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Dagogo Altraide COLDFUSION presents From Einstein to Artificial Intelligence The Technology and Science that Transformed our World DAGOGO ALTRAIDE New Thinking From Einstein to SpaceX The Science and Technology That Transformed Our World Dagogo Altraide Mango Publishing Coral Gables Copyright © Dagogo Altraide Cover Design: Layout Design: Jermaine Lau Mango is an active supporter of authors’ rights to free speech and artistic expression in their books. The purpose of copyright is to encourage authors to produce exceptional works that enrich our culture and our open society. Uploading or distributing photos, scans or any content from this book without prior permission is theft of the author’s intellectual property. Please honor the author’s work as you would your own. Thank you in advance for respecting our authors’ rights. For permission requests, please contact the publisher at: Mango Publishing Group 2850 Douglas Road, 3rd Floor Coral Gables, FL 33134 USA [email protected] For special orders, quantity sales, course adoptions and corporate sales, please email the publisher at [email protected]. For trade and wholesale sales, please contact Ingram Publisher Services at customer.service@ ingramcontent.com or +1.800.509.4887. New Thinking: From Einstein to SpaceX The Science and Technology That transformed Our World Library of Congress Cataloging ISBN: (print) 978-1-63353-750-7 (ebook) 978-1-63353-751-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952299 BISAC category code: “TEC000000—TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / General” Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents Introduction 8 CHAPTER 1 The Industrial Revolution 10 CHAPTER 2 Building a Foundation 15 CHAPTER 3 A New World (1900–1910) 25 CHAPTER 4 Innovation and the Great Conflict (1910–1919) 39 CHAPTER 5 Gears in Motion (1920–1929) 50 CHAPTER 6 1930–1939 (Sound, Vision, and Genius) 62 CHAPTER 7 1940–1949 (War is the Mother of Invention) 71 CHAPTER 8 1950s (The Seeds of Today) 84 CHAPTER 9 1960s (Peace, Love and…Computers?) 99 CHAPTER 10 The New Age (1970s) 116 CHAPTER 11 Technology Merges into Society (1980–1989) 134 CHAPTER 12 The 1990s (Digital Nostalgia) 156 CHAPTER 13 A New Century (2000–2010) 178 PART 1: Making Sense of it All 207 PART 2: The Robots Took Our Jobs! 213 PART 3: Coding with Nature 220 PART 4: Quantum Weirdness 221 PART 5: Modern Quantum Computing 222 Conclusion 232 About Author 235 Introduction ‘The spread of civilization may be likened to a fire; first, a feeble spark, next a flickering flame, then a mighty blaze, ever increasing in speed and power.’ —Nikola Tesla. The history of mankind is built on new thinking, from the first caveman who attached a pointy rock to a sharp stick people are nothing if not innovative. Some of these innovations change the world forever: fire, refrigeration, the transistor. Some not so much: The Power Glove, The Clapper, Smell-O-Vision. In the following chapters we will take a walk through the history of technology from the Industrial Revolution to Pokémon Go. However, before we start, we need to talk about the new thinker of all new thinkers—an inventor who is so important to the history of technology that his nickname is ‘The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century’. I am speaking of course about Nikola Tesla. You won’t find Tesla’s name in the following chapters of this book. This isn’t because he isn’t important. It’s because he is too important. If I were to include Tesla, his name would be on every second page. Let’s run down a few of the inventions he was either instrumental in realizing or invented himself: alternating current, the induction motor, the Tesla coil, wireless lighting, steam-powered oscillating generator, radio, hydro-electricity, X-ray, remote control. This doesn’t even begin to list the things he envisioned but either didn’t get around to or couldn’t realize because his thinking was too advanced for the materials at hand. There is a reason that modern day boy genius, Elon Musk, named his car company after Tesla. The legend of Nikola Tesla grows by the year, and the crazy thing is, the legend probably doesn’t even capture half of the amazing truth. This is a man who once built a small earthquake machine in New York and then dared Mark Twain to stand on it. The machine only caused a small rumble, but it was enough to loosen the bowels of the famous author. Tesla’s legend includes wireless power, weather control, and a death ray that he reportedly carried with him in an 9 unmarked bag, a bag that went mysteriously missing after his death. Many of the wilder legends about Tesla are unsubstantiated, though there are more than enough proven stories