The 1994 Pacific Northwest/Oceania

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This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (award no. BES 94-03359 for the project titled "Conference on the Assessment of Groundwater Models, March 21-23"; L. Stephen Lau, principal investigator; and Aly I. EI-Kadi, co principal investigator) and by the Water Resources Research Center at the University of Hawai 'i at Manoa. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the conference participants and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring organizations.

The 1994 Pacific Northwest/Oceania Con~ renee ASSESSMENT OF MODELS FOR GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT March 21- 23, 1994 Turtle Ba Hilton O'ahu Hawai 'j

pon red by

University of Hawai'i Water Re urce Re arch Center and Department of Geology and Geophy i

National Science Foundation

U.S. Environmental Protection Agen y

International Ground Water Modeling Center

U.S. Geological urvey

Additional copies of this report and the "Program and Abstracts" of the conference may be obtained from: Water Resources Research Center University of Hawai 'i at Manoa 2540 Dole St. , Holmes Hall 283 Honolulu, Hawai 'i 96822· U.S.A. Attn: Publications Office Special Report SR-96-01

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MANOA Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 INTRODUCTION...... 1

CONFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS 2 Keynote Addresses 2 Sessions . . . . 2 PosterslDemonstrations and Field Trip 5

COMPOSITION OF PARTICIPANTS. . 6

CONFERENCE FORUM: NEXT GENERATION OF MODELS 7 Research ..... 7 Field Techniques 8 Conceptual Models 8 Computation 8 Applications. 8 Modeling 8 Model Validation 9

CONFERENCE BOOK. 10

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION PERSPECTIVES . 11

APPENDIX: List of 1994 Pacific Northwest/Oceania Conference Participants. 15 Assessment of groundwater models was the October 1992, the program sponsored the second focus of the Pacific Northwest/Oceania confer forum on NSF research activities in subsurface ence held on March 21-23, 1994, at the Turtle systems at Ann Arbor, Michigan. Because of its Bay Hilton, Oahu, Hawaii. This conference high interest in the subject matter, NSF decided differed from other modeling meetings by focus to share in the costs of the 1994 conference by ing on critical assessment-to what extent models awarding a grant to the University of Hawaii. , have been adequate to address water, land, and environmental problems and have been able to This publication complements other products advance scientific understanding of groundwater of the 1994 conference, namely the "Program and systems. These needs have been made acute by Abstracts" produced by the Water Resources the very popular use and sometimes misuse of Research Center at the University of Hawaii at computational (numerical) models in recent years. Manoa and the book titled Groundwater Models Consequently, the crucial issue is, what is needed for Resources Analysis and Management in the next generation of models in light of the published by Lewis Publishers. The full agenda, critiques? together with abstracts of the presentations, is documented in the "Program and Abstracts," With such weighty needs, the conference which was included among the materials given to called for national participation of the highest the conference participants upon registration. quality, with a balanced input from the triparti Invited and selected papers presented at the tion of model creaters, model users, and natural conference appear in the Lewis Publishers book. resource managers. This publication presents highlights of the confer ence and summaries of the forum on the next The National Science Foundation's interests generation of groundwater models, as well as NSF in the subject matter have been deeply rooted for perspectives on groundwater research, a list of the some time, as partially reflected by its Environ nineteen papers in the Lewis Publishers book, and mental Engineering Program under the direction some information about the conference partici of Dr. Edward H. Bryan. The program activities pants. transcend research projects on the subsurface system to include conferences. For example, in It is worth noting that Turtle Bay, the site of 1990 the program participated in an in-depth the conference, is located in a quiet, secluded rural inquiry into groundwater models in the context environment far away from urban centers and of scientific and regulatory applications, spon distractions. Such a location facilitated greater sored by the National Research Council's Water interaction and communication among partici Science and Technology Board; and as recent as pants than could have otherwise been achieved. Keynote Addresses invited and contributed papers were presented. Two choices were provided: one for participants A plenary session featuring a keynote speaker more concerned with application of models for was held on the first and second days of the resources management and the other for those conference. Mary P. Anderson spoke on the more involved with modeling itself. The choices science aspects in her talk titled "Groundwater were as follows: modeling in the 21st century: Where are we going?" John D. Bredehoeft spoke on the manage Choice 1 ment aspects in his talk titled "Modeling complex General application of models hydrologic systems for the purpose of manage Pacific model applications ment." Geothermal modeling Anderson forecast major directions for model Managementlliability/economic issues ers that include using parameter estimation codes Choice 2 to help with calibration, using improved modeling protocols to improve model reliability, and devel New modeling approaches oping new field techniques to help with geological Model validation/postaudit characterization of heterogeneity and plume char acterization. Anderson has been a professor of General Application of Models geology and geophysics at the University of • T-C. J. Yeh, J. Mas-Pas, T M. Williams, and Wisconsin since 1975 and was the 1992 recipient J. F. McCarthy. Observation and simulation of of M. K. Hubbert award for outstanding contri three-dimensional chloride and natural butions to groundwater science. organic matter plumes in coastal sandy aquifers, Georgetown site, South Carolina The bottomline of Bredehoeft's presentation (Invited paper) on the benefit from regional groundwater manage ment is that if it works, don't fix it. Many existing • S. V. Makepeace, W W Woessner, and R. Delk. groundwater developments are currently operated The use of a groundwater flow model to assess at near-optimal economic efficiency. As a result, the consequences of mandated tribal instream one should proceed cautiously in changing current flow demands on the groundwater system, institutions. Bredehoeft has devoted 30 years of western Montana: Irrigators, the confederated public service at the U.S. Geological Survey and Salish-Kootenai tribes, and hydrogeologists pioneered numerical models for groundwater • Y.-c. Tan. A case study of damage assessment systems. of groundwater resources

