Vic o plavuši : Stereotipi u kojima živimo Blonde Joke : Stereotypes We Live By

Autor / Author : Irena Kolbas

Etnografski muzej Zagreb Ethnographic museum Zagreb 2013. impressum Nakladnik /Publisher Etnografski muzej, Zagreb Za nakladnika / For the Publisher Damodar Frlan Autorice tekstova / Authors of texts Irena Kolbas Laura Šakaja Dubravka Ugrešić Maja Briski Prijevodi na engleski / English translations Sanja Novak, Ellen Elias-Bursać i Luka Strašek Lektura i korektura Silvija Brkić Midžić Luka Strašek Edukativni program Željka Jelavić Propaganda i marketing Mirjana Drobina Tisak Naklada 1000 Impresum izložbe Autori likovnog postava, oblikovanja kataloga, prijelom, plakata, pozivnice Egoist Artz&Partz Art director Maja Briski Photographer & computermanipulator Zaneto Paulin Autori umjetničkih radova Koji? Suradnik na realizaciji izložbe Luka Strašek Interaktivni sadržaji: Maja Briski /Goran Zlodi / Luka Strašek / Luka Maroević Tehnička realizacija izložbe Autori izložaka Preparatorske radionice EMZ Tehnička služba EMZ Projekt su omogućili: Ministarstvo kulture Hrvatske, Poglavarstvo grada zagreba - Gradski ured za obrazovanje, kulturu i šport, Erste&Steiermärkische Bank

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ISBN 978-953-6273-57-7 EAN 9789536273577 za tiskaru crtični kod

∂ Copyrights by Etnografski muzej Zagreb & Irena Kolbas, 2013.

ISBN 978-953-6273-57-7

Katalogizacija u publikaciji sadrzaj ZAHVALE PREDGOVOR

Vic o‘, stereotipiPlavusi

uVic kojimao plavusi : stereotipi , u kojima zivimo ‘ zivimo

AUTOR : IRENA KOLBAS

Uvod

Stereotipi vjerojatno postoje otkad postoji ljudsko društvo, otkad postoje drugi. Bez „Gradove bi drugih nema ni nas. Oduvijek su oni drugi bili trebalo graditi na selu jer je loši na ovaj i onaj način: prljavi, škrti, glupi, lijeni, zločesti, zapravo su mahom negativne ondje puno Čišći zrak“ G. FLAUBERT karakteristike vezane uz one druge. A ti drugi su prvi susjedi ili građani susjednog grada ili državljani susjedne države, uvijek je postojala neka, makar imaginarna granica između nas i njih. Oni najbliži obično su najgori primitivci, zaostali i nekulturni; oni koji su daleko, moguće da i ne pripadaju istoj vrsti kao mi. Stereotipi su kulturološke univerzalije ponekad tako jake da ih uzimamo „zdravo za VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO gotovo“. Vrlo često nismo ni svjesni u svom razmišljanju ili djelovanju da razmišljamo i djelujemo pod utjecajem stereotipa. Koliko se ljudi neće odmaknuti od Roma u tramvaju za svaki slučaj da ne ostanu bez novčanika? Koliko ljudi će očekivati od lijepe plavuše da je pametna? No stereotipi mogu biti i pozitivni, iako su puno rijeđi. Negativni stereoptipi u lošem značenju su uvijek predrasude. Naravno da stereotipi ovise i o kontekstu u kojem se javljaju. No idemo redom. Otkud riječ stereotip? Riječ je preuzeta iz tehnički znanosti: stereotipija je u tiskarskoj tehnologiji postupak otiska složenih tiskovnih oblika nepokretnim slogom, pri čemu se kao produkt dobiva stereotip, metalna ploča odlivena s matrice. U knjigotisku je to naziv i za kopiju sloga. Iz tiskarskog je nazivlja i riječ kliše ili klišej, francuska riječ za tiskarsku površinu za stereotip. Termin klišej češće se koristi u umjetnosti. Stereotipija se koristi kao termin i u defektologiji i u psihijatriji za nehotimične, mehaničke, ponavljajuće, nerefleksne pokrete koji se javljaju uvijek na isti način u svakom ponavljanju. Stereotip je pojam bez kojega se teško može objasniti društvena promjenjivost i adaptacija čovjeka na promjene. S njime se susreću i bave kognitivistika, sociologija, socijalna psihologija, antropologija i etno-

Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ logija, geografija, imagologija, lingvisti- ka, povijest, politička teorija, teorija književnosti, filmologija i druge znanstvene discipline. Tako je proučavanje stereotipa interdisciplinarna i transdisciplinarna tema kojom se posljednja dva desetljeća sve više bave znanstvenici svih navedenih područja. Stereotipi se mijenjaju, neki nestaju, stvaraju se novi. Često nastaju kao elementarni strah od nepoznatog, kao obrambeni mehanizam i ponekad kao „traženje dlake u jajetu drugog“. Blonde Naziv stvoren po analogiji iz tiskarstva, u društvenim znanostima i drugdje se koristi za shematski, pojednostavljen i teško promjenjiv odnos prema komu ili čemu, kao i kruto i postojano ponašanje bez obzira na okolnosti. Joke Izraz je tako preuzeo i značenje uvijek istog Stereotypes postupka, rutine, onoga što je banalno i svakidašnje, pa je tako prešao u društvene i druge znanosti i kao pojednostavljen Blonde Joke : Stereotypes odnos prema drugome, kao neopravdana We Live We Live By generalizacija. Nastao je u razdoblju javljanja i razvoja rasnih, nacionalnih, etničkih, vjerskih i socijalnih podjela i netrpeljivosti. Prvi puta fenomen stereotipa imenuje publicist Walter By Lippmann u svom djelu Public opinions iz 1922. godine . Lipppman koristi i sintagmu mentalne slike, danas se često govori slike u našim glavama kao nešto izmijenjena Lippmanova sintagma: “The real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance”, between people and their AUTHOR : IRENA KOLBAS environment (reality). That people construct a pseudo-environment that is a subjective, biased, and necessarily abridged mental image of the world; therefore, to a degree, everyone’s pseudo-environment is a fiction. „Cities should be built Hence, people “live in the same world, but in the country, because the air think and feel in different ones“ is much purer there.“ G. FLAUBERT U osnovi stereotipa u društvenim znanostima nalazi se često pogrešno i neopravdano široko poopćavanje te Introduction konvencionalno i pojednostavljeno mišljenje, koncepcija ili vjerovanje. Stoga se svaki Stereotypes have probably existed since the kolektivni stereotip koji sadrži izrazito beginnings of human society, since there are emocionalno negativno ocjenjivanje neke others. Without others, there is no us. The etničke, nacionalne, vjerske, socijalne others were always bad in one way or another: ili druge skupine tumači kao predrasuda. dirty, stingy, dumb, lazy, nasty; all negative characteristics are actually related to the others. And the others are first neighbours or VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO Generalizacija i pojednostavljivanje, prvi inhabitants of the next city or citizens of the dojam, rasizam, ksenofobija, homofobija, sve next country ∑ there was always some, if only su to okidači i podloga za stvaranje stereotipa. imaginary, boundary between us and them. Rijetki su pozitivni društveni stereotipi poput The distant others are usually even worse: „Međimurci su marljivi ljudi“. Različite nacije primitive, backward, uncultured; sometimes stoga često imaju različite heterostereotipe the distant others are even doubted to belong to the same species as we do. Stereotypes are jer se oni uvijek odnose na druge. Uvijek se cultural universals sometimes so strong that kod stereotipa radi o dulanosti: nas/njih, we „take them for granted“. When we think dobrog/lošeg, istoka/zapada... Stereotipi and act, we are quite often not even aware se izgrađuju od djetinjstva pod utjecajem that we are dealing in stereotypes. How obitelji i okoline. Predrasude i stereotipi many people will not step away from a Roma mogu se stupnjevati u pet razina: in a tramway, just to make sure that their 1.ocjenjivanje i ogovaranje („mi smo pa- wallet doesn’t get lost? How many people metni, oni su glupi“, ovdje pripadaju i vicevi), will expect a beautiful blonde to be smart? Stereotypes, however, can also be positive, 2. izbjegavanje je stvaranje socijalne although they occur much more rarely. distance prema drugoj grupi obično radi Negative stereotypes, in their bad sense, are drugačijih društvenih normi, always prejudices. Of course, stereotypes also 3. diskriminacija je dovođenje druge grupe depend on the context in which they appear. u nepovoljnji položaj npr. pri školovanju, But let’s take one thing at a time. zaposlenju npr. invalidnih osobama (danas Where does the word stereotype come sasvim neispravno „korektno“ nazvane osobe from? The word is taken over from technical s posebnim potrebama), sciences: in printing technology, stereotypy is the process of printing complex print forms 4. fizički napad je viši stupanj diskriminacije by using a solid type matter, the product of pri čemu se koriste i zabrane npr. ulaska which is a stereotype, a metal plate cast from određene grupe na neka mjesta, vožnje istim the matrix. In book-printing, the word also prijevozom druge grupe, refers to typesetting. Cliche, the French word 5. istrebljenje je najgora razina diskrimi- for stereotype, also comes from the printing nacije koja se provodi linčem, progonom, jargon, where it was denoted a printing plate genocidom, i lošim eufemizmom skovanim cast from movable type. The term cliche is 1990tih: “humano preseljenje“ koje je također more frequently used in arts. Stereotypy is progon i genocid. also a technical term in special education and psychiatry to denote involuntary, mechanical, Predrasude i loše stereotipe najlakše je non-reflexive movements that are occur izbjeći upoznavajući te druge i prihvaćajući repetitively always in the same way. činjenicu da smo svi različiti i posebni. To se Without the term stereotype, it would postiže u djetinjstvu odgojem i obrazovanjem. be difficult to explain social changeability Stereotipi su nužni kod usvajanja jezika i and human adaptability to changes. It is učenja komuniciranju, naravno ovdje u smislu encountered and dealt with by sociology, pozitivnog pojednostavljivanja. Kognitivizam social psychology, anthropology and opisuje stereotipe kao nužne za mentalnu ethnology, geography, imagology, linguistics, organizaciju svijeta oko sebe. Stereotipi su history, political theory, literary theory, korisni kao generalizacija za ocjenjivanje i filmology and other scientific disciplines. The snalaženje u složenim i stalno promjenjivim study of stereotypes is an interdisciplinary pojavama s kojima se susrećemo. Pomažu and cross-disciplinary subject that has been increasingly investigated by scientists in all of nam da objasnimo neke stvari, da razvrstamo the above areas during the past two decades. pojedinačne pojave u različite kategorije i da Stereotypes change, some disappear, while se na taj način lakše orijentiramo. Djetetu new ones are created. They often arise from za objašnjenje svijeta oko njega treba sliku elementary fear of the unknown, as a defence pojednostavniti, napraviti stereotip. To znači mechanism and sometimes from trying to da su stereotipi nužni, no primarna tema ovog find fault with the other.

016 BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY rada su etnički, rasni i društveni stereotipi koji The term was coined in analogy to su većinom negativni i stoga nepotrebni. printing and is used in social sciences and Stereotipi su klasifikacija i odraz čovjekove elsewhere to denote a schematic, simplified and hard attitude towards somebody or potrebe da organizira i klasificira stvarnost something, as well as a rigid and consistent oko sebe. Vjerojatno su stereotipne behaviour, regardless of circumstances. The klasifikacije naroda proizašle iz Linnéove expression thus came to mean an always klasifikacije temeljene na promatranju. U identical process, a routine, something antropologiji je Claude Lévi-Strauss govorio banal and everyday, and transferred over da „klasifikacija, čak i kad je heteroklitna i to social and other sciences denoting a proizvoljna...olakšava stvaranje pamćenja“ simplified attitude towards the other, an (Lévi-Strauss, 56). unjustified generalisation. It appeared at U znanosti su posljednjih desetak the time of emergence and development of racial, national, ethnic, religious and social godina oblikovane discipline koje se bave divisions and intolerances. The phenomenon stereotipima. of stereotype was first named by the publicist Imagologija je interdisciplinarno Walter Lippmann in its 1922 work Public orijentirana grana komparativne književnosti opinions.. Lippmann also used the syntagma koja se bavi proučavanjem književnih mental images, today often used in the predodžbi o stranim zemljama i narodima, ali slightly changed modified of images in our i o vlastitoj zemlji i narodu. heads: Imaginativna geografija se bavi “The real environment is altogether too stereotipima sa aspekta geografije, gdje su big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct nužno uključeni i etnički stereotipi. acquaintance”, between people and their environment (reality). That people construct Historijska imagologija se bavi stereotipima a pseudo-environment that is a subjective, s povijesnog stajališta. biased, and necessarily abridged mental Opravdano je očekivati da se pojavi image of the world; therefore, to a degree, i disciplina etnička imagologija jer se everyone’s pseudo-environment is a fiction. etnologija navelike bavi stereotipima, al ih Hence, people “live in the same world, but često ne imenuje pravim imenom. think and feel in different ones” (Lippmann, 1922). Stereotipski stroj za Stereotypes in social sciences are based umnožavanje i glupo on often false and unjustifiably broad hodanje. Stereotipski stroj za generalisations and conventional and umnožavanje i glupo simplified opinions, concepts or beliefs. This is hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- why every collective stereotype that contains NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ an expressly negative emotional judgement about an ethnic, national, religious, social and other group is interpreted as prejudice. Generalisation and simplification, first impression, racism, xenophobia, homophobia ∑ they are all triggers and groundwork for the growth of stereotypes. Positive social stereotypes, such as „The people of Međimurje are diligent” are quite rare. Different nations thus often have different hetero-stereotypes, since they always refer to different others. Stereotypes are always about duality: we / they, good / bad, East / West... Stereotypes are grown from childhood, under the influence of family and environment.

017 VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO

Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ

Etnički stereotipi: autostereotipi i Prejudices and stereotypes can be classified heterosteretipi in five levels: 1. Antilocution, i.e. judging and bad- Najranije pisane etničke stereotipe mouthing (we are smart, they are stupid; this nalazimo u zapisima prvih misionara koji pišu category includes jokes) o primitivnim i zaostalim narodima, njihovoj 2. Avoidance is the creation of social nemogućnosti razumijevanja stvari, njihovoj distance to another group, usually because of „prigluposti i dječjoj naivnosti“ (Levy-Bruhl). different social norms Lucien Lévy-Bruhl je bio ugledni profesor sa 3. Discrimination is placing the other Sorbonne koji bi trebao biti vrhunac europskog group into a less favourable position in obrazovanja i uma (opet stereotip?). Danas terms of e.g. education or employment (for BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY njegovu knjigu Primitivni mentalitet iz example, disabled persons, today completely 1922. godine možete čitati samo uz veliku incorrectly „correctly” called persons with dozu humora jer su nevjerojatna stereotipna special needs) zapažanja mahom učenih misionara o drugim 4. Attack is a higher level of discrimination, ljudima. Kao da se radi o nižim bićima ili where certain groups are, for example, zaostalim osobama, a zapravo se radi o prohibited to enter certain places or to use nerazmijevanju drugih i nepokušavanju istog, the other group’s means of transport ionako je zadatak misionara pokrstiti divljake 5. Annihilation is the worst level of i pokušati napraviti od njih „božje bića“. discrimination, enforced through lynching, persecution, genocide and „humane Misionari nisu bili u stanju ili, još gore, resettlement“, which is a bad euphemism nisu htjeli (čast izuzecima poput Ivana Filipa coined in the 1990s and meaning also Vezdina) prihvatiti da postoje drugačiji persecution and genocide. ljudi koji nisu primitivni divljaci nego samo Prejudices and bad stereotypes can be imaju drugačije sustave vrijednosti, običaje best avoided by getting to know the others i vjerovanja. Ni danas stereotipi nisu samo and accepting that we are all different and karakteristika neobrazovanih i starijih ljudi special. This can be achieved by upbringing (jer starenjem su ljudi skloniji stereotipima, and education in childhood. Stereotypes opet čast izuzecima). are a useful tool in acquiring language and Živeći u nacionalnim sredinama i osjećajući learning to communicate, of course in the se kao pripadnici određene nacije, a okruženi sense of positive simplification. Cognitivism drugim nacionalnim državama i pripadnicima describes stereotypes as necessary tools for the organisation of the world around us. The drugih država, mi nužno formiramo shvaćanje explain the surrounding world to a child, o drugim narodima. Tri su osnovne funkcije one needs to simplify the image, to create a tih stereotipa: kognitivna, emocionalna i stereotype. konativna. Stereotypes are classification and reflection Stereotip podrazumijeva da su svi pripadnici of the people’s need to organise and jedne grupe/etnije/nacije isti i po nekim se classify the world around them. Stereotypal osobinama svi razlikuju od drugih. U pravilu classifications of peoples probably arose from se radi o nepoznavanju i nerazumijevanju Linnaean observation-based classification. drugih: u pozadini je često strah od In anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss claimed nepoznatog ili odbojnost prema nekome jer je that „classification, even when heteroclitic drugačiji. Stereotipi negiraju individualnost and abitrary...makes it easier to create jer sve pripadnike iste grupe predstavljaju memory” (Lévi-Strauss, 56). kao iste. Istina je da je svijet gledan iz Several scientific disciplines dealing with perspektive različitih kultura različit. Stoga stereotypes emerged during the past decade: pojava stereotipa nije ni neočekivana. Imagology is an interdisciplinary oriented branch of comparative literature which Etnički se stereotipi mogu podijeliti studies literary perceptions of foreign na stereotipe o sebi ili autostereotipe i countries and people, as well as one’s own stereotipe o drugima ili heterostereotipe. country and people. Naravno da su stereotipi o sebi samima češće Imaginative geography is the area of pozitivni nego stereotipi o drugima. Sebe geography dealing with stereotypes from the najbolje poznajemo (barem tako mislimo) i aspect of geography, which necessarily also naravno da za neke vlastite moguće „mane“ includes ethnic stereotypes. često imamo opravdanje. Za tuđe „mane“ Historical imagology researches stereotypes teže se nalazi opravdanje. from the historical aspect. Stereotipi se s vremenom mijenjaju. Na It is to be expected that a discipline called njih utječu povijesni, politički, društveni, ethnic imagology appears, because ethnology kulturološki i drugi konteksti. Neki su widely researches stereotypes, but after does stereotipi kulturološke univerzalije, poput not name them properly. VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO viceva o plavuši, što spada u razmjerno nove Ethnic stereotypes: auto-stereotypes stereotipe. Njima su svakako prethodili već and hetero-stereotypes stari stereotipi o ženama kao inferiornim predstavnicama ljudske vrste. Žene su slabe, The earliest written evidence of ethnic muškarci su jaki, u svakom pogledu, i fizički stereotypes is found is records of first i mentalno. To je tema zasebnog poglavlja o missionaries who wrote about primitive and backward peoples, their inability to rodnim stereotipima. understand things, their ignorance and Etnografi su uvijek opisivali promatranjem, childlike naivety (Lévy-Bruhl). Lucien i izum fotografije je toj disciplini samo Lévy-Bruhl was a reputed professor at the pomogao u preciznijem opisu viđenog. Tako je Sorbonne, which was supposed to be the vizualnim jezikom fotografije postalo moguće pinnacle of European education and mind potvrđivanje stereotipa na temelju nečijeg (a stereotype again?). His book Primitive izgleda, odijevanja, prehrane i drugog. Mentality, which appeared in 1922, can be read today only with a big dose of humour Važno je reći da stereotipi često imaju because of the incredible stereotypical svoje uzroke. Židovi su zaista često spretni observations of mostly learned missionaries u biznisu i s novcima, kao što ih ima mnogo about other people, as if they were a lower vrsnih liječnika. Ali su i škrti kao i većina species or retarded. It actually shows the bogatih ljudi („ne bi ni imali da nisu škrti“). failure and unwillingness to understand the Irci doista vole piti pivo kao i Nijemci i Česi. others, the missionaries’ task being anyway Stereotipi mogu pridonijeti rasvjetljavanju to Christianise savages and try to turn them pojedinih problema jer ipak sadržavaju into „God’s creatures“. određenu količinu točnih informacija. The missionaries were unable or, even Etnički stereotipi donose pojednostavljene worse, unwilling (with honourable exceptions predodžbe najčešće o drugima (nacijama ili like Ivan Filip Vezdin) to accept that there are different people who are not primitive narodima) koje se obično ne poznaje. Što savages, but only have different systems određuje etničku zajednicu? Anthony D. of values, customs and beliefs. Even today, Smith to razrađuje (prema Županov 174): stereotypes are cherished not only by kolektivno ime uneducated and elderly people (because zajednički mit o porijeklu people are considered to be more prone to stereotypes with age, again with some zajednička povijest honorary exceptions). distinktivna zajednička kultura Living in national environments and feeling povezanost specifičnim teritorijem (etnički like members of a certain nation, while being teritorij) surrounded by other national states and osjećaj solidarnosti members of other countries, we necessarily form perceptions of other nations. Such To su i elementi za izgrađivanje stereotipa stereotypes have three main functions: the o sebi i o drugima. Sami su po sebi često cognitive, the emotional and the conative okamenjeni nepromjenjivi stereotipi koji (Puhalo, 22). uključuju etnička sjećanja, simbole i Stereotypes imply that all members of a prvenstveno tradiciju, kao jedan od ključnih group/ethnic/nation are identical and share pojmova etnologije, a zapravo nedefiniran i certain characteristics that differentiate them nejasan pojam kakvih je etnologija puna, no from others. As a rule, they arise from lack of to je druga priča (Boyer). knowledge and understanding of the others, Neeuropski narodi, točnije nebijelci, and there is often fear of the unknown or repulsion from somebody who is different oduvijek su bili predmet stereotipa, često lurking behind. Stereotypes are a negation of negativnih, koji su ih, zbog generalizacija individuality as all members of a group are lišavali individualnih karakteristika. Od regarded as being same. The truth is that antičkih i srednjovjekovnih fantastičnih the world is different from the perspective predodžbi o žiteljima nepoznatih svjetova of different cultures. This explains why the BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY poput Kiklopa, Blemija, Skijapoda, Kinocefala, occurrence of stereotypes is not unexpected. preko kolonijalističkog stereotipa divljaka tek Ethnic stereotypes can be divided into malo boljeg od životinje (primjerice Kaliban u stereotypes about oneself, called auto- Shakespeareovoj Oluji), sve do Rousseauovog stereotypes, and stereotypes about others, „plemenitog divljaka“ (fr. noble sauvage) called hetero-stereotypes. Naturally, auto- neiskvarenog civilizacijom, stereotipa koji stereotypes tend to be more positive than i danas često uvjetuje europsku percepciju hetero-stereotypes. We know ourselves urođenika dalekih zemalja. best (at least we like to think so) and, of course, we often have an excuse for our own Jedan od najčešćih stereotipa o drugima „weaknesses“, while finding it more difficult je prljavost, u doslovnom i simboličkom to justify other people’s „faults“. značenju (Šakaja). U slikovnim prikazima Stereotypes change in time. They are Indijanci su prikazivani kao divljaci, no affected by historical, political, social, takvih slika i stereotipa imamo i danas. culturological and other contexts. Some Na europskim prostorima divljaci su bili - stereotypes are culturological universalities, barbari. Isto su tako stereotipno kao divljaci such as blonde jokes, which belong to prikazivani australski Aboridžini. relatively recent stereotypes. They were certainly preceded by already old stereotypes Stereotipski stroj za U dvadesetom pak stoljeću širenje umnožavanje i glupo stereotipa postaje brže i učinkovitije uslijed about women as inferior representatives of hodanje. the human race. Women are weak, men are Stereotipski stroj za pojave i razvoja filma, posebice u Sjedinjenim strong, in every respect, both physically and umnožavanje i glupo Američkim Državama. Žrtve stereotipizacije mentally. This is the subject of a separate hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- rane američke kinematografije, osobito chapter about gender stereotypes. NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO vesterna, ponovno su neeuropljani, odnosno Ethnographers always described by nebijelci, obojeni, coloured - američki observation and the invention of photography Indijanci i Afroamerikanci. U doba nijemog only helped this discipline to more precisely filma, Indijanci (Native Americans, First describe what it saw. The visual language Nations, Redskins itd.) su prikazivani u of photography made it possible to confirm tradiciji noble sauvagea, kao mudri i hrabri stereotypes based on appearance, clothing, diet and other characteristics (Bernasconi, stoički ratnici koji žive „u skladu sa prirodom“. 75). Prethodnik tog holivudskog stereotipa je čuveni poglavica Seattle iz sredine 19. It is important to say that stereotypes often have their causes. Jews are actually stoljeća, još jedan noble sauvage, čije se often adept at business and with money, kontroverzno (i dobrim dijelom fabricirano) just like they often make fine doctors. But pismo čini poput djela suvremenih ekologa ili they are also stingy like most wealthy people environmentalista. Ovdje donosim samo kraj („they wouldn’t have anything if they weren’t pisma: stingy“). The Irish do like beer, just like the „We love this earth as a newborn loves its Germans and the Czech people. Stereotypes mother’s heartbeat. So, if we sell you our can contribute to shedding light on certain land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it, issues, because they do contain a certain as we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the quantity of true information. memory of the land as it is when you receive Ethnic stereotypes contain simplified it. Preserve the land for all children, and love perceptions, mostly about others (nations or it, as God loves us. As we are part of the peoples) that are usually not familiar. What determines an ethnic community? Anthony land, you too are part of the land. This earth D. Smith (according to Županov 174) is precious to us. It is also precious to you“. breaks down elements that define an ethnic community: Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo collective name hodanje. shared myth of origin Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo shared history hodanje. distinctive common culture SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ relation to a specific territory (ethnic territory) feeling of solidarity These elements are also building blocks for creating stereotypes about oneself and others. They are, by themselves, often petrified unchangeable stereotypes that include ethnic memories, symbols and primarily tradition, which is a key term in ethnology, although actually one of the undefined and unclear terms with which ethnology is riddled. But that is a different story (Boyer). Non-European people, or more precisely, non-whites, were always subject to stereotypes, mostly negative ones that stripped them, due to generalisation, of their individual characteristics, from antique and medieval fantastic conceptions about inhabitants of unknown worlds, such as Cyclops, Blemmyes, Skiapodes or Cynocephali (Šakaja), over the colonial stereotype of a savage that is just slightly better than an BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Tridesetih godina stereotip plemenitog animal (like the Caliban of Shakespeare’s divljaka na filmu zamjenjuje stereotip Tempest), up to Rousseau’s „noble savage“ ratobornog divljaka vođenog nerazumnom (fr. noble sauvage), uncorrupted by mržnjom prema „civiliziranom“ „bljedolikom“ civilisation, a stereotype that is even today čovjeku da bi se u šezdesetim godinama pod often reflected in the European perception of utjecajem hipi pokreta ponovno aktualizirao natives of distant lands. stereotip plemenitog divljaka. Uz povremena One of the most frequent stereotypes about odstupanja u kojima likovi Indijanaca others is that they are dirty, in the literal dobivaju individualne obrise, u američkoj and symbolic sense (Šakaja). Indians were visually depicted as savages and such pictures kinematografiji sve do danas naizmjenično and stereotypes exist even today. From the prevladavaju ova dva stereotipa. Međutim, European perspective, they were savages – kroz čitavo dvadeseto stoljeće konstanta barbarians. Australian Aborigines were also je obavezno prikazivanje Indijanaca kao stereotypically depicted as savages. dugokosih prerijskih konjanika s orlovskim In the twentieth century, stereotypes nosom i perjanicom oko glave. Također je started spreading faster and more efficiently čest stereotip da Indijanci nemaju brkove thanks to the appearance and development i brade što je vjerojatno rezultat priča o of film, especially in the United States. Winnetouu, kao vjerojatno jednom od svjetski Victims of steretypization in early American najpoznatijih imaginarnih likova Indijanaca. cinematography, especially Western movies, Indijanci su nadalje prikazivani kao dobri were again non-Europeans, i.e. the non- tragači, u filmovima gdje nisu loši dečki, white, coloured people – American Indians and Afro-Americans. In the times of silent predstavljeni su folkoristički i romantičarski movies, Indians (Native Americans, First kao ljudi iz nekih prošlih vremena. Nažalost, Nations, Redskins etc.) were shown in the većinom i jesu ljudi iz prošlih vremena, noble sauvage tradition, as wise and brave mislim na to koliko ih je istrijebljeno otkad stoic warriors living „in harmony with nature“. su Ameriku naselili drugi jer Indijanci su ipak A predecessor of this Hollywood stereotype ondje bili prije doseljenika iz Europe, otud i is the famous Chief Seattle of the first half naziv First Nations. of the 19th century, another noble sauvage, Indijanke su često predstavljane kao žene whose controversial (and largely fabricated) koje će rado sa svakim stupiti u spolni odnos. letter seems like the work of a modern-time ecologist or environmentalist. We quote here To je bio alibi bijelcima za mnoga seksualna only the end of this letter: zlostavljanja i ubijanja Indijanki. „We love this earth as a newborn loves its Zanimljiva je zamjedba C.G. Younga da mother’s heartbeat. So, if we sell you our u „sportskom bjesnilu Amerikanaca ima land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it, nešto indijansko“. Ne znam koliko su as we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the Angloamerikanci oduševljeni tom izjavom memory of the land as it is when you receive (iako ima bijelih Amerikanaca koji nisu it. Preserve the land for all children, and love izvorno engleskog porijekla, ali to je problem it, as God loves us. As we are part of the korektnosti naziva, o tome kasnije). land, you too are part of the land. This earth is precious to us. It is also precious to you“. Suvremeni američki jezik, osobito žargoni, vrve nazivima za crnce i Indijance, većinom In the 1930s, the noble savage stereotype pogrdnim ( npr. raznim izvedenicama od on film is replaced with the stereotype of the belligerent savage driven by irrational nigger, coloured) no ni britanski engleski nije hatred for the „civilised“ „paleface“ before it lišen takvih naziva. Njihovim nabrajanjem na was revived under the influence of the hippie ovom mjestu i objašnjavanjem ovdje otišli movement in the 1960s. With occasional bismo predaleko. aberrations, where Indian characters receive Kod prikaza Afroamerikanaca u američkoj individual features, these two stereotypes kulturi naglašeniji je dehumanizirajući have been alternately prevailing in American aspekt stereotipiziranja. Budući da s afričkim cinematography to the present day. However, VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO robovima nisu ratovali, nego su ih kupili Indians were mandatory and constantly i dopremili kao robu, umjesto stereotipa presented throughout the 20th century as stoičkog ratnika stoji onaj priglupog i long-haired prairie riders with aquiline noses priprostog (često glupog i prostog) roba ili and feather headdress. An equally frequent sluge koji kao dijete ovisi o skrbi bijelaca. stereotype is that Indians have no facial hair, which probably stems from stories Krajem devetnaestog i početkom of Winnetou, probably the most famous dvadesetog stoljeća prikazi Afroamerikanaca imaginary Indian character in the world. bili su izrazito rasistički te su Afroamerikance Indians were further portrayed as good prikazivali kao subhumane, odnosno kao scouts, and in films where they are not the bića na intektualnoj razini između životinje bad guys, they were shown in a folkloristic i čovjeka. Izlaskom knjige Harriet Beacher- and romanticist fashion, like people from Stowe Čiča Tomina koliba taj se stereotip some past times. Unfortunately, they mostly mijenja u onaj priprostog, no dobroćudnog are people from past times, when we think zaostalog „rođaka“ kojega bijeli čovjek treba about how many of them were exterminated voditi kroz bespuća civilizacije. Na temelju since the others inhabited America, as Indians čiča Tome nastao je stereotip zadovoljnog i were there way before the European settlers servilnog sluge Toma. and are hence called the First Nations. Na ovisnosti o bijelcima temelje se mnogi Indian women were often presented as eager to have sexual intercourse with stereotipi o Afroamerikancima, a tako i anybody. This was used as alibi to white men ženski pandan Tomu, stereotip mammy.Oba for many sexual abuse cases and killings of su ova stereotipa korištena i u reklamama, Indian women. naravno za kavu, kolače i druge prehrambene C.G. Young made an interesting observation proizvode. that there is something Indian in the Mammy je karikirani lik nasmiješene sports madness of Americans (according to crnkinje s naglašenim ustima i maramom na Dvorniković, 302). I don’t know whether glavi. Ta je mammy uvijek bila sluškinja i Anglo-Americans are thrilled by this statement dadilja, neugledna i pretila da ne bi slučajno (although there are white Americans who are ugrožavala brak u obitelji gdje je radila not of English origin, but this is a problem of kao rob. Nasmiješeno i vedro lice trebalo correct naming that will be discussed later). je ukazivati na njenu sreću i zadovoljstvo The contemporary American English ropkinje u obitelji. Gotovo je grotekna scena language, especially the jargons, abound in iz filma Imitacija života (Imitation of Life) names for blacks and Indians, which are mostly iz 1934. gdje se takvoj mammy nudi da pejorative (for example, various derivatives from nigger, coloured), but British English is radi slobodno, a ona uplašeno moli: „Molim also not devoid of such names. Listing and Vas, ne tjerajte me od sebe!“. Još jedan explaining them here would go too far. primjer prikazivanja Crnaca kao inferiornih i In the presentation of Afro-Americans in nesposobnih za život bez vlasnika, a također the American culture, the dehumanising i obrana ropstva. Sretno ropstvo, kakav aspect of stereotyping is more pronounced. oksimoron! Since African slaves were not fought against, U suvremenu je američku kulturu taj lik često but bought and brought in like cattle, the transponiran u filmovima, obično komedijama stoic warrior stereotype is replaced by the kao big mamma. I danas su to karikaturalni stereotype of the stupid, primitive and often likovi, možda mnogima smiješni. Umjesto rough-hewn slave or servant, childishly marame na glavi, današnja big mamma ima dependent on the care of the whites. lošu periku. I naravno, bolesno je pretila. A In the late 19th and early 20th century, debljina je danas postala izrazito nepoželjan presentations of Afro-Americans were stereotip. extremely racist, depicting Afro-Americans as subhuman, i.e. creatures that are intellectually Indijanci (Native Americans, First Nations, between animals and humans. With the Aboriginal people, Redskins itd.) su izrazito publication of Harriet Beecher-Stowe’s Uncle stereotipizirani kao „drugi“. Današnja slika BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Indijanca u Americi često je podijeljena prema grupama Indijanaca: većina su alkoholičari, često agresivni, ali su brojni ostali stereotipi bazirani na filmovima uglavnom o prerijskim Indijancima: hrabri ratnici, stariji su mudraci sa lulom mira, dimni signali kao steretipi komunikacije i drugo. Današnji su bijeli Amerikanci debeli, materijalisti, a opet djetinjasto sentimentalni. Američki su policajci glupi kao vjerojatno svugdje, ali ovi su i ovisnici o krafnama donuts. Meksikanci su temperamentni, nagli i dobri plesači. Suvremeni Amerikanci (točnije, bijeli stanovnici SAD-a) često se smatraju neobrazovanima (rednecks, kao samo jedno, od, u ovom smislu, pogrdnih značenja), ludi su za oružjem, ako zapravo ne ratuju, vole se igrati rata kao npr. igra paintball. Sami Tom’s Cabin, this stereotype developed into Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo sebe smatraju superirornim drugim narodima, the stereotype of a simple-minded, but good- hodanje. ne samo na svom kontinentu, čemu je velikim natured, backward „relative“, who needs the Stereotipski stroj za dijelom kriva politika koja ih tome i uči već white man to lead him though the complex umnožavanje i glupo civilisation. The character of Uncle Tom hodanje. i obrazovanje. Otud i naziv za SAD „Svjetski SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- policajac“ (premda bi bilo točnije „svjetski served as basis for the stereotype of the NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ vojnik“ jer se radi o ratovima koje vode satisfied and obedient servant Tom. posvuda po svijetu). Dependency on the white people is underlying to many stereotypes about Iz osobnog iskustva mogu potvrditi tu priču Afro-Americans, including Tom’s female o „superironosti“ Amerikanaca: counterpart, Mammy. Both stereotypes were 2001. godine u Zagrebu upoznala sam also used in advertising, of course, for coffee jednog američkog novinara. 11.09. nazvao and waffles and other food products. me užasnut kako bi me obavijestio da su Mammy is a caricature of a grinning upravo napadnuti Blizanci (WTC) i Pentagon black woman with a prominent mouth and u Washingtonu. Nisam mogla odoljeti potrebi headscarf. Mammy was always servant and u razgovoru spomenuti kako smo mi imali nanny, plain and overweight to avoid being rat četiri godine, na što je on zapanjeno a threat to the marriage in the family where odgovorio: „Ali to je Amerika!“ Bilo je jasno she slaved. Her smiling and bright face da misli kako se tako nešto u Americi ne smije was supposed to reflect her happiness and satisfaction with being a family slave. There događati, drugdje i drugima očito može. is this almost grotesque scene from the 1934 Australski Aboridžini su još do nedavno movie Imitation of Life, where the mammy is trpjeli diskriminaciju zbog svojeg offered to work free and she anxiously begs: „primitivizma“ i „manje vrijednosti“. Do „Please, don’t send me away!“. This is another 70tih godina prošlog stoljeća su majkama example of how Blacks were portrayed as Aborigina uzimali, točnije otimali djecu i inferior and incapable of living without their smještali ih u tzv. škole, a zapravo logore, owners, as well as a defence of slavery. Happy daleko od doma da ne bi mogli pobjeći, slavery, what an oxymoron! gdje su ih odgajali „kako treba“ zabranjujući In the meantime, Mammy was in American im da govore materinske jezike. Potresan culture frequently transposed to the big dokumentarni film Phillipa Noycea Rabbit- mama character in movies, mostly comedies. Proof Fence donosi jednu takvu stvarnu priču Such characters have remained caricatures VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO koja svjedoči o brutalnosti i zatucanosti even today, and perhaps many find them „suvremnog“ bijelog čovjeka. Australska je amusing. Instead of a headscarf, today’s big vlada prestala s praksom otimanja djece, ali mama wears a bad wig. And, of course, she se tek 2008. ispričala Aboriginima za to što im is obese, which has become an extremely je radila od početka 20. stoljeća. Za ukradene unwanted stereotype today. generacije slabašna i prekasna gesta koja The Indians (Native Americans, First je ostala samo na riječima izrečenim nakon Nations, Aboriginal people, Redskins etc.) predugog oklijevanja. are extremely stereotyped as „others“. Today’s image of Indians in America is often Besmisleno je tvrditi da stereotipi prema divided according to groups of Indians: they drugima i danas ne uzrokuju velike patnje are mostly alcoholics and often aggressive, mnogima, pa ću ovo poglavlje završiti kratkom but there are numerous stereotypes based pričom koja dobro ilustrira neke stereotipe, on films about the prairie Indians: brave a pisana je kao duhovit pregled etničkih warriors, wise old men with calumets, smoke stereotipa. Humor nam pomaže preživjeti i signals as communication stereotypes, etc. često cvjeta baš u teškim vremenima u koja Today’s white Americans are fat, se može uvrstiti i ovo u kojem živimo. materialistic, but then again childishly Etno-stereotipima se bavi Zoran Čiča na sentimental. American cops are dumb, like svom blogu. Odličan primjer je kratka priča probably everywhere, but here they are also donut addicts. Mexicans are hot-blooded and koju ovdje prenosim: short-tempered and good dancers. „Nakon brodoloma, Bogu iza nogu, na Contemporary Americans (more precisely, divnim otocima našla se vesela družba: white inhabitants of the USA) are often dvojica Talijana i Talijanka, considered uneducated (rednecks being just dvojica Francuza i Francuskinja, one of derogatory meanings) and gun-crazy: although they are actually not at war, they dvojica Nijemaca i Njemica, like to play war, like for example at paintball. dvojica Grka i Grkinja, They consider themselves superior to other dvojica Engleza i Engleskinja, nations, not only on their continent, which is partly due to the politics that conveys dvojica Bugara i Bugarka, this message, but also the education system. dvojica Japanaca i Japanka, This is way the USA are called the Global dvojica Kineza i Kineskinja, Cop (although a more precise term would be Global Soldier, for the wars they wage all over dvojica Amerikanaca i Amerikanka, the world). dvojica Iraca i Irkinja. My personal experience confirms the story Tijekom mjesec dana na otocima stanje of the Americans’ feeling of „superiority”: bijaše ovakvo…: In the late summer of 2001, I met an Jedan Talijan je ubio drugoga zbog American journalist in Zagreb. He called me Talijanke. on September 11 in alarm to tell me that there had just been an attack on the Twin Towers Dvojica Francuza i Francuskinja bezbrižno (WTC) and Pentagon building in Washington. žive u „menage-a-trois“. I could not but mention that we had a war for Dvojica Nijemaca dogovorila su fiksni four years. “But this is America!” he replied raspored posjeta Njemici. in shock, apparently thinking that such a Grci su se zaljubili, a Grkinja rinta, kuha i thing should not happen in America, while posprema. it obviously can happen elsewhere and to others. Dvojica Engleza čekaju da ih netko predstavi Until recently, Australian Aborigines Engleskinji. suffered discrimination for their „primitivism” Bugari su se zagledali u beskonačan ocean, and „lesser value“. Until the 1970s, Aborigine zatim dobro pogledali Bugarku, pa skočili u children were taken away, or more precisely, ocean i zaplivali. kidnapped from their mothers and placed in so-called schools, actually camps, far from BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Japanci su napisali pismo, zatvorili ga u home so they could not run away, where bocu, bacili u more za Tokio te čekaju daljnje they were raised „properly“ and forbidden to upute. speak their mother tongues. Phillip Noyce’s poignant documentary Rabbit-Proof Fence Dvojica Kineza otvorila su restoran, brings such a real-life story, testifying to prodavaonicu tekstila, ljekarnu i praonicu, the brutality and narrow-mindedness of the Kineskinja je zatrudnjela pa čekaju novu contemporary white man. The Australian radnu snagu. government eventually abandoned the Dvojica Amerikanaca razmišljaju o child stealing practice, but an apology to samoubojstvu zato što se Amerikanka Aborigines for what has been done since the neprestano žali zbog svojeg izgleda i stanja beginning of the 20th century was made only tijela, razmišlja o biti feminizma, govori in 2008. For the stolen generations, it was da može sve što oni mogu, žali se zbog a weak and belated gesture, which remained just words spoken after too long a hesitation. nepravednog rasporeda obavljanja kućanskih poslova, tvrdi da zbog palmi i pijeska izgleda I would be unreasonable to advocate debelo, spominje bivšega dečka koji je cijenio that stereotypes towards others still don’t inflict great suffering on many people. I will njezino mišljenje i bio prema njoj nježniji therefore close this chapter with a short story i pažljiviji nego oni, tvrdi da se popravlja that is a good illustration and an amusing njezin odnos s majkom i zadovoljna je jer su overview of ethnic stereotypes. Humour helps porezi niži i ne pada kiša. us to survive and often flourishes in hard Irci su pak svoj otok podijeli na Sjever i times, like the ones we live in. Jug, napravili pecaru i počeli proizvoditi Ethno-stereotypes are in focus of Zoran whiskey od kokosovih oraha. Nemaju pojma Čiča’s blog. This short story is an excellent je li se netko spetljao jer im je sve maglovito example: nakon prvih nekoliko litara. Ali su neopisivo „Following a shipwreck, a merry company sretni jer vide kako je Englezima loše.“ ended up on a beautiful island in the middle Nakon ove duhovite priče, smatram suvišnim of nowhere: nešto bolje dodati o etničkim stereotipima o two men and a woman from Italy, narodima svijeta koje bi se moglo nizati u two men and a woman from France, nedogled. two men and a woman from Germany, two men and a woman from Greece, Stereotipi o europskim narodima two men and a woman from England, two men and a woman from Bulgaria, Sama se Europa također percipira na osnovi two men and a woman from Japan , binarnih opozicija. Još u doba antike Stari two men and a woman from China, su Grci barbarima nazivali one koji nisu two men and a woman from the USA, znali grčki. U doba Starog Rima barbari su bili neobrazovani ljudi i tuđinci. Prije njih two men and a woman from Ireland. su arijski Indijci koristili istu sanskrtsku One month since they went ashore, the riječ barbara (varvara) za nearijske narode, situation was as follows: tuđine, (ali) i za glupane. Indoeuropska One Italian man killed the other for the riječ nepromijenjena i do danas, barbarin Italian woman. ili varvarin, upućuje na starinu stereotipa o Two Frenchmen and the French lady are drugima. living without stress in a menage-a-trois. Među prvim slikovnim prikazima stereotipa Two German men fixed a schedule to europskih naroda je čuvena slika Völkertafel alternatively visit the German woman. nastala između 1720. i 1730. u Štajerskoj The Greek men fell in love with each other koja se čuva u Öesterreichischen Museum für while the Greek woman toils, cooks and Volkskunde u Beču. O toj tabli napisani su cleans up. brojni radovi i knjige. Ona prikazuje deset The two Englishmen are waiting to be VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO

