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Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE Bakalářská práce Brno 2013 Kateřina Skulinová MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE PARAZITI GASTROINTESTINÁLNÍHO TRAKTU VOLNĚ ŽIJÍCÍCH GIBONŮ (HYLOBATES ALBIBARBIS) Z KALIMANTANU Bakalářská práce Kateřina Skulinová Vedoucí práce: MVDr. Ivona Foitová, Ph.D. Brno 2013 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Kateřina Skulinová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Paraziti gastrointestinálního traktu volně žijících gibonů (Hylobates albibarbis) z Kalimantanu Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie, směr Zoologie Vedoucí práce: MVDr. Ivona Foitová, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2012/2013 Počet stran: 39+6 Klíčová slova: Gibon, Hylobates albibarbis, gastrointestinální paraziti, Borneo, Kalimantan, Bibliographic Entry Author Kateřina Skulinová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Gastrointestinal parasites of wild Bornean agille gibons (Hylobates albibarbis) Degree programme: Ecological and evolutionary biology Ecological and evolutionary biology, specialization Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor: MVDr. Ivona Foitová, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2012/2013 Number of Pages: 39+6 Keywords: Gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis, gastrointestinal parasites, Kalimantan, Borneo Abstrakt V této práci jsou předkládány výsledky parazitologického vyšetření 15 vzorků trusu nasbíraných v roce 2010 od devíti divokých gibonů bělobradých (Hylobates albibarbis) z oblasti Kalimantanu, indonéské části ostrova Borneo. Cílem práce bylo vypracovat literární rešerši o biologii a parazitech gibonů, potvrdit přítomnost gastrointestinálních parazitů ve vzorcích trusu a determinovat je na základě morfometrických znaků. Pro koprologické vyšetření byla použita modifikovaná Ridleyho sedimentační metoda a výsledné preparáty byly prohlíženy pod mikroskopem. Ve vzorcích byli nalezeni zástupci Balantidium sp. a Entamoeba sp. z taxonu Protozoa, vajíčka dvou druhů taxonu Trematoda, vajíčka Trichuris sp., vajíčka a larvy Strongyloides sp., vajíčka Ancylostomatidae g. sp. a roupi Probstmayria sp. z taxonu Nematoda. Práce je předběžnou studií k budoucímu výzkumu parazitů u gibonů bělobradých. Abstract In this thesis 15 faecal samples of Bornean agile gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis) from Kalimantan, Indonesian part of the island Borneo, were examined. The aim of the study was to work up a literature review related to biology and parasites of gibbons, confirm the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in faecal samples and their determination based on morphometrical features. In coprological study modified Ridley's sedimentation method and microscopic techniques were utilised. There were recovered Balantidium sp., Entamoeba sp. of taxon Protozoa, ova of 2 species of taxon Trematoda, ova of Trichuris sp., ova and larvae of Strongyloides sp., ova of Ancylostomatidae g. sp. and Probstmayria sp. of taxon Nematoda. This thesis provides a baseline for future studies of parasitic communities within Bornean agile gibbons. Místo tohoto listu vložte kopii oficiálního (podepsaného) zadání práce. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat své vedoucí bakalářské práce MVDr. Ivoně Foitové, Ph.D., že mi poskytla možnost studovat tak zajímavé téma, za ochotu a trpělivost při vedení mé bakalářské práce. Stejně tak děkuji i své konzultantce RNDr. Boženě Koubkové, Ph.D. za cenné rady a pomoc při formálním zpracování této práce. Dále děkuji panu prof. Ing. Vlastimilu Barušovi, DrSc. za pomoc při determinaci nalezených parazitů. V neposlední řadě děkuji svým rodičům, Filipovi, rodině a přátelům, kteří mě podporují ve všech směrech. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 15. května 2013 ….……………………………… Kateřina Skulinová OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ........................................................................................................ 10 2. ČELEĎ HYLOBATIDAE GRAY, 1870 (GIBONI) ...................................... 11 2.1. Gibon bělobradý Hylobates albibarbis Lyon, 1911 ........................... 17 2.2. Paraziti gibonů ................................................................................. 18 3. MATERIÁL A METODIKA ........................................................................ 22 3.1. Charakteristika studovaného území ................................................. 22 3.2. Materiál ............................................................................................ 22 3.3. Determinace parazitů ve vzorcích .................................................... 24 4. VÝSLEDKY ............................................................................................... 