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STEREO BOOK 01.Pdf Vic o plavuši : Stereotipi u kojima živimo Blonde Joke : Stereotypes We Live By Autor / Author : Irena Kolbas Etnografski muzej Zagreb Ethnographic museum Zagreb 2013. IMPRESSUM Nakladnik /Publisher Etnografski muzej, Zagreb Za nakladnika / For the Publisher Damodar Frlan Autorice tekstova / Authors of texts Irena Kolbas Laura Šakaja Dubravka Ugrešić Maja Briski Prijevodi na engleski / English translations Sanja Novak, Ellen Elias-Bursać i Luka Strašek Lektura i korektura Silvija Brkić Midžić Luka Strašek Edukativni program Željka Jelavić Propaganda i marketing Mirjana Drobina Tisak Naklada 1000 Impresum izložbe Autori likovnog postava, oblikovanja kataloga, prijelom, plakata, pozivnice Egoist Artz&Partz Art director Maja Briski Photographer & computermanipulator Zaneto Paulin Autori umjetničkih radova Koji? Suradnik na realizaciji izložbe Luka Strašek Interaktivni sadržaji: Maja Briski /Goran Zlodi / Luka Strašek / Luka Maroević Tehnička realizacija izložbe Autori izložaka Preparatorske radionice EMZ Tehnička služba EMZ Projekt su omogućili: Ministarstvo kulture Hrvatske, Poglavarstvo grada zagreba - Gradski ured za obrazovanje, kulturu i šport, Erste&Steiermärkische Bank CIP ISBN 978-953-6273-57-7 EAN 9789536273577 za tiskaru crtični kod ∂ Copyrights by Etnografski muzej Zagreb & Irena Kolbas, 2013. ISBN 978-953-6273-57-7 KATALOGIZACIJA U PUBLIKACIJI SADRZAJ ZAHVALE PREDGOVOR Vic o‘, stereotipiPlavusi uVIC kojimaO PLAVUSI : STEREOTIPI , U KOJIMA ZIVIMO ‘ zivimo AUTOR : IRENA KOLBAS UVOD Stereotipi vjerojatno postoje otkad postoji ljudsko društvo, otkad postoje drugi. Bez „Gradove bi drugih nema ni nas. Oduvijek su oni drugi bili trebalo graditi na selu jer je loši na ovaj i onaj način: prljavi, škrti, glupi, lijeni, zločesti, zapravo su mahom negativne ondje puno Čišći zrak“ G. FLAUBERT karakteristike vezane uz one druge. A ti drugi su prvi susjedi ili građani susjednog grada ili državljani susjedne države, uvijek je postojala neka, makar imaginarna granica između nas i njih. Oni najbliži obično su najgori primitivci, zaostali i nekulturni; oni koji su daleko, moguće da i ne pripadaju istoj vrsti kao mi. Stereotipi su kulturološke univerzalije ponekad tako jake da ih uzimamo „zdravo za VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO gotovo“. Vrlo često nismo ni svjesni u svom razmišljanju ili djelovanju da razmišljamo i djelujemo pod utjecajem stereotipa. Koliko se ljudi neće odmaknuti od Roma u tramvaju za svaki slučaj da ne ostanu bez novčanika? Koliko ljudi će očekivati od lijepe plavuše da je pametna? No stereotipi mogu biti i pozitivni, iako su puno rijeđi. Negativni stereoptipi u lošem značenju su uvijek predrasude. Naravno da stereotipi ovise i o kontekstu u kojem se javljaju. No idemo redom. Otkud riječ stereotip? Riječ je preuzeta iz tehnički znanosti: stereotipija je u tiskarskoj tehnologiji postupak otiska složenih tiskovnih oblika nepokretnim slogom, pri čemu se kao produkt dobiva stereotip, metalna ploča odlivena s matrice. U knjigotisku je to naziv i za kopiju sloga. Iz tiskarskog je nazivlja i riječ kliše ili klišej, francuska riječ za tiskarsku površinu za stereotip. Termin klišej češće se koristi u umjetnosti. Stereotipija se koristi kao termin i u defektologiji i u psihijatriji za nehotimične, mehaničke, ponavljajuće, nerefleksne pokrete koji se javljaju uvijek na isti način u svakom ponavljanju. Stereotip je pojam bez kojega se teško može objasniti društvena promjenjivost i adaptacija čovjeka na promjene. S njime se susreću i bave kognitivistika, sociologija, socijalna psihologija, antropologija i etno- Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ logija, geografija, imagologija, lingvisti- ka, povijest, politička teorija, teorija književnosti, filmologija i druge znanstvene discipline. Tako je proučavanje stereotipa interdisciplinarna i transdisciplinarna tema kojom se posljednja dva desetljeća sve više bave znanstvenici svih navedenih područja. Stereotipi se mijenjaju, neki nestaju, stvaraju se novi. Često nastaju kao elementarni strah od nepoznatog, kao obrambeni mehanizam i ponekad kao „traženje dlake u jajetu drugog“. Blonde Naziv stvoren po analogiji iz tiskarstva, u društvenim znanostima i drugdje se koristi za shematski, pojednostavljen i teško promjenjiv odnos prema komu ili čemu, kao i kruto i postojano ponašanje bez obzira na okolnosti. Joke Izraz je tako preuzeo i značenje uvijek istog Stereotypes postupka, rutine, onoga što je banalno i svakidašnje, pa je tako prešao u društvene i druge znanosti i kao pojednostavljen BlonDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES odnos prema drugome, kao neopravdana We Live WE LIVE BY generalizacija. Nastao je u razdoblju javljanja i razvoja rasnih, nacionalnih, etničkih, vjerskih