Sessions • G. S. Johnson, J. M. Hubbell, C. W Bishop, and J. G. Lucas. Simulation of the impacts of After the plenary session, the conference ground-water pumping on flows of the Snake proceeded with concurrent sessions in which River in southeast Idaho

2 Pacific Model Applications I Geothermal Modeling • L. S. Lau and J. F. Mink. Groundwater model • A. J. Menzies. A review of geothermal reser ing in Hawaii: A historical perspective voir modeling (Invited paper) (Invited paper) • J. Dexter. An application of finite element • J. W Jenson and H. G. Siegrist, Jr. A first modeling to fluid density-dependent ground order modeling study of the northern Guam water flow with energy transport for improved lens aquifer hydraulic conductivity estimates • W R. Souza. Regional model of a freshwa • S. B. Gingerich. Numerical simulation of ter-saltwater groundwater system solute and energy transport in the near-surface aquifer of the Kilauea east rift zone, Puna • H. K. Endo, J. Mink, and M. Tagomori. District, island of Hawaii Groundwater modeling of subsurface grout • V. Ranganathan. 3-D simulations of geopres curtains in Kona sure-induced groundwater expUlsion in radial • T. E. Johnson and D. K. Kreamer. Results and faults around salt domes limitations of semianalytical modeling of flow and hydrocarbon transport in a coral atoll Management/Liability/Economic Issues I environment • J. W Massmann and M. T. Hagley. A compar • S. J. Winter. Groundwater development in ison of model and parameter uncertainties in remote areas of Federated States of Microne groundwater flow and solute transport predic sia tions (Invited paper) • M. G. Piepho. Groundwater modeling with • S. Orr. Modeling trace organic transport into time-dependent hydraulic/ transport parame and within a deep phreatic aquifer in Hawaii ters for long time periods • S. A. Anderson and L. K. Thallapally. • W W Woessner. Answered or unanswered Measurement and modeling of infiltration in questions, what does the regulator get: Assess a steep residual soil slope ing flow modeling results • T. Nishikawa, R. T. Hanson, and E. G. Reichard. Concurrent flow, transport, and Management/Liability/Economic Issues II optimization modeling for the management • T. A. Prickett and W A. Pettyjohn. Ground of groundwater resources in a coastal basin water modeling and litigation (Invited paper)

Pacific Model Applications II • H. S. Rifai and P. B. Bedient. A review of biodegradation models: Theories and applica • F. L. Peterson and S. B. Gingerich. Modeling tions atoll ground water systems (Invited paper) • P. Berger. The use of models (WHPA, • D. J. Ackerman and L. J. Mann. Extending VADOFT, VIRALD, CANVAS) to determine model usefulness-Eastern Snake River Plain vulnerability to virus contamination aquifer system, Idaho • M. V. Yates. Evaluation of the draft ground • R. Willis and B. A. Finney. Groundwater opti water disinfection rule "natural disinfection" mization modeling in the Pacific rim criteria using field data (Invited paper)

3 • M. M. Aral and M. L. MasUa. Integrating • C. Chen, D. M. Thomas, and R. E. Green. environmental modeling, demographic analy Modeling simulation of gas transport of 1,3- sis, and spatial analysis technologies to D volatile and radon through unsaturated zone determine a population's exposure to contam inants New Modeling Approaches III • D. S. Weber and E. L. Montgomery. Projec • M. Y. Corapcioglu. Modeling multiphase tions for long-term groundwater yield from contaminant flow in groundwater aquifers the Coconino-Supai aquifer, City of Flagstaff, (Invited paper) Lake Mary wellfield area, Coconino County, • W. E. Hathhorn. A statistical discussion of Arizona model error in the use of the advection dispersion equation New Modeling Approaches I • T-C. J. Yeh. An interative co-conditional • B. Travis, N. Rosenberg, and W. Soll. Ground simulation model for flow and solute transport water modeling: Present capabilities and in variably saturated and heterogeneous future directions porous media • S.-G. Li alul D. McLaughlin. A new approach for modeling three-dimensional contaminant Model ValidationlPostaudit transport in heterogeneous aquifers • L. F. Konikow. The value of postaudits in • M. M. Hamed, P. B. Bedient, and J. P. Conte. ground-water model applications (Invited Uncertainty analysis of subsurface transport paper) of reactive solutes using reliability methods • M. S. Beljin and W-J. Fang. Groundwater • S. Orr. High resolution Monte Carlo simula modeling of the Great Miami aquifer, Ohio: tions of radial flow A postaudit study • T Cheema and R. Islam. New modeling • P. K. M. van der Heijde. Model testing: A approach for predicting anisotropic behavior functionality analysis, performance evalua of fractured formations tion, and applicability assessment protocol (Invited paper) New Modeling Approaches II • F. Ghassemi, T H. Chen, A. J. Jakeman, and • A. 1. El-Kadi. On the accuracy of numerical G. Jacobson. Two and three dimensional solutions of unsaturated flow simulation of sea water intrusion: Perfor mances of the SUTRA and HST3D models • R. J. Wagenet and J. L. Hutson. Consequences of scale-dependency on application of chemi • P. W Huntoon. Is it appropriate to apply cal leaching models: A review of approaches porous media ground water circulation models (Invited paper) to karstic aquifers? • S. Liu, W. B. Mills, R. A. Johns, C. S. Martin, K. J. Wilkinson, L. Pilo, and 1. P. Murarka. Modeling the effect of remediation action on contaminant transport in the vadose zone and groundwater