Stereotipski stroj za muških figura koje predstavljaju pripadnike introduced to the English lady. umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. različitih nacija: Španjolac, Francuz, The Bulgarians looked at the vast ocean, Stereotipski stroj za Nizozemac, Nijemac, Englez, Šveđanin, Poljak, then took a good look at the Bulgarian umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Mađar, Moskovljanin (vjerojatno kao tipičan woman, and then jumped into the ocean and SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- Rus), Turčin i Grk. Ispod svakog predstavnika swam away. NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ nanizane su osobine od pozitivnih do The Japanese wrote a letter, put it in negativnih. Turčin i Grk predstavljeni su a bottle, threw the bottle into the ocean jednim likom (valjda kao Balkanci) s turbanom to travel to Tokyo and are now waiting for na glavi i kao krajnje negativni likovi. Figure further instructions. su poredane u sedamnaest kategorija: po Two Chinese men opened a restaurant, a temperamentu, prirodi, intelektu, porocima, textile shop, a pharmacy and a laundry. The strastima, znanju, nošnji, bolestima, Chinese woman got pregnant and they are vojničkoj vještini, vjeri, političkom ustrojstvu expecting new workforce. i drugome. Zanimljivo je iz slike vidjeti da The two American men are suicidal because se u to doba Španjolac doživljavao kao the American woman keeps complaining about inteligentan i mudar, Francuz kao oprezan, her looks and body condition, pondering Nijemac kao duhovit, Englez kao zlovoljan. about the essence of feminism, declaring that she is capable of doing everything they can, Poljaci su „ograničenog intelekta“, još BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY ograničeniji su Mađari, kod Rusa je intelekt protesting about the unequal distribution of nepostojeći, a Turko-Grk ga ima „još manje“. chores, claiming that palms and sand make Sliku su očito naručili i napravili katolici, her look fat, mentioning her ex-boyfriend who appreciated her opinion and was more vjerojatno Španjolci jer su oni označeni gentle and thoughtful to her than they are, najboljim osobinama, a nekatolici (Rusi, Grci stating that her relationship with mother is i Truci) su prošli najlošije. Turcima i Grcima improving and feeling satisfied that taxes are se pripisuje da su odjeveni kao žene, što se low and there is no rain. svakako može shvatiti kao dodatna uvreda . The Irish have divided their island into Većina se tih navedenih streotipa potpuno the Northern and the Southern part, set up promijenila pa se tako danas Nijemci a distillery and started producing coconut npr. doživljavaju kao nacija bez smisla za whiskey. They have no idea whether anybody humor, (stereo)tipične su pivopije, osobito was messing around with anybody else, Bavarci. Pivopije su i Irci, Česi i Belgijanci. because they see everything in blur after the I u Hrvatskoj je pivo sve popularnije piće. first couple of litres. But they are incredibly Istraživanja dokazuju da Nijemci, Irci, Česi happy to see how the English are doing bad.“ i Belgijanci doista popiju najviše piva, ali After this funny story shared by Čiča, I to ne znači da svi pripadnici tih nacija piju consider it superfluous to do add anything to pivo, što predstavlja stereotip jer ignorira ethnic stereotypes about the nations of the world, although one could list them without individualnost i pojedince koji ne piju pivo. end. Uz pivo ide i pivski trbuh koji bi prema stereotipima trebali imati svi pripadnici navedenih naroda sklonih pivu, što naravno Stereotypes about European peoples nemaju svi. Čak ga nemaju ni sve pivopije. Za Nijemce treba reć da ih se proglašava i Europe itself is also perceived through binary oppositions (Šakaja). As far back as in vrlo marljivima i savjesnima (kao primjer the antiquity, the ancient Greeks would call pozitivnog stereotipa, premda će mnogi i all people who spoke no Greek barbarians. In sklonost pivu smatrati pozitivnim ili barem ancient Rome, barbarians were uneducated simpatičnim stereotipom), no kao često people and foreigners. Before them, Indians dosadnim pedantima. Njemački se jezik u of the Aryan race used the Sanskrit word Hrvatskoj često doživljava kao ružan jezik, barbara (varvara) to denote non-Aryan moguće je da je to rezultat i ostatak od peoples, foreigners, (but) also fools. The Drugog svjetskog rata, premda je panonski fact that the Indo-European word survived dio hrvatskih govora i danas, ali sve manje, unchanged to the present day (as barbarin or natopljen germanizmima. Talijanski je pjevan varvarin) is indicative of the longevity of the jezik (valjda zbog opera?), slavenski se jezici stereotype about others. uglavnom doživljavaju kao meki. Francuski The earliest illustrations of stereotypes je elegantan, nobl, iako se i to mijenja zbog about European peoples include the famous engleskog jezika koji je zbog informatizacije i Völkertafel, made between 1720 and 1730 in globalizacije postao glavni svjetski jezik. Styria and now kept in the Österreichisches Museum für Volkskunde in Vienna. Discussed Rusi su religiozni i skloni piću, Francuzi in numerous papers and books, the “table of su puteni erotomani, ali i racionalni, Škoti nations” shows ten male figures representing su škrti (zgodna sličnost obaju izraza u various nations: the Spaniard, the Frenchman, hrvatskom jeziku!), no nisu jedini, ima toga i the Dutchman, the German, the Englishman, kod nas (Bračani i Međimurci). the Swede, the Polish, the Hungarian, the Krenemo li u južnije njemačko govorno Muscovite (probably as a typical Russian), the Turk and the Greek, each above a list of područje, Austriju, susrećemo stereotipe attributes ranging from positive to negative o Austrijancima: Austrijanke su odjevene ones (Stanzel). The Turk and the Greek are u dindrlicu, što je zapravo samo narodna presented by one character (presumably as nošnja središnje Štajerske, i kao većinu Balkanites), sporting a turban and extremely nošnji, ni Austrijanke je već dugo ne nose, VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO osim u folklorne svrhe. Jodlanje je alpska negative. Attributes are classified in seventeen stereotipna slika negdje na rubu Bavarske categories: temperament, nature, intellect, i Austrije. Američki country pjevač Rilley vices, passions, knowledge, clothing, Pucket na svom albumu iz 1924. imao je i illnesses, military skills, religion, political jodlanje. Kasnije je Jimmie Rodgers pridonio organisation and other characteristics. popularizaciju jodlanja u SADu. Popularnost Curiously, the picture shows that, at that time, Spaniards were perceived as intelligent jodlanja u SADu dosegla je vrhunac do and wise, Frenchmen as cautious, Germans as 1940ih. Kasnije je ta popularnost nestala witty and the English as morose. The Polish iz sasvim jasnih povijesnih razloga. Mozart displayed „limited intellect“, the Hungarians i Mozartove kugle su stereotip Austrije, “even more limited intellect”, the Russians bez njih iz Austrije se ne vraća. Suveniri su had none of it and the Turks/Greeks “even tipični kulturološki stereotipi koji su uz to po less”. definiciji kič. Granica između kiča i stereotipa The picture was apparently ordered and često je vrlo teško odrediva jer je i kič oblik made by Catholics, possibly by Spaniards who pojednostavljivanja i uopćavanja, no to je thus received the best attributes, while non- velika zasebna tema. Catholics (Russians, Greek and Turks) got Britanci su hladni snobovi i kicoši (što ide the worst deal. The Turks and the Greek were jedno uz drugo, premda nije sinonim, ali ima shown to dress like women, which can be certainly understood as an additional insult. mnogo zajedničkog), loših, „konjskih“ zuba. I u Disneyevim crtanim filmovima iz 1990tih, Most of these stereotypes have thoroughly zli likovi obično govore britanski engleski. Ne changed. Today, Germans are perceived as humourless and (stereo)typical beer drinkers, postoji britanska kuhinja, ako se ne računa especially the Bavarians. The Irish, the Czech „fish and chips“ i engleski puding koji sam and the Belgians are also beer drinkers. imala prilike nekoliko puta jesti i toplo bih Beer is gaining popularity in Croatia as well. preporučila nastojati ga izbjeći. Po nekima Research has shown that the Germans, the je to delicija. Priprema se mjesec dana i Irish, the Czech and the Belgians actually navodno je jestiv više od godinu dana. Pa, do drink the most beer, but this does not dobar tek! mean that all members of these nations drink Talijani su, kao i većina romanskih naroda, beer, which represents a stereotype because temperamentni i veliki ljubavnici, a sami za it ignores individuality and individuals who don’t drink beer. Beer comes with a beer sebe kažu da su samodopadni. Temperament belly, which should be according to the se pripisuje svim Mediterancima. stereotype grown on all members of the beer- Španjolci su na glasu kao macho muškarci loving nations, which is of course not the i žene su im vatrene, skloni su zabavama case. Not even all beer drinkers have it. As i siestama te navodno ništa drugo ni ne for Germans, it should be said that they are rade. Oni duhovito na to odgovaraju da declared diligent and conscientious (as an slika koju stranci imaju o njima potječe s example of a positive stereotype, although razglednice koju su poslali s obiteljskog many will consider the love for beer to be odmora u Španjolskoj. Siesta se kao zgodan a positive or at least likeable stereotype), but often tediously pedantic. The German i ugodan običaj proširila po latinoameričkim language is in Croatia considered to be ugly, područjima Južne Amerike i, naravno, među which could be the result and remnant of njihovim stanovnicima. No imamo i mi nešto World War II, although Croatian speech in the slično, fjaku, no o tome kasnije. Lik toreadora Pannonian region still, albeit decreasingly, je također stereotipni (i kičasti) primjer pervaded with German loan words. The Italian Španjolca, premda je toreadora sve manje is a melodious language (is it because of the jer su borbe s bikovima sve manje zanimljive operas?), while Slavic languages are mainly suvremenom čovjeku koji ih doživljava kao perceived as soft. The French language is okrutno mučenje životinja, dok se s druge elegant and noble, but this is also changing strane ljubitelji koride bune da se njenom on account of the English language, which zabranom uništava kulturna baština. has become the new lingua franca due to BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Zanimljiva je kod Španjolaca slika vatrene information technology and globalisation. Carmen, temperamente Španjolke koja je The Russians are religious and prone književni lik Prospera Meriméea i koja je to drinking, the Frenchmen are sensual zapravo bila Ciganka, korektnije rečeno: erotomaniacs, and rational, the Scots are Romkinja. stingy (there is a nice similarity of the Romi ili Cigani (sami Cigani ne vole da ih Croatian words Škot for Scotsman and škrt for stingy), although they have company in se zove korektnim nazivom Romi, iako ne svi) Croatia (people from the island of Brač and primjer su bezbrojnih stereotipa upravo zato the region of Međimurje are also considered jer su dosta drugačiji od ostalih među kojima miserly). žive: Romi kradu, nepouzdani su, prljavi su; If we venture further to the German language žene su sklone gatanju i vračanju i imaju area, to Austria, we can meet stereotypes Stereotipski stroj za izrazito podčinjen položa u obitelji, sve u about Austrians: Austrian women wear Dirndls, umnožavanje i glupo svemu, bolje da su što dalje od nas. hodanje. which is in fact only the traditional dress Stereotipski stroj za Turisti su često nemoguća „vrsta“, osobito of central Styria, and is like most national umnožavanje i glupo Česi, jer u svojim Škodama voze paštete costumes no longer in regular use, except for hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- i krumpire na more ili sjednu u kafić sa folklore purposes. Yodelling is a stereotype NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ svojom bocom vina i traže samo čaše. To sam doživjela na Dugom otoku. U kafiću su im doskočili tako da plaćaju iznajmljivanje čaša za piće. Turistički stereotipi su često vedrija strana stereotipa i brojni su. Nijemci su kao turisti poznati po ružnim sandalama i još ružnijim čarapama koje nose i u siječnju na Jadranu, jer oni su na moru! To sa sandalama navodno potiče iz doba starog Rima kad su u sjevernijim krajevima morali oblačiti čarape jer je bilo, naravno, hladnije nego ja jugu Europe. Zasigurno svugdje gdje ima turista, ima i stereotipa o njima. Čarape, osobito bijele, odlikuju i neke naše stanovnike, no o tome malo kasnije.

Balkan, Balkanci i balkanizam

Balkan je, kao stjecište europskih i orijentalnih utjecaja, bio vrlo česta meta stereotipa Europljana, a kasnije i Amerikanaca. Za mnoge to više nije Europa, ili nije „dovoljno“ Europa, za mnoge je bio „drugi svijet“. Orijent je često u opisima „bolje prošao“ jer je dovoljno dalek da ne bi ugrožavao „prave Europljane“ i egzotičan, pa tako i često primamljiviji i pozitivniji. Čuveni francuski pjesnik, diplomat i političar Alphonse-Marie-Louis Lamartine, koji je bio istaknuti borac za nezavisnost snažno je popularizirao Balkan u svojim djelima. Ami Boué, enciklopedijski obrazovan, među brojnih djelima iz raznih područja, pisao je VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO prave antropološke i folklorističke prikaze image applying to the Alpine region between Balkana sredine 19. stoljeća. On je sebi dao Bavaria and Austria. The American country u zadatak da ispravi predrasude o Turcima i singer Rilley Pucket had yodelling sections pri tome se bavio svim stanovnicima Balkana. in its 1924 album, and Jimmie Rodgers Navodno je imao uspjeha u „iskrenom later contributed to the popularisation of yodelling in the USA, which reached its peak razgovoru s ozbiljnim i dobroćudnim Turčinom, in the 1940s. Some time later, its popularity kao i sa duhovitim Albancem, prefinjenim vanished for quite obvious historical reasons. Grkom ili oštroumnim Vlahom, sa vrednim Mozart and Mozartkugeln are stereotypes of Bugarinom kao i sa ratobornim Srbinom, Austria, the latter being something you can’t grubim Bosancem i veselim Hercegovcem“. leave Austria without. Souvenirs are typical Njegov ogroman opus predstavljao je jedan culturological stereotypes and, in addition, od najbogatijih izvora informacija o Balkanu kitsch by definition. The boundary between iz 19. stoljeća. kitsch and stereotype is often a very fluid Louis Leger je također jedan od brojnih one, since kitsch is a form of simplification and generalisation and as such represents a istraživača Balkana koji je ostavio dragocjene major topic in its own right. opise Slovenaca, Hrvata, Srba i Bugara. The British are cold snobs and dandies (both Grof Petr Andreevič Tolstoj, ruski terms go hand in hand, not being synonyms, veleposlanik, ocjenjuje Turke kao ponosnu, but having quite a lot in common), with bad, moćnu i ambicioznu naciju, izuzetno nesklonu horse teeth. Even in Disney’s cartoon films alkoholu, okrutnu prema kršćanima, o izrazito of the 1990s, the bad guys usually speak sklonu krvavim pobunama i borbama protiv British English. There is no distinctive British države . cuisine, if we don’t count „fish and chips” and Europljanima je Balkan sa svojom ruralnom English pudding, which I had the opportunity to taste on several occasions and which I tradicijom izgledao kao muzej na otvorenom. warmly recommend to avoid. Even though Ipak, valja naglasiti kako su različiti some consider it a delicacy. Its preparation Europljani različito doživljavali narode takes one month and it is alleged to be edible Balkana te da na Zapadu ipak nije postojao for over one year. Well, bon appétit! zajednički zapadnjački stereotip o njemu. Like most Roman peoples, the Italians Amerikanci su doživljavali Balkance kao are full of temperament and reputed neka indijanska plemena, uspoređivali su lovers, and consider themselves as self- „balkanske brđane“ s Cherokee i Choctaw pleasing. Temperament is attributed to all Indijancima, a mlada američka nacija nije ni Mediterranean peoples. mogla razumijeti kulturološke razlike. Jedan The Spaniards have a reputation of being nesporazum to dobro opisuje: američka nacija macho, while Spanish women are passionate. zadojena puritanskim osjećajem za pravičnost, They love partying and siestas and that is about everything they do. Their witty reaction nije shvaćala istočnjačku tradiciju darivanja to this is that the foreigners’ perception of staru tisuće godina praćenu ceremonijama Spanish people comes from a postcard sent i prvi američki poslanik u Konstantinopolju from a family vacation in Spain. Siesta is a (Istanbulu) je poslao turskoj Porti darove sa nice and pleasant habit that spread across naznačenom cijenom. Reis-efendija, očito regions of South America and among their uvrijeđen, poručio je da su darovi svakako inhabitants. We also have something similar, preplaćeni. Amerikanci su to shvatili kao called fjaka, but more about this later. The pokušaj „žicanja“ još darova. Reis-efendija je figure of toreador is also a stereotype (and zaprijetio vraćanjem svih darova, no srećom, kitschy) image of a Spaniard. Toreadors sve je dobro završilo. are, however, decreasing in number because bullfighting is losing its appeal on Tijekom 18. i 19. stoljeća mnogi su putopisci, contemporary man and are considered to znanstvenici i književnici dolazili na Balkan, be cruel torturing of animals, while corrida mnogi u potrazi za nekadašnjom Grčkom i lovers are protesting that the prohibition of donosili impresije u svojim djelima. Karla bullfighting destroys cultural heritage. BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Maya možemo smatrati pionirom fiktivnog An interesting image related to the Spanish turizma. May je bitan jer je inspirirao mnoge people is Prosper Merimee’s book character autore za pisanje romana i viteških priča o of the passionate, hot-blooded Carmen, who Balkanu. was actually a Gypsy or, more correctly, a Roma. Romantizam je inicirao balkanološke studije koje su se bavile historijom, folklorom, The Roma or Gypsies (Gypsies themselves, although not all, don’t like to be called etnografijom i jezicima Balkana. Glavni je by the correct term Roma) are the target predstavnik tog pokreta bio Johann Gottfried of countless stereotypes, because they von Herder. Njegov je utjecaj bio izrazit u actually are quite different from other people Istočnoj Europi. among which they live: the Roma steal, O Balkanu su pisali putopisci, književnici, are unreliable, dirty, their women practice diplomati, slučajni namjernici. O Balkanu su fortune-telling and spell-casting and have an uz stereotipe čak i izmišljane priče: među extremely inferior position in the family, all poznatijim autorima je već spomenuti Karl May in all, they’d better be as far as possible from koji je napisao roman U balkanskim gudurama us. makar nikad nije bio u tim područjima, kao Tourists are often an impossible “species”, što je pisao i svoj najpoznatiji ciklus romana especially the Czech, because they arrive for o indijanskom poglavici Winnetouu, a da their Adriatic holidays with pate cans and potatoes in their Skoda cars or bring their Indijance nikad nije ni sreo. Sve je to bilo own wine to a café and ask only for glasses. plod njegove mašte na temelju priča koje I saw this myself on Dugi otok. At the café, je slušao od drugih. Zanimljivo je da je na they outsmarted them by charging a glass neki način Karl May ipak stigao do Balkana rental fee. Tourist stereotypes are many and jer su osamdesetak godina nakon pisanja often the brighter side of stereotypes. German njegovih djela, snimani filmovi o Winnetou tourists are recognisable by their ugly sandals na području Nacionalnih parkova Paklenica i and even uglier socks, which they insist on Plitvička jezera, Platka i drugdje uz Jadransku wearing even in January on the Adriatic, obalu. Snimljeno je sedam filmova. because it’s a sea holiday, right? The sandals thing allegedly goes back to ancient Romans, Balkanci su velika zasebna tema: što who had to wear socks in northern regions je Balkan, tko su sve Balkanci? Što je because it was, of course, colder than in the balkanizam? Tu temu detaljno razrađuje Maria south of Europe. The British also wear socks Todorova u svojoj inspirativnoj i temeljnoj with sandals when they are on vacation. Just knjizi za stereotipe Balkana, Imaginarni like tourists, stereotypes about tourists are Balkan. Termin Balkan nije tako starog everywhere. Socks, especially white socks, porijekla, potiče iz sredine 19. stoljeća i are also a trademark of some Croatian people, odonda uglavnom ima loše konotacije. Sam but more about this a little bit later. naziv potječe od turske riječi balkanlik što znači i gusto pošumljene planine i krševite The Balkans, the Balkanites and zone. U kontekstu ovog rada nama je važna Balkanism činjenica da se Balkan i Balkanci doživljavaju kao suprotnost razvijenoj zapadnoj Europi. The Balkans was, as the point of convergence Tko su sve Balkanci? S vremenom je uveden of European and Oriental influences, often termin Zapadni Balkan da bi se neki stereotyped by Europeans and later by narodi izdvojili od ostalih Balkanaca kao Americans. Many people consider it to be civiliziraniji i kulturniji, bliži zapadnoj Europi. no more Europe or not „sufficiently” Europe, Jedan od pozitivnijih naziva tog područja and to many it was a „different world“. In many descriptions, the Orient “fared better”, je i Jugoistočna Europa premda se često ne being far enough not to endanger „the true koristi kao sinonim za Balkan. Određena je i Europeans“, as well as exotic and thus often granica Balkana po kojoj je pravi Balkan sve much more attractive and positive. južno od Save i Dunava, no to je samo prema The renowned French poet, diplomat and nekim autorima, uglavnom onima kojima je politician Alphonse de Lamartine was a VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO

Stereotipski stroj za takvo razgraničenje odgovaralo. Općenito je prominent independence fighter who strongly umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. ipak prihvaćena definicija Balkana određena popularised the Balkans in his works. Stereotipski stroj za nizom geografskih političkih, povijesnih, The encyclopaedic savant Ami Boué wrote, umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. kulturnih, etničkih, vjerskih i ekonomskih among numerous works on a range subjects, SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- kriterija, a najčešće njihovom kombinacijom. actual anthropological and folkloristic NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ U literaturi i uobičajenoj upotrebi termina overviews of the Balkans of the mid-19th Balkan, Balkanci su svi narodi bivše century. Following his self-assigned mission Jugoslavije, Albanci, Grci, Rumunji, Bugari i to correct the prejudices about Turks, he Turci, znači svi narodi „Balkanskog poluostrva“ dealt with all inhabitants of the Balkans. He was allegedly successful in leading „open kako ga je koristio kao naziv Jovan Cvijić talks with the serious and benevolent Turk, as koji je pisao o njemu 1922. i kojeg se često well as with the witty Albanian, the refined citiralo. Po nekim su autorima čak i Mađari Greek or the sharp-witted Vlach, the diligent Balkanci. Pridjev balkanski najčešće ima Bulgarian and the bellicose Serb, the uncouth negativne konotacije, osobito od Balkanskih Bosnian and the merry Herzegovinian” ratova 1912-1913. godine. Otad balkanizam i (Todorova, 145). His large opus represented balkanizacija označava proces nacionalističke one of the most prolific sources of information fragmentacije. Balkanize označava razbijanje about 19th century Balkans. jednog geografskog područja u male i Louis Leger is also among the numerous često zavađene cjeline. Još 1920. godine researchers of the Balkans who left behind Francuska je optužila Veliku Britaniju da: valuable descriptions of the Slovenes, the „nastavlja politiku koja vodi balkanizaciji Croats, the Serbs and the Bulgarians. baltičkih provincija“. U to je vrijeme stvorena Count Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy, Russian BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Jugoslavija čiji je proces stvaranja zapravo ambassador, considered the Turks a proud, suprotan upotrebi pojma balkanizacija. Već mighty and ambitious nation, extremely više od stotinu godina Balkan je bauk Europe. disinclined to alcohol, cruel towards Christians, and very prone to bloody uprisings Amerikanac Marcus Ehrenpreis je u svojoj and fights against the government (according knjizi Soul of East iz 1928. godine, u doba to Todorova, 147). žestokog otpora prilivu imigranata u Ameriku, With its rural tradition, the Balkans pisao o Balkanu: appeared to the Europeans just like an open- „Ima u njihovu ponašanju nečeg air museum (ibid., 196). However, it should neumerenog, oni su suviše glasni, suviše be emphasized that different Europeans nagli, suviše pohlepni... Čudne, neverovatne had different perception of the Balkans osobe izniču odasvud ∑ niskih čela, podbulih peoples and that there was no single western očiju, istaknutih ušiju, punih donjih usana... stereotype about them. Taj levantinski tip na području između Balkana The Americans perceived the people from i Mediterana psihološki i sociološki zaista the Balkans as a sort of Indian tribes. jeste „lelujavo stvorenje“, spoj Istočnjaka i They compared the “Balkans highlanders” Zapadnjaka, on govori više jezika, lukav je, with Cherokee and Choctaw Indians, and površan, nepouzdan, materijalista i, pre svega, the young American nation could not nema nikakvu tradiciju. To odsustvo tradicije understand the culturological differences. A misunderstanding that occurred describes moglo bi da objasni nizak intelektualni, it well: the American nation, imbued by the a donekle i moralni nivo Levantinaca... U Puritan sense of righteousness, failed to duhovnom smislu ta su stvorenja beskućnici, understand the Oriental millennial tradition of oni više nisu Orijentalci, ali još uvek nisu ceremonial gift-giving and the first American ni Europejci. Oni se nisu oslobodili poroka envoy to Constantinople (Istanbul) sent Istoka, a još uvek nisu usvojili nijednu vrlinu gifts with price tags to the Ottoman Porte. Zapada.“ The Reis Effendi, clearly insulted, returned Eto, tako oholo piše Amerikanac sa the message that the gifts were definitely tradicijom ne duljom od tri do četiri stotine overpaid. The Americans understood this as an attempt to sponge for more gifts. Reis godina o narodima od kojih neki imaju Effendi threatened to return all gifts, but tradiciju blizu tri tisuće godina! fortunately everything ended well. Balkanac je većinom prikazan kao During the 18th and 19th centuries, neciviliziran, grub, primitivan, okrutan i the Balkans was frequented by travellers, bez izuzetka razbarušene kose. Balkanski je scientists and writers, many of them looking diskurs isključivo muški42. for the former Greece and recording their Dvorniković je u Karakterologiji Jugoslovena impressions in their works of literature. Karl prikazao ogromnu količinu stereotipa o južnim May can be considered pioneer of fictional Slavenima. U njih nije ubrajao Makedonce, tourism. May is important because he inspired many authors to write novels and knight valjda ih je smatrao Bugarima. Njemu je bilo stories about the Balkans. jasno da se nacija može karakterizirati samo ako se uspoređuje s drugom. Treba imati na The Romantic Movement initiated studies of the history, folklore, ethnography and umu da je knjiga nastala 1939. godine u languages of the Balkans. The influence doba eskalacije (zlo)duha Europe, nacizma. of Johann Gottfried von Herder, a key U tom duhu se mogu tumačiti mnoge teze representative of this movement, was visible iz knjige: nije neobično da je detaljno in Eastern Europe. elaborirao fiziognomiku Jugoslovena, pa je The Balkans was an attractive topic for tako sliku seljanke iz okolice Zagreba opisao travel writers, book authors, diplomats and kao ženu sa nordijskim i istočnobaltičkim chance travellers. Besides stereotypes, stories crtama lica; ljudi iz Dalmatinske zagore were created about the Balkans, including imaju oči „koje presecaju“; „naročitom the novel In den Schluchten des Balkans (In divljinom seva arnautsko (albansko) oko“; the Gorges of the Balkans) by the already mentioned Karl May, who never visited these VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO dinarske žene imaju upadljivo maskuline regions, just like he wrote his widely popular crte; rasne podtipove Jugoslovena je dijelio novel cycle of the Indian chief Winnetou prema profesijama: političari, umjetnici, without ever having met a single Indian. It znanstvenici. Nikola Tesla je tipični dinarski was all a product of his imagination based lik. on stories he heard from others. Interesting enough, Karl May nevertheless somehow Tvrdio je da klima i priroda utječu na made it to the Balkans, as seven films stvaranje karaktera (to su tvrdili i mnogi from the Winnetou series were shot in the drugi znanstvenici još od vremena antike). national parks of Paklenica and the Plitvice Možda je otud poznata dalmatinska fjaka kao lakes, on the Platak mountain and a number karakterna crta, osobito Splićana? of locations on the Adriatic coast about 80 Duh naroda je u krvnom srodstvu, years after the novels were written. zajedničkim precima, rasnom srodstvu, The Balkanites are a major topic of its duševnom tipu što uz zajednički jezik stvara own: what is the Balkans, who are the i zajednički karakter. Dvorniković je govorio Balkanites? What is balkanism? This topic o Srbohrvatima. Narodni melos je smatrao was discussed in detail by Maria Todorova in her inspiring and essential book about najdubljom osjećajnom i pokretačkom snagom stereotypes of the Balkans, Imagining the jugoslovenske psihe, sevdah je jugoslovenska Balkans. The term Balkans is rather recent; tuga, gusle su epska duša, lirska i epska duša it goes back to the mid-19th century and has bore se u Jugoslavenu . Takav je nazor očito since been burdened mainly with negative odraz romantizma na zalasku. connotations. It is derived from the Turkish Veličajući karakter Jugoslovena Dvorniković word balkanlik, meaning both thickly wooded ide tako daleko da Odiseju pripisuje ilirske maintains and rocky country (Todorova, 54). crte: mudrost, lukavost i pribranost jer In the context of this paper, it is important Jugosloveni su u izvjesnom smislu Iliroidi. that the Balkans and the Balkanites are perceived as the opposite of the developed Njegov je rad uvelike temeljen na radu Jovana Western Europe. Who are the Balkanites? In Cvijića i njegove knjige Balkansko poluostrvo time, the term West Balkans was introduced iz 1922. godine. Nije neobično da se poziva i to distinguish certain peoples, considered na Vukovu krilaticu „Srbi sve i svuda.“ to be more civilised and cultured as closer Dvorniković spominje i Nikšu Županića koji to Western Europe, from the rest. One of piše kako je „najviše keltske penušave prirode, the positive terms for this area is South- lake sangvinike i društvene vedrine ostalo u Eastern Europe, although it is often used a temperamentu panonskog slovenskog tipa, synonym for the Balkans. The real Balkans možda najviše u hrvatskih kajkavaca“ . is everything that lies south of the rivers Sava and Danube, but this borderline was Dinarci su jaki i hrabri, Mediteranci su drawn only by some authors who found such senzibilniji i osjetljiviji, pa tako „i kod delimitation to suit their interests. However, male ozljede jauču i dozivaju hitnu pomoć“. the generally accepted definition of the Orijentalna i mediteranska muška ljubomora Balkans is the one determined by a number je isuviše poznata pojava, za razliku od of geographic, political, historical, cultural, mlakosti i indiferentnosti sjevernjaka. ethnical, religious and economic criteria, and Slavonija je najmanje herojski patrijarhalna, most frequently by a combination thereof (ibid., 59). In literature and common use ali je najviše čulna. Incest nije rijetka pojava, of the term Balkans, the Balkanites include a probni brak u Dalmaciji je preuzet od all ex-Yugoslav nations, Albanians, Greek, Morlaka. Romanians, Bulgarians and Turks, meaning Pravi Jugosloven od rase nije model od all peoples of the „Balkan peninsula“ as kojeg bi se mogao izgraditi Verter (misli termed by Jovan Cvijić, who wrote about it na Goetheova Werthera, op. autorice). Igra in 1922 and was often quoted. According to surovog i hladnog čovjeka prikazana je u some authors, even the Hungarians belong to obraćanju muškarca koji kaže ženi: „Ova moja the Balkans people. The adjective Balkanic nesreća, ta moja gadura, moja ženturača, da usually has negative connotations, especially BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY prostite moja žena“ zapravo grubo tepanje uz since the 1912-1913 Balkans wars. Since pokazivanje tko je gazda. „Ne voli me moj then, balkanism and balkanisation denote the čojek, ima on drugu, već je nedjelja dana što process of fragmentation of a geographical me nije izbio!“ je tipičan primjer androkracije area into small and often hostile units (ibid., koju podržava i žena kroz opori humor. 66). As far back as in 1920, France accused Great Britain: „of pursuing a policy that leads Dvorniković je napao Kraussovu obimnu to the balkanisation of the Baltic provinces“ zbirku Antropophyteia jer prikazuje Srbohrvate (ibid., 67). This was the time when Yugoslavia kao bolesne i vulgarne erotomane, a radi se was created in a process that is precisely samo, tvrdi Dvorniković, o lošem utjecaju the opposite from the meaning of the term istočnih i južnih susjeda koji će, nada se balkanisation. For over a century, the Balkans on, kulturom nestati iz jugoslovenske psihe. has been the bogey of Europe. Navodi i gornje Primorje kao primjer spolnog In his book Soul of East, published in asketizma gdje žena vjerno čeka svog supruga 1928 at the time of fierce opposition to koji je većinom u Americi il negdje na moru. immigration to America, the American Marcus Kod Dvornikovića ne nedostaje ni poslovica: Ehrenpreis wrote about the Balkans: „Nije Srbin za birtaša niti Švaba za gajdaša.“ “There is something eccentric in their Poslovice su uz viceve jedan od najvećih conduct, they are overloud, too sudden, izvora stereotipa. too eager... Oddish, incredible individuals appear on all sides—low foreheads, sodden Fraza „isti otac“ javlja se i kod njega, eyes, protruding ears, thick underlips... kao još uvijek važeći europeizam i stereotip The Levantine type in the areas between „pljunutog oca“ „spitting image“. the Balkans and the Mediterranean is, Za kraj: „moral našeg seljaka je danas (1939.) psychologically and socially, truly a “wavering čvrst i zdrav (usprkos Kraussovom opsežnom form”, a composite of Easterner and opusu, op. autorice), viši i određeniji od naše Westerner, multilingual, cunning, superficial, unreliable, materialistic and, above all, varoške inteligencije“. without tradition. This absence of tradition U opsežnoj knjizi Karakterologija seems to account for the low intellectual Jugoslovena, ima još vrlo mnogo stereotipa, and, to a certain extent moral, quality of romantičarenja, utjecaja kuturno-historijske the Levantines… In a spiritual sense these škole kad govori o etnografiji, ali i ovo je creatures are homeless; they are no longer već dovoljno da pokaže sliku te monografije Orientals nor yet Europeans. They have not gotovo enciklopedijskog formata, freed themselves from the vices of the East nezaobilazne kad se govori o etničkim nor acquired any of the virtues of the West.” stereotipima i mentalitetima. (according to Todorova, 218, bolded by the author) Mnogi su u potrazi za starom Grčkom This is the arrogant writing of an American nailazili na sasvim drugačije Grke nego su ih with a tradition of less than four hundred u svojim romantičarskim idejama o antičkoj years about peoples of which some have a Grčkoj zamišljali, pa ih očito razočarani jer tradition going back for nearly three thousand nisu našli antičke Grke, često opisuju kao years! svadljive, neljubazne, servilne, neznalice, The Balkanite is usually presented as praznovjerne, lijene, pohlepne, prljave, uncivilised, coarse, primitive, cruel and, nezahvalne... without exception, unkempt (ibid., 34). The I nakon Drugog svjetskog rata Balkan je Balkans discourse is exclusively masculine i dalje prema mnogim autorima na stupnju (ibid., 35). između barbarstva i civilizacije, osobito In his Characterology of the Yugoslavs, pojavom komunizma koji je bio dodatni Dvorniković presented numerous stereotypes bauk i balkanske narode povukao u još veću about southern Slavs, which did not include odbojnost Zapada. Macedonians, as he probably considered them to be Bulgarian. It was obvious to him that Odvajanjem crne Afrike od Francuske, a nation can be characterised if compared termin balkanizacija je poslije 1960. godine with another one (Dvorniković, 20). It should VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO ušao „na velika vrata“ u politički rječnik be noted that the book was written in 1939, francuskog jezika kao označavanje ozbiljnih at the time of escalation of Nazism, the evil problema s kojima se suočilo osam nezavisnih spirit of Europe. Many theses from this book afričkih država zvanih „nerealni entiteti“ can be interpreted in this spirit: it is not (isto, 69). Američki se mediji užasavaju unusual that he elaborated the physiognomy balkanizacije kao barbarstva koje nanovo of Yugoslavs in detail, describing a peasant woman from the surroundings of Zagreb as izbija na površinu, a pri tome se ne spominju having Nordic and East Baltic features (ibid., ratovi koje u to doba vode SAD u Vijetnamu 234); people from the Dalmatian Zagora sa neuporedivo više nevinih žrtava. Kasnije have eyes „that cut through“ (ibid., 198); u Zaljevskom ratu je američka tehnologija „the arnautic (Albanian) eye flashes with za samo sedamnaest dana uspjela pobiti particular fierceness“ (ibid., 198); Dinaric barem polovinu ukupnog broja žrtava dva women have strikingly masculine features balkanska rata. No, drugačija su mjerila za (ibid., 210); he divided racial subtypes of druge, drugačija za sebe. U Bosni je, prema Yugoslavs by professions: politicians, artists, različitim brojanjima (bodycount) izbrojano scientists (ibid., 214). Nikola Tesla was a od 25 do 250 tisuća žrtava, u Vijetnamu je typical Dinaric character (ibid., 216). ubijeno preko tri milijuna Vijetnamaca. Jesu Dvorniković claimed that climate and nature li Balkanci Europljani ili nisu, uglavnom je have a bearing on the creation of character pitanje za akademske i političke rasprave, (as maintained by many other scientists ali oni ni u kom slučaju nemaju „monopol ever since the antiquity). Perhaps this could na varvarstvo“, gorko i s pravom zaključuje explain the reputable lazy mood, fjaka, as a character trait of the people in Dalmatia, Todorova. especially in the city of Split? The spirit of the people is in blood relations, Stereotipi o Balkanu danas: common ancestors, racial kinship, soul type, autostereotipi i heterostereotipi which creates, together with a common language, also a common character (ibid., Stereotipi predrasude o Balkanu su jake i 18). Dvorniković talked of Serbo-Croats. He unutar samih naroda na Balkanu. Mijenjaju considered folk music the deepest emotional se s vremenom, neki se i danas stide što su and motional power of the Yugoslav psyche Balkanci, neki ne žele priznati da su makar (ibid., 352), sevdah the Yugoslav blues (ibid., 384), gusle their epic soul (ibid., rođenjem Balkanci, mnogi su ponosni na 411), which fights with the lyric soul in the svoje balkansko porijeklo, u suvremeno Yugoslav people (ibid., 430). This point of doba je to sve više osobna stvar pojedinca view is clearly a reflection of the Romantic i njegova osobna izjašnjavanja o svom Movement on the wane. identitetu. Danas, čini se, da bi mnogi htjeli In his panegyric to the Yugoslav character, pripadati Europskoj Uniji i čine sve da bi Dvorniković goes to such length as to ih ta Unija prihvatila, misleći možda da će attribute Illyrian traits to Odysseus: wisdom, tako izaći iz svojeg neželjenog balkanskog shrewdness and self-possession (ibid., 296), identiteta i poprimiti drugi identitet samo since the Yugoslavs are Illyroid in a certain političkom odlukom. Neke države Balkana su sense (ibid., 303). His work is largely based već članice EU, neke se to tek spremaju ili on the work of Jovan Cvijić and his 1922 book trude postati. Ta situacija pomalo podsjeća Balkan Peninsula. It is also not unusual that na ideale panslavizma, ovdje se može govoriti he refers to Vuk Karadžić’s motto „Serbs All o (pan)europejstvu kao idealu mnogih and Everywhere” (ibid., 22). naroda ili pojedinaca, premda je to današnje Dvorniković also makes reference to Nikša europejstvo politički i ekonomski konstrukt, Županić, who wrote that „most of the Celtic a ne kulturološka činjenica što je nekad bio. sparkling nature, light sanguinity and social serenity is preserved in the temperament of Balkan je i danas ostao kmet Europe, alter the Pannonic Slavic type, perhaps mostly the ego Zapada i njegova tamna strana. To svjesno Kajkavian-speaking Croats” (ibid., 296). BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY ili nesvjesno osjećaju mnogi Balkanci i zato žele pobjeći iz svoje stvarnosti u neku drugu koju smatraju boljom. Svakako je prirodno težiti nečem boljem. Koliko to u današnjoj situaciji ima smisla, pokazat će vrijeme. Danas Rusi termine Balkan i balkanski koriste uglavnom u neutralnom smislu. U talijanskom je jeziku Balcano uglavno neutralan termin, ali može imati i negativnu konotaciju u nekom kontekstu. U albanskom jeziku balkanski uglavnom nema negativno značenje. U bugarskom su moguća i pogrdna, neutralna ali i pozitivna značenja imena Balkan. U Turskom je značenje Balkana isključivo pozitivno. Crna Gora se izdvaja kao junačka zemlja hrabrih gorštaka. Jedan putopis iz National Geographica Members of the Dinaric race are strong and Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo govori o plavokosim Hrvatima i Slovencima brave, the Mediterraneans are more sensitive hodanje. kraj kojih prolaze crnomanjasti Srbi i and delicate, and „cry and call for help even Stereotipski stroj za Crnogorci. for the slightest injury” (ibid., 337). The umnožavanje i glupo oriental and Mediterranean jealousy is a too hodanje. Srbija je ratom u bivšoj Jugoslaviji uspjeli SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- well known phenomenon, as opposed to the NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ obnoviti negativni stereotip o Srbima kao tepidity and indifference of the Northerners ratobornim divljacima. No stereotip je u (ibid., 337). svijetu profunkcionirao tek kad je bilo već Slavonia is the least heroic and patriarchal prekasno za spašavanje mnogih. region, but the most sensual one (ibid., 338). Stereotipi između Srba i Hrvata su se u Incest is not uncommon, while trial marriage zadnjih tridesetak godina jako mijenjali. Čest was taken over in Dalmatia from the Morlaks negativni stereotip Hrvata prema Srbima u (ibid., 339). doba Jugoslavije se drastično i očekivano A Yugoslav of true race is anything but pogoršao tijekom rata. Oni su bili gazde Werther material (Dvorniković refers to u bivšoj Jugoslaviji, primitivni, bučni, Goethe’s Werther, author’s remark). This is neotesani. illustrated by the coarse and cold way in which a man would talk about his wife: „This Srbi su, s druge strane, prije rata o Hrvatima misery of mine, this slut of mine, this hag imali često pozitivne stereotipe, smatrali of mine, excuse me, may wife“, which are su ih kulturnim, inteligentnima, ponosnima actually rough terms of endearment, clearly i čistima, ali koji ne vole druge narode. Od showing who is boss. „My man doesn’t love početka rata 1991. godine su se stereotipi me, he has got himself another woman, it has prema Hrvatima također drastično promijenili: been a week since he’s beaten me up!“ is a sve je više Srba počelo vjerovati da kod typical illustration of androcracy, supported mnogih Hrvata postoji nekakva prirodna by the woman through bitter humour (ibid., sklonost ka ustaškoj ideologiji. Naravno da 343). su svim tim stereotipima kumovali politika i Dvorniković criticised Krauss’s extensive mediji. Tako su u očima mnogih Srba, Hrvati collection Antropophyteia for presenting od kulturnog naroda postali genocidni narod. Serbo-Croats as sick and vulgar erotomaniacs, while they are actually, according to Zanimljiva je izgradnja autostereotipa Dvorniković, merely under the bad influence of Hrvata u zadnjem desetljeću prošlog stoljeća their eastern and southern neighbours which pomoću raznih mitova npr. onog o iranskom would, he hopes, disappear from the Yugoslav porijeklu, valjda da bi se dokazalo da mi psyche as they become more cultured (ibid., VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO nismo Slaveni kao Srbi, pa i pomoću predmeta 348). Dvorniković also mentions the upper poput kravate. O njoj se mnogo pisalo u parts of the Croatian Littoral as an example vrijeme 1990-ih kao o dokazu povijesne i of sexual asceticism, where wives would kulturne važnosti Hrvata u povijesti i kulturi faithfully wait for their husbands to return Europe. Hrvatski, naravno hrabri ratnici u from America or the sea (ibid., 340). tridesetogodišnjem ratu nosili su maramu Dvorniković has also quoted some svezanu oko vrata koja se Francuzima 17. stereotype-based proverbs, like „Nije Srbin stoljeća svidjela kao modni detalj. Riječ za birtaša niti Švaba za gajdaša.“ (The Serb kravata dolazi iz francuskog cravate prema makes a lousy innkeeper as the German makes a lousy bagpiper.). Besides jokes, imenu Croata. Kravata je postala gotovo proverbs are a major source of stereotypes. mitski predmet slavne hrvatske prošlosti, The phrase „isti otac” (image of one’s father), Hrvatski je sabor čak proglasio Dan kravate also quoted in his book, is a common image 18. listopada. throughout Europe as the stereotype of the Dva su kuriozuma vezana uz kravatu: jedan „spitting image of one’s father“. je da zbog naravi posla hrvatskih plaćenika u Finally: „our peasant’s morality is today kraljevskoj službi, u francuskom jeziku ostao (1939) solid and sound (never mind Krauss’s je glagol cravater u značenju uhititi. vast opus, author’s note), higher and more Drugi je Kravata oko Hrvatske, bizarni defined than our urban intelligentsia” (ibid., 778). umjetnički projekt koji doslovce veliča kravatu pa tako i Hrvate, stvaranjem najveće The extensive Characterology of the kravate na svijetu. Yugoslavs contains many more stereotypes, romanticist views and influences of the Evo još jednog primjera veličanja Hrvata cultural and historical school with reference putem kravate: to ethnography, but this is enough to give „Kravata je jedini hrvatski simbol koji a picture of this monograph of almost je univerzalno poznat i prepoznatljiv. encyclopaedic format, which is essential Istodobno, kravata je i simbol Europe, ali i when discussing ethnic stereotypes and znak nekih temeljnih ljudskih vrijednosti“. Na mentalities. koje se to temeljne ljudske vrijednosti misli, ne piše, vjerojatno se radi samo o frazi. In their quest for ancient Greece, many Hrvatska je s jedne strane idealizirana kao people often found Greeks that were completely different from their romantic zemlja s tisuću otoka, s netaknutom prirodom, expectations and, disappointed at not having domaćom hranom, ljubaznim domaćinima. found ancient Greeks, frequently described Stranci nas pak često doživljavaju kao them as querulous, unfriendly, servile, „bučne i primitivne Balkance, sklone ignorant, superstitious, lazy, greedy, dirty, ratovanju, tučama i roštiljanju janjaca, a o ungrateful, etc. (ibid., 167). našoj prelijepoj obali pišu kao o zagađenom odlagalištu starih auta i perilica rublja.“ Even after World War II, the Balkans was Od slike zemlje s rajskim plažama, blagom still considered by many authors to be on klimom i ‘zabranjenim lijepim guzama’, do a level between barbarism and civilisation, slike zemlje u kojoj umirovljenici i sirotinja especially with the rise of communism, redovito kopaju po smeću mali je korak, another scarecrow that made the peoples of ovisno o kutu gledanja. the Balkans even more repulsive to the West. Autostereotipe o Hrvatima velikim je dijelom izgrađivala politika i mediji koji su je vjerno After decolonisation of French black Africa, pratili od 1990tih naovamo. Formula Ernesta the term balkanisation entered the French Gelnera: „jedan narod – jedna kultura – jedan political terminology after 1960 “through jezik“ korištena je za izdvajanje hrvatskog the front door” as a term denoting serious identiteta. Hrvatima je tako bilo lakše usaditi problems faced by eight independent ili nekima i zadržati već postojeću sliku onih African countries called „unreal entities“ (ibid., 69). American media were terrified of BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY drugih divljih Balkanaca, Srba. Binarizam balkanisation, regarding it as barbarism rising i stereotipi odgovaraju nacionalističkom again to the surface, but never mentioned the političkom diskursu. I danas se mediji i wars led by the USA in Vietnam, which caused politika bave izbavljanjem Hrvatske s Balkana, immeasurably more innocent victims. Later, što bi po nekima trebao donijeti ulazak u EU. during the Gulf War, the number of casualties due to American technology reached, in just Donosim ovdje nekoliko autostereotipa o seventeen days, half of the total number Hrvatima. of casualties of the two Balkans wars. But, Zagorci vole piti svoj gemišt i rađaju se s what applies to them, doesn’t apply to the malom maturom. rest of the world. According to different body Međimurci su vrijedni i škrti. counts, there were 25 to 250 thousands of casualties of war in Bosnia; over three million Dalmatinci su temperamentni kao i svi Vietnamese were killed in the Vietnam War. Mediteranci, ali su i lijeni, kao i njihovi Whether the Balkanites are Europeans or not, susjedi Crnogorci. No Dalmatinci su od svoje can be an issue for academic an political obožavane fjake napravili cijelu životnu discussions, but in no case do they hold a filozofiju: kažu da fjaka nirvãna, samo puno “monopole to barbarism”, bitterly and justly lakše postignuta. concludes Todorova (ibid., 21,). Među Dalmatincima se ističu galebovi, Splićani će tvrditi da su to samo njihovi dečki Stereotypes of the Balkans today: koji ljeti vrebaju na turistikinje, prvenstveno auto-stereotypes and hetero- Čehinje, Njemice i Slovenke, jer su one lake, stereotypes ali i druge žene dolaze u obzir. Stereotypes and prejudices about the Vlasi su zasebna priča: Boduli (otočani) Balkans are strong even among peoples of nazivaju Vlasima one s kopna. Oni s kopna the Balkans themselves and change in time. uz more Vlasima nazivaju one iz zaleđa. Some people are even today ashamed of Onima iz zaleđa Vlasi su oni iza njih prema being Balkanites, some would not even admit unutrašnjosti, uglavnom se ovdje radi o to being born in the Balkans, many are proud Dalmaciji i Dalmatinskoj zagori, premda i of their Balkans origin. In contemporary drugdje ima Vlaha. Opet su Vlasi uvijek oni times, it is increasingly a personal thing and drugi. Prema Dvornikoviću Morlaci su Crni the matter of each individual’s declaration Vlasi (Karavlasi) pa se tako i njihovo stanište of identity. Today, as it seems, many would Velebit naziva Montagne della Morlacca. like to belong to the European Union and do their utmost to be accepted by such Union, Ime Vlah nije jednoznačno: to su po nekima perhaps hoping to so escape their unwanted pravoslavci, neki su se kod nas asimilirali Balkans identity and get another one, by a u Hrvate. Podjela Vlaha je dosta složena simple political decision. Some countries tema, u kontekstu stereotipa Vlasi ili Vlaji of the Balkans are already EU members, su uglavnom negativan naziv, pa otud i fraza some are only preparing for or working on „vlaška posla“. the accession. This situation is slightly Hercegovci su spretni u svakavim poslovima. reminiscent of the ideals of Pan-Slavism. In Kažu za njih: „Ako ne može drugačije, onda this case, we can talk about (Pan-)Europeism ćemo pošteno!“ Zanimljiva je u kontekstu ovog as the ideal of many peoples or individuals, although today’s Europeism is a political rada i hercegovačka poslovica: „Tko je vidio construct and not a culturological fact as it zmiju debelu“. Ovo je višeznačna poslovica used to be. koju vjerojatno ne treba objašnjavati. Bijele The Balkans has remained to the present a čarape, mercedesi i mobiteli kojima su navalili slave to Europe, the alter ego and dark side u Zagreb 1990-ih, ostaće slika Hercegovaca of the West (Todorova, 324). Consciously or kod mnogih Zagrepčana. subconsciously, many Balkanites feel this way, Ni drugi narodi „ovog područja“ nisu which is why they want to escape from their pošteđeni stereotipa, dapače, ima ih jer su reality into a different reality they consider oni ipak drugi: to be better. For sure, it is natural to strive VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO Slovenci su proračunati, škrti i uskogrudni. for something better. Time will show whether Slovenke su lake žene. Kaže se: Tako mlada, this makes sense in today’s situation. a već Slovenka! The meaning of the terms Balkans and Bosanci su izvor viceva. Mujo, Haso i Fata Balkanic, as use by the Russians today, is su najčešći likovi tih viceva gdje su obično predominantly neutral. In Italian language, prikazani kao dobroćudni, ali blentavi. Sjajno Balcano is mainly a neutral term, although it can also have a negative connotation in a je što su sami Bosanci obično autori tih viceva certain context. The adjective Balcanic usually jer autoironija je vrhunac ljudskog duha: lako has no negative meaning in the Albanian se rugati drugome, trebamo imati hrabrosti i language. In Bulgarian language, the word duha rugati se sebi. O Bosancima i drugim Balkans can have pejorative, neutral, but also narodima Bosne i Hercegovine detaljnu je positive meanings. In the Turkish language, analizu suvremenih stereotipa napisao Srđan Balkans means only something positive. Puhalo. Montenegro stands apart as a heroic country Albanci su za Srbe odavno državni neprijatelji of brave highlanders (Luketić, 178). broj 1. samo su ih u jednom periodu nakon A travelogue published in National rata u bivšoj Jugoslaviji „prestigli“ Hrvati. No Geographic reports of dark-skinned Serbs and danas Albanci opet zauzimaju prvo mjesto. Iz Montenegrins walking past blond Croats and stalnih sukoba na Kosovu zadnjih tridesetak Slovenes. godina, to se može i razumijeti. Albanci Through the war in ex-Yugoslavia, Serbia imaju isto tako krajnje negativno mišljenje o managed to revive the negative stereotype Srbima, što je osobito razumljivo od 1980- about Serbs as belligerent savages. However, ih godina naovamo, dok o Hrvatima imaju the stereotype took hold in the world only uglavnom pozitivno mišljenje. Nije stoga ni when it was already too late to save many neobično da su mnogi Albanci, kao i Hrvati lives. s Kosova, prebjegli u Hrvatsku od početka Stereotypes between Serbs and Croats 90tih. changed a lot during the past three decades. The frequently negative way in which Albanci, kojih ima dosta u Hrvatskoj Croats stereotyped the Serbs during the osobito na jadranskom području, većinom Yugoslav era grew drastically and expectedly loše govore hrvatski, čuveni je albanski glas worse with the war. Serbs were boss in ex- lj svuda i ne treba u hrvatskom jeziku i vicevi Yugoslavia, they were primitive, loud and na račun toga, ali su vrijedni i poznati kao boorish. On the other hand, Serbs often had slastičari, pekari i zlatari. Kako često ljetujem positive stereotypes about Croats, whom na Cresu, poznamjem nekoliko obitelji u they considered to be cultured, intelligent, kojima svi, od veće djece do baka, u sezoni, proud and clean, although not really fond of znači barem cijelo ljeto, rade doslovce other peoples. From the onset of war in 1991, danonoćno, od 5 ujutro do 2-3 u noći „dok stereotypes about Croats also drastically changed: more and more Serbs started ima gostiju“. Posude za sladolede uvijek su believing that many Croats have a natural im pune. Znam pekarskih obitelji u Zagrebu propensity to the Ustasha ideology. All these kod kojih se usred noći može dobiti svježa stereotypes were, of course, promoted by topla lepinja. Albanci zlatari nemaju potrebe politics and the media. In the eyes of many za tako napornim radom, iako i to može bit Serbs, Croats thus turned from a cultured generalizacija i time i stereotip. nation into a genocidal nation. Današnja europskost Balkana očituje se u It is interesting to observe how Croats spremnosti za suradnju/poslušnost Europskoj produced auto-stereotypes in the final decade Uniji koja je prisvojila, eusurpirala europsko of the last century using various myths, like kulturno nasljeđe i diktira pravila pa i the one about the Iranian origin, which manipulira njima uvjetujući za pristup drugih should perhaps prove that we are not Slavs europskih zemalja tom nasljeđu. Samuel like Serbs, or using items like the necktie (cravat). The necktie was much written about Huntington govori o sukobu civilizacija na during the 1990s as proof of the importance Balkanu i neiskorjenjivosti tih sukoba što BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY je vrlo dobar alibi EU za bezbrojne zahtjeve of Croats in European history and culture. Hrvatskoj za pristupanje Uniji dok su bez većih During the Thirty Years’ War, brave Croatian problema u istu ušle Slovenija, Rumunjska i soldiers wore a tie around their necks, which Bugarska. Ostale države Balkana još sanjaju the French of the 17th century thought to be o tome dok je Hrvatska konačno ušla u Uniju. nice fashion accessory. So the word kravata derives from the French cravate, after the Imaginarnom se Balkanu suprotstavlja name croata. The cravat became almost a imaginarni Mediteran koji jest na našim mythical object of the glorious Croatian prostorima dio tog istog Balkana. history. The Croatian Parliament even Balkanske gudure, Drakulaland, Divlji Istok proclaimed 18 October Cravat Day. kao Divlji Zapad, Tintinova Sildavija, Hopeova There are two curiosities related to the Ruritanija, Apsurdistan - samo su neki od necktie: one is that, due to the nature of the naziva za balkanske krajeve i danas. work of Croatian mercenaries in royal service, the verb cravater, meaning to arrest, entered the French language. Socijalni stereotipi The second is the Cravat around Croatia, a bizarre art project that produced the world’s Sociologija kao znanost može mnogo toga biggest necktie, literally glorifying the cravat reći o stereotipima jer su socijalne podjele and the Croats. i kategorije, klase, kaste, grupe i druge Here is another example of aggrandisement društvene podjele mnogobrojne, a sve te of Croatia by reference to the cravat: kategorije sadrže stereotipe. Stereotipi su „The cravat is the single Croatian symbol tema koju je teško razdvojiti na znanstene that is universally known and distinctive. At discipline, ali ovdje je potrebno reći nešto the same time, the cravat is also a symbol o stereotipima sa sa sociološkog gledišta, of Europe and the emblem of certain basic premda ja nisam sociolog i nisam kompetentna human values“. It does not say what these dublje zalaziti u sociološki vid stereotipa. basic human values are; probably this is just I u sociologiji, kao i etnologiji, radi se o a phrase. autostereotipima i heterostereotipima. Croatia is, on the one side, idealised as the county of thousand islands, virgin U sociologiji se govori o stavovima grupa landscapes, homemade food, friendly and prema sebi i prema drugim grupama. S obzirom hospitable people. Foreigners, on the other da su i etničke zajednice grupe, stereotipi hand, often perceive us as „loud and primitive su često iste kategorije. Socijalni psiholozi Balkanites, with a fondness for wars, fighting često polaze od pretpostavke da je upotreba and spit-roasting lambs, and describe our stereotipa karateristična za uskogrudnost. magnificent coast as a polluted dumping Stereotipi su često izraženiji prema manjim place for old cars and washing machines.“ A grupama. Ponekad negativni stavovi prema country with paradise beaches, mild climate nekim grupama mogu biti i poželjni, npr. and ‘prohibited nice bottoms’ or a country where pensioners regularly go digging in prema neonacističkim grupama, no to nisu trash bins ∑ the two images are just a step stereotipi, samo ih ovdje navodim kao apart, depending on the perspective. (Mezak) razliku prema etničkim stavovima jer ne Auto-stereotypes about Croats were, to a postoje negativni narodi ili nacije, što je great extent, constructed by politics and the kod društvenih grupa moguća kategorija. I media that devotedly followed it since the danas postoje ekstremne rasističke grupe 1990s. Ernest Gellner’s formula “one nation i organizacije koje dosta uspješno djeluju – one culture – one language” was used to poput Ku Klux Klana, i to ne samo u SADu. set the Croatian identity apart (according to Društvene grupe su različitih kategorija: Luketić, 183). It made it easier for Croats to etničke i manjinske, generacijske, klasne i embrace, or in some cases to keep the existing socijalne, profesionalne, subkulturne i druge. image of the other wild Balkanites, the Među tim grupama također vladaju stereotipi Serbs. Binary oppositions and stereotypes go hand in hand with the nationalistic political koji su već navedeni. VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO discourse (ibid., 186). Even today, media and politics are concerned with rescuing Croatia from the Balkans, which some believe should be achieved when Croatia becomes an EU member. Here are some auto-stereotypes about Croats. People from Zagorje like drinking their spritzers and are born with a high school degree. People from Međimurje are hard-working and stingy. Dalmatians are hot-blooded like all Mediterraneans, as well as lazy, like the neighbouring Montenegrins. But the Dalmatians developed a whole life philosophy around their siesta, which they call fjaka: they say fjaka is nirvana, only much easier to achieve. Stereotipski stroj za U suvremenoj kulturi su od 1960tih The Dalmatians are famous for their umnožavanje i glupo gigolos, which they call galebovi (seagulls). hodanje. godina izrazite i brojne subkulture koje su Stereotipski stroj za mahom grupe mlađih ljudi koji su većinom i People from Split will argue that they are umnožavanje i glupo predstavnici kontrakulture i koje je detaljno just their boys preying on tourists, primarily hodanje. Czech, German and Slovene women as they SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- proučavala čuvena Čikaška sociološka škola. NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ are considered to be easy, but other women Subkulturu čine sustav vrijednosti i konkretni are an option too. akteri koji taj sustav vrijednosti žive. Vrlo The Vlachs (Vlasi) are a special story: Boduli često te grupe karakterizira glazba koju (islanders) call people from the coast Vlachs. slušaju (uglavnom neki oblici rock glazbe ili People from the coast call the hinterland neki od izdanaka rocka), odijevanje, frizure people Vlachs. For the hinterland people, i obuća. Čuvene cipele martensice ili marte, Vlachs are those further to the inland, omiljene kod mnogih mladih i mnogih grupa, which mainly refers to Dalmatia and the čak su bojom žniranaca pokazivale pripadnost Dalmatian Hinterland, although Vlachs can određenoj grupi. Kako su to uglavnom mlađi be found elsewhere. Again, the Vlachs are ljudi, odrasli često s neodobravanjem gledaju always the others. According to Dvorniković, na te subkulturne grupe, to je i tzv. vječiti the Morlachs are Black Vlachs (Karavlasi), sukob generacija. Nabrojati ću samo neke od which is why their habitat Velebit is called poznatijih subkutlurnih grupa kojih ima ih Montagne della Morlacca (Dvorniković 298). vrlo mnogo: bitnici, hipiji, rokeri, rockabilly, The name Vlach is not unambiguous: some consider them Orthodox Christians, some darkeri (goth ili gothic), pankeri, metalci, were assimilated to Croats. The distribution rastafarijanci, techno (raveri), hip-hoperi, of the Vlachs is quite a complex topic. In hipsteri, stoneri... Većinom su to grupe the context of stereotypes, Vlasi or Vlaji are vezane uz neke suvremene glazbene smjerove. mostly a negative term, giving rise to the Jedna od rijetkih subkultura prisutnih u phrase „vlaška posla” meaning shady affairs. cijelom svijetu i koja nema veze s glazbom Herzegovinians are jacks of all trades. su nogometni navijači. O njima je Benjamin They are associated with the saying: „If we Perasović kao insider napisao odličnu knjigu can’t otherwise, then we’ll play fair!” The Urbana plemena. Herzegovinian proverb: „Nobody ever saw a Kod glazbe, je uobičajen stereotip da fat snake” is quite interesting in this context. ozbiljnu, klasičnu glazbu slušaju urbani This is a proverb with multiple meanings i odrasli, ozbiljni ljudi, do je rock glazba that probably requires no explanation. Many Zagrebers will never be able to forget the urbanih mladih ljudi. Kad se pojavio u ovim BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY krajevima 1960-ih godina, rock je pripisivan white socks, Mercedes and mobile phones of problematičnim mladim ljudima. I danas the Herzegovinians that swarmed to Zagreb ima ljudi koji tako shvaćaju ljubitelje rock in the 1990s. glazbe. Uz taj stereotip ide i onaj „duga kosa, Other peoples of „this region” are also not kratka pamet“ jer su često ljubitelji rocka spared from stereotypes. On the contrary, bili dugokosi mladi. Prije je duga kosa bila there are many stereotypes, because they „namijenjena“ samo ženama, a to je dodatni actually are the others: dokaz „ispravnosti“ stereotipa o dugoj kosi The Slovenes are calculating, tight-fisted i pameti. Ovdje govorim o suvremenosti jer and narrow-minded. Slovene women are naravno da su u povijesti muškaraci većinom easy. The saying is: So young, but already a imali duge kose, no to se ignorira. Slovene woman! Hrvatska (odnosno tadašnja Jugoslavija) The Bosnians are the subject of countless jokes, with Mujo, Haso and Fata as the nije baš kasnila sa pojavom subkulturnih leading characters, usually presented as grupa: već se 1970-ih pojavljuju hašomani good-natured, but dumb. It is brilliant that (što je pogrdna riječ za našu varijantu hipija), Bosnians themselves usually invent such šminkeri, štemeri (u Zagrebu su bili poznata jokes, as self-irony is the pinnacle of human grupa iz Martićeve ulice, martićevci). spirit: it is easy to mock others and it takes Kao kuriozum ću navesti kako je Željko courage and wit to mock oneself. Srđan Klaić u Velikom rječniku stranih riječi, izraza i Puhalo (2009) wrote a detailed analysis of kratica (što je obilno dopunjen rječnik njegova contemporary stereotypes about Bosnians oca Bratoljuba) iz 1974. godine, uvrstio and other peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. i pojam bitlzi sa definicijom: „bitlzi engl. Serbs have regarded Albanians for a long time Beatles prvotno: četiri čupava, nedovoljno state enemy No. 1, surpassed only by Croats očešljana mladića, sa prilično simpatičnim during a period after the war in ex-Yugoslavia. Today, however, the Albanians have taken glasovima, koji su se istakli sviranjem i the lead again, which is understandable if we pjevanjem šlagera i postali ljubimci engleske consider constant clashes in Kosovo during publike („čupavci iz Liverpoola“); kasnije su the past three decades. The Albanians also sebi dopuštali kojekakve sitne neodopštine, have an extremely negative opinion about the uglavnom simpatične, (čak su dobili i Serbs, especially and understandably since Orden Britanskog imperija za zasluge) i the 1980s, but usually think positively about tako zainteresirali za sebe mnoge ljubitelje Croats. It therefore comes as no surprise that senzacija, pridruživši se pojavama modernog many Albanians and Kosovo Croats have been svijeta kao što su halbštarkeri, modsi, bluzon choosing Croatia as their exile destination noari i sl.; bitlzica ∑ „frizura“ kakvu nose bitlzi since the early 1990s. i njihovi simpatizeri od, imitatori (čupava, The Albanians, who are quite numerous raskuštrana, nemarna). in Croatia, especially on the Adriatic coast, usually speak poor Croatian and are Klaić navodi i neke druge subkulturne grupe famous for the typically Albanian sound lj (premda Beatlesi ili kako on piše bitlzi nisu they pronounce wherever they should and subkulturna grupa već rock band) sa očitim shouldn’t in Croatian, which is popular joke nepoznavanjem tih grupa i odbojnosti prema material. However, they are hard-working njima (npr. bitnik je huligan). Klaić, očito and well-known as pastry-shop holders, kao predstavnik neke druge visoke kulture, bakers and goldsmiths. As is often spend naprosto nije znao tko su i što su Beatlesi my summers on the island of Cres, I know (koje piše malim slovima i fonetski), a frizure a couple of Albanian families where all Beatlesa su bile malo dulje kose, ali pomno members, from older children to grannies, pošišane i uređene kacige. Mnogi su stariji work literally night and day, from 5 in the ljudi čupave i dugokose momke nazivali morning to 2 or 3 in the night, as long as bitlzi, što se može i oprostiti nekome tko nije there are guests, the entire tourist season, which means at least the whole summer long. pisao rječnik i tko nije sveučilišni profesor. Their ice-cream bins are always filled. I know baker families in Zagreb where you can get VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO Cajke slušaju primitivci, primići. Moglo fresh warm pita bread in the middle of the bi se razglabati koliko se tu radi o night. Albanian goldsmiths don’t have to primitivizmu, stereotipu ili nečem drugom. work so hard, although this could be also a Neofolk i turbofolk, ovo drugo je kovanica generalisation and thus a stereotype. lucidnog Ramba Amadeusa, zajednička Today’s Europeness of the Balkans is su manifestacija Jugosfere i jedini prava visible in the cooperativeness/obedience to manifestacija postjugoslavenske zajedničke the European Union, which appropriated, retardacijske kulture krajnje populističke eusurped the European cultural heritage and i opasne. Turbofolk spaja zabavu i nasilje, dictates or even manipulates rules other European countries have to follow in order pornografski kič i patrijarhalnu kulturu to access such heritage (Luketić, 179). kriminalaca i pjevačica. Devedesetih je on Samuel Huntington talks about the conflict bio zaborav nasilja, a vladajuća je kultura of civilisations in the Balkans and believes sprječavala razvoj kritičkog mišljenja that such conflicts are ineradicable, which i tako omogućavala homogenizaciju i was used by the EU as an excuse for countless nacionalističku isključivost pseudoglazbenim demands it had from Croatia before the kičem. Stereotipna homogenizirajuća slika accession, while on the other hand Slovenia, Balkana tu je karnevalski izokrenuta u Romania and Bulgaria joined the European prijateljsko pijančevanje, zabavu bez granica Union without greater difficulties. Other i blaženi zaborav. Hrvatske su kulturne elite countries of the Balkans are still dreaming su zapravo pokazale duboko nerazumijvanje about it, while Croatia finally joined the turbofolk kulture i nacionalizma. Gorenje Union. naroda, kako ga naziva Rambo Amadeus, The imaginary Balkans is opposed by the moćni je i opasni balkanski fenomen. „Biti imaginary Mediterranean, which is in our area istodobno sentimentalan i agresivan, a part of this very Balkans (more about this in Luketić, 226) zaljubljen i ratnički raspoložen, emotivan i čvrst, ukratko odan strastima – to je ono što The Gorges of the Balkans, Dracula-Land, promovira nova postjugoslovenska popularna the Wild East as the Wild West, Tintin’s Syldavia, Hope’s Ruritania, Absurdistan are kultura u kojoj su se sretno ujedinili turbofolk just a few terms commonly referring today to i nacionalizam“. Dodala bih da toga prije the region of Balkans (Luketić, 397). 1990-ih u urbanim sredinama Hrvatske nije bilo. Tako, što se kulture tiče, pali smo opasno nisko. Social stereotypes Zanimljivo je ovdje napomenuti da je Sociology, as a science, has much to Japan jedna od država u kojoj bujaju brojne say about stereotypes, because there is a subkulturne grupe. multitude of social divisions, classes, casts, I još nešto, sjajan film Waltera Hilla The groups and other social categories, and all Warriors odlično prikazuje funkcioniranje i of them contain stereotypes. Stereotypes are sukobe subkultura New Yorka. a subject that is difficult to break down into scientific disciplines, but it is necessary to Profesionalni stereotipi su brojni, svaka say here something about stereotypes from profesija ima svoje autostereotipe kao i to the sociologic point of view, although I am no da se mnoge struke „izvana“ doživljavaju sociologist and not competent to go deeper stereotipno. into the sociological aspect of stereotypes. Primjerice, knjižničarke su stare mrgudne In sociology, just like in ethnology, there žene sa debelim očalama koje bi najradije are auto-stereotypes and hetero-stereotypes. da korisnici ne postoje. I uglavnom nemaju Sociology deals with attitudes of groups što raditi. Jednom sam nekom rekla da vodim towards themselves and towards other knjižnicu muzeja, a taj me polušaljivo pitao: groups. Since ethnic communities are groups „A kamo je vodiš?“ as well, stereotypes often belong to the same category. Social psychologists often start from Doktori i advokati su podmitljivi, ili the assumption that the use of stereotypes is BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY eufemizmom rečeno: „doktoru treba nešto characteristic of narrow-mindedness (Billig, odnijeti“. 148). Majstori su nemoguće osobe: kasne il uopće Stereotypes are often more expressed if they ne dođu, ne naprave posao kako treba, otud target smaller groups. Negative stereotypes i poslovica: „Drži vodu dok majstori odu.“, about certain groups, for example Neo-Nazis, uvijek uzmu previše novaca, često očekuju i can be sometimes even welcome. However, these are not actually stereotypes; I am just ručak ili barem gablec. mentioning them here as something different Umjetnici su obično neadaptirane osobe i from ethnic attitudes, because there are čudaci. no negative peoples or nations, which is a Moreplovci imaju u svakoj luci svoje žene possible category with social groups. There (dok ih kod kuće vjerno čekaju supruge). are even today extreme racist groups and organisations that operate quite successfully, Možda najrašireniji i najpoznatiji such as Ku Klux Klan, and not only in the profesionalni stereotip je onaj o glupim USA. policajcima. Oni su neiscrpna inspiracija za Social groups can belong to different američke komedije, tamo su im zaštitni znak categories: ethic, minority, generation, class krafne donuts. Vicevi o policajcima su također and social, professional, sub-culture etc. brojni. Još ako su u kombinaciji s plavušom, Among these groups, the already mentioned eto osmijeha i prije ispričanog vica! stereotypes are also in force. Profesionalni stereotipi su također Numerous sub-cultures have been a beskrajna tema. distinctive landmark of contemporary culture since the 1960s. Sub-cultures, meaning groups of predominantly young Identitet kao stereotip people who are mostly also representatives of counterculture, were studied in depth by Stereotipi funcioniraju kao izvor identiteta. the renowned Chicago School of Sociology. Autostereotipi služe da da bismo se mi Sub-culture represents a system of values predstavili u nekom identitetskom liku. and concrete protagonist who live according Heterostereotipi su izvor stereotipima to such system of values. Such groups o drugima i njihovom identitetu. Pojam are often characterised by the music they identiteta danas je toliko izrabljen da sve prefer (mostly forms or offsprings of rock), više postaje prazni pojam (empty notion). dress, hairstyle and footwear. Affiliation Izvorno mu značenje već može određivati bilo to a particular group could be signalled even by the colour of laces on Doc Martens što, prema: lat. identitas = karakteristična boots (Croatian martensice, marte), which jedinica. U hrvatskom jeziku taj je termin were popular with many young people and polisem sa barem šest, u osnovi, različitih many groups. As sub-culture groups mainly značenja. Već neko se vrijeme govori o consisted of younger people, they were often promjenjivim, fluidnim identitetima, upravo frowned upon by grownups, reflecting the so- zato jer ih je sve teže definirati. called constant conflict of generations. From U kontekstu političkih promjena koncepti the vast multitude of sub-culture groups, I identiteta se sve više mijenjaju i gube na will mention just some better known ones: značenju. „Ako je identite svugdje, onda nije Beatniks, Hippies, Rockers, Rockabilly, Goth or Gothic (Croatian: darkeri), Punk, Metal, nigdje“. Naravno, uvijek će biti ljudi koji će Rastafarian, Techno (Rave), Hip-hopers, inzistirati na nekom od svojih identiteta, i Hipsters, Stoners.... Most of these groups are to je pravo na samoodređenje, ali čini se da associated with one or another contemporary je u suvremenom društvu sve važnije pitanje music direction. One of the few subcultures osobnosti i osobnog integriteta. that are present worldwide but not related to „Identitet je ključni termin u govoru any kind of music is the sport fans. Benjamin svojstvenom savremenoj politici i društvena Perasović wrote an excellent book about analiza mora povesti računa o toj činjenici. them, Urban Tribes, from an insider’s angle. Ali to ne zahteva od nas da identitet There is a widespread stereotype about VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO upotrebljavamo kao kategoriju analize ili da music that serious classical music is savoured identitete konceptualizujemo kao nešto što by urban adults, while rock is the music of svi ljudi imaju, konstruišu, čemu svi ljudi teže urban youngsters. When it arrived to this i o čemu svi pregovaraju. Konceptualizovanje region in the 1960s, rock was considered to svih afiniteta i afilijacija, svih oblika be connected to troubled teenagers. This is pripadanja, svih doživljaja zajedništva, how some people think about rock fans even today. This stereotypes goes hand in hand povezanosti i kohezije, svih samopoimanja i with the „long on hair, short on brains” svake samoidentifikacije u idiom identiteta stereotype, because rock fans were often opterećuje nas jednim tupim, ravnim, long-haired young people. Earlier, long hair nediferenciranim rečnikom.“ was „intended” just for women, which is Stvaranjem Europske Unije koncept additional proof of the „correctness“ of the identiteta se dodatno komplicira ili samo long hair – short brains stereotype. I am duplicira: jesu li pojedine nacije unutar referring here to the present times, since EU pripadnici nekog novog identiteta, kao most men grew long hair in the past, a fact rezultat europskog melting pota? Stvara li that is too often ignored. politički oblikovana zajednica ponovno novi Croatia (i.e. former Yugoslavia) did not identitet kao što je to činila u povijesti? actually lag behind with the development of Današnje države nisu one iste kao s kraja sub-culture groups: hašomani (a pejorative for our variety of Hippies), šminkeri and 19. stoljeća. Isto tako je nesumnjivo, smatra štemeri (there was a famous group from Billig, da će se razdoblja nacija jednom Martićeva street in Zagreb, called martićevci) završiti. Historija je stvorila nacije, ona će ih appeared as early as in the 1970s. s vremenom i ukinuti. Pojaviće se novi oblici A curious fact to mention is that Željko zajednica (možda regije? op. autorice) jer Klaić included in his Big Dictionary of Foreign prošlost se nikad potpuno ne ponavlja. Možda Words, Expressions and Abbreviations (which je opadanje nacija već počelo? Budućnost is the amply supplemented dictionary of his danas izgleda sve nejasnijom. Isti je slučaj father Bratoljub) of 1974, also the term bitlzi s identitetima. Bavljenje tradicionalnim with the definition: „bitlzi engl. Beatles kulturama, i kolektivnim mentalitetima, originally: four tousle-headed, uncombed etničkim grupama i kulturnim identitetima young men, with quite likeable voices, who predstavlja regresije i instrumentalizacija won recognition playing and singing pop za potrebe novog nacionalizma osobito na songs (šlageri) and became stars in England području postsocijalističkog svijeta. Granice („Liverpool mop-heads“); later on they između historiografije, povijesnih stereotipa, had the nerve to do all sorts of mischief, mostly benevolent, (they even received the nacionalnih mitova se jedva mogu povući. Order of the British Empire), thus attracting Nacionalni identiteti se konstruiraju na njima the attention of many sensation-lovers i neprekidno se reproduciraju. Nije stoga and becoming one of the modern world neobično da su etnički vicevi vrlo česti u phenomena such as halbštarkeri (Germ. multietničkom okruženju jugoistočne Europe. Halbstarke, beatniks), modsi (Mods), bluzon Slike u glavama su emocionalne definicije sebe noari (Blouson Noirs) etc.; bitlzica ∑ the i drugih, dakle identiteta. Stereotipi bujaju „hairstyle” sported by the bitlzi and their u razdoblju pojavljivanja i razvoja rasnih, fans or imitators (mop-top, tousled, sloppy) nacionalnih, etničkih, vjerskih i socijalnih (Klaić, 168, bolded by the author). podjela, stvaranja raznoraznih identiteta i Klaić also mentions some other sub-culture netrpeljivosti pa bez tih podjela vjerojatno groups (although the Beatles or, as he spells ne bi ni postojale potrebe za stereotipima the name, bitlzi, are a rock band and not a kao etničkim i društvenim kategorijama. sub-culture) with apparent ignorance of and aversion to such groups (e.g. bitnik equals Je li pitanje identiteta više relevantno hooligan). Klaić, as an obvious representative pitanje? Ili je i to individualno pitanje? of high culture or a different culture, simply Mislim da jest individualno. Povjesničar did not know who and what the Beatles William J.T. Mitchell kaže: „Mi također znamo (which he spells with a small capital letter BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY da su stereotipi, u najmanju ruku, nužno zlo and phonetically) were. The Beatles hairstyle da bismo mogli razlikovati pojmove ili druge refers to longer hair, but neatly cut and ljude tako da možemo stvoriti neku sliku o trimmed to the shape of a helmet. Many older njima koja nam omogućuje da ih razlikujemo people called boys with uncombed longhair jedne od drugih.“. Tu se stereotipi preklapaju bitlzi, which is even excusable for somebody sa identitetom. Identiteti su moćni jer other than a dictionary writer and university professor. evociraju i izazivaju emocije. Tu se krije i emotivno-evocirajuća uloga suvenira kao Primići (primitive people) listen to cajke stereotipa. (nightclub singers, a sub-genre of folk music with dance). It could be discussed whether this is primitivism, stereotype or something Rodni stereotipi ili „Da prostite, else. Neo-folk and turbo-folk, the second moja žena“ term being coined by the lucid Rambo Amadeus, are a common manifestation Sally: Why am I “The Woman”? of the Yugo-sphere and the only true manifestation of post-Yugoslav shared Dick: [after a beat]“ Because you lost.“ retardation culture, which is extremely 3rd Rock from the Sun populist and dangerous. Turbo-folk combines entertainment and violence, pornographic Rodni su stereotipi vrlo izraženi i brojni i kitsch and patriarchal culture, criminals and zato im posvećujem zasebno poglavlje. singers. In the 1990s, it was the oblivion of violence. The prevailing culture obstructed Rijetko kome nisu poznati rodni stereotipi, the development of critical thinking and oni su također kulturološke univerzalije (osim thus enabled homogenisation and nationalist u rijetkim društvima). intolerance though pseudo-musical kitsch. Osnovni je stereotip da su žene inferiorne The stereotypical homogenising image of the muškarcima i iz njega izlaze brojni drugi Balkans was here carnival-like distorted to rodni podstereotipi. friendly drinking bouts, unlimited partying and blissful oblivion. Croatian cultural elites Žene su manje pametne, slabije i „u glavi“ have actually exhibited a profound lack of i tjelesno. Zato im je mjesto u kući i dužnost understanding of the turbo-folk culture and da se brinu o djeci. Žena mora bit dobra nationalism. The burning of the people, so majka, kuharica, ljubavnica, smjerna i slušati termed by Rambo Amadeus, is a mighty and muža (to se ni danas nije previše promijenilo, dangerous Balkanic phenomenon. „Being at makar ima sve više žena koje ne pristaju na the same time sentimental and aggressive, taj status). amorous and belligerent, emotional and firm, Žene su glupe, osobito plavuše. Otud i vicevi in brief seized by passions – this is what is o plavušama kao kulturološke univerzalije pa promoted by the new post-Yugoslav popular culture, in which turbo-folk and nationalism otud i ideja za naslov ovog rada i izložbe. have happily united” (Luketić, 399-). I would Lijepe žene su glupe, jer valjda ne mogu add that this phenomenon did not exist in biti i pametne i lijepe, a ionako su rijetko urban areas of Croatia before the 1990s. pametne. Znači li to da su ružne žene So, in terms of culture, we have stooped pametne? Pitanje ljepote je promjenljivo i dangerously low. često individualno, no to je zasebna tema It is interesting to mention here that Japan koju je odlično obradio Umberto Eco u svojoj is one of the countries with flourishing and knjizi Povijest ljepote. abundant sub-cultures. Žene su loši vozači. Postoje doduše i neka And another thing, Walter Hill’s great istraživanja mozga koja to potvrđuju, no ima film The Warriors brilliantly depicts the i žena koje su odlični vozači pa je onda to functioning and conflicts of sub-cultures in također stereotip jer se radi o generalizaciji. New York. There is a multitude of stereotypes about Šveđanke, Čehinje, Belgijanke i Slovenke su professional roles. Every profession has its na glasu kao raskalašene žene što je, naravno, auto-stereotypes and many professions are VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO negativno. Bekrija ili muškarac koji voli popit perceived stereotypically “on the outside”: i često mijenja žene se gleda sa simpatijama Librarians are old grumpy women with thick (kod nas osobito u Slavoniji). eyeglasses, who would prefer to that there Starija neudata djevojka je stara frajla, were not library users. A usually have nothing nešto s njom nije u redu. Muškarac je do to do. I once told somebody that I run a starosti dobra prilika. museum library and he asked me half in joke: And where do you run it to? Rastavljena žena je raspuštenica, što je vrlo Doctors and lawyers are corrupt, or to put it ružna riječ. Rastavljen muškarac je i dalje euphemistically: „you should take something dobra prilika. to the doctor“. Muškarac koji previše pomaže ženi, dijeli s Repairmen are impossible people: either njom kućanske poslove i „sluša“ ju je papučar, they are late or they don’t show up at all, and slabić. do a poor job, hence the Croatian proverb: Među muškarcima su sportaši, osobito „Drži vodu dok majstori odu” (It holds water nogometaši na glasu da baš nisu najbistriji. until the handymen leave, meaning that the Veze između manekenki i nogometaša su ne fault only seems to be fixed), always charge too much and often even expect lunch or at samo jedan od stereotipa današnjice; takva least a snack. veza je tumačena kao veza ljepote i novca i uz to dvostruka slava selebritija. Artists are usually maladapted and strange Stereotipski stroj za people. umnožavanje i glupo Riđokose žene su zle. Vještice (vještaci Sailors have a woman in every harbour hodanje. znači sasvim nešto drugo!) su ružne, prištave, Stereotipski stroj za (while their wives are faithfully waiting at umnožavanje i glupo bezube, kljukastih noseva s karakterističnim home). hodanje. smijehom koji ih odaje. I metlom naravno, SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- Perhaps the most wide-spread and well- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ ali kao vozilom, ne za metenje. known professional stereotype is the one about dumb policemen. They are an inexhaustible source of inspiration for American comedies, where they eat donuts all the time. There are also numerous cop jokes. If combined with blondes, one smiles even before the joke is told! Professional stereotypes are also an endless topic.