i socijalnih podjela i netrpeljivosti. Prvi puta fenomen stereotipa imenuje publicist Walter By Lippmann u svom djelu Public opinions iz 1922. godine . Lipppman koristi i sintagmu mentalne slike, danas se često govori slike u našim glavama kao nešto izmijenjena Lippmanova sintagma: “The real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance”, between people and their AUTHOR : IRENA KOLBAS environment (reality). That people construct a pseudo-environment that is a subjective, biased, and necessarily abridged mental image of the world; therefore, to a degree, everyone’s pseudo-environment is a fiction. „Cities should be built Hence, people “live in the same world, but in the country, because the air think and feel in different ones“ is much purer there.“ G. FLAUBERT U osnovi stereotipa u društvenim znanostima nalazi se često pogrešno i neopravdano široko poopćavanje te INTRODUCTION konvencionalno i pojednostavljeno mišljenje, koncepcija ili vjerovanje. Stoga se svaki Stereotypes have probably existed since the kolektivni stereotip koji sadrži izrazito beginnings of human society, since there are emocionalno negativno ocjenjivanje neke others. Without others, there is no us. The etničke, nacionalne, vjerske, socijalne others were always bad in one way or another: ili druge skupine tumači kao predrasuda. dirty, stingy, dumb, lazy, nasty; all negative characteristics are actually related to the others. And the others are first neighbours or VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO Generalizacija i pojednostavljivanje, prvi inhabitants of the next city or citizens of the dojam, rasizam, ksenofobija, homofobija, sve next country ∑ there was always some, if only su to okidači i podloga za stvaranje stereotipa. imaginary, boundary between us and them. Rijetki su pozitivni društveni stereotipi poput The distant others are usually even worse: „Međimurci su marljivi ljudi“. Različite nacije primitive, backward, uncultured; sometimes stoga često imaju različite heterostereotipe the distant others are even doubted to belong to the same species as we do. Stereotypes are jer se oni uvijek odnose na druge. Uvijek se cultural universals sometimes so strong that kod stereotipa radi o dulanosti: nas/njih, we „take them for granted“. When we think dobrog/lošeg, istoka/zapada... Stereotipi and act, we are quite often not even aware se izgrađuju od djetinjstva pod utjecajem that we are dealing in stereotypes. How obitelji i okoline. Predrasude i stereotipi many people will not step away from a Roma mogu se stupnjevati u pet razina: in a tramway, just to make sure that their 1.ocjenjivanje i ogovaranje („mi smo pa- wallet doesn’t get lost? How many people metni, oni su glupi“, ovdje pripadaju i vicevi), will expect a beautiful blonde to be smart? Stereotypes, however, can also be positive, 2. izbjegavanje je stvaranje socijalne although they occur much more rarely. distance prema drugoj grupi obično radi Negative stereotypes, in their bad sense, are drugačijih društvenih normi, always prejudices. Of course, stereotypes also 3. diskriminacija je dovođenje druge grupe depend on the context in which they appear. u nepovoljnji položaj npr. pri školovanju, But let’s take one thing at a time. zaposlenju npr. invalidnih osobama (danas Where does the word stereotype come sasvim neispravno „korektno“ nazvane osobe from? The word is taken over from technical s posebnim potrebama), sciences: in printing technology, stereotypy is the process of printing complex print forms 4. fizički napad je viši stupanj diskriminacije by using a solid type matter, the product of pri čemu se koriste i zabrane npr. ulaska which is a stereotype, a metal plate cast from određene grupe na neka mjesta, vožnje istim the matrix. In book-printing, the word also prijevozom druge grupe, refers to typesetting. Cliche, the French word 5. istrebljenje je najgora razina diskrimi- for stereotype, also comes from the printing nacije koja se provodi linčem, progonom, jargon, where it was denoted a printing plate genocidom, i lošim eufemizmom skovanim cast from movable type. The term cliche is 1990tih: “humano preseljenje“ koje je također more frequently used in arts. Stereotypy is progon i genocid. also a technical term in special education and psychiatry to denote involuntary, mechanical, Predrasude i loše stereotipe najlakše je non-reflexive movements that are occur izbjeći upoznavajući te druge i prihvaćajući repetitively always in the same way. činjenicu da smo svi različiti i posebni. To se Without the term stereotype, it would postiže u djetinjstvu odgojem i obrazovanjem. be difficult to explain social changeability Stereotipi su nužni kod usvajanja jezika i and human adaptability to changes. It is učenja
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