4 Posters/Demonstrations • A. 1. El-Kadi. Geographic information system and Field Trip as a modeling shell (Demonstration)

Informal exhange was facilitated by posters • S. R. Spengler and S. B. Gingerich. Incorpo and demonstrations, as well as a field trip. The ration of groundwater transport modeling former consisted of the following: results into an ecological risk assessment prepared for Kure Atoll, Hawaii (Poster) • T. E. Johnson and D. E. James. Modeling of During the field trip, participants visited the subsurface dioxin transport in a tropical near Halawa shaft and Mililani water treatment plant. shore marine environment (Poster) The shaft is a facility extracting 14 mgd • D. L. Corwin, P. J. Vaughan, H. Wang, J. D. (0.61 m3/s) of drinking water by infiltration Rhoades, and D. G. Cone. A GIS application gallery from the thick freshwater lens in the Pearl for predicting areal distributions of solute Harbor basal aquifer. The entire facility is located loading to the groundwater for a non-point underground and is accessed by an inclined shaft. source pollutant (Poster) The Mililani plant provides above-ground reme • P. K. M. van der Heijde, D. A. Kanzer, and S. diation by granular activated carbon, of the S. Paschke. The development and application organic contaminated groundwater source in of saturated zone numerical ground-water Mililani in the Pearl Harbor aquifer. Both facilities model testing protocols (Poster) are operated by the Board of Water Supply, City and County of Honolulu. • S. Liu, W B. Mills, R. A. Johns, C. S. Martin, K. J. Wilkinson, L. Pilo, and l. P. Murarka. Demonstration of ROAM, the remedial options assessment model

5 Nearly 140 people attended the conference academic institutions that are renowned in (see participant list in Appendix), including about groundwater modeling such as Massachusetts 53% from the U.S. mainland (28 states from Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Massachusetts to California and Washington, University ofWiscollsin, Rice University, Cornell D.C.) and Guam, 42% from Hawaii, and 4% from University, University of Arizona, University of foreign countries (chart 1). The attendance by Washington, and University of California at affiliation was a very desirable three-way split: Riverside; major governmental agencies includ 39% from academic institutions; 37% from consulting firms and industries; and 24% from ing the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. governmental agencies, public interest groups, Environmental Protection Agency, Los Alamos and concerned citizens (chart 2). The significance National Laboratory, and U.S. Public Health of the conference is reflected in representation by Service; and numerous (48) consulting firms.

Industries r-2.76% I ,---- Unspecified :;....,..~-- 1.38%

Federal HawaII Govemment 42.36"10 11.72% Academic Institutions 39.31% Idaho 3.47%

Oregon 3.47%

Foreign Countries Califomia 4.17% 10.42%

Chart 1. Conference attendance by state and Chart 2. Conference attendance by afftliation foreign countries

6 An open forum was held on the last day of the Research conference to identify the weaknesses of models and modeling and to suggest needs for the next Groundwater models can be classified, in generation of models. It was candid and critical, general, as flow and transport/fate models. Flow yet creative and constructive. It was convened by models have progressed to reach what can be termed a second-generation status with improved Steven M. Gorelick of Stanford University, and modeling capabilities. In such a class, it is now panelists of high credential were as follows: possible to model three-dimensional flow prob Research lems on faster computers. The success is mainly • Lynn W. Gelhar, Lawrence Berkeley Labora attributed to the validity of the macroscopic view tory, Berkeley, California; on leave from point of flow in porous media. However, success Massachusetts Institute of Technology is not as sound regarding modeling fracture or preferential flow where the continuum principle is • Joel W. Massmann, University of Washington, not valid, such as flow in karstic or volcanic Seattle, Washington formations. A detailed account of the various • R.J. Wagenet, Cornell University, Ithaca, New hydraulic properties of the medium is not gener York ally possible. Techniques for measuring such properties, as well as conceptual models for RegulationlDecision Making heterogeneity analysis, are very much needed. • Philip Berger, U.S. Enivronmental Protection Although research models have addressed uncer Agency, Washington, D.C. tainty assessment, an acceptable rigorous • Leonard F. Konikow, U.S. Geological Survey, approach is not readily available. Another diffi Reston, Virginia culty exists in modeling nonlinear flow problems, such as those related to unsaturated and density Model Use dependent flow. Numerical solutions may require • Thomas A. Prickett, Thomas A. Prickett and the use of a very fine grid to achieve acceptable Associates, Urbana, illinois accuracy. Efficient solution techniques are essen tial here to solve large-scale field problems. The • Daniel B. Stephens, Daniel B. Stephens and third generation of models additionally requires Associates, Albuquerque, New Mexico the ability to use visualization and to have inter Quality Assurance/Quality Control active and complete control of the modeling • Paul K.M. van der Heijde, International process. Groundwater Modeling Center, Golden, Although transport/fate models have Colorado advanced in their capabilities, they have not over The following summaries of discussions held come their first-generation status in terms of their during the forum represent a near consensus limited ability to solve field problems. Difficulties among the participants. Complete agreement was include failure to describe the flow field on the evident on many issues related to process simula appropriate scale and the absence of accurate tion, parameter evaluation, and model application. conceptualization of the chemical and biological