Identity as stereotype

Stereotypes function as a source of identity. Auto-stereotypes help us to present ourselves as a figure of identity. Hetero-stereotypes are the source of stereotypes about others and their identity (Bernasconi, 75). The term of identity is today so over-exploited that it increasingly becomes an empty notion. Its original meaning can denote anything, according to: lat. identitas = characteristic unit. In the Croatian language, the term is polysemic with at least six fundamentally different meanings. For some time now, there has been talk about variable, fluid identities, precisely because they are getting more and more difficult to define (Brubaker, Cooper, 409). BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Nakladnik Znanje je 1981. izdao podebelu knjigu Knjiga za svaku ženu koja toliko vrvi stereotipima da bi je se ovdje moglo prenijeti gotovo u cjelosti. A to je bilo ne tako davno, prije 32 godine, i to u doba dok su žene Jugoslavije imale puno veća prava nego državljanke brojnih naprednih zemalja Zapada. Ali i same žene su ponekad licemjerne u svojim stavovima i stereotipima prema drugim ženama. One omalovažavaju druge žene jer su druge i drugačije. Dubravka Ugrešić, koja je velikodušno ustupila svoje radove za ovaj katalog, komentira za H-alter: „Zapadnjakinje, kojima se raspadaju usta od silikona, gledaju sa sažaljenjem na primitivne In the context of political changes, concepts Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo afričke žene čije istegnute vratove pridržavaju of identity increasingly change and lose hodanje. obruči. Ili te iste Zapadnjakinje s dojkama significance. „If identity is everywhere, then Stereotipski stroj za koje pucaju od silikona protestiraju protiv it is nowhere“. Of course, there will always be umnožavanje i glupo people who will insist on one or the other of hodanje. strašnog običaja klitoridektomije, ne videći SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- da je to zapravo isto, da se tobože civilizirane their identities, and this constitutes the right NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ to self-determination, but it seems that in zapadne žene podvrgavaju oblicima nasilja contemporary society the issue of personality nad vlastitim tijelom da bi bile privlačnije i and personal integrity is becoming more and da bi se lakše uklopile u zajednicu.“ more important (Ugrešić, here). Stereotipna patrijarhalna uloga muškarca „’Identity’ is a key term in the vernacular koja je u doba socijalizma bitno ublažena, idiom of contemporary politics and social 1990-ih se godina repatrijarhizira, „biti analysis must take account of this fact. muškarcem“ se u Hrvatskoj izjednačuje sa But this does not require the use of „biti Hrvatom“. 1990-e su vratile rodne ‘identity’ as a category of analysis or to stereotipe u doba prije „druge“ Jugoslavije. conceptualise ‘identities’ as something that all people have, seek, construct and Tih godina izranjaju Hercegovci kao „najveći negotiate. Conceptualizing all affinities Hrvati“ sa već legendarnim bijelim čarapama and affiliations, all forms of belonging, all i mobitelom i sve većem broju naseljavajući experiences of commonality, connectedness, glavni grad svih Hrvata, Zagreb, naravno. Do and cohesion, all self-understandings and tad su glavni „dotepenci“ („dođoši /dojdeki self-identifications in the idiom of “identity” “) bili Dalmatinci koji su došli na studij i nisu saddles us with a blunt, flat, undifferentiated se nikad vratili. Među njima su prednjačili vocabulary.“ (Brubaker, Cooper, 406). Splićani. Antagonizam Splićana i Zagrepčana With the creation of the European Union, je već dio folklora. Splićani, makar ostali the concept of identity is additionally živjeti u Zagrebu, se i dalje izdvajaju, imaju complicated or just duplicated: do individual svoju „špicu“ na kojoj se sastaju (prije nations within the EU belong to a new 1990-ih je to bio Trg Republike pri vrhu identity, as the result of the European melting Gajeve ulice kod knjižare). Nakon rata, od pot? Is a politically shaped community again 1995. godine do danas zagrebačka špica se creating a new identity, as it has done in pomakla u Bogovićevu gdje se sve što sebe history? Today’s states are not the same as the ones from the late 19th century. It is smatra „kremom“ grada dolazi pokazati u also beyond doubt, considers Billig, that the najboljem izdanju. Jedan moj poznanik je time of nations will once come to its end. tako Bogovićevu nazvao Alejom hrvatskih Nations were created by history and will be, krznaša, aludirajući na brojne bunde koje se VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO ondje mogu vidjeti zimi, ali ne samo zimi; in time, abolished by history. New forms of bundu je važno pokazati, pa makar bilo u communities will appear (perhaps regions? njoj vruće i makar se stalno protiv njih bune A/N) because history never completely repeats prijatelji životinja. No to je već faktogafija, a itself. Perhaps the decay of nations has already ne stereotip, pa će se sigurno o toj i takvoj begun? The future today looks increasingly Bogovićevoj pisati i snimati filmovi kao o obscure (Billig, 314). It is the same with identities. Preoccupation with traditional špici 1970-ih i 1980-ih u Masarykovoj ulici na cultures and collective mentalities, ethnic relaciji Kavkaz ∑ Zvečka ∑ Blato. Ti neki drugi groups and cultural identities represents „novokomponovani“ šminkeri svakako bi se regression and instrumentalisation for the mogli svrstati u stereotipe snobova ili druge, purpose of a new nationalism, especially in zato ih ovdje i spominjem. the post-socialist world (Roth, 258). The Hercegovci koji su napučili Zagreb od borders between historiography, historical 1990-ih naovamo više ne nose bijele čarape stereotypes and national myths are almost i mobitelom „ciglovku“ kako su tada došli u impossible to draw. National identities are Zagreb u Mercedsu il Opelu. Danas su u crnim constructed based on them and constantly reproduced (ibid., 262). It is therefore not odijelima i Paciotti cipelama uvijek istog unusual for ethnic jokes to be very frequent modela: vrlo ušiljenim i dugačkim sa tupo in the multi-ethnic environment of south- odrezanim vrhom. I naravno s najnovijim eastern Europe. Images in our heads are modelom mobitela, balkanska varijanta Man emotional definitions of ourselves and in black. Čarape više nije bitno gledati, to se others, which means identities (ibid. 266- možda promijenilo. Mnogi žive u zagrebačkoj 267). Stereotypes flourish in times when Dubravi. I ovdje taman paše poslovica: racial, national, ethnic, religious and social „Hercegovina cio svijet naseli, a sebe ne divisions appear and develop, when various raseli.“ Nisam stručnjak za paremiologiju, ali identities and intolerances emerge. Without čini se da je ovo jedna od rijetkih poslovica such divisions, there would be probably no koja je zadržala prvotni kontekst. Vratimo se need for stereotypes as ethnic and social nakratko Dvornikoviću u vezi Hercegovaca: categories. kaže on da je u Hercegovini bilo na cijeni Is the issue of identity relevant any more? imanje. Bogatstvo je bilo sinonim za čestitost, Or is it also an individual issue? I think it stid od siromaštva neizmjerna. Kako su se neke is individual. Historian William J.T. Mitchell asserts: „We also know that that stereotypes moralne vrijednosti otad totalno preokrenule! are, at a minimum, a necessary evil, that we No neke su ostale iste, u „narodu“, naravno could not make sense of or recognize objects misli se na selo kod Dvornikovića: Narod ne or other people without the capacity to form smatra grijehom i zločinom ono što određuje images that allow us to distinguish one thing zakon. Ljudi u zatvorima su često smatrani from another, one person from another, one herojima. Grad kao centar nemorala privlači class of thing from another.“ (according to seljake kao mušice (isto, 808). O sličnosti, Bernasconi, 77 and Billig). Stereotypes here istostima i obratima od doba nastanka te overlap with identity. Identities are powerful knjige do današnjeg doba bi se danas mogla i because they evoke and trigger emotions. trebala napisati cijela knjiga. Meni nije jasno This is also the source of the emotional- zašto seljake, koji su prema tom stereotipu evocating role of the souvenir as stereotype. moralni, privlači nemoralni grad? Ah, da, radi se o stereotipu! Gender stereotypes or „Pardon me, my wife“

