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Campus Veterinaire De Lyon VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2014 - Thèse n° ETUDE DE PARASITOSES PAR COPROSCOPIE AU SAFARI DE PEAUGRES. THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 10 juillet 2014 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par GARAPIN, Bénédicte Née le 10 Janvier 1990 à St Céré (46) 2 LISTE DES MEMBRES DU CORPS ENSEIGNANT 3 4 REMERCIEMENTS À Monsieur le professeur Philippe VANHEMS, Professeur de l'Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, Pour m'avoir fait l'honneur de présider mon jury de thèse, Sincères remerciements. À Monsieur le Docteur Lionel ZENNER De VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon Pour ses conseils et son aide à la réalisation de cette thèse Sincères remerciements. À Monsieur le Docteur Michel PEPIN De VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon Pour avoir accepté de participer à mon jury de thèse Sincères remerciements. A Madame Marie-Thérèse POIREL, Technicienne au service de parasitologie de VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, Pour sa patience, son aide et sa grande disponibilité, Sincères remerciements. Au Docteur Baptiste CHENET, Vétérinaire au Safari de Peaugres Pour sa disponibilité, son enseignement, ses conseils et son aide précieuse tout au long de ce travail Sincères remerciements. Au Docteur Christelle VITAUD, Directrice du Safari de Peaugres Pour avoir proposé ce travail Sincères remerciements Aux soigneurs du Safari de Peaugres Pour leur participation à la réalisation de cette étude Sincères remerciements 5 A mes parents, Pour votre soutien sans lequel je ne serais pas là aujourd'hui. Pour vos encouragements tout au long de mon parcours. Pour m'avoir permis d'accomplir ce rêve. A mes grands parents, Pour votre écoute et votre présence. Pour vos encouragements sans limite. A ma sœur, Pour tes conseils et pour ces petits week-ends de repos salutaires. A mes amis, au groupe 6, à mon ancienne, à ma poulotte, Pour tous ces bons moments, les sorties, les fous rires,.... j'espère qu'on ne se perdra pas de vue. Au Dr Wedlarski, au Dr Popelin -Wedlarski, au Dr Moigno, au Dr Kohl, au Dr Bourgeois, au Dr Chai, au Dr Chaduc et aux soigneurs du Bioparc de Doué-la-Fontaine, du Pal, de la Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes et de Touroparc, Merci à tous pour votre accueil, votre enseignement et les expériences merveilleuses vécues grâce à vous. 6 TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES MEMBRES DU CORPS ENSEIGNANT..............................................................3 REMERCIEMENTS...................................................................................................................5 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS.................................................................................................12 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................13 PREMIÈRE PARTIE: ÉTUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE DU PARASITISME EN FAUNE SAUVAGE CAPTIVE..............................................................................................................15 I. Parasitisme en faune sauvage captive.............................................................................15 1) Bibliographie sur le parasitisme par espèce.............................................................15 a. Généralités............................................................................................................15 b. Parasitisme par espèce.........................................................................................16 2) Présentation de quelques parasites en particulier.....................................................19 a. Eimeria sp............................................................................................................19 b. Isospora sp...........................................................................................................21 c. Giardia sp.............................................................................................................24 d. Toxocara sp..........................................................................................................27 e. Toxascaris sp........................................................................................................32 f. Trichuris sp...........................................................................................................34 g. Capillaria sp........................................................................................................37 h. Nematodirus sp....................................................................................................40 i. Les strongles.........................................................................................................42 3) Le risque zoonosique................................................................................................44 a. Généralités sur les zoonoses ................................................................................44 b. Zoonose due à Giardia sp....................................................................................45 c. Zoonose due à Toxocara canis.............................................................................46 d. Zoonose due à Toxocara cati...............................................................................48 e. Zoonose due à Trichuris sp..................................................................................48 f. Question du potentiel zoonosique de Capillaria sp..............................................49 g. Question du potentiel zoonosique de Toxascaris leonina....................................49 4) Influence de la captivité sur le parasitisme et différences avec l'état sauvage..........49 II. Facteurs de risque et points de contrôle du parasitisme en parc zoologique.................51 1) Rôle de la faune sauvage autochtone........................................................................51 2) Rôle des chiens des visiteurs.....................................................................................53 3) Rôle des soigneurs.....................................................................................................53 4) Rôle des transferts d'animaux....................................................................................54 5) Les enclos polyspécifiques........................................................................................54 6) Rôle de la maintenance..............................................................................................55 7) Points de contrôle du parasitisme et prophylaxie sanitaire......................................56 a. Les enclos.............................................................................................................57 b. Soins aux animaux et hygiène..............................................................................58 c. Les soigneurs........................................................................................................59 d. La faune sauvage autochtone...............................................................................59 e. Les chiens des visiteurs........................................................................................59 f. Les transferts d'animaux.......................................................................................60 g. La recherche d'éléments parasitaires....................................................................60 h. Conclusion...........................................................................................................61 8) Éléments de la directive 92/65 dite « directive balai ».............................................61 III. Traitement médical des parasitoses en faune sauvage captive......................................62 7 1) Présentation du principe d'allométrie........................................................................62 a. Principe................................................................................................................63 b. Méthodes d'extrapolation.....................................................................................64 c. Facteurs à prendre en compte...............................................................................66 d. Intérêt de l'approche allométrique........................................................................68 e. Limites de l'extrapolation.....................................................................................68 f. Application pratique.............................................................................................69 g. Conclusion...........................................................................................................69 2) Législation sur l'acquisition et l'utilisation des antiparasitaires en parc zoologique70 3) Bibliographie sur les traitements antiparasitaires des espèces sauvages captives...71 4) Difficultés liées au traitement antiparasitaire des animaux de zoo..........................73 5) Les résistances aux antiparasitaires..........................................................................75 a. Introduction.........................................................................................................75 b. Historique............................................................................................................75 c. Facteurs influant sur l'émergence des résistances...............................................76 d. Détection des résistances....................................................................................78 e. Propositions
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