7 activities involved. The next generation of trans proven, through several controlled field experi port/fate models needs to overcome the major ments, to be adequate in describing the dispersion specific problems summarized below. phenomenon, there is still a need to develop other vehicles for modeling contaminant transport. Field Techniques Models to quantify uncertainty and risk Computer technology has out-paced field should be advanced, most appropriately within a technology. The lack of appropriate data causes stochastic framework that links the modeling significant barriers in the modeling process. Many process to available data. Finally, interdisciplinary parameters of concern cannot be independently research efforts should be encouraged to include estimated, and a type of inverse technique is cooperation among the various branches of earth needed in this regard. The estimated parameters sciences. For example, it is possible to integrate depend thus on the conceptual model used in the advances in oil engineering, soil physics, and inversion process and the scale of measurements. hydrogeology in addressing a certain problem There is a need to develop new field techniques from an environmental perspective. to characterize subsurface properties. The tech niques should be able to characterize the Computation heterogeneities involved in the physical, chemi Software and hardware computer technology cal, and biological parameters. has advanced greatly over the last decade, outgrowing our conceptual and data-collection Conceptual Models abilities. Three-dimensional modeling is now Many modeling processes and their interac possible; yet, because such models are not flexi tion are not well understood. Conceptual models ble' more efficient solution techniques are needed. having realistically practical data requirements are For example, nonlinear flow and transport prob lacking in such areas as chemical, biological, and lems require the use of an extremely fine grid, on multiphase-flow modeling, especially under the order of a few centimeters, which would make nonequilibrium conditions. Modeling coupled a field-scale problem intractable. The new class of processes, particularly under complicated field "mega-models," which is promoted as "general," conditions, is an area that requires much attention. is probably not useful at this stage because of the There is a need to consider heterogeneity of degree of complexities involved and the need for biological and chemical processes. Such experienced users. processes have been assumed as spatially invari ant, which may not be an accurate Applications conceptualization, due to the interrelation among chemical, biological, and hydrological parame Modeling ters. The problem of parameter variability needs to be studied on both the small and large scales. The availability of models that are too user Scale-up theories, which will allow better inter friendly can lead to their misuse. New advances in pretation of field measurements at the correct computer software and hardware provide the scale, need to be advanced. opportunity for developing a relatively easy modeling process with a user-friendly interface. Of immediate need also are efforts to estimate However, because many models in such systems various transport/fate parameters, such as disper are too simple and are based on severe assump sivities, independently of chemical concentration tions, the user has to be aware of the limitations data. Although Fickian transport theory has been and restrictions involved. User interaction, intu-

8 ition, and common sense are important parts of is also a need to close the gap between model the modeling process and should not be substi researchers and users and to improve on the tuted by the machine and its software. Decision usability of research models. Modeling confer or policy models are generally generic with many ences and workshops that involve the two groups built-in parameters and are intended for screen should be held regularly. Many research models ing purposes. Policies or decisions based on these are not suitable for use mainly because of their models should be analyzed carefully and their extensive data requirements, the absence of docu interpretation based on the assumptions included mentation, and their experimental, unfinished within a comparative framework. In this and other status. cases, modeling goals and objectives should be set clearly as early as possible because they constitute Model Validation an important factor in choosing a model. A clear and consistent modeling vocabulary It is essential that modelers reveal their needs to be used. The use of many fitting para subjectivity and personal judgment in the study meters that cannot be independently defined has report. The basic element in any report should be deemed model validation a useless concept. A the ability of the modeler to defend his or her need exists to fully examine this issue and to stan effort and justify any modeling decisions. One of dardize techniques to gain confidence in the these decisions concerns model choice with the predictive capability of models. It should be real appropriate level of complexity. Although ized that general modeling standards can be useful complex models are generally more accurate, although they may not be appropriate for all their use requires extensive data sets and therefore conditions. Standards cannot and should not may not be suitable for the problem at hand. substitute for a modeler's justification for a specific model use and for specific results inter Successful model use requires the availability pretation. Although postaudits deal with of experienced model users and good model docu site-specific problems, they can be useful. Such mentation that adopts acceptable standards. studies are concerned with assessing model Well-trained modelers should have the knowledge predictions based on actual outcomes and there and expertise necessary to reduce any chance of fore can enhance the understanding of processes model misuse. Documentation should clearly involved and add to the modeler's practical describe modellirnitations and restrictions. There experience.