to fill an encyclopaedia. Tesla was so beyond his time that when he first displayed his radio remote control boat at an electricity exhibition in Madison Square Garden the technology was so far ahead of anything onlookers had seen that some literally thought Tesla was either magic or telepathy, while others chalked the display up to a tiny trained monkey that INTRODUCTION had been hidden in the remote control boat. Alternating current, along with the induction motor, is the reason we can plug things into the walls in our homes. It was such a huge step that it wasn’t just shown off at the famous 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, it was used to light it. Without Tesla, we wouldn’t have the electricity in our homes, the motors in our cars, or the ability to change the channel when American Idol starts. We wouldn’t be able to see broken bones or listen to the weekly top forty. Tesla is the poster boy for Arthur C. Clarke’s famous quote: ‘Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.’ But rather than spending all of our time with this amazing Serbian born inventor, let’s start at the start with chapter one and the Industrial Revolution. CHAPTER 1 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution If you’ve ever eaten food you didn’t grow, put on clothes you didn’t make, driven a car, used electricity, watched TV, used a phone or computer, slept on a bed, used a toilet, had water from a tap, or ever been inside a building, congratulations, you’ve lived with the consequences of the Industrial Revolution. The event was the single biggest change to mankind in history. Before the Industrial Revolution, people lived on the land that provided them with food and the means for clothing, life expectancy was around thirty-five years of age, any form of structured education was extremely rare, while disease and malnutrition was rife. For all of history, humans never used tools or objects that weren’t produced within their immediate community. The fastest speed any human could travel was the speed of a horse. Over 80 percent of the general population lived on farms. With no mass production or the ability to transport large quantities of goods a long distance without it expiring, there really wasn’t any other way for people to live. They had to be close to their source of food. Today the number of people on farms in the United States is down to less than 1 percent. So where did the dawn of this magnificent era that created our modern world originate from? The Steam Engine that Powered a Revolution It all began in England around 1712. At the time, a primitive tin and coal mining industry existed, but there was a major problem. The mines would get flooded whenever it rained, and in England, rain was a pretty common occurrence. Every time a mine flooded, production would have to be stopped. This meant that the production of goods was subject to the weather conditions. To deal with the flooding, scores of men carrying endless buckets of water would be commissioned to bail out the water. As you could imagine, this was very inefficient and costly. Enter, Thomas Newcomen from Dartmouth, Devon. He was the inventor of the first practical steam engine. His approach was basically to heat steam up into a cylinder which drove a pivoting arm. The other end of which moved up and down as the cylinder 11 was heated and cooled. This steam engine, named the Newcomen engine, was put to use in the mines. This in turn increased the production of coal and tin. There were some problems with Newcomen’s engine though, it was slow and used a lot of coal. Using up more coal meant that they were expensive to run. James Watt REVOLUTION THE INDUSTRIAL With a basis to start on, there was now room for someone to come through and improve the technology of the Newcomen steam engine. That someone was Scotsman, James Watt, the man who really started the revolution. Born on the nineteenth of January 1736, Watt was the son of a shipyard owner. While in school, he was taught Latin and Greek and was thought to be slow by his teachers. As it turned out, he just wasn’t interested in language. When it came to engineering and mathematics however, he excelled. At age nineteen, he went to Glasgow to study the trade of making mathematical-instruments such as scales and parts for telescopes. Watt eventually made instruments for the University of Glasgow. During this time, he was given a model of a Newcomen engine to repair. Very quickly, Watt became interested in steam engines and noticed how inefficient the standard Newcomen engine of the day was. He decided he could improve it. One day while going for a walk on a Sunday afternoon in 1763, an idea struck him.
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