 pit 0.0 Contemporary Goaz and Miller• cusp 12.4 cusp 1.3 cusp 9.1 Peruvian Indians pit 15.5 pit 3.8 pit 9.1 Pre-Columbian Present cusp 41.6* cusp 7.7* cusp 1.9* cusp 4.I* Peruvian study pit 14.3 pit 9.9 pit0.6 pit 2. I Japanese H anihara21 cusp 11.9 pit 55.7 Am. Whites Hanihara21 cusp 35.7 pit 58.9 * Based on the number of molars available for study SA WYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION 61 pits and furrows in the permanent dentition. There is Peruvian population show a high frequency of ex­ a high frequency of cusp expression in the deciduous pression of the protostylid in the permanent denti­ dentitions, thus giving rise to the conclusion that tion with the exception of the Colonial culture. Again outside racial influences were acting on these cul­ outside racial influences appear to effect the incidence tures. The incidence of cusp and pit expression as of a morphological trait in this culture. Hanihara21 seen through sequence comparison of the second de­ stated that the deciduous mandibular molars usually ciduous maxillary molar, first, second, and third per­ have a higher frequency of protostylid than the per­ manent maxillary molars in this pre-Columbian Pe­ manent molars. In this study, 60.0% of the cultures ruvian population correlates quite well with other showed a higher frequency of protostylid among the Mongoloid populations such as the Pima lndians17 deciduous molars. and the contemporary Peruvian Indians.4 In this Table 11 again gives a clue to the racial origins of study as in the study of the Alaskan Eskimos by Bang the pre-Columbian Peruvians in that the distribution and Hasund, 18 there were no sex differences in the and frequency of protostylid correlates very well with occurrence of Carabelli's cusp. In examining the data the distributions and frequencies seen in Mongoloid from Murga and Huayuri cemeteries (Table 7), there populations such as the Pima Indians and the con­ is a low frequency of expression of Carabelli's cusp in temporary Peruvian Indian from the Amazon water­ both groups of permanent dentitions with the Huay­ shed area. In fact, the frequency of protostylid in this uri group having a high frequency of pits. However, population is among the highest seen. In viewing the both groups show a high frequency of cusp ex­ frequency of protostylid in the groups from the two pression in the deciduous dentitions. This again cemeteries Table 8 shows that again, as with the would suggest the influence of Caucasoid traits. Carabelli character, the Huayuri group has charac­ Although it has been reported by R. G. Snyder in teristics which seem to be influenced by a Caucasoid The Dental Morphology of the Point of Pines Indians, population. In this instance, the protostylid is ex­ 1959 (unpublished) that the occurrence of the proto­ pressed less than one-half as frequently in the per­ stylid and Carabelli's cusp is significantly correlated, manent dentition and not at all in the deciduous Goaz and Miller• indicated that in their population dentition. of contemporary Peruvian Indians these traits occur Summary. It is apparent that with a high fre­ independently. In this study of pre-Columbian Pe­ quency of shovelling, a low frequency of expression ruvians, these characters are independently expressed. of Carabelli's cusp, and a high frequency of ex­ Dahlberg38 stated that the highest incidence of the pression of protostylid that this pre-Columbia n Pe­ protostylid occurs in Mongoloid populations. In ruvian population is a population of Mongoloid their 1966 paper, Goaz and Miller showed that the origin. contemporary Peruvian Indians from the Amazon In viewing the frequency of these three charac­ watershed area showed an unusually large number of ters in the six cultures, it appears that two of the teeth expressing the protostylid. It can be seen from cultures, the Nazca and Inca, were rather stable as to Table 4 that all the cultures of this pre-Columbian makeup. Only the high expression of Carabelli's cusp

TABLE II Percentage Distribution and Frequency of Protostylid in Several Populations Population Author In cidence (percent) Sec. Decid. First Perm. Sec. Perm. Third Perm. Molar Mola r M olar Molar Am. White Dahlberg11 15.0* 6.0* 25.5* 0.0* Pima Indian Dahlberg1' 60.0* 31.5* 20.0* 20.0* Contemporary Goaz and Miller• M.5 ~.2 M .8 16.7 Peruvian Indian Pre-Columbian Present study 69.2** 66.5** 51.7** 23.7** Peruvian Am. White Hanihara21 13.0 Japanese Hanihara21 44.7 Negro Hanihara2 1 17.0 * Percentage for male population only; percentage includes those teeth having a distal deviation of the buccal groove and all the various gradations of cusp size ** Based on the number of molars available for study 62 SA WYER ET AL: PRE-COLUMBIAN DENTITION in the deciduous dentitions of these two cultures dis­ 9. BLACK, GV: Descriptive Anatomy of the Human Teeth, ed 3. torted the picture of a true Mongoloid as seen in Philadelphia, White, 1894. these characters. In both these cultures, this high 10. HRDLl<'.:KA A: Shovel-shaped teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol frequency of expression of Carabelli's cusp came 3:429-465, 1920. about as the result of a small sample; only one in the Nazca group and three in the Inca group. It would 11. CARABELLI G: Anatomie des Mundes. Wien, Braumiiller & also appear that the lea culture and the Colonial Seidel, 1842. culture more especially came under the influence of outside Caucasoid groups, which assuredly the Colo­ 12. KRAUS BS: Carabelli's anomaly of the maxillary molar teeth. nial culture did. However, the question can be asked, Observations on mexicans and papago indians and an inter­ pretation of the inheritance. Am J Hum Genet 3:348-355, 1951. "Why, if there is an increased Caucasoid influence in these cultures, is there not a decreased incidence in 13. DAHLBERG AA: The evolutionary significance of the proto­ protostylid in the deciduous dentitions of these stylid. Am J Phys Anthropol 8:15-25, 1951. groups to go along with the decreased incidence of shovelling and the increased incidence of Carabelli's 14. KusTALOGL U OA: Paramolar structures of the upper denti­ cusp?" Perhaps this can best be answered by noting tion. J Dent Res 41: 75-83, 1962. that in Hanihara's study21 of the Japanese-American hybrid, the protostylid character along with the 15. SUZUKI M. SAKAI T: On the protostylid of the japanese. Zin­ ruigaku Zassi 63:81, 1954. shovel character seemed to maintain its high Mon­ goloid frequency in these hybrids while the Cauca­ 16. ALLISON MJ, GERSZTE N E: Pa/eopatho/ogy in Peruvian Mum­ soid characteristic of having a high frequency of mies. Application of Modern Techniques. Richmond, Virginia, Carabelli's cusp seemed to overcome the Mongoloid Virginia Commonwealth University, 1975. characteristic of having a low frequency of expression of this character. 17. DAHLBERG AA: Analysis of the american indian dentition, in Brothwell DR (ed): Dental Anthropology. Oxford, London, New York, Paris, Pergamon Press, 1963, pp 149-177.

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