9 A book containing 19 invited and selected • Needs for the next generation of models papers presented at the conference, including the paper on the next generation of models, was Section 2. On Models as Management Tools published by Lewis Publishers (2000 Corporate • If it works, don't fix it: Benefits from regional Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431-9868). groundwater management The manuscripts were submitted to the publisher 1. D. Bredehoeft, E. G. Reichard, and S. M. in June 1994, and the book, Groundwater Models Gorelick for Resources Analysis and Management, was released in April 1995. The cost for the 432-page • Uncertainty analysis of subsurface transport book is U.S. $69.95/outside U.S. $84.00. of reactive solute using reliability methods M. M. Hamed, 1. P. Conte, and P. B. Bedient The list of papers, by section, is as follows. • Groundwater modeling and litigation Groundwater Models for Resources T. A. Prickett and W. A. Pettyjohn Analysis and Management Section 3. On Unsaturated/ Multiphase Flow Edited by Aly I. EI-Kadi and Transport Modeling University of Hawaii at Manoa • On the numerical solutions of one-dimen sional flow in the unsaturated zone Section 1. General Model Assessment A. 1. El-Kadi • A comparison of model and parameter uncer • Consequences of scale-dependency on appli tainties in groundwater flow and solute cation of chemical leaching models: A review transport predictions of approaches 1. W. Massmann and M. T. Hagley R.I. Wagenet and 1. L. Hutson • A statistical discussion of model error in the use of the advection-dispersion equation • Stochastic modeling of water flow and solute transport in the vadose zone W. E. Hathhorn T.-c. 1. Yeh • Model testing: A functionality analysis, per formance evaluation and applicability • Modeling multiphase contaminant flow III assessment protocol groundwater aquifers P. K. M. van der Heijde M. y. Corapcioglu, K. K. R. Kambham, and R. Lingam • The value of postaudits in groundwater model applications Section 4. On lsland Modeling L. F. Konikow • Groundwater modeling in Hawaii: A histori • Groundwater modeling in the 21st century cal perspective M. P. Anderson L. S. Lau and 1. F. Mink

• 10 • Modeling atoll groundwater systems Section 6. On Fracture Flow Modeling F. L. Peterson and S. B. Gingerich • A new modeling approach for predicting flow in fractured formations Section 5. On BiodegradationlVirus Transport Modeling T. 1. Chema and M. R. Islam • A review of biodegradation models: Theory • Is it appropriate to apply porous media and applications groundwater circulation models to karst aquifers? H. S. Rifai and P. B. Bedient P. W. Huntoon • Evaluation of groundwater disinfection rule "natural disinfection" criteria using field data M. V. Yates

An intent of the National Science Foundation grant principal investigator gave a summary of the grant (BES 94-03359) was to foster research on NSF Environmental Engineering Program fund specific topics such as those recommended at the ing and trend in groundwater research, announced 1992 Ann Arbor NSF meeting, namely, (1) multi that the Ann Arbor report was recently released, phase flow and transport, (2) microbial processes, thanked the NSF principal investigators, and and (3) aquifer heterogeneity. These topics, which wished great success for the conference. received major attention at the 1994 conference, are addressed in the Lewis Publishers' book as The all-important forum held on the third and follows: topic (1) in section 3, topic (2) in section final day of the conference was promoted by NSF, 5, and topic (3) in section 6. whose grant enabled two key scientists, who are NSF's purposes were explicitly acknowledged NSF principal investigators, to be a part of the at the fIrst-day luncheon. The scheduled luncheon workshop. The grant also supported two other speaker was Dr. Edward Bryan, an NSF represen NSF principal investigators and one other scien tative; unfortunately, he was unable to attend the tist-all of whom made important presentations conference. On his behalf and at his request, the and interactions with others at the conference.

Daniel Ackerman Kenneth C. Black U.S. Geological Survey Environmental Consulting Engineers, Inc. INELMS 4148 12242 Pittman Road P.O. Box 2230 Knoxville, TN 37932 Idaho Falls, ID 83404 (615) 691-3668 (208) 526-2062 John D. Bredehoeft Scott Anderson U.S. Geological Survey University of Hawaii Menlo Park, CA 94025 Dept. of Civil Engineering 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 143A Jeffrey V. Butera Honolulu, HI 96822 CRSC (808) 956-9859 North Carolina State University P.O. Box 5271 Mary P. Anderson Raleigh, NC 27650 Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Wisconsin-Madison David Cargo 1215 W. Dayton Street Tetra Tech, Inc. Madison, WI 53706 348 W. Hospitality Lane, #300 San Bernadino, CA 92408 James Anthony (909) 381-1674 Hawaii-Laieikawai Association P.O. Box 720 Leslie L. Chau Kaaawa, HI 96730 ICF Kaiser Engineers 1800 Harrison Street Steve Anthony Oakland, CA 94612 U.S. Geological Survey (510) 419-5453 677 Ala Moana Blvd., #415 Honolulu, HI 96813 Chuan Chen University of Hawaii Milovan Beljin 2525 Correa Road, HIG 415 University of Cincinnati Honolulu, HI 96822 CEEM.L. 71 (808) 956-8764 Cincinnati, OH 45221 (513) 556-5421 Robert W. Cleary Princeton Groundwater Philip Berger P.O. Box 263033 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Tampa, FL 33685 401 M Street SE Washington, D.C. 20460