Stereotipi u jeziku Sally: Why am I “The Woman”? Dick: [after a beat]“ Because you lost.“ Čuvena je definicija u lingvistici da je rd imenovanje oblik posvajanja. Imenovano je — 3 Rock from the Sun pilot “Brains and Eggs” time naše - možemo raspolagati pojmom i Gender stereotypes are very prominent and valjda time onim što on sadrži. numerous and therefore deserve a separate chapter. BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Ponekad je i samo ime naroda ili nacije Almost everyone is familiar with gender stereotip. Nijemci su nijemi ili točnije, ne stereotypes, which are also culturological znaju govoriti, a radi se o tome da ih netko universalities (except in few societies). nije razumio pa ih je je tako imenovao. Takav The fundamental stereotype, the one that naziv za narode je prisutan i drugdje izvan women are inferior to men, is the source of Europe. Nazivi naroda koje im dodjeljuju many other gender sub-stereotypes: stranci je vrlo često drugačiji od onog kako Women are less intelligent, weaker both se taj narod sam naziva, pa tako mi kažemo physically and „in the head“. This is why their Nijemci, engleski je naziv Germans, talijanski place is at home and their duty to care about Tedeschi, francuski je Allemands, a njemački children. A woman must be a good mother, die Deutschen. Pogrdan je naziv u Hrvatskoj cook and lover, submissive and obedient to za Nijemce Švabe, iako ne svugdje. Talijani the husband (this has not changed to much to the present day, although more and more su Slavene s našeg područja nazivali Schiavi women are challenging this status). što dolazi od talijanskog schiavo u značenju rob ili sluga. Često je ime vlastitog naroda Women are stupid, especially blondes. Hence the blonde jokes as culturological u značenju ljudi (osobito rašireno kod universalities and the idea for the title of this vaneuropskih naroda). Poznat je primjer paper and exhibition. naroda Inuit (Inuktitut) što znači ljudi, a Beautiful women are dumb, since they u svijetu su poznatiji kao Eskimi. Inuiti taj apparently cannot be both smart and naziv pak smatraju pogrdnim. Vrlo je slična beautiful, as they are anyway rarely smart. situaciji s imenima naroda i sa imenima Does this mean that ugly women are smart? jezika i drugdje. The definition of beauty varies and is often Deikse su bitne u određivanju stereotipa individual, but this is a special subject matter u jeziku i govoru: „Mi smo jedan narod.“ brilliantly elaborated in Umberto Eco’s History „Ova zemlja ne smije dopustiti...“ „Ovo of Beauty. je najveća zemlja svijeta!“ Par izjava iz Women are bad drivers. There has even političkih govora pokazuje da se tu radi been some brain research to confirm this, o stereotipnom određivanju pozicije but there are also women who are excellent sugovornika. Mi upućuje na zajedništvo, ovo drivers. Consequently, this is a stereotype, since it is a generalisation. naše. Ova zemlja je naša zemlja, ne nekog drugog. Kao što mi podrazumijeva njih, tako Swedish, Czech, Belgian and Slovene women ova zemlja podrazumijeva nešto suprotno od have a reputation of being promiscuous, which is, of course, negative. Bekrija or a onih zemalja. Dom i domovina su pojmovi hard-drinking womaniser is often considered koji jačaju autostereotipe, nasuprot onome likeable (especially in the Croatian region of drugom što nije dom i domovina i što je Slavonia). heterostereotip. An older unmarried girl is an old maid and Stereotipi u frazeologiji su vrlo postojani pa something is wrong with her. A man stays a ih je teško dokinuti. Evo nekih od stereotipa good catch until old. u hrvatskoj frazeologiji: pušiti kao Turčin, biti A divorced woman is a raspuštenica (grass lijen kao Crnogorac, pijan kao Rus, vrijedan widow), which is a very ugly word. A divorced kao Japanac, ima ih ko Kineza, točan kao man is still a good catch. švicarski sat, psovati kao kamiondžija (nekad A man who is too helpful to a woman, je bilo: psovati kao kočijaš. Istraživanja shares household chores and „listens to her“, pokazuju da su kod nas, pa i po Europi is henpecked, a weakling. najrašireniji i među tvorbeno najmotiviranijim Among men, athletes and especially frazemima oni o Romima, ništa neočekivano football players have the reputation of not jer su oni uglavnom svugdje drugi. Sudeći being too bright. Relationships between po tim frazemima, Hrvati Rome doživljavaju models and football players, interpreted as uglavnom negativno: lagati kao Ciganin, the association of beauty and money with odnositi se prema nekom kao prema crnom the double portion of fame, are just one of VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO Ciganu, biti Crn kao Ciganin (nije nužno modern-day stereotypes. negativan stereotip shvaćen doslovno); pa u Red-haired women are evil. Witches sintagmama: ciganska posla, ciganska duša; u (vještak, the Croatian masculine version of the izvedenicama: ciganiti se, ciganija, ciganluk, word vještica, means something completely cigančiti, te poslovicama: „Svaki Cigo svoga different, expert or master!) are ugly, warty, konja hvali“. Cigo ili Cigić su hipokoristici, toothless, sporting a hooked nose and the ne nužno negativnog predznaka. Poslovice characteristic cackle that betrays them. And su pravi izvor stereotipa, još jedan primjer a broom, of course, which they use to ride on diskutabilne poslovice jest: „Odijelo ne čini and not to sweep. čovjeka“. Dvornikovićeva Karakterologija The publisher Znanje issued in 1981 the Jugoslovena vrvi poslovicama. rather thick Book for Every Woman (Knjiga za svaku ženu), which is so packed with Jezika se tiče već neko vrijeme forsiranje stereotypes that it could be cited here almost korektnih naziva za pojedine grupe ili etnije in full length. And in came out not so far (pa čak i životinje!), pa tako više nije korektno back, just 32 years ago, at a time when women u Americi reći Crnac već Afroamerikanac, in Yugoslavia had more rights than women in u Velikoj Britaniji je korektan naziv Black many progressive Western countries. Brittish, Crni Britanci, kao da je to nešto Women themselves are, however, drugo od black man, jest, duže je, ali ništa sometimes hypocritical in their attitudes manje ne ukazuje na drugost od black man, towards and stereotypes about other women. štoviše, ukazuje na to čiji je crnac, jer nije They disparage other women because they američki. Čak se ne mora raditi o Crncu are others and different. već o Indijcu. Black je i jedan od naziva Dubravka Ugrešić, who kindly provided za australske Aborigine. Naziv Aboridžini her works for this catalogue, commented for je prvotno korišten baš za australske prve H-alter, the Croatian alternative electronic narode. S druge strane, rasno, australski black news portal: people nisu iste rase kao i afrički crnci, no to „Western women, whose mouths fall apart priču odvodi u sasvim drugom smjeru. Ovdje from silicone implants, feel sorry for primitive još važno reći da politički svjesni australski African women with stretched out necks Aborigini sebe zovu samo Black. supported by rings. Or the same Western women, sporting breasts bursting from Stereotipski stroj za silicone, protest against the horrific custom umnožavanje i glupo of cliteridectomy, without realising that it is hodanje. Stereotipski stroj za the same thing: seemingly civilised Western umnožavanje i glupo women subjecting themselves to some form hodanje. of violence over their own body to be more SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ attractive and to fit in the community more easily.“ The men’s stereotypical patriarchal role, which was significantly mitigated during the socialist era, experienced a revival in the 1990s, when „being a man” in Croatia was equal to „being a Croat” (Škokić, 450). The 1990s saw gender stereotypes rewind to the time before the „second” Yugoslavia. At that time, Herzegovinians emerged as „the biggest Croats” with their already legendary white socks and mobile phones and naturally settling in Zagreb, the capital of all Croats, in ever-growing numbers. Before them, the main incomers were students from Dalmatia, especially the city of Split, who never returned to their home city. The BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY

Vrlo komplicirana terminologija se još više Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo komplicira forsiranjem korektnih naziva, a hodanje. te nazive u pravilu tvore bijelci i njihovo Stereotipski stroj za „pravo“ na imenovanje. umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Cigani se trebaju nazivati Romima, SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ invalidnoj osobi se treba govoriti „osoba s invaliditetom“ i td. To su samo retoričke maske koje obavezno upotrebom upravo priznaju postojanje stigme i još se više potenciraju „osjetljiva mjesta“ „označenih“. Romi nisu manje Cigani ako ih se naziva Romi (i sami sebe često radije nazivaju Cigani, što je već spomenuto u ovom radu). Osobe s invaliditetom nisu ništa manje invalidi, već ova formulacija, osim što je nepotrebno antagonism between inhabitants of Zagreb dugačka, implicira da invalidi imaju nešto više and newcomers from Split has become a part nego drugi ljudi zbog korištenja prijedloga s. of folklore. Although they came to stay in Zagreb, people from Split form a separate Korektnim imenovanjem Indijanaca je group, with their own place to see and be napravljena cijela zavrzlama premda u seen (before the 1990s, the špica was at engleskom kad se kaže Indian se ne zna jel se the bookstore in Gajeva street, just off the govori o Indijcima ili Indijanicima. Ime im je then Republic Square). After the war, since u engleskom isto jer se mislilo da su to Indijci 1995 to the present day, the Zagreb’s main kad ih se otkrilo i to je ostalo dandanas jer promenade moved to Bogovićeva Street, valjda nema potrebe razlikovanja i drugačijeg where all who consider themselves to be the imenovanja. Tako se danas Indijanci city’s cream of society spruce up to be seen. nazivaju: Native Americans (službeni naziv An acquaintance of mine called Bogovićeva u SAD), podrugljivo je i Redskins, u Kanadi Street the Croatian Fur-Bearers Alley, hinting su First Nations. Te podjele naziva najmanje at countless fur robes that can be seen there koriste samim Indijancima. Ta korektnost not only in winter, because a fur coat must be shown off even if it is too hot and animal je opet stereotip koji samo produbljuje i friends keep protesting. But this already potencira stigmu koje naravno ne bi trebalo belongs to the realm of fact rather than ni biti. stereotype, and Bogovićeva Street, as it is, O (političkoj) korektnosti na drugim will certainly inspire books and movies, just razinama leksika može se mnogo pisati, ali like the Masarykova Street triangle between to nije tema ovog rada. Uglavnom, čini se, the popular cafes Kavkaz, Zvečka and Blato čim se uplete politika, stvari se kompliciraju was a trademark of the 1970s and 1980s. i zamagljuju; osobito je to slučaj s jezičnom These other „newly composed” snappy politikom i politikom u jeziku. dressers could definitely belong to the snob stereotype or other similar stereotypes, which Umjetnik Vlado Martek bavi se u svom radu is why they are mentioned here. temom Balkana često koristeći jezik kao The Herzegovinians that have been settling sredstvo svojih umjetničkih djela. in Zagreb since the 1990s no longer sport white socks and a brick-size mobile phone, Stereotipi u književnosti like before when they were arriving in their Mercedes and Opel cars. Today they wear Ovaj rad ni izložba ne bi bili takvi da black suits and Paciotti shoes, always of the same model: very long and narrow shoes with nisu nadahnuti sakupljačkim radom Gustava blunt toes. And, of course, a state-of-the-art Flauberta i glupostima koje je izgovarala stara mobile phone, the Balkans variety of Man gospođa koja je posjećivala njegovu majku. in Black. No need to look at the socks any Flaubert je njene „mudrosti“ počeo zapisivati more, they have perhaps changed. Many of VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO kao dječak i čitav je život želio napisati them live in Dubrava, a district of Zagreb. rječnik s njima. Tek je u njegovoj ostavštini Nothing could be more fitting here than the pronađeno nekoliko svežnjeva zapisa koji proverb „Hercegovina cio svijet naseli, a sebe su prvi puta objavljeni kao dodatak romanu ne raseli (Herzegovina populated the world, Bouvard i Pécuchet, a tek kasnije kao zasebna without becoming depopulated itself).” knjiga Rječnik uvriježenih mnijenja. Sam je (Dvorniković, 342). Although I am no expert in paremiology, this seems to be one of the Flaubert pisao da bi taj rječnik mogao imati few proverbs that retained its original context. podnaslov: Enciklopedija ljudske gluposti. Let us briefly return to what Dvorniković says Šteta što taj rječnik poželjnih stereotipa koje about the Herzegovinians: he asserts that treba izgovarati u društvu nije preveden kao wealth was highly valued in Herzegovina. Blesarij što je bila jedna od boljih opcija. Being rich was synonymous to being honest, Stereotipi su česta tema mnogih književnih and poverty was the cause of immeasurable djela. Od naših se književnika njima puno disgrace (Dvorniković, 781). How some moral bavio Miroslav Krleža. Čuvena je njegova values turned upside down since then! But rečenica „balkanske krčme u kojoj kad se some of them stayed the same among the „folk“, by which Dvorniković of course refers pogase svijetla sijevaju noževi“ Krležini eseji to the village: The folk does not consider sin sjajno razobličavaju i danas aktualne hrvatske and crime what is as such stipulated by the autostereotipe. law. People in prisons were often regarded as Bram Stocker svojim romanom o grofu heroes. (ibid., 787). The city, as the centre Drakuli je popularizirao fantastični imaginarij of immorality, attracts villagers like flies Balkana, koji je i proučavao, kao i Lord (ibid., 808). An entire book could and should Byron svojim djelima te Agatha Christie, be written today about everything that is vrlo popularna književnica koja nije mogla similar, identical or completely different nadići svoj kolonijalni i nadmeni stav from the time when Dvorniković’s book was written. At the end, I wonder why peasants, vidljiv u njenim kriminalističkim i još danas who are moral according to this stereotype, popularnim romanima (i o njima i drugima are so attracted to the immoral city. više Luketić 323-). Putopisi kao književna vrsta predstavljaju Stereotypes in language ogroman izvor stereotipa o Balkanu. Rebecca West je svojom knjigom Crno jagnje i sivi There is a widely known linguistic definition soko bila jednom od glavnih inspiracija za that naming is a form of appropriation. What izgradnju stereotipa o Balkanu. Tri puta je we have named, belongs to us and we can prije Drugog svjetskog rata kratko dolazila na dispose of it and apparently everything it Balkan i smatrala se dovoljno kompetentnom contains. da napiše pozamašnu knjigu o Balkanu od Sometimes the name of a people or a preko tisuću stranica. Zaljubljena u Srbiju i nation is a stereotype. Nijemci, the Croatian njene snažne i lijepe muškarce, puna mržnje word for Germans, refers to somebody who prema Hrvatima jer su je podsjećali na is mute or cannot speak. Obviously, they Nijemce koje je mrzila, napisala je knjigu punu could not be understood by somebody and površnih stereotipa, nadmenosti i elitističkog were thus named mute. Such enthnonyms opisivanja drugih. Bila je pobornica četničkog can be also found elsewhere outside Europe. pokreta i velika antikomunistkinja. Nažalost, Names given to peoples by foreigners often differ from how the people call themselves: ta je knjiga bila devedesetih glavna literatura Croatians call them nijemci, the English name za „upoznavanje“ Balkana mnogim zapadnim is Germans, the Italians call them tedeschi, političarima, novinarima, piscima i putnicima. in French it is allemands, while the Germans Nije stoga neobično da su mnogi od tih call themselves die Deutschen. The pejorative čitatelja dolazili sa velikim predrasudama term for Germans in Croatia, although not u ratom zahvaćene krajeve i teško su te countrywide, is Švabe. The Italians call the predrasude mjenjali. Brojni su bili sljedbenici Slavs from our regions schiavi from the Italian Westove, među najpoznatijim je Peter Handke. word schiavo meaning slave or servant. The BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Malobrojniji su bili pisci poput Milice Bakić- self-designation of an ethnic group often Hayden ili filozofa Alaina Finkielkrauta koji su means “people” (especially widespread zauzeli sasvim suprotne pozicije od Westove. among non-European peoples). There is a O cijeloj situaciji i povijesnim događanjima well-known example of the Inuit (Inuktitut), detaljno piše Katarina Luketić. which means people, who are better known globally as Eskimos, a term considered by the Mnogi stereotipi već spomenuti u Inuit themselves as derogatory. The situation prethodnim poglavljima preuzeti su iz with peoples and language names is very književnih djela. similar elsewhere. Zasebna je priča o stereotipima i identitetu Deixis is important in determining književnika. Područje bivše Jugoslavije puno stereotypes in language and speech: „We je takvih primjera: identitet Ive Andrića kao are one nation.” „This country shall not let srpskog ili hrvatskog pisca; Meše Selimovića this happen.” „This is the biggest country of kao bosanskog ili srpskog pisca. U doba the world!” A couple of quotes from political dok sam radila u Nacionalnoj i sveučilišnoj speeches show that stereotypical definition of knjižnici običavali smo suvremene autore koji the interlocutor’s position is at play here. We refers to community, this to what is ours. This su rođeni u jednoj bivšoj republici, živjeli u country is our, not somebody else’s country. drugoj, a možda pisali nekim trećim jezikom Just like we implies them, this country implies nazvali i pitali kojoj književnosti sami sebe something opposite to that countries. Home pripisuju. Sa pokojnim autorima naravno to and homeland are terms reinforcing auto- nije bilo moguće. Za Andrića kao Nobelovca stereotypes, as opposed to that other thing otimali su se i Srbi i Hrvati. Svojatanje slavnih that is not home and homeland, which is a nije neuobičajeno: Janusa Pannoniusa ili hetero-stereotype (Billig, 190 ). Ivana Česmičkog svojatali su Mađari kao i Stereotypes in phraseology are very Hrvati premda je jezično pripadao latinskoj enduring and hard to undo. Here are some književnosti kao i većina pisaca njegova doba stereotypes in Croatian phraseology: smoking (15. stoljeće). Dubrovačkog književnika Ivana as a Turk, as lazy as a Montenegrin, as drunk as Gundulića Srbi su smatrali svojim piscem. a Russian, as hard-working as the Japanese, numerous as the Chinese, as precise as a Swiss Njihova veličina razlog je više da se njihovo watch, cursing as a truck driver. Research ime ne koristi u političke svrhe, odnosno da has shown that the most wide-spread and se njihova veličina, ne koristi u svrhe kao formation-motivating idioms, in our region što jesu isticanje nacionalnog identiteta. and in even Europe, are the ones about the Trebamo rušiti stereotipe o tome da su oni Roma, which is not unexpected since they nositelji nacionalnog predznaka i ne trebamo are the others almost everywhere. Judging dopustiti da teme o njima kao takvima budu by these idioms, the Croats have a prevailing tabu teme. negative perception of the Roma: to lie like Sadržajno, stereotipi u književnosti su a Gipsy, to treat somebody like a black Gipsy (the lowest of the low), to be black like a odraz stvarnih životnih stereotipa, uostalom Gipsy (not necessarily a negative stereotype kao i većina stereotipa svugdje. if taken literally). Or take the syntagms: Gipsy business, Gipsy soul; and derivatives: ciganiti Stereotipi na filmu se (to haggle), ciganija, ciganluk (haggling), cigančiti (haggling), and proverbs: „Svaki Već u prethodnim poglavljima spominjani Cigo svoga konja hvali“ (Every Gipsy praises su neki filmovi kao ilustracije stereotipa. his horse, meaning that people blow their own horn). Cigo or Cigić are hypocoristics, Ovdje donosim još nešto o važnosti filmova not necessary negative. Proverbs, with which za izgradnju mentalnih slika o drugima i sebi. Dvorniković’s Characterology of Yugoslavs Stereotip glupe plavuše je jedna od is riddled, are a true well of stereotypes, as paradigmi američkog filma. Marilyn Monroe illustrated by another disputable example: ili Jean Harlow među najpoznatijiim su „Odijelo ne čini čovjeka“ (Clothes don’t make filmskim plavušama kojima je glavna uloga the man.). VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO

Stereotipski stroj za biti lijepa i ne baš pametna. Film Plavuša s Language has for some time been concerned umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Harvarda (Legally Blonde) je primjer pokušaja with enforcing correct names for certain groups Stereotipski stroj za razbijanja stereotipa o glupim plavušama. or ethnicities (even animals!). In America, umnožavanje i glupo Black is thus no longer considered correct and Winnetou Karla Maya sniman je u Jugoslaviji hodanje. should be replaced with Afro-American; the SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- 70tih, a May je pisao o Balkanu u svojoj NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ correct word in Great Britain would be Black knjizi U Balkanskim gudurama. To je sve plod British, as if this is something different than njegove mašte, ali ovdje zanimljivo podsjetiti a black man. True enough, it is longer, but na spomenuti podatak da su Amerikance it nonetheless refers to the otherness of the Balkanci podsjećali na njihove Indijance. black man; moreover, it indicates whose black To je vjerojatno razlog da im je balkanski man he is, other than American. It doesn’t pejzaž odlično odgovarao uz priče i filmove o even have to refer to a Black, but can be used Winnetou, naravno uz financijske pogodnosti to denote an Indian. Black is also one of the snimanja njemačkih produkcija u Jugoslaviji. names for Australian Aborigines. The name Aborigines was originally used precisely for Zanimljivo je da u suvremenije doba indigenous Australians. On the other hand, Amerikanci sami o sebi rade negativne from the perspective of race, Australian black stereotipe prvenstveno u svojim serijama: people do not belong to the same race as tinejdžeri su obično prikazani kao isprazni African black people, but this takes the story ljepuškasti likovi koji se samzabavljaju i brinu into a completely different direction. It is also o zabavi i lovu na partnera, dok su im škola important to say here that politically aware i ozbiljnije stvari najmanja briga. Tako se Australian Aborigines prefer to call themselves propagira površnost i ispraznost koja je, čini just Black (see footnote 39). se, globalna tendencija. A možda je i to samo The already twisted terminology is stereotip. additionally complicated by enforcing correct Američki filmovi su kao loše dečke names, which are as a rule created by whites based on their “right” to naming. imali Indijance, Nijemce, Japance, Crnce, Latinoamerikance, Ruse, Kineze, Japance, Gipsies should be called Roma; disabled a od 1995. sve je više Balkanaca, osobito persons should be addressed as persons with disability etc. These are just rhetoric masks Srba, ponekad i Hrvata pa i Rumunja (grof which, if their use is mandatory, actually BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Drakula ipak nije pozitivan lik), sve su to admit that there is a stigma and even more Balkanci. Tako su filmovi odraz stereotipa emphasize the „soft spots” of the „labelled” kao rezultat zbivanja određenog vremena ones. Roma are not less Gipsies if they are i određene sredine, ali i (ne)poznavanja i called Roma (although they often prefer to (ne)razumijevanja događanja i podlijeganja call themselves Gipsies, as already mentioned stereotipima. herein). Persons with disability are nonetheless disabled and this formulation, Stereotipi o Crncima na filmu su brojni. besides being unnecessarily long, implies Od već spomenute mammy iz filma Imitacija through the use of the preposition with that života koja je obožavala obitelj za koju je disabled persons have something more than radila kao ropkinja, potpuno deseksualizirana other people. (radi „mira u kući“), ona je bila vlasništvo There is big confusion around the correct obitelji, što je bila patetična slika Crnkinja naming of Indians, although when you say ropkinja. Indian in English, it is unclear whether Mammy je bila suprotnost koja se nastojala you refer to inhabitants of India or Native uspostaviti stvanosti u kojoj su ropkinje u Americans. In English they are called by the same name, because Native Americans kući gospodara često bile i seksualno roblje. were believed to be Indians when they were Nije tajna da su Crnkinje često seksualno discovered and the name stuck to them to iskorištavane u obiteljima u kojima su radile. the present day, as apparently there was A ako su ostale ili kada su ostale trudne, no need to distinguish and name them bacane su iz kuće na ulicu, ako nisu prošle i otherwise. So the Indians are today called gore. Karikatura mammy je upravo služila da Native Americans (their official name in the pokrije ružnu stvarnost i prebaci je na razinu USA), or derogatively also Redskins, and in šaljivog. Mammy je čak u ratnim razdobljima Canada they are called First Nations. Such i napadima neprijatelja branila svoje bijele name divisions are not helpful at all to the (robo)vlasnike i spremno se žrtvovala za Indians themselves. Such correctness is njih, tako npr. u filmu D. W. Griffitha The again a stereotype that only deepens and Clansman iz 1915. godine. Mammy su bile, emphasises the stigma that, of course, should not be there at all. uz sve poslove u kući i dadilje, i kao takve su često prikazivane u američkim filmovima. (Political) correctness on other lexical Takva je i mammy u već spominjanom filmu levels can be elaborated in great length, but this would exceed the scope of this paper. Imitacija života. In general, as soon as politics gets involved, Suvremeni filmovi donose lik mammy u things become more complicated and otužnim komedijama u kojima je to danas lik obscured, especially with language policy imenom big mamma. Zasigurno bi se moglo and politics in language. pisati i o jednom i o drugom liku, ali to je The artist Valdo Martek dealt with the tema za filmologe. Balkans in his work and often used language Ovdje valja spomenuti i Bollywood kao as the means of expression of his works of indijski pandan Hollywooda sa svojim art. osnovnim specifičnostima: filmovi su vrlo skupe produkcije, traju barem tri sata sa Stereotypes in literature pauzom (u skladu sa indijskim kazalištem gdje predstave traju i po osam sati) u filmu This article and this exhibition would have su obavezni glazba i ples, dramaturgija se been much different if they hadn’t been mora bazirati na devet osjećaja. To su kanoni inspired by the collecting work of Gustav preuzeti također iz staroindijskog kazališta. Flaubert and the nonsense spoken by the old lady who visited his mother. Flaubert began Bollywood godišnje poizvede oko 600 writing down her “wise sayings” when he was filmova. U Indiji, kad se govori o brojkama, still a young boy and wanted his whole life to su sve ogromni brojevi: stanovništva, jezika, make a dictionary of them. Several bundles gladnih... of these notes were found in his legacy and VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO first published as an appendix to the novel Bouvard et Pécuchet, and only later as a separate book entitled Le Dictionnaire des idées reçues (Dictionary of Accepted Ideas). Flaubert himself proposed a sub-title for this dictionary: Encyclopaedia of Human Stupidity. It is unfortunate that this dictionary of desirable stereotypes in social conversation was not translated as Blesarij (Dictionary of Nonsense), which was a possible option. Stereotypes are a frequent topic of many works of literature. Among Croatian writers, Stereotipski stroj za Suvremeniji bollywoodski filmovi preuzeli su umnožavanje i glupo Miroslav Krleža often dealt with them. There hodanje. neke elemente hollywoodskog filma, premda is a famous sentence by Krleža, mentioning Stereotipski stroj za je u filmu i dalje obavezna priča o tragičnoj „the Balkans pub where knives flash when umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. ljubavi. Bollywoodski su filmovi izrazito the lights go out“ Krleža’s essays brilliantly SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- stereotipizirani u skladu sa društvenim deconstruct the still very alive Croatian auto- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ uređenjem, kastama i jakim utjecajem velike stereotypes (Luketić, 195). indijske kulturne tradicije. Bram Stocker’s novel about Count Dracula Svakako u stereotipe na filmu treba popularised the fantastic imaginarium of the spomenuti sladunjavi mjuzikl The Sound je Balkans, which he also researched, just like of Music koji prikazuje idealziranu sliku Lord Byron in his works and Agatha Christie, a very popular writer who was unable to Austrije s očekivanom ljubavnom pričom i overcome her colonial and arrogant attitude naravno happyendom, a sve to umotano u shining through in her still very popular formu idealnu za tako nešto, mjuzikl. Film crime novels (more about them and others in je očekivano bio vrlo popularan, narod ipak Luketić 323-). voli tak hercik i gemitlih filmove, a jedna je Travelogues are a literary genre providing a kritičarka napisala: great source of stereotypes about the Balkans. “we have been turned into emotional and Rebecca West’s Black Lamb and Grey Falcon aesthetic imbeciles when we hear ourselves was a major inspiration for the construction humming the sickly, goody-goody songs.” of stereotypes about the Balkans. She made three short visits to the Balkans before World War II and considered herself competent Suvenir kao stereotip enough to write a book about the Balkans of over 1 000 pages. Infatuated with Serbia Turizam je i inače područje prizemne and its strong and handsome men, filled with eksploatacije kulturoloških fenomena, a sam animosity for Croats because they reminded politički diskurs je često natopljen banalnim her of the Germans she hated, she wrote a stereotipima i plitkom demagogijom o book riddled with superficial stereotypes, nacionalnim identitetima (Luketić, 395). arrogance and elitist descriptions of the Nezaobilazan dio turističke ponude čine i others. She was an advocate for Chetnik movement and a great anti-communist. In the suveniri. 1990s, her book was unfortunately the main Suveniri su obično stereotipne pojednostav- introductory literature about the Balkans ljene slike, realizirane u predmetima koje for many western politicians, journalists, označavaju određenu zemlju, grad ili neko writers and travellers. It is therefore easy to drugo područje. Već je spomenut Eiffelov understand why many of its readers arrived toranj kao jedan od najpoznatijih suvenira to war-stricken regions with numerous realiziran u svim mogućim oblicima: od raz- prejudices that were difficult to change. glednice do veće ili manje replike, privjeska, Many of them, including the famous Peter slike na majici ili slično. Handke, shared West’s opinions. Few writers, such as Milica Bakić-Hayden or philosopher Uz Eiffelov toranj, je venecijanska je Alain Finkielkraut, asserted positions that BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY gondola sigurno na vrhu top liste europskih were completely opposed to Rebecca West’s. suvenira. Lansirana je za prijevoz u zlatno The entire situation and historical events doba Venecije u 16. stoljeću kad ih je bilo are discussed in detail by Katarina Luketić oko deset tisuća u prometu, dok je suvenirom (319). postala1910. godine. Premda su vaporetti Many of the stereotypes mentioned in the postali glavno prevozno sredstvo još 1933. previous chapters are taken over from works godine, gondola je ostala simbolom Venecije of literature. Stereotypes and the identity i povijesti tog grada koji tone, rekao je netko of writers is a story in its own right. The cinično, pod turistima. Posljednja privatna region of ex-Yugoslavia abounds in such examples: the identity of Ivo Andrić as a gondola nije ostala u Veneciji već je postala Serbian or Croatian writer; the identity of vlasništvo Peggy Guggenheim, što dovoljno Meša Selimović as a Bosnian or Serbian govori o značaju tog, sad možemo reći, writer. When I worked at the National and muzejskog predmeta. No, i danas po Veneciji University Library, we used to make phone vozi petstotinjak gondola sa gondoljerima calls to authors born in one of the former i obavezno zaljubljenim parovima, koji se republics, living in another and perhaps moraju poljubiti ispod svakog mosta da vi writing in a third language to ask them to ostali vječito zaljubljeni. Prava kič slika which literature they feel affiliated. This uživo tipična za suvenire! Gondola je postala was of course not possible if the author was globalno popularni obiteljski suvenir, često deceased. The Nobel Prize winner Andrić was zauzimajući centralno mjesto u stanu, a to je claimed by both the Serbs and the Croats. naravno, na televizoru s miljeom (podloškom) Laying claims to celebrity writers is anything but uncommon: Janus Pannonius or Ivan ispod (to što je milje znao prekrivat dio Česmički was claimed to belong both to ekrana, nije bitno). Ova je (stereotipna) slika Hungarians and Croats, although he wrote iz 70tih godina prošlog stoljeća sa prvim in Latin like most writers of his time (15th televizorima koji su bili dovoljno široki da je century). Likewise, Serbs included the poet baš jedan takav suvenir savršeno pristajao na Ivan Gundulić of Dubrovnik in the list of njega. Serbian writers. Suveniri su katkad sasvim pogrešne slike Their rank should be one more reason to ∑ stereotipi o pojedinim narodima: tako refrain from using their names for political na primjer svaki turist završava svoj posjet purposes or purposes such as the promotion Nizozemskoj kupujući par malih klompi, malu of a national identity. We should break vjetrenjaču i lukovicu tulipana. Tulipan je down stereotypes about them as bearers of izmislila turska florealna imaginacija, klompe national colours and should not allow this to become taboo to talk about (Halkić, 6). su obuća cijele seljačke populacije Europe, a vjetrenjače se vrte u Don Kihotu. In terms of content, stereotypes in literature just like most stereotypes everywhere reflect actual stereotypes of life.