25 4.1. Přehled nalezených druhů parazitů ................................................. 25 5. DISKUZE ................................................................................................... 28 6. POUŽITÉ ZDROJE ................................................................................... 31 6.1. Literární zdroje ................................................................................. 31 6.2. Internetové zdroje ............................................................................ 38 7. PŘÍLOHY ................................................................................................... 40 9 1. ÚVOD Gibon bělobradý je endemitem ostrova Borneo. I když z posledních deseti let existuje velké množství studií zabývajících se ekologií, etologií a ochranou jeho přirozeného prostředí, stále vzniká velmi málo prací, které se věnují výzkumu parazitů u tohoto druhu. Hlavní náplní této bakalářské práce je předložit základní poznatky o složení parazitofauny gibonů bělobradých. Úvodem se práce věnuje biologii gibonů všeobecně, dále se zaměřuje na gibona bělobradého a parazitofaunu gibonů. Následující kapitola je věnována charakteristice území Kalimantanu z hlediska přírodních poměrů a klimatu. Zbývající část textu se věnuje vlastnímu výzkumu nalezených parazitů, především popisu a interpretaci získaných výsledků. Obsah této práce poskytuje základní informace o parazitofauně gibonů bělobradých. Cíle práce 1) Vypracování rešerše o biologii gibonů a jejich parazitech z publikovaných dat se zaměřením na gibona bělobradého (Hylobates albibarbis). 2) Vybranou koprologickou metodou zpracovat fekální vzorky na přítomnost parazitů. 3) Vypracovat přehled nalezených druhů parazitů a jejich charakteristiku. 10 2. ČELEĎ HYLOBATIDAE GRAY, 1870 (GIBONI) Giboni jsou poměrně malí primáti žijící v tropických pralesech jihovýchodní Asie včetně jihovýchodní Indie, Malajského poloostrova, ostrovů Velkých Sund, jižní Číny a Hainanského ostrova (CHIVERS, 1977). (Obr. 1). Spadají do monofyletické nadčeledi Hominoidea Gray, 1825 spolu s čeledí Hominidae Gray, 1825, kam patří rody Homo Linnaeus, 1758, Pan Blumenbach, 1775, Pongo Lacépède, 1799 a Gorilla Savage & Wyman, 1847 (GROVES, 1989). (Obr. 2). Obr. 1. Rozšíření rodů čeledi Hylobatidae (GEISSMANN, 1995) 11 Obr. 2. Fylogenetické postavení gibonů v rámci hominoidů (CROSLEY et al., 2013) Díky molekulárně genetickým analýzám se na základě rozdílného počtu chromozomů Hylobatidae Gray, 1870 dělí na 4 rody a to Hylobates Illiger, 1811, Symphalangus Gloger, 1841, Nomascus Miller, 1933 a Hoolock Haimoff et al., 1984 (synonymum Bunopithecus Matthew & Granger, 1923), které čítají celkem 16 druhů (ROOS & GEISSMANN, 2001). (Tab. 1). Tab. 1. Přehled rodů a druhů čeledi Hylobatidae s počty chromozomů (upraveno podle GEISSMANN, 2002b) rod 2n druhy (latinsky) druhy (česky) H. agilis (Cuvier, 1821) gibon tmavoruký H.albibarbis (Lyon, 1911) gibon bělobradý H. klossii (Miller, 1903) gibon malý Hylobates 44 H. lar (Linnaeus, 1771) gibon běloruký H. moloch (Audebert, 1797) gibon stříbrný H. muelleri (Martin, 1841) gibon Müllerův H. pileatus (Gray, 1861) gibon kápový H. hoolock (Harlan, 1834) gibon hulok Hoolock 38 H. leuconedys (Groves, 1967) gibon hnědohřbetý Symphalangus 50 S. syndactylus (Raffles, 1821) gibon siamang N. concolor (Harlan, 1826) gibon černý N. hainanus (Thomas, 1892) gibon hainanský N. nasutus (Kunckel d’Herculais, 1884) gibon černochocholatý Nomascus 52 N. gabriellae (Thomas, 1909) gibon zlatolící N. siki (Delacour, 1951) gibon siki N. leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840) gibon bělolící 12 Zatímco zařazení druhů do rodů je díky rozdílným karyotypům snadné, fylogenetické vztahy mezi druhy nejsou příliš jasné, to se týká především poddruhů známých druhů (např. H. lar má 5 poddruhů). Nesrovnalosti vznikají na základě rozdílné oblasti výskytu jednoho druhu, kdy se mohou zároveň objevovat i drobné odchylky v barvě srsti či dochází k překrývání teritorií, kde poté dochází k hybridizaci druhů. Některé poddruhy by v budoucnu mohly povýšit na samostatné druhy, jak se stalo např. u H. albibarbis (GROVES, 2001). Fylogenetické vztahy mezi druhy (Obr. 3). Obr. 3. Přehled fylogenetických vztahů mezi druhy (upraveno podle ROOS & GEISSMANN, 2001; GEISSMANN, 2002b) Potrava gibonů je pestrá. Jsou to fruktivorní primáti a podílejí se významným dílem na zoochorii semen po pralese. Nejdůležitější složkou potravy je zralé ovoce, listy, výhonky, květy a hmyz. Výjimečně požírají drobné obratlovce či ptačí vejce. Tělesná hmotnost se pohybuje v rozmezí 5–12 kg, kdy nejlehčím rodem je Hylobates a nejtěžším Symphalangus. Rozsah jejich teritoria činí 20– 40 ha (URL GEISSMANN, 2000). 13 V zajetí se mohou dožívat až 48 let, ve volné přírodě se odhaduje
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