15 Tereza Cleary JohnM. Farr R. W. Cleary and Associates ICF Kaiser 16222 W. Course Drive 11290 Point East Drive, Suite 200 Tampa, FL 33685 Rancho Cordova, CA 95742 (916) 852-3708 Patricia Cooper University of Hawaii Ben G. Fitzpatrick 2525 Correa Road, HIG 371 North Carolina State University Honolulu, HI 96822 Raleigh, NC 27695-8205

Dennis Lee Corwin W. Mark Frazier USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Laboratory Cotton & Frazier Consultants, Inc. 4500 Glenwood Drive 801 Alakea Street, Suite 211 Riverside, CA 92501 Honolulu, HI 96813 (909) 369-4819 (808) 599-1993

Richard Cox Will Freeman Commission on Water Res. Mgmt.-DLNR Pacific Environmental Research 1951 Kakeke Drive 1103 9th Avenue, Suite 207 Honolulu, HI 96822 Honolulu, HI 96816 (808) 732-9599 James Dexter Barrett Consulting Group Neal Fujii 12 S. King Street, Suite 200 Commission on Water Res. Mgmt.-DLNR Honolulu, HI 96813 State of Hawaii (808) 521-8377 1151 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813 AlY I. EI-Kadi University of Hawaii Roger S. Fujioka Dept. of Geology & Geophysics University of Hawaii 2525 Correa Road Water Resources Research Center Honolulu, HI 96822 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 283 (808) 956-6331 Honolulu, HI 96822 (808) 956-7847 Howard K. Endo Shimabukuro, Endo & Yoshizaki, Inc. William H. Funk 1126 12th Avenue, #309 Washington State University Honolulu, HI 96816 State of Washington Water Res. Ctr. Pullman, WA 99164-3002 Paul Eyre U.S. Geological Survey Ken Gaylord 677 Ala Moana Blvd., #415 Tesoro Alaska Petroleum Honolulu, HI 96813 P.O. Box 196272 Anchorage, AK 99519-6272 AnneM. Farr (907) 561-5521 102 Flood Court Folsom, CA 95630

16 Lynn W. Gelhar Robert L. Hackenberg Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory/MIT Cooper Environ. & Eng. Resources, Inc. 80 El Camino Road 1411 Main Street Berkeley, CA 94705 West Bend, WI 53095 (617) 253-7121 (414) 338-9697

Fereidoun Ghassemi LeeAnn Hammerbeck Australian National University-CRES Braun Intertec Corp. ACT 0200, Australia 1345 Northland Drive Mendota Heights, MN 55120 Robert E. GilfIlian Giltilian Eng. & Environ. Testing, Inc. Roy Hardy 255 E. Fireweed Lane, Suite 102 Commission on Water Res. Mgmt.-DLNR Anchorage, AK 99503-2021 State of Hawaii (907) 277-2021 1151 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, ill 96813 Stephen B. Gingerich University of Hawaii Brendan M. Harley School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology Camp, Dresser & McKee 2525 Correa Road, illG 213 10 Cambridge Center Honolulu, ill 96822 Cambridge, MA 02142 (617) 252-8894 Diane Glinsman Cray Research, Inc. Wade E. Hathhom 1440 Northland Drive Washington State University Mendota Heights, MN 55120 Dept. of Civil & Environmental Eng. (612) 683-5962 Pullman, WA 99164-2910 (509) 335-1908 Steven Gorelick Stanford University Jean Hebert Dept. of Geological & Environ. Science Levine-Fricke, Inc. Stanford, CA 94305-2115 220 S. King Street, Suite 1290 (415) 725-2950 Honolulu, HI 96813

Richard E. Green Eric Hirano University of Hawaii Commission on Water Res. Mgmt.-DLNR Agron. & Soil Science P.O. Box 621 1910 East-West Road Honolulu, ill 96809 Honolulu, ill 96822 Frederick H. Home David Griffin Oregon State University Brewer Environmental Services Div. College of Science 1930 Auiki Street Kidder Hall 128 Honolulu, HI 96825 Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4608 (503) 737-4811