Stereotypes in film

Some films were already mentioned as illustrations of stereotypes in the previous chapters. Here we bring some more about the importance of movies in the development of mental images about others and ourselves. The dumb blonde stereotype is one of the Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo paradigms of American film. Marilyn Monroe hodanje. and Jean Harlow are among the best known Stereotipski stroj za film blondes whose role was to be beautiful umnožavanje i glupo and not very intelligent. The film Legally hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- Blonde is an example of the attempt to NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO „Tourist end their visit to Holland by break down the dumb blonde stereotype. purchasing a little pair of wooden clogs, a Karl May’s Winnetou was made in Yugoslavia small windmill and a tulip bulb despite the in the 1970s, and May write about the Balkans fact that the tulips was a fabricationsof the in his book In den Schluchten des Balkans Turkish floral imagination, and wooden clogs (In the Gorges of the Balkans). He invented are footwear worn by peasant populations in all of it, but it is interesting to recall that the all muddy northern European countries, the Balkanites reminded the Americans of and there are windmills spinning in Don their Indians. This is probably the reason Quixote.“ why they thought the Balkans landscape to be the perfect setting for Winnetou stories Do 1980-ih tipični suveniri na našoj obali and films, a belief reinforced by the financial bili su drveni magarac i čaplja. Još se može advantages of filming in Yugoslavia. razumjeti da je magarac uzet kao motiv za Curious enough, the Americans have been suvenir, ali otkud čaplja na Jadranu? Ona recently quite prolific in producing negative svakako nije tipična jadranska ptica. stereotypes about themselves, primarily U Zagrebu je i danadanas jedan od glavnih through their TV series: teenagers are suvenira šestinski kišobran, premda su usually presented as frivolous good-looking Šestine selo pokraj Zagreba i ti kišobrani characters concerned only with having a good nisu reprezentativni predmet grada Zagreba. time and dating, while not caring the least about school and more serious matters. This „Zagrebačkiji“ su suveniri sa prikazom promotes superficiality and frivolity, which zagrebačke katedrale, ili Markove crkve ili neke seems to be global trend. But perhaps this is druge građevine koje su obavezni cilj turista also just a stereotype. u Zagrebu. Pitam se jesu li turisti zbunjeni American movies featured bad guys played kad im se nakon razgledanja grada kao suvenir by Indians, Germans, Blacks, Latinos, nudi šestinski kišobran. Suveniri su vrlo Russians, Chinese or Japanese. Since 1995, često kič jer i kič je pojednostavljena slika they are increasingly impersonated by s obično emocionalnim nabojem realiziran u the Balkanites, especially the Serbs and manje ili više jeftinim beskonačnim serijama sometimes also Croats or Romanians (Count Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo predmeta. A šestinski kišobran kao seoski Dracula is not a good guy after all). Films thus hodanje. predmet valjda ima jači emocionalni iskaz reflect stereotypes as a result of events of a Stereotipski stroj za - jer je seoski. Srećom, suveniri su postali certain period and a certain environment, as umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. sasvim neki drugi predmeti, pa i pića i jela well as the recognition and understanding (or SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- koji doista predstavljaju neki kraj, premda the failure to recognise and understand) such NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ events and the succumbing to stereotypes. Films abound in stereotypes about Blacks, including the already mentioned mammy in The Imitation of Life, who adored the family for which she worked as a slave, who was completely desexualised (for the sake of „household peace“) and property of the family, which was a pathetic depiction of Black women slaves. Mammy was created as the opposite to the reality, where slaving women were also often sex slaves in their master’s house. It is no secret that Black women were after sexually abused in families where they worked. If or when they got pregnant, they were thrown out to the street or suffered even a worse fate. The mammy caricature served precisely to cover up the ugly truth and transfer it to the level of comedy. In times of war and during enemy assaults, mammy even defended their white BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY se kičaste čaplje, magarci i razne forme od slaveholders and was ready to sacrifice herself školjki sa šljokicama još uvijek mogu naći u for them, like in D. W. Griffith’s The Clansman prodaji. of 1915. Besides performing all works in the house, mammies were also nannies and are Suveniri se mijenjaju kao i svi stereotipi, as such often depicted the American movies, često u skladu sa nekim događajem. Tako je u like the mammy in the already mentioned Londonu, kao u jednom od europskih centara Imitation of Life. turizma, u doba vjenčanja kraljevskog para Modern-day pathetic comedies feature the 2011. godine cijeli grad bio pun prigodnih character of mammy, now appearing as the suvenira s mladim parom u svim zamislivim i figure called big mamma. Much could be nezamislivim formama. written about one and the other character, Godinu dana kasnije London je bio prepun but this is a topic for filmologists. suvenira svih oblika povodom dijamantne What deserves mention here is Bollywood, obljetnice vladanja britanske kraljice Elizabete the Indian counterpart to Hollywood with its II, naravno s njenim likom i neizostavnom specific traits: expensive production, duration britanskom zastavom. at least three hours with an intermission (according to the Indian theatre, where plays Staklene il plastične kugle sa snijegom ili can last up to eight hours), mandatory music šljokicama koje lepršaju po kugli kad je se and dancing elements, dramaturgy based on protrese vjerojato su vječiti, sveprisutni nine feelings, which are canons inherited suveniri. Sumnjam da postoji ikoji veći grad from ancient Indian theatre. koji nema takve kugle kao suvenire sa glavnim Just like everything in India comes in large motivima iz tog mjesta ili države, ili makar s numbers – population, languages, poverty Djedom Mrazom. headcount – the annual output of Bollywood is around 600 films. Umjesto zaključka: nužnost More recently, Bollywood films show (pozitivnih) stereotipa influences of Hollywood, although they still maintain the mandatory tragic love storyline Stereotipi su beskrajna tema: postoje and are extremely stereotyped according to the social caste system and strongly praktički otkad postoje drugi, a drugi influenced by the great Indian culture. postoje otkad postoji čovjek. Stereotipi se mijenjaju, nestaju, nastaju novi. Prisutni su When discussing stereotypes on film, one should also mention the saccharine musical u gotovo svim područjima ljudske djelatnosti The Sound of Music. It brings an idealised i proučavaju ih brojne znanosti. Stoga su u picture of Austria, with the expected love ovom radu neki stereotipi samo natuknuti, story and of course a happy end, all wrapped mnogi nisu ni zabilježeni, neki drugi autor up in the ideal form for such content, the odabrao bi sasvim neke druge stereotipe za musical. As expected, the film was very opis ili bi sasvim drugačije pristupio temi, popular, people love such cute and cosy films, ovisno o obrazovanju, interesu, vremenu as one critic wrote: “We have been turned i kontekstu ili nečem drugom. Stereotipi into emotional and aesthetic imbeciles when zaslužuju daljnje proučavanje jer su izvor we hear ourselves humming the sickly, goody- mnogih spoznaja. O njima će se zasigurno goody songs.” pisati još brojni radovi i knjige, ovaj je rad samo mali doprinos pregledu stereotipa. Souvenir as stereotype Ovdje se moglo još nabrajati stereotipe, ali to je beskrajan posao, nabrojeni su samo Generally speaking, tourism is the realm neki od njih kao primjeri stereotipa važnih za of underhand exploitation of culturological prikazivanje drugih iz današnje perspektive. phenomena, and the political discourse itself is often steeped in banal stereotypes and Razvojem kognitivne znanosti ukazuje se shallow demagogy about national identities na čestu nužnost stereotipa zbog sažimanja (Luketić, 395). Souvenirs are an inevitable i pojednostavljivanja u komunikaciji, iako part of the tourist offer. VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO je prije pojave kognitivne znanosti, 1962. Souvenirs are usually stereotypical godine o tome pisao i otac moderne simplified images, expressed in items antropologije Claude Lévy-Strauss. Stereotip denoting a particular country, city or region. kao prečica služi kao učinkovito sredstvo The already mentioned Eiffel Tower is one of prepoznavanja, orijentiranja i potvrđivanja, the best known souvenirs, which appears in ali i kao mehanizam uopćavanja, vrednovanja all forms possible: on postcards, as big or small replicas, pendants, t-shirt appliqués i etiketiranja. Jednostavnije rečeno, and the like. stereotip može biti efikasno sredstvo za uvrede ili pohvalu nekog, ali može biti i Along with the Eiffel Tower, the Venetian gondola belongs to the top list of European efikasno sredstvo u oblikovanju stavova i souvenirs. Introduced during the golden age kolektivnog ili osobnog angažmana. Pozitivni of Venice in the 16th century, when around i poželjni stereotipi su neophodni kod ten thousand gondolas were used as means of spoznajnih normi. Ispravnim obrazovanjem i public transport, it developed into a souvenir komunikacijom stereotipi postaju neophodni in 1910. Although the vaporetto became the i u jeziku i u djelovanju. Stereotipne podjele main means of public transport as early as na crno i bijelo, dobro i loše, lijevo i desno in 1933, the gondola remained a symbol of pomažu nam u orijentaciji u svijetu. Dokle god Venice and the history of a city that is, as one nemaju negativne konotacije stereotipa, somebody cynically remarked, sinking under one su poželjne i teško ih je izbjeći. Do tad, tourists (Franke, Niedenthal). Not even the predrasude i negativne stereotipe treba i last private-owned gondola stayed in Venice, dalje bilježiti i djelovati na tom području u but became property of Peggy Guggenheim, which says enough about the significance of smislu razbijanja negativnih stereotipa i to this, as we can now call it, museum item. prvenstveno učenjem tolerancije i širenjem However, there are still some five hundred spoznaja i obrazovanja. gondolas with their gondoliers taking couples Stereotipizacija pogađa i stanja i prilike for rides through Venice, stopping beneath i institucije kao bolesti siromaštvo, every bridge for the couple to kiss in order to svakodnevni život i drugo koje često ni ne stay in love forever. A true live kitsch image, uočavamo kao stereotipe. so typical for souvenirs! The gondola has become a globally popular family souvenir, Stari su i ustaljeni stereotipi proizašli often occupying the central place in the između grada i sela: seljaci su zaostali, građani apartment, which is of course on top of the su uobraženi, premda postoje i druge, sasvim TV set, on a doily (which sometimes used to suprotne stereotipne slike: idealiziranog covered part of the screen, but never mind). seoskog života i iskvarene građanštine. This is a (stereotypical) picture from the Stereotipe trebaju i dalje i više proučavati 1970s, with the first TV sets that were still etnolozi i folkloristi, kognitivisti, psiholozi, broad enough to perfectly accommodate such komunikolozi, lingvisti i drugi, al obazrivo a souvenir. i trezveno jer je opet moguće stvaranje Souvenirs are sometimes completely wrong „stereotipa o stereotipima“. images – stereotypes about certain peoples: for example, tourist end their visit to Holland by purchasing a little pair of wooden clogs, a small windmill and a tulip bulb despite the fact that the tulip was a fabrication of the Turkish floral imagination, and wooden clogs are footwear worn by peasant populations in the all muddy northern European countries, and there are windmills spinning in Don Quixote.“ (Ugrešić 2007, 179) Until the 1980s, typical souvenirs on the Adriatic coast were wooden donkeys and herons. It is quite understandable that the donkey was chosen as a souvenir, but herons BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY 01 Genijalni Flaubert i njegov Rječnik uvriježenih mnijenja on the Adriatic Sea? Herons are for sure not (šteta što nije preveden kao Blesarij), bio je snažan typical birds of the Adriatic. poticaj i inspiracija za moje bavljenje stereotipima. 02 Točnije, danas „korektnije“ nazvanoj edukativnoj reha- The Šestine umbrella is even today one of bilitaciji, premda je takav naziv discipline preopćenit i Zagreb’s main souvenirs, although Šestine diskutabilan, al to nije tema ovog rada. is a village near Zagreb and these umbrellas 03 http://goo.gl/kqTNpX are not really representative of the city of 04 isto Zagreb. More “Zagreb-like” souvenirs are the 05 http://goo.gl/6lKui4 (20.95.2012.) ones depicting the Zagreb dome or the St. 06 Puhalo, 23 Mark’s Church or another building considered http://goo.gl/eLZ37I a tourist sight in Zagreb. I wonder whether 07 Rođen je u obitelji gradišćanskih Hrvata, u mjestu Hof, tourists are confused when they get a danas u Donjoj Austriji, od oca Jurja Vezdina i majke Šestine umbrella offered as souvenir after Helene Prekunić. Bio je član karmelićanskog reda. Uz materinski hrvatski jezik govorio je još desetak europskih city sightseeing. Souvenirs are often kitsch, jezika - latinski, grčki, hebrejski, njemački, mađarski, because kitsch is also a simplified image, talijanski, španjolski, portugalski i engleski, ali je kao usually having an emotional value, produced misionar u Indiji (od 1776.) ovladao i sanskrtom i brojnim in endless series of more or less cheap items. drugim indijskim jezicima. Autor je prve sanskrtske The Šestine umbrella, as a rural item, probably gramatike (Sidharubam, seu Grammatica Samscrdamica, Rom, Congr. de Prop. Fide, 1790.) i jedan je od preteča bears a stronger emotional content, because komparativne filologije te plodan istraživač kulture i it is ∑ rural. Fortunately, souvenirs today povijesti Istoka. Na zahtjev mjesnog vladara izradio je include some completely different items, i usporednu englesko-portugalsko-malajalamsku grama- even food and drinks that really represent tiku. Godine 1999. u indijskoj saveznoj državi Kerali podignuta mu je spomen-ploča na kojoj je sljedeći a region, although kitschy herons, donkeys tekst upisan na sanskrtu, malajalamskom, hrvatskom i and glittery shell shapes can be still found engleskom jeziku: „Ivan Filip Vesdin, Gradišćanski Hrvat, on offer. bosonogi karmelićanin, s redovničkim imenom Paulin od Svetog Bartolomeja, misionar u Malabaru od 1776. do Souvenirs, like all stereotypes, change and 1789. Autor prve tiskane sanskrtske gramatike i preteča they often change with an event. London, indijskih i indo-europskih studija u veliku čast svoje one of Europe’s key tourist destinations, was domovine i hrvatskog i indijskog naroda.“ at the time of the royal wedding of 2011 Njegovo istraživačko i znanstveno stvaralaštvo na područjima jezikoslovlja, povijesti, zemljopisa, arheolo- full of souvenirs paying tribute to the royal gije, mumiografije, numizmatike, povijesti umjetnosti couple, in all imaginable and unimaginable i liturgije broji 59 poznatih naslova, od kojih je 20 forms. objavljeno u obliku knjiga još prije njegove smrti. A year later, London was flooded with 08 Puhalo, 22 souvenirs of all shapes commemorating the 09 Šakaja, Laura: Imaginativne geografije (ovdje) Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, featuring of 10 Bernasconi, 75 course the Queen’s picture and the mandatory 11 Šakaja, ovdje Union Flag.. 12 Znanosti i umjetnosti, smatra Rousseau, kvare „pri- rodnog“ čovjeka i upravo u tome on vidi uzrok moralnog Snow globes, i.e. glass or plastic spheres rasapa svoga doba, dok lijekom smatra povratak prirodi; containing snow or glitter that floats around Jean Jacques Rousseau, Rasprava o znanostima i umjet- when shaken, are probably all-time and any- nostima, 1750. place souvenirs. I doubt that there is a single 13 zadnje kao pogrdan naziv iako on označuje boju kože, bigger city without snow globes containing po analogiji se ne bi smjelo govoriti ni o bijelcima? miniature motives of the city or state, or at 14 http://goo.gl/IR9gax (20.05.2012) least the Santa Claus, as souvenirs. 15 Pripadnici hipi pokreta imitirali su frizure i odijevanje Indijanaca, ali i Indijaca, odnosno vlastitu predodžbu istih slika Instead of a conclusion: the 16 Npr. Pirates of the Carribean necessity of (positive) stereotypes 17 prema Dvorniković, 302 18 Stereotipi Coon, Picaniny, Golliwog Stereotypes are an endless topic: they have 19 http://goo.gl/Tvkltr existed practically since there are others, and 20 http://goo.gl/rjnLde others exist since there is man. Stereotypes 21 http://goo.gl/pt1qRq (5.04.2012) change and vanish, as new ones emerge. They 22 http://goo.gl/qbaoua (15.05.2012) are present in almost all domains of human 23 http://goo.gl/HmuVRo (22.2.2013) activity and studied by numerous sciences. VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO 24 http://goo.gl/2YT48Q (15.03.2012.) This is why some stereotypes are only touched 25 Šakaja, ovdje upon in this article and some are not even 26 Stanzel noted down. Another author would perhaps 27 isto choose some completely different stereotypes 28 http://goo.gl/OlzOrJ (15.03.2013.) to describe or approach to the subject matter 29 http://goo.gl/BhCl69 (15.03.2013.) in a completely different way, depending 30 http://goo.gl/ylLMJ5 (16.05.2103.) on education, interest, time and context or 31 Todorova, 145 something else. Stereotypes deserve further 32 isto, 147 research because they are the source of 33 isto, 196 many insights. Many papers and books will 34 http://goo.gl/ji8FKw (10.05.213.) be certainly still written about them, and 35 http://goo.gl/1rMFlG (10. 05. 2013.) this work is just a small contribution to the overview of stereotypes. More stereotypes 36 Todorova, 54 could have been listed here, but this would 37 isto, 67 be an endless work. Only some of them 38 isto, 59 39 were listed here as examples of stereotypes isto, 66 i Rihtman Auguštin (2000, 221) relevant for the presentation of the others 40 isto, 67 from today’s perspective. 41 Smrt čoveka na Balkanu _ Kritika.htm (15.05.2013.) With the development of cognitive 42 prema Todorova, 218, bold moj science, stereotypes are often perceived as 43 isto 34-35 44 necessary for conciseness and simplification Dvorniković, 20 in communication. The father of modern 45 isto, 234 anthropology, Claude Lévy-Strauss, wrote 46 isto, 198 about this already in 1962, even before 47 isto, 198 the appearance of cognitive science. 48 isto, 210-216 The stereotype serves as a shortcut, as 49 isto, 18 a means of recognition, orientation and 50 isto, 352 confirmation, but also as a mechanism of 51 isto, 384 generalisation, valuation and labelling. 52 isto, 411 Simply put, stereotypes can be an efficient 53 isto, 430 means to offend or praise, but they can 54 isto, 296 be also effectively used to form attitudes 55 isto, , 303 and collective or personal commitments. 56 isto, 22 Positive and desirable stereotypes are 57 isto, 296 necessary in cognitive norms. Given proper 58 isto 337-339 education and communication, stereotypes 59 isto, 343 become inevitable in language and action. 60 http://goo.gl/nmZxgW (15.06.2013.) Stereotypical divisions into black and white, 61 isto, 348 good and bad, left and right, help us to 62 isto, 340 orientate in the word. As long as the do not have negative connotations of stereotypes, 63 isto, 378 they are desirable and difficult to avoid. Until 64 Todorova, 21 then, prejudices and negative stereotypes 65 isto, 324 66 should be further recorded and efforts should Luketić, 178 be taken to break negative stereotypes by 67 National Geographic, 12/2004, str. 97-98 teaching tolerance and spreading knowledge 68 http://goo.gl/5giJ6k (15.03.2013) and education. 69 http://goo.gl/8zAozA (15.05.2013) Stereotyping affects situations, 70 http://goo.gl/VAM4xz (15.05.2013) 71 circumstances and institutions like diseases http://goo.gl/VQUKiB (15.03.2013) (Sontag), poverty, daily life and other 72 Kako je na cesti Zagreb-Split popriličan broj gostionica things that we often even don’t perceive as sa roštiljem i janjetinom koji se vrti uz cestu osobito u doba turističke sezone, tako je ta cesta dobila u žargonu stereotypes (Roth, 262). ime Lambroad. There are old and deeply rooted stereotypes 73 2011. je na zahtjev tadašnje predsjednice vlade zabra- in place between the town and the village: BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY njen turističko-propagandni plakat sa prikazom ženskih the peasants are backward, the townspeople stražnjica u bikiniju are conceited (ibid, 263), although there 74 http://goo.gl/Nmx0xv (16.05.2013) are other stereotypical images as well: of 75 prema Luketić, 183 idealised village life and debased bourgeoisie. 76 isto, 186 Stereotypes should be studied further 77 http://goo.gl/7S7IQD (12.04.2013.) and more in depth by ethnologists and 78 Dvorniković, 298 folklorists, cognitivists, psychologists, 79 http://goo.gl/Blrl18 (07.05.2013.) communicologists, linguists and others, but 80 Termin koji su skovali Mitja Velikonja i Tanja Petrović the approach should be considerate and level- (prema Luketić, 215) headed in order to avoid the production of 81 Luketić, 179 “stereotypes about stereotypes” (ibid, 259). 82 Dio teksta pisan dan prije ulaska Hrvatske u EU i velikih priprema za prigodno slavlje. 83 o tome više u Luketić, 226 → 84 isto, 397 85 Billig, 148 86 http://goo.gl/83GrCT (22.05.2013) 87 O njima je pisala etnologinja Sanja Kalapoš: http://goo.gl/qvOEr8 (22.04.2013) 88 Klaić, 168, bold moj 89 http://goo.gl/X3gXZq (15.04.2013) 90 Luketić, 399- 91 http://goo.gl/4WjcZr (12.03.2013) 92 Bernasconi, 75 93 http://goo.gl/6rPZbl (17.05.2013) 94 Brubaker, Cooper, 409 01 The ingenious Flaubert and his Le Dictionnaire des 95 http://goo.gl/DcZocm (17.05.2013.) idées reçues (translated as Dictionary of Accepted Ideas 96 v. Ugrešić, ovdje and unfortunately not as Dictionary of Nonsense) were 97 Brubaker, Cooper, 406 highly inspirational to my work on stereotypes. 98 Billig, 314 02 The Croatian word defektologija is today replaced by 99 Roth, 258 the more „correct” term educational rehabilitation, al- 100 though it is too general and controversial, but this is isto, 262 beyond the scope of this paper. 101 isto 266-267 03 http://goo.gl/7p1ZtT 102 prema Bernasconi, 77 i Billig 04 http://goo.gl/eEiMDc 103 rd 3 Rock from the Sun iz pilota serije “Brains and Eggs” 05 Ivan Filip Vezdin was born to father Juraj Vezdin and (20.05.2013) mother Helena Prekunić, a family of Burgenland Croats, 104 http://goo.gl/VbVyr4 (23.05.2013.) in Hof (today Lower Austria). He was a member of the 105 Škokić, 450 Carmelite order. Besides his Croatian mother tongue, he spoke a dozen of European languages (Latin, 106 Dvorniković, 342 Greek, Hebrew, German, Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, 107 isto, 781 Portuguese and English). As a missionary in India 108 isto, 787 (since 1776), he also learned Sanskrit and many other 109 Deikse su jezično označivanje prostora, vremena i oso- Indian languages. He is the author of the first Sanskrit ba u govoru. Mjesne su deikse: ovdje, tu, ondje, a deikse grammar (Sidharubam, seu Grammatica Samscrdamica, za označavanje osoba su: ja, ti, on, mi vi, on i td. Rom, Congr. de Prop. Fide, 1790), forerunner of 110 comparative philology and productive researcher of Billig, 190 > the culture and history of the East. At the request of 111 http://goo.gl/l13XdG (13.05.2013.) a local ruler, he also wrote the comparative English- 112 Naziv stoka danas neki ljubitelji životinja smatraju Portuguese-Malayalam grammar. In 1999, a memorial nekorektnim prema životinjama, pa govore „tzv. stoka“. plaque was erected in the Indian state of Kerala, 113 with the following inscription in Sanskrit, Malayalam, The term “blacks” has been used to refer to Indigenous Croatian and English: „Ivan Filip Vezdin, Burgenland Australians since European settlement. While originally Croat, Discalceate Carmelite, with the monastic name related to skin colour, the term is used to today to Paulin of St. Bartholomew, a missionary in Malabar from indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and 1776 to 1789. The author of the first printed Sanskrit refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, grammar and forerunner of Indian and Indo-European many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley proudly studies to the great honour of his homeland and the embraced the term “black”. Although the term “black” is Croatian and Indian people.” also used to refer to people of African ancestry, this does VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO not imply any relation or connection between the two His research and scientific work in the domains of cultures. Genetically, Indigenous Australians are closer linguistics, history, geography, archaeology, mummio- to East Asians and Europeans than they are to Africans, graphy, numismatics, art history and liturgy includes 59 and research indicates their ancestors may have been known titles, of which 20 were published as books even among the first major groups to leave Africa. during his lifetime. 114 http://goo.gl/QtpWgk (18.04.2013.) 06 Šakaja, Laura: Imaginative Geographies (here) 115 Krleža, Miroslav: Deset krvavih godina i drugi politički 07 Rousseau argued that science and art corrupt the „na- eseji, Sarajevo, Oslobođenje, 1973. tural“ man, which he considered to be the cause of 116 Luketić, 195 moral decay of his time and remediable by returning 117 to nature; Jean Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the isto, 319 > Sciences and Arts, 1750. 118 Halkić, 6 08 The latter is a derogatory term, although a reference 119 http://goo.gl/FmtqBW (12.05.2013) to the skin colour; in analogy, whites would be then 120 Bollywood je kovanica riječi Hollywood i Bombaj, also derogatory? današnji Mumbai koji je centar te filmske megaindustrije. 09 http://goo.gl/N2cg0y 121 http://goo.gl/mJnSVW (17.03.2013.) 10 Members of the hippie movement imitated the hair 122 http://goo.gl/50KYv3 (15.04.2013.) styling and clothing of Indians, i.e. 123 v. Franke, Niedenthal 11 Pirates of the Caribbean 124 Ugrešić 2005, 195 12 Stereotypes Coon, Picaniny, Golliwog 125 Ugrešić 2007, 179 13 http://goo.gl/4NlFCh 126 http://goo.gl/8au1hY (23.04.2013.) 14 http://goo.gl/ghpRrF 127 http://goo.gl/oP0kHc (23.04.2013.) 15 http://goo.gl/gVFz1H 128 http://goo.gl/WeFnDb (25.05.2013) 16 http://goo.gl/186Uo4 129 v. Susan Sontag: Bolest kao metafora 17 http://goo.gl/91wOh8 130 Roth, 262 18 http://goo.gl/odIXap 131 isto, 259 19 http://goo.gl/Wza4CM 20 http://goo.gl/EQ03zW 21 http://goo.gl/t49mc1 22 http://goo.gl/LHYB5E 23 http://goo.gl/8WuaBF 24 Kemal Bašić: Smrt čoveka na Balkanu http://goo.gl/altYRd 25 http://goo.gl/vkrbxD 26 National Geographic, 12/2004, p. 97-98 (reprint of a text from 1951) 27 http://goo.gl/Qggb7H 28 http://goo.gl/h1fgCK Literatura 29 http://goo.gl/WP9Wxm Bašić, Kemal: Smrt čoveka na Balkanu / http://goo.gl/altYRd 30 http://goo.gl/7q4JMa Bausinger, Hermann (2002) Etnologija: od proučavanja starine 31 Lined with numerous restaurants spit-grilling lamb, do kulturologije, Beograd, Čigoja štampa, (Biblioteka XX vek, especially during the tourist season, the road from sv. 29) Zagreb to Split is colloquially called Lambroad. Bernasconi, Gianenrico(2011) National Stereotypes and In- 32 A tourist promotion billboard showing women’s tercultural Communication, u: Cultural Contacts: Living in behinds in bikinis was prohibited in 2011 at the order Europe, Berlin, Museum Europäischer Kulturen, ed. Elisabeth of the then Prime Minister. Tietmeyer and Irene Ziehe 33 Billig, Michael (2009) Banalni nacionalizam, Beograd, Bibli- http://goo.gl/Y0L5Sg oteka XX vek 34 http://goo.gl/khexgM Boyer, Pascal(1990) Tradition as Truth and Communication: 35 http://goo.gl/gXYgMm A Cognitive Description of Traditional Discourse, Cambridge, 36 A term coined by Mitja Velikonja and Tanja Petrović University Press (according to Luketić, 215) Brubaker, Rogers, Cooper Frederick: S onu stranu identiteta 37 http://goo.gl/GlckVr (25.03.2013) Text section written prior to Croatia’s accession to the EU and the great preparations for the celebration Buđanovac, Nebojša: Što su stereotipi i predrasude? on this occasion. http://goo.gl/znu8u9 (10.03.2013.) 38 Dvorniković, Vladimir (2000 /1939) Karakterologija Jugoslove- http://goo.gl/rZhW8I na, Beograd, Prosveta 39 Elaborated by ethnologist Sanja Kalapoš: Đerić, Gordana: Razvoj stereotipa ∑ multidisciplinarni pristup http://goo.gl/sY6TN9 http://goo.gl/LZcKmO (30.03.2103.) 40 http://goo.gl/KvUvDq BLONDE JOKE : STEREOTYPES WE LIVE BY Eco, Umberto (2004) Povijest ljepote, Zagreb, Hena com 41 http://goo.gl/WGRDSW Fehér, István (2006) Ni neutralost ni poricanje sebe, nego ot- 42 http://goo.gl/RBtjUj vorenost: prdrasude kao uvjeti razumijevanja, u: Kulturni ste- 43 reotipi: koncept identiteta u srednjeeuropskim književnostima, http://goo.gl/qZigim Zagreb, FF press, str. 59-70 44 3rd Rock from the Sun pilot “Brains and Eggs” Flaubert. Gustave (2012) Rječnik uvriježenih ideja u: Bouvard (20.05.2013) i Pécuchet, Zagreb, Matica Hrvatska 45 http://goo.gl/tKuJAK Flaubert; Gustave (2007) Rječnik uvriježenih mnijenja, Zagreb, 46 Deixis refers to language designation of space, time Disput and persons in speech. Place deixis includes words such Franke, Julia, Niedenthal, Clemens (2011): Ship as Cypher: On as here, there, while person deixis includes words like sitting the Venetian Gondola in history and Media, u: Cultural I, you, he, we, they, etc. Contacts: Living in Europe, Berlin, Museum Europäischer Kul- 47 http://goo.gl/IbEUnh turen, ed. Elisabeth Tietmeyer and Irene Ziehe 48 Grković Vjeran: Ko ne piva, Dalmatinac nije Some animal lovers today don’t consider it correct to http://goo.gl/havASf (10.03.2013.) use the term cattle for animals and would say instead “so-called cattle”. Halkić Šeherezada: Stereotipi o identitetu pisaca međuknji- ževne zajednice / http://goo.gl/xEfjWf (29.03.2013.) 49 The term “blacks” has been used to refer to Indigenous Krizmanić, Mirjana (2010) Život s različitostima: koliko se me- Australians since European settlement. While originally đusobno poznajemo i razumijemo, Zagreb, Profil related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and http://goo.gl/KtFGVF (28.03.2013) refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, Stereotipski stroj za Lévi-Strauss. Claude(1978) Divlja misao, Beograd, Nolit many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley proudly umnožavanje i glupo Lippman, Walter: Public opinion embraced the term “black”. hodanje. http://goo.gl/hafFGV (28.03.2013.) Stereotipski stroj za Although the term “black” is also used to refer to people umnožavanje i glupo Luketić, Katarina (2013) Balkan: od geografije do fantazije, of African ancestry, this does not imply any relation hodanje. Zagreb, Algoritam or connection between the two cultures. Genetically, SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- Mezak, Davor: Top Secret / http://goo.gl/IDqMQI (01.04.2013.) Indigenous Australians are closer to East Asians and NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ VIC O PLAVUŠI : STEREOTIPI U KOJIMA ŽIVIMO Pictures in our head: Fremd und Eigenbilder in Europa ( 2010) Europeans than they are to Africans, and research Berlin, Museum Europäischer Kulturen, Staatliche Museum zu indicates their ancestors may have been among the Berlin first major groups to leave Africa (part of footnote 30). Puhalo, Srđan (2009) Etnička distanca i (autostereotipi) gra- 50 http://goo.gl/4ZU6n9 đana Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, / http://goo.gl/s9calq 51 (15.06.2013) Krleža, Miroslav: Deset krvavih godina i drugi politički eseji, Sarajevo, Oslobođenje, 1973. Rihtman-Auguštin, Dunja (2004) Ethnology, Myths and Politcs, ed. Jasna Čapo Žmegač, Aldershot, Ashgate 52 http://goo.gl/rAlsJY Rihtman-Auguštin, Dunja (2000) Ulice moga grada: antropo- 53 Bollywood is a word coined from Hollywood and Bom- logija domaćeg terena, Beograd, Čigoja štampa, bay (today’s Mumbai), the centre of this gigantic film Sontag, Susan (1983) Bolest kao metafora, Rad, Beograd industry. Stanzel, Franz K. (Hrsg.) (1999) Europäische Völkerspiegel: 54 http://goo.gl/y5BRMC imagologisch-ethnographische Studien zu den Völkertafeln 55 http://goo.gl/vl2Jzd des frühen 18. Jahrhunderts, Heidelberg, Universitätsverlag 56 C. Winter,. http://goo.gl/2ULVP3 57 Šakaja, Laura (2001) Stereotipi mladih Zagrepčana o Balkanu, http://goo.gl/ppYId6 u: Revija za sociologiju, 32/2001, no. 1-2, str. 27-37 58 http://goo.gl/hvHPZI Škokić, Tea (2011) Što su brkovi bez muškaraca? : društvene konstrukcije muškosti postsocijalističkog razdoblja, u: Horror, porno, ennui: kulturne prakse postsocijalizma, ur. Ines Prica, Tea Škokić, Zagreb, IEF, 2011.str. 439-457 Tietmeyer, Elisabeth, Ziehe, Irene (hrsg.) (2011) Cultural contacts, Living in Europe, Museum Europäischer Kulturen, Staatliche Museum zu Berlin Todorova, Maria (1999) Imaginarni Balkan, Beograd, Čigoja štampa Ugrešić, Dubravka (2002) Kultura laži, Zagreb, Konzor, Beo- grad, Samizdat B 92 Ugrešić, Dubravka (2005) Nikog nema doma, Zagreb, Devede- set stupnjeva Ugrešić, Dubravka (2007) Nobody’s home, London [et al.], Telegram Županov, Josip (1999) Etničnost i kultura: politička mobili- zacija i opstanak, u: Kultura, etničnost, identitet, prir. Jadran- ka Čačić-Kumpes, Zagreb, Institut za migracije i narodnosti [et al.] http://goo.gl/COVzmD (25.03.2013) http://goo.gl/H8vPSs (27.03.2013) http://goo.gl/ZeQJMW (30.03.2013.) http://goo.gl/8cfaIc (31.03.2013.)