17 Joel Hubbell Gary Johnson EG & G Idaho, Geoscience Unit University of Idaho P.O. Box 1625, MS 2107 Idaho Water Resources Res. Inst. Idaho Falls, ID 83404 Moscow, ID 83843 (208) 526-1747 Tod Johnson George Hudes University of Nevada at Las Vegas Hui Ulu Mea Ai Las Vegas, NV 3416 Ginger Street Honolulu, HI 96816 David Kanzer IGWMC, Colorado School of Mines Peter W. Huntoon Golden, CO 80401 University of Wyoming (303) 273-3106 Dept. of Geology & Geophysics P.O. Box 3006 Houston Kempton Laramie, WY 82071 PTI Environmental Services (307) 766-5316 2995 Baseline Road, Suite 202 Boulder, CO 80303 M.R. Islam (303) 444-7270 South Dakota School of Mines and Tech. Dept. of Geology and Geological Eng. Sharom Khosrowpanah Rapid City, SD 57701 WERI, University of Guam UOG Station Scotlzuka Mangilao, Guam 96924 U.S. Geological Survey (671) 734-3132 677 Ala Moana Blvd., #415 Honolulu, HI 96813 Jennifer J. Kleveno (808) 541-2655 Masa Fujioka & Associates 99-1205 Halawa Valley Street, #302 David E. James Aiea, HI 96701 University of Nevada at Las Vegas (808) 484-5366 Dept. of Civil & Environmental Eng. 4505 Maryland Pkwy. Michael Knight CME Box 454015 EnviroMedia, Inc. Las Vegas, NY 89154-4015 3037 Manoa Road (702) 895-1067 Honolulu, HI 96822

John Jenson Leonard F. Konikow WERI, University of Guam U.S. Geological Survey Mangilao, Guam 96923 431 National Center (671) 734-8890 Reston, VA 22092 (703) 648-5878 Mike Johnson SSESCO David Kreamer 511 11 th Avenue, #5 University of Nevada at Las Vegas Minneapolis, MN 55415 4505 Maryland Parkway (612) 342-0003 Las Vegas, NV 89154-4029 (702) 895-3553

18 Chester Lao DanLum Board of Water Supply Water Resources Associates City and County of Honolulu 1124 Fort Street Mall, Suite 212 630 S. Beretania Street Honolulu, HI 96813 Honolulu, HI 96843 Philipp Magiera Kathy Latham Portland State University Native Hawaiian Advisory Council, Inc. 2103 NWHoyt 1088 Bishop Street, #1204 Portland, OR 97210 Honolulu, HI 96813 (808) 523-1445 H. Mallareddy California Polytechnic State University L. Stephen Lau Dept. of Civil and Environmental Eng. University of Hawaii San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 Water Resources Research Center 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 283 David Martin Honolulu, HI 96822 Native Hawaiian Advisory Council, Inc. (808) 956-7847 1088 Bishop Street, #1204 Honolulu, HI 96813 Nelson Lee (808) 523-1445 Haseko (Ewa), Inc. 820 Mililani Street, #820 Liz Martin Honolulu, HI 96813 Native Hawaiian Advisory Council, Inc. (808) 599-1444 1088 Bishop Street, #1204 Honolulu, HI 96813 Greg Lewis (808) 523-1445 Daniel B. Stephens & Assoc. 6020 Academy, NE David Martin Albuquerque, NM 87109 Ogden Environmental & Energy Services 680 Iwilei Road, Suite 660 Amy Lewis Honolulu, HI 96814 Daniel B. Stephens & Assoc. (808) 545-2462 6020 Academy, NE Albuquerque, NM 87109 Morris L. Maslia Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Shu-Guang Li Registry (ATSDR) Portland State University 1600 Clifton Road Portland, OR 97207-0751 Mail Stop E-32 Atlanta, GA 30333 Sally Liu Tetra Tech, Inc Joel W. Massmann 3746 Mt. Diablo Blvd., Suite 300 University of Washington Lafayette, CA 94549 Dept. of Civil Eng., FX-I0 (510) 283-3771 Seattle, WA 98195 (206) 685-9185

19 Creighton Mattoon Philip Moravcik Hawaii-Laieikawai Association University of Hawaii 53-392 Kamehameha Hwy. Water Resources Research Center Hauula, HI 96717 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 283 Honolulu, HI 96822 Anthony J. Menzies (808) 956-3097 Geothemex, Inc. 5221 Central Ave. #201 Lenore Nakama Richmond, CA 94804 Commission on Water Res. Mgmt.-DLNR (510) 527-9876 1151 Punchbowl Street, Suite 227 Honolulu, HI 96813 Frederick W. Meyer GEOSCI, INC. Charles J. Newell 7950 SW 54 Avenue Groundwater Service, Inc. Miami, FL 33143 5252 Westchester St., #270 (305) 663-2609 Houston, TX 77005 (713) 663-6600 Don Meyer IGWMC, Colorado School of Mines Tracey Nishikawa Golden, CO 80401 U.S. Geological Survey (303) 273-3106 5735 Kearny Villa Road San Diego, CA 92123 Leland L. Mink (619) 637-6848 Idaho Water Resources Research Inst. 106 Morrill Hall Delwyn Oki University of Idaho U.S. Geological Survey Moscow, ID 83843 677 Ala Moana Blvd., #415 (208) 885-6429 Honolulu, HI 96813

John F. Mink Shlomo Orr Mink and Yuen, Inc. University of Hawaii 100 N. Beretania Street Water Resources Research Center Honolulu, HI 96817 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 283 Honolulu, HI 96822 James Moncur (808) 956-5008 University of Hawaii Water Resources Research Center Marvin Ortel 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 283 University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI 96822 Mathematics Dept. (808) 956-7143 Honolulu, HI 96822

Errol L. Montgomery Wayne A. Pettyjohn Errol L. Montgomery & Associates, Inc. Oklahoma State University 1075 East Fort Lowell Road, Suite B Dept. of Geology Tucson, AZ 85719 Stillwater, OK 74078 (602) 881-4912

20 Melvin Piepho Robert W. Rooks Westinghouse Hanford Co. Cotton & Frazier Consultants, Inc. P.O. Box 1970 PO. Box 27126 Richland, WA 99352 Honolulu, HI 96827 (808) 599-1993 Greg Pierson Engineering-Science, Inc. Kristine L. Saboda 1357 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1120 Brewer Environmental Services Div. Honolulu, HI 96814 1930 Auiki Street (808) 944-8009 Honolulu, HI 96819 (808) 832-7924 Steve J. Poulos GEl Consultants, Inc. Edwin Sakoda 1021 Main Street Commission on Water Res. Mgmt.-DLNR Winchester, MA 01890 1151 Punchbowl Street (617) 721-4000 Honolulu, HI 96813 (808) 587-0225 Thomas A. Prickett Thomas A. Prickett & Associates Robert P. Schreiber 513 East GH Baker Drive Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc. Urbana, IL 60148 10 Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02142 Vishnu Ranganathan (617) 252-8257 Indiana University Dept. of Geological Sciences David H. Scofield 1005 E. 10th Street Squier Associates Bloomington, IN 47405 P.O. Box 1317 (812) 855-7899 Lake Oswego, OR 97035

Magdalena Riesser-Steffen David Scott Environmental Groundwater Consultants Canterbury Regional Council 60 Drysdale Street, Mt. Ommaney 9 Chorley Place Brisbane 4074, QLD Christchurch, 2 Australia New Zealand

Hanadi S. Rifai John Selker Rice University Oregon State University Environmental Engineering Dept. Gilmore Hall P.O. Box 1892 Corvallis, OR 97331-3906 Houston, TX 77251 (503) 737-6304

John A. Riley William Souza Pyrite Hydrochem U.S. Geological Survey P.O. Box 453 677 Ala Moana Blvd. Post Falls, ID 83854-0453 Honolulu, HI 96813 (208) 773-5223

21 Steve Spengler Jill Torikai Woodward-Clyde Consultants U.S. Geological Survey 500 Ala Moana Blvd. 677 Ala Moana Blvd., #415 3 Waterfront Plaza, Suite 480 Honolulu, HI 96813 Honolulu, III 96813 (808) 541-2655

Daniel B. Stephens Fred Tracy Daniel B. Stephens & Associates USAE Waterways Experiment Station 6020 Academy, NE 3909 Halls Ferry Road Albuquerque, NM 87109 Vicksburg, MS 39180

Richard T. Stoklosa Connie Travers 10 Manresa Court PTI Environmental Services Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia 2995 Baseline Road, Suite 202 Boulder, CO 80303 Yih Chi Tan (303) 444-7270 National Taiwan University Dept. of Agricultural Engineering Bryan Travis Taipei, Taiwan, 10764, ROC Los Alamos National Laboratory 011-8862-369-0342 MS-F665 Los Alamos, NM 87545 . Mark Tanouye (505) 667-1254 Dept. of Land & Natural Resources State of Hawaii Gordon Tribble 1151 Punchbowl Street U.S. Geological Survey Honolulu, III 96813 677 Ala Moana Blvd., #415 Honolulu, III 96813 Lakshman Thallapally University of Hawaii Jane Tribble Water Resources Research Center University of Hawaii 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 283 Dept. of Oceanography Honolulu, HI 96822 Honolulu, HI 96822 (808) 956-6827 Paul D. Thome Battelle-Earth & Environmental Dept. Paul van der Heijde P.O. Box 999 International Ground Water Modeling Center Richland, WA 99352 Colorado School of Mines (509) 376-3428 Golden, CO 80401 (303) 273-3103 Gordon Thrupp Geomatrix Consultants R.J. Wage net 100 Pine Street, 10th Floor Cornell University San Francisco, CA 94111 Dept. of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sci. (415) 434-9400 235 Emerson Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-5459

22 Tom Wallis Dennis Wuthrich Environmental Technologies International Geomatrix Consultants 733 Bishop Street 100 Pine Street, 10th Floor P.O. Box 3379 San Francisco, CA 94111 Honolulu, HI 96842 (415) 434-9400 (808) 547-3600 Marylynn Yates JoAnn R. West University of California Masa Fujioka & Associates Dept. of Soil and Environmental Science 99-1205 Halawa Valley Street, #302 Riverside, CA 97521 Aiea, HI 96701 (909) 787-5488 (808) 484-5366 T.-c. Jim Yeh Robert Willis University of Arizona Humboldt State University Dept. of Hydrology & Water Resources Dept. of Environ. Res. Eng. Tucson, AZ 85721 Arcata, DA 95521 (602) 621-5943

Stephen J. Winter Mansour Zakikhani Appropriate Technology Enterprises, Inc. USAE Waterways Experiment Station P.O. Box 607 3909 Halls Ferry Road Chuuk, PM 96942 Vicksburg, MS 39180 (691) 330-2633

William W. Woessner University of Montana Dept. of Geology Missoula, MT 59812 (406) 243-5678