Imagi geografnativne ije ‘, Imaginativne geografije

AUTOR : LAURA SAKAJA

1. Uzmemo li u ruku olovku i papir te poku- šamo nacrtati kartu svojeg zavičajnog mje- sta, regije, zemlje ili svijeta, naša će se karta razlikovati od karata što su ih na sličan način napravili drugi ljudi. Ipak, u nečemu će ona biti njima slična: prikazivat će uopćen i preobličen prostor. Zemlje, otoci, kontinenti, gradske četvrti na rukom crtanim kartama razlikovat će se od svojih prototipa pojednostavnjenošću oblika, zaokruženošću i pravilnošću obrisa. Prostorni oblici prikazani na papiru bit će pravilniji i simetričniji te će se približavati osima sjever/jug, istok/ zapad; linije će biti manje zakrivljene nego u stvarnosti, omjeri udaljenosti bit će narušeni. IMAGINATIVNE GEOGRAFIJE U takvu improviziranu kartu svakako ćemo ucrtati ono što nam je bitno, dok ćemo nama nebitno i slabo poznato najvjerojatnije zaboraviti prenijeti na papir ili ćemo to prikazati znatno uopćenije. Pozitivnije percipirane prostore prikazat ćemo bližima; nama bliže i poznatije prostore prikazat ćemo većima. Takve karte zovemo „mentalnim kartama“. U njima se očituju ne samo opća pravila ljudske prostorne percepcije (npr. da se složeniji oblici pamte kao jednostavniji) nego i znanje o konfiguraciji i strukturi prostora, evaluacija prostora i značenje koje se pojedinim prostorima pripisuje. Koliko se god naše mentalne karte činile osobnima i jedinstvenima, one su, nesumnjivo, društveno određene. Naše predodžbe o svijetu strukturiraju „imaginativne geografije“ odnosno reprezentacije mjesta: ljudi koji ondje žive, krajolika, kulture i prirode što ih nalazimo u udžbenicima, putopisima, novinama, časopisima, na televiziji i internetu, na stranicama književnih djela i fotografijama, na kazališnim daskama te na slikarskim i filmskim platnima. Imaginativne se geografije generiraju i reproduciraju i u svakodnevnoj osobnoj komunikaciji: putem cirkulacije stereotipa, klišeja, viceva. Kao i mentalne karte – imaginativne geografije pojednostavnjuju, shematiziraju i generaliziraju. Kao i mentalne karte – imaginativne su geografije različite. Nema jedne imaginativne geografije. Svijet gledan iz perspektive različitih kultura jest različit. Gdje se stvaraju takve geografije? Tko ih stvara? Otkad je Edward Said, palestinsko- američki teoretičar književnosti prvi puta upotrijebio termin „imaginativna geografija“, on se u društvenim znanostima neodjeljivo povezuje s odnosima moći. Razmislimo li samo o porijeklu znanja unutar akademske geografije što je učimo u školama i na fakultetima, shvatit ćemo da su ga stoljećima skupljali i prezentirali uglavnom bijeli dobrostojeći muškarci europskoga, a kasnije i sjeveroameričkoga bjelačkog podrijetla. Stoga ona, koliko god težila objektivnosti, ne može biti potpuno „neutralna“. Slično tome, imaginativnu geografiju svijeta, kako je vidimo iz Europe, oblikovala je vojska europskih putopisaca, otkrivača nepoznatih zemalja, istraživača, pionira, novinara, književnika, slikara, marketinških stručnjaka, kreatora (ratnih) kompjutorskih igara. Predodžbe prostora i mjesta, naroda i kultura iz kojih je sačinjena takva imaginativna geografija neizbježno reflektiraju želje, fantazije i predrasude svojih autora i omjere moći između njih i njihovih subjekata. U kolonijalnim diskursima iz vremena velikih geografskih otkrića, na primjer, novootkriveni Imagi teritoriji prikazuju se kao metaforične (nage) žene, i time se rod prostorno kodira, pojavljuje se kao metafora prostora. Uspostavljanjem paralelizama kolonija i žena stoljećima je cirkulirala ideja Zapada kao dinamičnog native i progresivnog muškarca, a kolonija kao geographies pasivnih, djevičanskih, netaknutih fertilnih teritorija ∑ „virdžinija“ koje čekaju osvajanje. Tako je imaginativna geografija kolonijalizma IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES instrumentalizirala i reproducirala tada dominantna društvena poimanja roda , i seksualnosti. I danas imaginativne geografije uspostavljaju teritorije za koje‘ vrijede određeni rodni kanoni. U takvim geografijama, na primjer, „poštene“ žene ne pripadaju mračnim ulicama noćnih gradova, a žrtve nasilja – zbog toga što nisu bile na mjestu „prikladnom“ za ženu ∑ označuju se kao uzročnici nasilja i same su krive za svoju nesretnu sudbinu. U imaginativnoj geografiji razlika između „realnoga“ i „percipiranoga“ postaje vrlo AUTHOR : LAURA SAKAJA nejasna. Derek Gregory daje nam dobar primjer „konstrukcije prostora“ opisujući zbivanja oko praizvedbe Verdieve opere Aida. Praizvedba te talijanske opere, koje se radnja odvija u Egiptu, organizirana 1. je 1871.godine upravo u Egiptu, u Kairu. Sva je kostimografija i scenografija opere Take a pen and paper and try to draw a proizvedena, međutim, u Parizu, a temeljila map of your home town, region, country or the world, and your map will be different se na tekstovima i crtežima iz Description de from any maps other people would draw. l’Égypte ∑ 20 svezaka opisa Egipta francuskih Still, they will have one thing in common: istraživača. Tako je „autentični“ Egipat bio je they will show a generalised and distorted rekonstruiran u Parizu, rastavljen, spakiran u space. Countries, islands, continents, city sanduke i vraćen u Egipat. „Kada se zastor districts on hand-drawn maps will differ from their prototypes as they will show simplified podigne, čovjek će doista povjerovati da se forms, rounded and regular outlines. Spatial nalazi u Egiptu“, napisao je u pismu Mariette, forms shown on paper will be more regular slavni francuski arheolog i egiptolog, autor and symmetrical and approximate to the scenarija za libretto i scenograf Aide. U north-south or east-west axes; lines will be IMAGINATIVNE GEOGRAFIJE scenografiji Aide Egipat je konstruiran kao less curved than in reality, distance ratios „realniji“ od aktualnih kairskih ulica i tržnica will be distorted. We will definitively draw on izvan operne zgrade, „praviji“ od pravoga such improvised map whatever we consider important, while probably forgetting to put Egipta. Egipat na sceni savršeno se uklopio u on paper anything irrelevant or less familiar geografske imaginacije i scenografa i publike, to us or otherwise showing it in a much more uglavnom pristigle iz Europe. general way. Spaces we perceive positively Stvaranje imaginativnih geografija proces will be shown closer; spaces that are closer and more familiar to us will appear bigger. je neprestane konstrukcije i rekonstrukcije Such maps are called „mental maps“. They slika, pri tome imaginativne slike cirkuliraju reflect not only general rules of human spatial u posve materijalnim oblicima, konstruirani perception (e.g. complex forms are recalled prostor može biti i „realniji“ od fizičkoga, as simpler forms), but also the knowledge a dihotomija točno/netočno gotovo da of space configuration and structure, space gubi smisao. Što je, na primjer Casablanca evaluation and the significance attributed to particular spaces. – realni grad u Maroku ili virtualno mjesto As much as our mental maps may seem obavijeno romantikom dramatičnoga susreta personal and unique, they are indubitably dvaju likova iz istoimenoga klasičnoga filma? socially determined. Our notions of the world Enciklopedije više mjesta posvećuju filmu are structured by „imaginative geographies“ nego gradu. Hoteli s nazivom Casablanca u or representations of places: of people svojim se reklamama referiraju na film i ističu living there, landscapes, culture and nature da su „inspirirani glamurom i ljubavnom as found in schoolbooks, travelogues, newspapers, magazines, on TV and on the pričom filma“. Turističke agencije u samoj Internet, in literature and photographs, on marokanskoj Casablanci prezentiraju grad u theatre stages, painting canvas and film prvome redu preko romantične pjesme iz filma screens. Imaginative geographies are also (As time goes by), a tek poslije preko njegovih generated and reproduced in personal daily kulturno-povijesnih obilježja. Casablanca je, communication: through the circulation of stereotypes, clichés and jokes. Just like mental tako višeznačno ugrađena u imaginativne maps – imaginative geographies simplify, geografije u kojima virtualna mjesta – schematise and generalise. Just like mental poznata iz filmova, reklama, globalnih medija maps – imaginative geographies differ. There – miješaju sa stvarnima, a lokalno znanje i is no single imaginative geography. The world stereotipi miješaju se s globalnima. seen from the perspective of various cultures is different. Where are such geographies created? Who 2. creates them? Since introduced by Edward Said, a Palestinian-American literary theorist, Jedan od osnovnih mehanizama proizvodnje the term „imaginative geography“ came to i reprodukcije kulture i identiteta jest be inseparably associated with relations of power in social sciences. Considering the utvrđivanje imaginativnih granica. Na granici origin of knowledge in academic geography nestaju zamišljena obilježja vlastitosti. as taught at schools and universities, we will Svaka kultura polazi od podjele svijeta na realise that it has been for centuries collected unutrašnji i vanjski prostor. Prema Saidu, and presented mainly by white affluent „ta univerzalna praksa kojom se u nečijem men of European and later North-American Caucasian origin. This is why it cannot be umu označuje blizak prostor koji je ‘naš’, completely “neutral”, as much as it strived i neblizak prostor izvan ‘našega’ koji je to be objective. Likewise, the imaginative ‘njihov’, način je da se uspostave razlike geography of the world as we see it from koje mogu biti posve samovoljne“. Prostor Europe was shaped by an army of European s unutarnje strane granica označuje se kao travel writers, discoverers of unknown lands, „svoj“, „kulturan“, „siguran“, „harmonično researchers, pioneers, journalists, writers, painters, marketing experts, creators of organiziran“. Njemu se suprotstavlja computer (war)games. Notions of spaces and „strani“ prostor, „neprijateljski“, „opasni“, places, of peoples and cultures constituting „kaotični“. Kako se interpretira takvo binarno such imaginative geography inevitably razdvajanje ∑ ovisi o kulturi. Ali je samo reflect desires, fantasies and prejudices of IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES razdvajanje univerzalno. Granica može dijeliti their authors and the distribution of power žive od mrtvih, sedentarne od nomada, grad between them and their subjects. od stepe, ona može imati državni, socijalni, In colonial discourse from the time of nacionalni, konfesionalni ili nekakav drukčiji big geographic discoveries, for instance, karakter. newly discovered territories are depicted as metaphorical (nude) females, by which Jedan od bitnih mehanizama pri povlačenju gender is spatially coded and appears as imaginativnih granica jesu stereotipi. Kao a metaphor of space. The parallel drawn ustaljene slike ili predodžbe o drugome, between colonies and women gave rise to the stereotipi su sastavni dio ljudske imaginacije idea, which circulated for centuries, of the West as a dynamic and progressive male and i komunikacije. Stereotipi pretvaraju ime the colonies as passive, virginal, untouched drugoga u metaforu ∑ u tom obliku smještaju fertile territories – „Virginias“ waiting to be ga u mentalnu kartu, postaju načinom conquered. This was how the imaginative povlačenja granica, elementom omeđivanja geography of colonialism instrumentalised unutar mentalnih karata i osnovom zoniranja and reproduced the dominant notions of gender and sexuality of the time. Even unutar imaginativnih geografija. Začudno je today imaginative geographies establish kako kulture koje u vremenu i prostoru nisu territories subject to certain gender canons. međusobno povezane pronalaze slične izraze, In such geographies, for example, „decent“ rabe iste stereotipe za opisivanje „tuđega“. women do not belong to dark streets of Ljetopisac iz 8. stoljeća, kršćanin i Franak, nightly cities, and those who fall victim to opisuje običaje poganih Sasa na sljedeći violence – because they were not in a place „appropriate“ for a woman – are labelled način: „okrutni po svojoj prirodi, odani as the cause of violence and to be blamed demonskome kultu, neprijatelji naše religije, themselves for their miserable fate. ne poštuju oni ni ljudska ni Božja pravila, The difference between the “real” and the smatraju nedozvoljeno dozvoljenim“. Slične “perceived” in imaginative geography gets riječi rabi i kijevski monah, ljetopisac Nestor very blurred. Derek Gregory has provided iz plemena Poljani, u svojim kronikama iz 11. a good example of „space construction” stoljeća opisujući susjedna, još poganska describing the events surrounding the premiere of Verdi’s Aida. This Italian opera is plemena: „Drevljani su živjeli zvjerskim set in Egypt and was first performed in 1871 načinom živeći kao stoka; ubijali su jedan in Cairo, Egypt. However, all costumes and drugoga i jeli svaku nečistoću; u njih nije bilo stage props were produced in Paris, based ženidbe, nego su otimali djevojke pri vodi. on texts and drawings from the Description Radimići, Vjatići i Sjeverani imali su jedne de l’Égypte ∑ 20 volumes of descriptions of Egypt by French researchers. Thus the običaje, živjeli su po šumama kao i zvjerinje, „authentic“ Egypt was reconstructed in Paris, jeli su svaku nečistoću, govorili su sramotne disassembled, packed in crates and shipped riječi pred očevima i pred snahama; u njih to Egypt. „At the rising of the curtain one will nije bilo ženidbe, nego igrališta među selima, truly believe oneself in Egipt“, reads a letter pak bi se sastajali na igrališta, na plesove i by Mariette, the famous French archaeologist na svakojake đavolske igre…Tih su se običaja and Egyptologist, scenario writer and set- designer of the Aida. In the stage setting of držali i Krivići i ostali neznabošci ne znajući Aida, Egypt is constructed as „more realistic“ zakona Božjega, već sami sebi gradeći zakon“. than actual streets and markets of Cairo Deset stoljeća kasnije zagrebački učenici outside the opera building, „more genuine“ rabe sličnu retoriku u odnosu na svoje than the real Egypt. The staged Egypt fit perfectly in the geographic imaginations balkanske susjede. Stanovnici balkanskih of both the set-designer and the audience, zemalja (osim Grčke) kvalificiraju se kao mainly arrived from Europe. „zaostali u svemu“, „primitivni“, „barbarski“, The creation of imaginative geographies „nepristojni“, „divlji“, „neškolovani“, is a process of constant construction and „nepismeni“, „zarobljeni u tradiciji“, reconstruction of images, where imaginative „glupi“, „sumnjiva morala“, „pokvareni“, images circulate in utterly material forms, „zaslijepljeni“, „necivilizirani“, „nekulturni“, where the constructed space can be „more real“ than the physical space and the „nedruželjubivi“, „neetični“, „zadrti i dichotomy of true/false almost loses sense. IMAGINATIVNE GEOGRAFIJE netolerantni“, „zatucani“, „neprilagođeni What is, for instance, Casablanca – a real city Europi“, a predstavnici nekih balkanskih in Morocco or a virtual place veiled in romance naroda i kao „prljavi“. Nataloženi stereotip of a dramatic encounter of two characters from the eponymous movie classic? More balkanstva, kao i drugačije vjere, kako je encyclopaedia space is dedicated to the film pokazalo jedno naše istraživanje, tvori than to the city. Hotels named Casablanca u svijesti mladih čvrstu granicu između are advertised by reference to the film, Europe i ne-Europe, odnosno „loše Europe“. claiming to be „inspired by the glamour and Sama se Europa pritom percipira na osnovi love story of the movie“. Tourist agencies binarnih opozicija. Unutar tih opozicija in the Moroccan Casablanca present the city primarily through the romantic film score (As Zapad simbolizira ekonomski prosperitet, time goes by), and only secondarily through demokraciju, liberalizam, vladavinu prava, its cultural and historical sights. Casablanca red, efikasnost, široki spektar mogućnosti, is thus, with its multiple meanings, embedded modernost, centralnost i uzbudljivost. in imaginative geographies where virtual Europski se pak Istok povezuje sa spaces – known from films, advertisements Stereotipski stroj za and global media – mingle with real spaces, umnožavanje i glupo siromaštvom, ostatcima socijalističkog hodanje. and local knowledge and stereotypes mix Stereotipski stroj za sustava, ograničenim slobodama, with global ones. umnožavanje i glupo kriminalom i korupcijom, neredom (kaosom), hodanje. neefikasnošću, „nemogućnošću ničega“, SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- 2. NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ zaostalošću, marginalnošću i dosadom. A basic mechanism of production and reproduction of culture and identity is the definition of imaginative boundaries. At such boundaries the imagined characteristics of selfhood disappear. Every culture relies on the division of the world into the inner and the outer space. According to Said, „this universal practice of designating in one’s mind a familiar space which is ‘ours’ and an unfamiliar space beyond ‘ours’ which is ‘theirs’ is a way of making distinctions that can be entirely arbitrary”. The space within boundaries is denoted as „own“, „cultural“, „safe“, „harmonically organised“. It is opposed by the „foreign“ space, the „hostile“, „dangerous“, „chaotic“ one. How such binary distinction is interpreted – depends on the culture. However, the distinction itself is universal. The boundary can divide the dead from the living, the sedentary from the nomads, the city from the steppe, it can take Imaginativna geografija dramatizira razlike. on a state, social, national, confessional or Bilo da je riječ o Saksima, Drevljanima ili any other character. Balkanacima, tj. o 8., 11., ili 20. stoljeću, Stereotypes are an important mechanism mehanizam je isti: „oni“ se generazliziraju, in drawing imaginative boundaries. As conventional images or notions about the stigmatiziraju i stereotipiziraju, „njima“ se other, stereotypes are constituent parts of pripisuju obilježja od kojih se „mi“ želimo the human imagination and communication. ograditi. Kvalificiranjem „njihove“ kulture Stereotypes transform the other’s name into kao ne-kulture ∑ prema „njima“ se podiže a metaphor – in this form it is placed on imaginarni limes. the mental map, becoming a way to draw boundaries, an element of delimitation Među najefikasnim mehanizmima within mental maps and the basis of zoning povlačenja imaginativnih granica neosporno within imaginative geographies. It is curious je stereotipizacija drugoga kao prljavoga. how cultures unrelated in time and space find Pritom riječ u pravilu nije o fizičkoj similar expressions, use the same stereotypes to describe the „other“. This is how an 8th IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES prljavštini, nego o simboličkoj ∑ koja se u century chronicler, a Christian and a Frank, prvome redu asocira s narušavanjem kanona. described customs of barbarian Saxons: Uz prljavo se veže odstupanje od određene „cruel by nature, devout to a demonic cult, enemies to our religion, respecting neither kulturne discipline. Odnos prema nečemu kao human nor God’s rules, taking the prohibited prema odvratnomu pojavljuje se zahvaljujući as permitted“. Similar words were used by the narušavanju pravila određenoga simboličko- Kiev monk Nestor of the Polyanian tribe in vrijednosnog sustava, stoga je osjećaj prema his 11th century chronicles when describing drugome kao prljavom često obostran. neighbouring, still pagan tribes: „The Derevlians, (…), existed in bestial fashion, Uzmemo li primjer Roma u Europi, vidimo da and lived like cattle. They killed one another, se njihove zajednice u europskim gradovima, ate every impure thing, and there was no zbog neuklapanja u dominirajuće ideje o marriage among them, but instead they seized standardima života i stanovanja, doživljavaju upon maidens by capture. The Radimichians, kao onečišćujući elementi. S druge strane, the Vyatichians, and the Severians had the same customs. They lived in the forest like sam opstanak romske kulture u uvjetima any wild beast, and ate every unclean thing. ropstva, žestokih progona, represija, migracija They spoke obscenely before their fathers i politike prisilne asimilacije umnogome and their daughters-in-law. There were no je određen upravo primjenom ideologije marriages among them, but simply festivals onečišćenja (mahrime) u samim romskim among the villages. (…) The people gathered together for games, for dancing, and for all zajednicama; ta se ideologija odnosi na sva other devilish amusements (…) Such customs polja života, osiguravajući stav Roma prema were observed by the Krivichians and the sebi i drugima. U skladu s romskim kodeksom other pagans, since they did not know the čistoće-onečišćenosti, u pojam čistoga se ne law of God, but made a law unto themselves.” uklapaju mnoge navike i običaji ne-Roma te Ten decades later, students in Zagreb use se povlače granice prema njima. Kontakti s the same rhetoric to describe their Balkans onima koji nisu „čisti“ (vuže) izbjegavaju se. neighbours. Inhabitants of Balkan countries (except Greece) are qualified as „backward Imaginativna geografija Roma, unutar koje in everything“, „primitive“, „barbaric“, se povlače granice u skladu s predodžbama „rude“, „wild“, „uneducated“, „illiterate“, o ritualnoj čistoći/onečišćenosti, nesumnjivo „trapped in tradition“, „stupid“, „of doubtful je jedan od glavnih razloga održavanja morals“, „corrupt“, „blinded“, „uncivilised“, zatvorenosti romskih zajednica. „uncultured“, „unsociable“, „unethical“, „diehard and intolerant“, „narrow-minded“, „non-adapted to Europe“ and members of 3. some Balkan peoples are even qualified as „dirty“. One of our research projects has shown that the entrenched stereotype of balkanism, Kao „fenomeni dugoga trajanja“ ∑ and of different religious denomination, has negativni stereotipi neprestano reaktiviraju built a stronghold between Europe and non- imaginativne granice s drugima. Slike o Europe, or “bad Europe”, in the consciousness drugima ∑ ljudima, prostorima, kulturama ∑ of young people. Europe itself is perceived ponavljanjem se pretvaraju u kanon koji se through binary oppositions, where the West teško može razbiti. symbolises economic prosperity, democracy, liberalism, rule of law, order, efficiency, Koliko dugo može trajati konstruirana slika a broad range of possibilities, modernity, o drugom, pokazat ću na primjeru pojma centrality and excitement. The European rase monstruma, porijeklo kojega možemo East, on the other hand, is associated with pratiti od antičkoga vremena. U antičkoj poverty, the remains of the socialist regime, limited freedom, crime and corruption, Grčkoj i Rimu smatralo se da u područjima disorder (chaos), inefficiency, „impossibility poput „Indije“ (tada zbirnoga naziva za cijeli of anything“, backwardness, marginality and Istok) žive „rase monstruma“ koje nadilaze boredom. sve obične granice kulturnoga i etničkoga Imaginative geography dramatises razlikovanja. Dok su susjedi bili „barbari“ differences. Whether we speak of the Saxons, ili „drugi“ ∑ bića u nepoznatom svijetu bila the Derevlians or the Balkan peoples, or refer to the 8th, the 11th or the 20th century, the IMAGINATIVNE GEOGRAFIJE su „monstrumi“ ili „potpuno drugi“. Plinije mechanism is always the same: „they“ are Stariji opisuje u Naturalis historia nekoliko generalised, stigmatised and stereotyped, rasa-monstruma te smješta njih u mjesta „they“ are attributed characteristics „we“ want to disown. By qualifying „their“ culture poput „Indije“ i „Etiopije“ (Aziju i Afriku). as non-culture – an imaginary limit line is Naturalis historia prepisana je rukom u više od drawn between “us” and „them“. dvije stotine verzija do sredine 15. stoljeća. One of the most efficient mechanisms of U trećem je stoljeću taj rad adaptirao Julius drawing imaginary borders is definitely the Solinus, a predodžbe o rasama monstrumima, stereotyping of the other as dirty. This refers zasnovane na njegovoj adaptaciji, ugrađuju normally not to physical dirt, but to symbolic se u geografske imaginacije srednjovjekovnih dirt – associated above all with violation of a canon. Deviation from a certain cultural mappaemundi na kojima se reprezentacije discipline is related to dirty. The response of humanoidnih monstruma smještaju na disgust to something appears due to breach margine karte ∑ dakle na margine poznatoga of rules of a certain system of symbols and svijeta. Daljnjoj reprodukciji toga stereotipa values, which is why the perception of the u doba velikih geografskih otkrića pridonosi other as dirty is often mutual. završena 1544. godine Cosmographia Taking for example the Roma in Europe, Sebastiana Münstera, poznatoga u svoje we can see that their communities in European cities are perceived as polluting vrijeme kao „njemački Strabon“. Münsterov elements because of the inability to fit rad doživio je 40 izdanja i bio je jedno in with the dominant notions of life and od najčitanijih djela svojega vremena. S housing standards. On the other hand, the enciklopedijskom sistematičnošću Münster je survival of the Roma culture in conditions opisao kako poznati tako i nepoznati svijet. of slavery, fierce persecutions, repressions, Opisujući tako još uvijek slabo poznatu Indiju migrations and forced assimilation policy is largely determined exactly by the application „s one strane Gangesa“ (područje koje danas of the pollution (mahrime) ideology in zovemo Jugoistočnom Azijom) Münster Roma communities themselves; an ideology ponavlja nagađanja o rasama monstruma. No that governs all areas of life and defines dok se Plinije često ograđuje izrazima poput the Roma’s attitude towards themselves „kao što neki kažu“ ili „prema priči“, Münster and others. According to the Roma code of clean-unclean, many habits and customs u njihovo postojanje, izgleda, ne sumnja. of non-Roma do not fit into the notion of Ponavljajući Plinija, on među njima izdvaja clean, which is why boundaries towards nekoliko vrsta. To su Kiklopi – giganti s velikim them are established. Contacts with the ones okom nasred čela, Blemiji – bića bez glave i who are not „clean“ (vuže) are avoided. The s licem nasred grudi, Skijapodi – jednonoga imaginative geography of the Roma people, bića koja su toliko spretna da se sa svojim which draws boundaries according to the notions of ritual purity/impurity, is clearly ogromnim stopalima mogu zaštititi od sunca one of the main reasons for the survival of i Kinocefali ∑ s tijelom čovjeka, a glavom psa. closed Roma communities. Utjecajna Münsterova geografija prenošena je na karte, pa tako u drugoj polovici 16. 3. stoljeća rase monstrume nalazimo na nizu europskih karata svijeta, zajedno s novim As „long-life phenomena“, negative podatcima i činjenicama što su ih donijela stereotypes constantly reactivate imaginative velika geografska otkrića. Nizozemac Theodor boundaries towards others. By repetition, images of others – people, spaces, cultures ∑ de Bry u kartu ucrtava nagoga Blemija kao turn into canons that are hard to break. stanovnika Južne Amerike (1599). Francuz How long a construed image of the other Pierre Desceliers prikazuje vrlo precizno na can live will be shown on the example of the kartama (1546. i 1550.) francuska, engleska, notion of the monstrous race that dates back španjolska i portugalska otkrića, a pritom to the antiquity. In ancient Greece and Rome u područja sjeveroistočne Azije i središnje regions such as „India“ (then collectively Afrike smješta nage mostruozne humanoide referring to the entire East) were considered to be populated by „monstrous races“ that ∑ Blemija, biće dugih klempavih ušiju i biće were beyond all normal boundaries of cultural sa šest ruku. IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES Tek daljnjim istraživanjem Afrike, Azije and ethnic distinction. While neighbours i Južne Amerike rase monstrumi nestaju were „barbarians“ or „others“ – creatures iz imaginativnih geografija Europljana. U in the unknown world were „monsters“ or „completely others“. Pliny the Elder tvrdokornosti i dugotrajnosti (više od 16 described several monstrous races in his stoljeća!) imaginativne slike-stereotipa Naturalis Historia, locating them in places o rasama-monstrumima dalekih zemalja such as „India“ and „Ethiopia“ (Asia and zrcali se europska trajna percepcija vlastite Africa). Naturalis historia was hand copied in superiornosti ∑ imaginativne geografije u over two hundred versions until the mid-15th kojoj smo „mi civilizirani, oni ∑ divljaci, mi century. In the 3rd century CE, this work was adapted by Julius Solinus and assumptions smo normalni – oni su devijantni, mi smo of monstrous races based on this adaptation ljudi ∑ oni su čudovišta, mi smo pokriveni entered geographic imaginations of medieval odjećom, oni su besramno nagi“. Preko slike mappae mundi, where pictures of humanoid rase-monstruma na kartama napravljenim u monsters are placed on margins of the map, Europi reproduciran je europocentrični pogled i.e. on the margins of the known world. In the time of big geographical discoveries, na svijet i (re)konstruiran pogled na sebe further reproduction of this stereotype was kao „normalno“ nasuprot „nenormalnom“. contributed by Cosmographia, completed Reprodukcijom u vjerodostojnim izvorima, in 1544 by Sebastian Münster, who was u višesveščanim autoritativnim knjigama known at the time as the „German Strabo“. uvaženih autora, na pedantno i tehnički Münster’s work passed through 40 editions stručno izrađenim kartama, te su se ustaljene and was one of the most widely read books of its time. Münster described both the known imaginativne slike „defektnih drugih“ činili and the unknown world with encyclopaedic sasvim uvjerljivima. systematicness. Describing the still little Dok je stereotip o rasama-monstrumima known India „beyond Ganges“ (the region reproducirao civilizacijske imaginativne today referred to as Southeast Asia), Münster repeated speculations about monstrous granice, u stvaranju i reproduciranju drugoga races. But while Pliny often used expressions kartografskoga monstruma, o kojem ćemo like “as some say” or “according to stories” govoriti dalje, sudjeluju politički i ekonomski to distance himself from such speculations, interesi. Radi se o slici zemlje-hobotnice na Münster seemed not to doubt their existence. satiričkim ili propagandnim kartama, koje su Repeating Pliny’s accounts, Münster highlights several types of monstrous races: postale uobičajene u političkim diskursima 20. the Cyclops – giants with a big eye in the stoljeća, a rabe se i danas. Svrha reprodukcije forehead, the Blemmyes – headless creatures takvih slika u pravilu je kompromitiranje with faces on their chest, Skiapodes ∑ one- suparnika, odnosno konkurenta s kojim legged creatures with feet so huge that they se natječe. Slika pritom evocira prijetnju, could use them for shading from the sun and nasrtaj, nezajažljivost, ugrožavanje. Satiričke Cynocephali – creatures with a human body and the head of a dog. Münster’s influential i propagandne karte prenose poruke kratko, geography also transferred to maps, so that jasno i slikovito. Zbog masovne proizvodnje monstrous races can be found in a range i široke distribucije u novinama, na plakatima of European world maps in the second half i drugim medijima one imaju veliku moć of the 16th century, together with new (pre)oblikovanja društvenih imaginativnih data and facts produced by big geographic discoveries. The Dutch Theodor de Bry drew geografija. Slika države-hobotnice kratko, a nude Blemmy as the inhabitant of South jasno i slikovito „razotkriva“ politička, America on the map (1599). The French Pierre ekonomska, a ponekad i ideološka, posezanja. Desceliers minutely depicted French, English, Ona je alegorija teritorijalne ekspanzivnosti, Spanish and Portuguese discoveries on maps proždrljivosti, nezasitnosti. Pojavljuje se (1546 and 1550), placing nude monstrous na takozvanim satiričkim kartama vrlo humanoids – the Blemmyes, creatures with long lop ears and six-handed creatures – in popularnim krajem 19. i početkom 20 stoljeća regions of Northeast Asia and central Africa. u politički burnoj Europi. U Velikoj Britaniji Only later research of Africa, Asia and South poznati karikaturist Frank W. Rose počinje America made monstrous races disappear from crtati satiričke karte, koje se masovno imaginative geographies of the Europeans. The IMAGINATIVNE GEOGRAFIJE proizvode i kojima se kontinuirano prati persistence and longevity (over 16 centuries!) i tumači geopolitička situacija i borba za of imaginative stereotype images of the utjecaj u Europi. Prva od tih karata (1877) monstrous races of distant countries reflects Europe’s permanent perception of its own bila je odjek na Balkansku krizu. Napravljena superiority – in such imaginative geography je nedugo prije Rusko-turskoga rata, u „we are civilised – they are savages, we are vrijeme kada je Engleska, zabrinuta za svoja normal – they are deviant, we are people – interesna područja, pratila Rusku politiku they are monsters, we are clothed – they are na teritoriju Otomanskog imperija i njezine shamelessly nude“. The pictures of monstrous ambicije da izbije na Mediteran. Rusija je races on maps made in Europe reproduce an Eurocentric worldview and (re)construct a na karti prikazana kao gigantska tamna view of oneself as „normal“ as opposed to hobotnica. Prema tekstualnom komentaru „abnormal“. Reproduced in reliable sources, koji prati kartu Rusija je „veliki proždrljivac“, in multi-volume authoritative books written koji „prodire u svim pravcima“, „korača by respected authors, on meticulously and naprijed, s nadom da zgazi Tursku, kao što expertly drawn maps, these established imaginative images of „defective others“ je to učinila s Poljskom“. Rusija-hobotnica appeared thoroughly convincing. 1900. godine ponovno se pojavljuje u While the stereotype of monstrous Engleskoj na novoj Roseovoj karti, sada races reproduced civilisational imaginary prikazujući nove geopolitičke konstelacije. U boundaries, the creation and reproduction tekstu uz kartu stoji: Rusija „daleko i široko of another cartographic monster, discussed zahvaća svojim krakovima. Poljska i Finska further below, was facilitated by political već su spoznali bolan proces usisavanja. Kina and economic interests. We are talking about the image of an octopus country on osjeća snagu njezinih sisaljki, a dva njezina satirical or propaganda maps that became kraka pužu prema Perziji i Afganistanu, dok commonplace in political discourses of the sljedeći ispipava mjesto odakle bi se ponovno 20th century and are still used today. The mogla napasti Turska“. Zanimljivo je da u purpose of the reproduction of such images razdoblju zatopljenja englesko-ruskih odnosa is, as a rule, to discredit the adversary slika hobotnice na britanskim satiričkim or competitor. The image evokes threat, attack, encroachment, menace. Satirical and kartama nestaje i zamjenjuje se znatno više propaganda maps communicate messages in blagonaklonim prikazima Rusije . a short, clear and visually appealing way. Slika Rusije-hobotnice u međuvremenu se Due to mass production and wide distribution globalizira: njom se koristi japanski politički in newspapers, posters and other media, they have great power to (re)shape social karikaturist Kisaburo Ohara da bi pridobio imaginative geographies. The image of an podršku Zapada uoči Rusko-japanskoga rata octopus state “unveils” concisely, clearly (1904). Rusija se u popratnom tekstu opisuje and graphically the political, economic and kao „crna hobotnica“ koja „grabi sve što sometimes even ideological pretensions. može dohvatiti“. An allegory of territorial expansiveness, voraciousness, insatiability, it appeared in Širenje i utvrđivanje slike Rusije-hobotnice so-called satirical maps that were highly ne možemo ne povezati s geopolitičkim popular in the politically tumultuous Europe konceptom hartlanda, što ga je otprilike u of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. isto vrijeme i u istoj geopolitičkoj atmosferi The famous caricaturist Fred W. Rose in Great Britain started drawing satirical maps that razradio britanski geograf Halford Mackinder came in mass production and continuously 1904. godine. Hart-land – srce Euroazije, monitored and interpreted the geopolitical prema Mackinderu, geopolitički je ključno situation and the struggle for influence in područje; tko bude kontrolirao to područje, Europe. The first of these maps (1877) was bit će u poziciji da kontrolira svijet. Koncept a response to the Balkan crisis. It was made hartlanda bio je dugoročno, gotovo cijelo shortly before the Russo-Turkish war, at a time when England was concerned about its 20. stoljeće, ugrađen u zapadno geopolitičko spheres of interest and kept a vigilant eye osmišljavanje Rusije kao prijetnje, a kasnije on Russian politics in the Ottoman Empire se koristio u hladnoratovskom diskursu te territory and its ambitions to advance to the određivanju Rusije/SSSR-a kao područja Mediterranean. The map shows Russia as a odakle prijeti opasnost. IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES Slika Rusije-hobotnice stvorena krajem giant dark octopus. According to the map’s 19. stoljeća u skladu s takvim diskursom, accompanying text, Russia is a „big glutton“, reproducirana je u mnoštvu različitih which „advances its armies in all directions” and „marches forward, hoping to crush Turkey konteksta tijekom 20. i početkom 21. stoljeća. like he did with Poland“. The octopus Russia Evo samo nekoliko primjera. Na naslovnici reappeared in England in 1900 on a new map američke brošure o opasnosti širenja by Rose, then depicting new geopolitical komunizma iz 1938. godine hobotnica sa constellations. The accompanying text Stalinovom glavom nastoji obuhvatiti svijet. explains with regard to Russia: „Far and Na posteru austrijske konzervativne stranke wide her tentacles are reaching. Poland and Finland already know the painful process Österreichische Volkspartei iz 1947. godine of absorption. China feels the power of pod naslovom Prepoznaj opasnost! crna her suckers, and two of her tentacles are hobotnica-Rusija proždire Istočnu Europu. U invidiously creeping towards Persia and kanadskim novinama Hamilton Spectator iz Afghanistan, while another is feeling for any 2008. godine Ruska hobotnica s Putinovom point of vantage where Turkey may be once more attacked.“ Interestingly, as the Anglo- glavom stišće među svojim krakovima bivše Russian relationship thawed, the octopus sovjetske republike. Na karikaturi nizozemskih image disappeared from British satirical maps novina NRC Handelsblad (2009) hobotnica and was replaced by much more benevolent s glavom ruskoga koncerna Gazprom drži depictions of Russia . Europu u čvrstome stisku svojim krakovima- In the meantime, the image of octopus cjevovodima. Russia globalised: it was used by the Japanese political caricaturist Kisaburo Ohara Ipak, uloga hobotnice na propagandnim to gain support of the West on the eve of kartama ne pripisuje se samo Rusiji. Iako se the Russian-Japanese war (1904). Russia is Rusija neosporno dosad najčešće povezivala described in the accompanying text as the s hobotnicom, za tim simbolom prijetnje i „Black Octopus” that “seizes up every thing nezasitnosti posezalo se u propagandnim that comes within his reach”. ili satiričkim prikazima i drugih zemalja: The expansion and establishment of Engleske, Prusije, Japana, SAD-a . „Zemlja- the image of Russia as octopus cannot be not related to the geopolitical concept of hobotnica“ postala je kartografski stereotip, Heartland, which was created roughly at the kratka poruka koja, poput riječi barbar ili same time (1904 and in the same geopolitical balkananština, ne traži daljnje objašnjenje. atmosphere by the British geographer Halford Zgušnjavanjem značenja u taj jednostavan Mackinder. Heartland – the heart of Eurasia, is vizualni prikaz na politički angažiranim considered by Mackinder to be a geopolitically crucial territory; whoever commanded this kartama lako se postiže propagandni cilj: territory, would be in the position to command demoniziranje suparnika, neprijatelja ili the world. For a long time, almost the entire konkurenta. 20th century, the concept of Heartland was embedded in the Western geopolitical design of Russia as threat and later used in the Cold 4. War discourse and definition of Russia/the USSR as a threatening territory. Završavajući ovaj kratki uvid u imaginativnu The octopus image of Russia, created in the geografiju, istaknut ću nekoliko teza. late 19th century in line with this discourse, was reproduced in many different contexts Kao prvo, koliko god su nam se činile during the 20th and early 21st centuries. osobnima, tj. zasnovanima na osobnom znanju Here are just a few examples. The front page i iskustvu, prostorne predodžbe konstruiraju of a 1938 US brochure about the threat of se i društveno. Imaginativna geografija communism expansion features an octopus jest društveni fenomen koji se zasniva na with Stalin’s head trying to encircle the world. zajedničkom sustavu simbola i znakova, On a poster of the Austrian conservative party Österreichische Volkspartei from the zajedničkom sustavu komunikacije, jezičnim year 1947, with the heading Recognise the i vizualnim kodovima. Ona cirkulira preko threat!, the black octopus Russia devours East kulturnih kodova, znakova, slika, stereotipa Europe. In the 2008 issue of the Canadian koji se unutar društva lako razumiju. newspaper Hamilton Spectator, the Russian IMAGINATIVNE GEOGRAFIJE Kao drugo, imaginativna geografija octopus with Putin’s head is squeezing the nešto je znatno više nego tek „prikazivački former Soviet republics with its tentacles. A diskurs“. Nju ne čine samo „slike u glavi“ caricature published in the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad (2009), an octopus with the ili određene navike razmišljanja, govora i Russian Gazprom corporation representing pisanja o određenim prostorima i kulturama. the head clutches Europe in tight grip with Ona postoji u mnoštvu materijalnih oblika, its pipeline tentacles. kao što su slikarska platna i karte, fotografije However, the role of the octopus in i marke, putovnice, zastave i grbovi, časopisi propaganda maps was not reserved exclusively i filmovi, etnički dućani i kompjutorske igre, for Russia. Although Russia has been clearly tematski parkovi, reklamne i ulične oznake s most frequently associated with the octopus so far, this symbol of threat and gluttony was also geografskim imenima itd., itd. Imaginativna used in propaganda or satirical presentations je geografija dakle vrlo materijalna. of other countries as well: England, Prussia, Kao treće, imaginativna geografija projicira Japan, USA . The „Land Octopus” became a sliku vlastitog identiteta, a to znači i cartographic stereotype, a brief message requiring, just like the words barbarian or razlikovanje od drugih ∑ mjesta, regija, Balkanism, no further explanation. The naroda, kultura. Kao takva, ona određuje concentration of meaning to this simple visual ne samo predodžbe i odnose nego se i image on politically engaged maps easily hits materijalizira u individualnom ponašanju i u the propagandistic target: demonization of društvenim pothvatima. the opponent, enemy or competitor. Danas znamo da nema znanja koje je potpuno nepristrano i objektivno. Stoga 4. su sve geografije pomalo imaginativne. In conclusion to this brief insight into Ipak, između dviju geografija ∑ znanstvene imaginative geography, I will emphasize (akademske) i imaginativne ∑ dubok je jaz. several theses. Dok znanstvena geografija, zrelija zbog svijesti Firstly, as much as they may seem personal o pozicioniranosti svakoga znanstvenog to us, i.e. based on personal knowledge znanja, i dalje teži točnosti, objektivnosti and experience, spatial perceptions are also i racionalnosti, imaginativna geografija po socially construed. Imaginative geography is a social phenomenon based on a common svojoj je prirodni pristrana i afektivna. Dok system of symbols and signs, a shared se znanstvena geografija uči iz udžbenika, system of communication, language and stručnih i znanstvenih knjiga, imaginativna je visual codes. It circulates through cultural geografija gotovo sveprisutna. Imaginativna codes, signs and stereotypes that are easily je geografija dio kulture ljudske zajednice, comprehensible within the society. odnosno zajedničke strukture značenja Secondly, imaginative geography is i znakova uz pomoć kojih ljudi prenose, significantly more than just a „discourse of display“. It is not made only of „images reproduciraju i razvijaju svoje znanje o životu in the head“ or certain habits of thinking, i odnosu prema njemu. Stoga je imaginativna speaking and writing about particular geografija koja spoznaje svijet sama važan spaces and cultures. It exists in a variety of predmet spoznaje o svijetu. Utoliko je ona material forms, such as painting canvases nezaobilazan spoznajni predmet znanstvene and maps, photographs and postage-stamps, geografije. passports, flags and arms, magazines and movies, ethnic shops and computer games, theme parks, advertising and street signage with geographic names, etc. Imaginative geography is thus very material. Thirdly, imaginative geography projects an image of one’s own identity, which means differentiation from others – places, regions, peoples, cultures. As such, it determines not only perceptions and relations, but is also materialised in individual behaviour and social ventures. IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES

Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ

We know today that there is no knowledge that is completely impartial and objective. All geographies are therefore slightly imaginative. However, there is a deep gap between the two geographies – the scientific (academic) and the imaginative one. While scientific geography, more mature due to the awareness about the positioning of all scientific knowledge, continues to strive for exactness, objectivity and rationality, imaginative geography is biased and affective in its nature. While scientific geography is learned from textbooks, technical and scientific books, imaginative geography is almost omnipresent. Imaginative geography is part of the culture of human community, i.e. the shared structure of meaning and signs used by people to transmit, reproduce and develop their knowledge about life and their relationship towards it. Imaginative geography that comprehends the word is therefore itself an important object of world comprehension. To this extent, it is an indispensable object of comprehension of scientific geography.

Pravo na ‘, nesrePRAVO NA NESREcU P ravo cuna, nesrecu‘

AUTOR : DUBRAVKA UGRESIC

Ljudi su izmislili različite načine verbalne i neverbalne socijalizacije. Talijani se stalno ljubakaju. Amerikanci izvode svoj znameniti Tekstovi su preuzeti dozvolom autorice hug, medvjeđi zagrljaj s tapšanjem po rameniima. Holanđani se ljube tri puta u iz knjige Nikog nema doma, obraz. Zbog toga se jednom Holanđaninu na čemu joj od srca zahvaljujem. IRENA KOLBAS dogodilo da su ga umalo pretukli u Zagrebu. Mislili su da je Srbin. Jer Srbi se ljube tri puta, a Hrvati samo dva. Ljudi u neverbalnoj socijalizaciji koriste usta, ruke, oči, ponegdje i noseve, ponegdje, kažu, čak i nožne prste. U verbalnoj socijalizaciji najljubazniji su Amerikanci: oni su uvijek fine, a i dani su im uvijek nice. Holanđani će se prvo raspitati gdje vam je bicikl, a ako ga nemate, ponudit će vam PRAVO NA NESREĆU savjete kako da ga nabavite. Jer samo život s biciklom može se nazvati normalnim, sve drugo je mizerija. Istočnjaci, Arapi, Indijci, Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo Kinezi, pitat će vas odmah jeste li udati, hodanje. koliko imate djece, koliko braće i sestara, jesu Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo li vam živi roditelji i slične stvari. Istočnjake hodanje. najviše zanima vaše obiteljsko stanje. U SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ umjetnosti male ritualne konverzacije (small talk) najbolji su, čini se, Englezi, dok su Rusi apsolutni prvaci u maratonskim razgovorima punim dima i alkoholnih isparenja. Najgori su moji zemljaci, bivši Jugoslaveni. Na ulicama inozemnih gradova odmah ćete ih prepoznati. Mrko zvjeraju uokolo, kreću se oprezno, spremni na obranu, baš kao da su u džungli, baš kao da ih iza svakog grma čeka kakva strahota. Moji zemljaci su ljudi koji u zubarskim čekaonicama razjapljuju čeljusti i jedni drugima pokazuju karijese. To su ljudi koji u bolničkim čekaonicama ne prezaju od toga da razdrlje grudi, skinu košulje i hlače da pokažu jedni drugima ožiljke od operacija, A samo da bi dokazali da su njihove vlastite ozljede najteže. Kada ih zapitate - Kako ste? - moji zemljaci redovito odgovaraju: Bolje ne pitajte! Najviše što iz njih možete izvući jest: Tako- Right tako, moglo bi i bolje. Često mislim da ti moji zemljaci i nisu ljudi već sipe u ljudskom obličju: dovoljno je da ih dotaknete, i već ispuštaju crnilo. To su ljudi koji u svojoj kulturi od davnina njeguju to neobično zanimanje: narikače. Narikače su profesionalke s povećanim suznim žlijezdama koje na pogrebima glasno oplakuju pokojnike. A R I G H T T O M I S E R Y Za honorar, dakako. Moji zemljaci su ljudi koji A right to su stoljećima razvijali senzibilitet za nesreću, Misery to im je u genima; dapače, nesreća se uvukla u kolokvijalni jezik kao izraz najveće sreće. Kada mladu majku tamo zapitate kako je Misery njezina novorođena beba, ona će s nježnošću odgovoriti: Eno je, spava kao zaklana! U drugim sredinama djeca spavaju kao anđeli, a u mojoj bivšoj sredini djeca spavaju kao AUTHOR : DUBRAVKA UGRESIC zaklana. Dok druga društva u svojim ideološkim paketima imaju stavku o pravu građanina na osobnu sreću, moji bivši zemljaci borili suse Texts are taken from the book (i izborili) za suprotno, za pravo na osobnu Nobody’s home with the kind permission nesreću. Svakog ljeta skoknem na lijepi plavi Jadran. of the author... IRENA KOLBAS Umjesto da se odmaram, ja strpljivo slušam People have come up with an impressive redovite izvještaje o lokalnom vodostaju range of styles for verbal and non-verbal nesreće. Tako sam lani iznajmila sobu na socialisation. Italians kiss. Americans give otoku Braču. Moj prvi susjed, nepismeni that famous embrace, the bear hug, complete radnik, izgradio je kuću od bračkog kamena s with the thump on the shoulder. The Dutch nekih tridesetak soba. Vrag mi nije dao mira, kiss three times when they meet. One Dutch pohvalila sam ljepotu građevine. Najprije fellow was nearly beaten up in Zagreb for sam čula gnjevnu tiradu o komunistima that. They had assumed he was a Serb. Serbs pod kojima se nije dalo živjeti (On je golim kiss three times, but Croats only twice. rukama sagradio to kućicu!), onda tiradu o PRAVO NA NESREĆU Srbima koji su upropastili turizam, a onda People in non-verbal socialisation use their tiradu o novim vremenima u kojima čovjek ne mouth, hands, eyes, sometimes nose, even može čak ni pošteno opremiti sobe. Opremio toes, I’ve heard. In verbal socialisation the je samo petnaest soba, a ostalih petnaest, Americans are the most polite: they are always eno ih, zjape prazne! fine, and their days are nice. The Dutch ask Svakog ljeta, kažem, skoknem po dozu where your bicycle is, and if you haven’t got nesreće. Postala sam ovisnik. Papreno plaćam one, they advise you where to pick one up smrznute skuše po kojima puze lokalne muhe from, because only with a bicycle can life be i pijem kiselo vino samo da bih se naslušala normal, and anything short of that is misery. lokalnoga gunđanja. Easterners (Arabs, Indians, the Chinese), ask you straight away: are you married? do you Svake subote zovem mamu. Subote su have children? brothers and sisters? are your konstanta. Samo se gradovi koje telefonirajući parents living? and so forth. It is family that vidim kroz prozor mijenjaju: New York, interests Easterners. The best at small talk are Amsterdam, Boston, Berlin... the English, while the Russians are absolute Znaš li tko je umro? - pita me vedro moja champions at marathon conversations laced mama. with smoke and alcoholic fumes. Tko? - pitam vedro, ponesena maminim People from my country, the ex-Yugoslays, tonom. are the worst. You can spot them from afar on Stara Sušekica... A znaš li da je Perić imao the streets of foreign cities. They scowl, their moždani udar? eyes dart right and left, they move cautiously, Ne, otkud bih znala? ready to stand their ground, as if they are Preživio je, ali ima teške posljedice... Kod mid-jungle and the unspeakable lurks behind Perića se smirujem. Do sljedeće subote. each and every bush. My compatriots like to complain. They are the people in the waiting room at the dentist’s, whose mouths gape as STEREOTIPI they show each other their cavities. They are the ones in hospital waiting areas who don’t U ranom djetinjstvu prijetili su mi da će me, hesitate to bare their chest, pull their shirt ako ne budem dobra, dati Ciganima koji kradu up and pants down to show each other scars malu djecu. Biia sam dobra, nije bilo razloga from operations, just to prove that theirs da me ukradu, iako sam potajno priželjkivala are worse. When you ask them how they are takvu mogućnost. Danas znam da priča o doing, my compatriots respond with: Don’t Ciganima koji kradu malu djecu spada u ask! You don’t want to know. The best you repertoar tvrdoglavih stereotipa o jednom od can get out of them is: So-so, could be better. najstigmatiziranijih naroda na svijetu. Danas, I often think that my countrymen are not pretpostavljam, i sa mnom plaše malu djecu people at all but cuttlefish in human form: (Ako ne budeš dobra, završit ćeš u egzilu.) you have only to touch them, and they emit Odrastamo i živimo u svijetu stereotipa, a black cloud. Since ages past, they have upijamo ih kao suha spužva vodu. Kasnije, been cultivating an unusual occupation, that kao odrasli ijudi koji drže do sebe i svoga of keeners. Keeners are professionals with politički korektnog imagea, čistimo stereotipe oversized tear ducts who mourn the deceased sa sebe kao čičke. Isprva se čini da je posao loudly at funerals. For a fee, of course. My lak. Ubrzo se pokazuje da su stereotipi countrymen are people who have been najotpornija vrsta mentalnoga korova: na honing an instinct for misery. It is in their očišćenom mjestu već niče drugi. Zato većina genes; tragedy has even crept into colloquial ljudi odustaje, žive sa stereotipima, što da usage as a way of expressing joy. While rade, život u dvoje je uvijek lakši. Jer sa other societies include in their ideological stereotipima nismo oslonjeni samo na varljivi packaging the right of citizens to the pursuit kompas vlastita srca. Stereotipi su komotan of happiness, my former fellow citizens fight A RIGHT TO MISERY sistem signalizacije, nešto poput autoceste, for (and have won) the opposite, the right to lijevo, desno, pravo, uspori, zavoj na putu, the pursuit of misery. stani. Tko je, uostalom, ikada vidio da čovjek When summer comes, I go off to the lovely, vozi automobil oslonjen na vlastito srce?! azure Adriatic. Instead of relaxing, I listen Odrasla sam u zemlji u kojoj se bratstvo i patiently to the regular reports of the ebb jedinstvo njegovalo kao zjenica oka, ali su se and flow of misery. Last summer, for instance, ujedno njegovali i stereotipi o pripadnicima I rented a room on the island of Brač. My tog bratstva. Živjela sam okružena Slovencima next-door neighbour, an illiterate labourer, koji su bili škrti, Slovenkama koje su od svih had built a house of Brač marble with at least pripadnica bratstva najlakše zadizale suknju, thirty rooms. I couldn’t stop myself from Crnogorcima koji su bili lijeni, Hrvatima koji saying how remarkable the building was. su bili pederi i picajzle, Srbima koji su bili The first response to this was a bitter tirade primitivne seljačine, grmalji, Makedoncima against the communists, under whom life had koji su bili paprikari, Bosancima koji su bili been unbearable (he built this modest home glupi, Albancima koji nekako i nisu bili ljudi, with his bare hands!), then a rant against the Muslimanima koji su umjesto pet imali šest Serbs who had ruined tourism, and finally a nožnih prstiju, manjinskim Talijanima koji su string of invectives against today, when a jeli mačke i već spomenutim Ciganima koji person can’t do a room up properly. He had kradu malu djecu. Sve u svemu, živjela sam u furnished only fifteen. The other fifteen were jednom nadasve zanimljivom okruženju. standing empty! S odlaskom iz zemlje mislila sam da Every summer, as I said, I go off for my dose napuštam polje stereotipa. Prevarila sam se, of misery. I have become an addict. I pay stereotipi oko mene umnožili su se. Danas me through the nose for those frozen mackerel okružuju ne samo stereotipi sredina u kojima with the local flies crawling on them and I boravim, nego i oni koje stanovnici tih sredina sip the sour wine only so I can get my fill of imaju o - Balkanu. Ja sam, naime, Balkanka. the local grumbling. On Saturdays I call my U strahu od balkanizacije Ujedinjena Europa mother. Saturdays are a constant. The only proizvela je efikasan protuotrov: briselizaciju. difference is the city I see out the window as I Unutar briselskih zidina sve vrvi od veselih make the call: New York, Amsterdam, Boston, stereotipa, tako da se u Ujedinjenoj Evropi Berlin ... “You’ll never guess who died!” my zaista osjećam kao kod kuće. Štoviše, mother says ever so brightly. “Who?” I ask, stereotipi su i ideološka i komercijalna just as brightly. etiketa Ujedinjene Evrope. Na popularnim EU “Old lady Sušek ... And have you heard how razglednicama otisnute su karikature tipičnih Perić had a stroke?” “No, and where would I predstavnika zemalja članica. Karikature have heard such a thing?” prikazuju karakterne osobine raspusnih “He survived, but with terrible damage .. “ Francuza, škrtih Holanđana, Engleza koji se uvijek prave Englezima. Na razglednicama By the time we get to Perić, I am at peace. se reklamiraju i seksualne osobine EU- Until next Saturday. pripadnika. Portugalci su, pravedno ili ne, ispali najtraljaviji EU-ljubavnici. STEREOTYPES Balkanci šeću Evropom kao koferi oblijepljeni brojnim etiketama. Pritom nizašto krivi They used to threaten me when I was little Bugari, Rumunji, Grci i drugi snose posljedice that if I wasn’t good, they would give me negativnih stereotipa koje su im s nedavnim to the Gypsies who stole little children. I ratom natovarili bivši Jugoslaveni. O tome behaved and so there was no reason for me to kako su stereotipi jači od legalne procedure, be taken away, though I was secretly intrigued ili kako se ilegalna procedura oblikuje prema by the idea. Today, I know that the story of stereotipima, svaki Balkanac zna iz iskustva Gypsies stealing little children falls into the prvog prelaska EU-granice. category of stubborn stereotypes about one PRAVO NA NESREĆU Što se mene osobno tiče, ne bunim se. of the most stigmatized populations in the Nastojim da odgovaram stereotipu koji ljudi world. imaju o meni. Nastojim da ih ne razočaram, We grow up living in a world of stereotypes, da ne razbijam tuđe stereotipe, znam što je we absorb them like a dry sponge soaks dragocjeno kućno posuđe. Istina, ide mi na up water. Later, as adults who care about ruku i vlastita psihostruktura, mazohistička. ourselves and our politically correct image, Zato mirno podnosim kada mi objašnjavaju we pull the stereotypes off ourselves like kako radi pegla ili kada mi konobari u burrs. This seems simple at first, but it soon restoranu namjerno zaboravljaju dati nož. turns out that stereotypes are the most Znaju ljudi odakle sam i kako sam laka na tenacious type of mental weed: when you pull potezanju noža. Zato u rubriku zanimanje one out, it sprouts somewhere else. So most redovito upisujem čistačica, to što se od mene people give up, they live hand-in-hand with i očekuje. Jer moje kozmopolitski orijentirane them — what else can they do, life is always zemljakinje nadaleko su poznate kao vrsne easier for two? We don’t have to rely on the čistačice EU-stanova, kuća i javnih zahoda. treacherous compass of our own heart when Kako živimo u tržišnom svijetu nijedna stvar we have stereotypes. They are a cosy system više ne postoji sama po sebi, čak ni osobni of signalisation, something like highway životi, nego su za njezinu identifikaciju signs: left, right, straight, slow down, curve potrebni netko drugi ili nešto drugo. Na ahead, stop. Who has ever seen someone njujorškom West Broadwayu postoje, jedna driving a car by relying on their heart ?! do druge, dvije trgovine s odjećom. Jedna se I grew up in a country where brotherhood zove “Philosophy” a druga “Art, Science Et and unity were the apple of your eye, but Philosophy”. Odjeća se više ne prodaje kao at the same time the culture encouraged odjeća nego kao “art, science and philosophy”. stereotypes about all the members of the Odlična reklama za najnoviji tip “Mercedesa” brotherhood. I lived surrounded by Slovenes prikazuje animirane portrete Leonarda da who were penny pinchers, Slovenian women, Vincija, Van Gogha i Toulouse-Lautreca kako who, of all the women in our brotherhood, zadovoljno sjedaju u automobil. Ni automobil were the easiest lays, Montenegrins, who were više nije prijevozno sredstvo, nego produkt lazy, Croats who were fags and nitpickers, institucionalizirane visoke kulture primjeren Serbs, who were yokels, Macedonians who produktima visoke institucionalizirane kulture. were vegetable-growing hicks, Bosnians, who Svijet tržišno nestabilnog trivijaliteta were dense, Albanians, who somehow weren’t najradije se oblači u odjeću čvrstih i even human, Muslims who instead of five provjerenih vrijednosti.Trivijalitet bezočno had six toes, the minority Italians who ate krade jezik visoke umjetnosti (Jackie cats and the Gypsies, as mentioned above, Collins reklamira se kao “holivudski Marcel who stole little children. All in all, it was a Proust”), visoke medicine (laksative najčešće colourful community. reklamiraju tobože znameniti liječnici), When I left the country I figured I had left visoke znanosti i kulture naprosto zato da bi these stereotypes I behind. Was I wrong! Their podigao vlastitu tržišnu vrijednost. number around me only multiplied. Today I Posjedujem hrvatski pasoš, pasoš zemlje u am surrounded not only by the stereotypes kojoj se niti što proizvodi, niti se što prodaje, of the place where I live, but by the ones a ljudi jedva sastavljaju kraj s krajem. Usprkos that the inhabitants of these environments nerazvijenom tržištu umješnost reklamiranja harbour about the Balkans. I am, after all, a i samoreklamiranja neobično je visoka. Balkan woman. Out of fear of Balkanisation, Ponekad se čini da stanovnici to zemlje the European Union has produced an effective nikada nisu drugo radili nego se vježbali u antidote: Brusselisation. Within the walls starim vještinama: prelijevali su iz šupljega u surrounding Brussels everything teems with prazno i prodavali maglu. Svatko prodaje to stereotypes, so I feel right at home in the što ima, samo praznina prodaje to što nema. United Europe. And what’s more, stereotypes A RIGHT TO MISERY Ispada da su Hrvati, baš kao i Srbi, apsolutni are the ideological and commercial staple of šampioni u prodavanju morala. Prodaju ga a United Europe. uglavnom jedni drugima i sebi samima. In the souvenir shops of Brussels you can Jugoslavenska komunistička retorika morala buy EU postcards, caricatures of typical koja je s godinama oslabila - pa je već u representatives of the member countries. sedamdesetim Jugoslavija bila manje “zemlja The cartoons show the characteristic features heroja” a više zemlja s “najljepšim morem na of the lascivious French, the parsimonious svijetu” - naglo je buknula prije deset godina. Dutch, the stalwart English. Another series of Hrvatska je u tom međuvremenu postala postcards advertises the sexual traits of EU “najdemokratskija zemlja na svijetu”, njezin members. The Portuguese, whether justifiably predsjednik “gigant hrvatske misli”, glavni or not, are purported to be the worst lovers. grad Zagreb avanzirao je u “metropolu”, a Trg The people of the Balkans make their way žrtava fašizma u Trg hrvatskih velikana. around Europe like teases decked out with a U ovom trenutku, opozicija je zajedno s host of destination stickers. Meanwhile, the vlašću preuzela identičnu reklamnu retoriku. Bulgarians, Romanians, Greeks and others U času dok ispisujem ove retke Hrvatskom šeću have done nothing to deserve the negative “moralne vertikale”, ti “žestoki i bespoštedni stereotype they were saddled with by the ex¬- borci za demokraciju”, nenadmašne “Himalaje Yugoslavs, during the recent war. The degree morala”. Sve bi još bilo podnošljivo kada bi to which stereotypes are more powerful sitni prodavači magle na lokalnoj političkoj than legal procedure, or to which the latter tržnici ipak priznali da se radi o reklamnoj is shaped by the former, is something that retorici. Oni, međutim, vjeruju u vlastiti every person of the Balkans knows from the moralni vertikalitet. Štoviše, uvjereni su da experience of their first crossing of the EU im je taj vertikalitet založen u genima. A to border. i nije bez pokrića, pogotovo ako se čovjek As for me, I am not complaining. I do what prisjeti anegdote koja dolazi iz riznice I can to conform to the stereotypes people lokalnoga folklornog humora. A anegdota hold of me. I hope I won’t disappoint them, glasi ovako: making them question these certainties, that Ide kokoš i sretne crva. are like valuable household furnishings. It is Zdravo, orlušino - pozdravi je crv. true that my own masochistic nature lends itself to this. That is why I put up with it Zdravo, caru zmijski - otpozdravi kokoš. when people explain to me how to use an iron, Stanovnici bivše Jugoslavije bili su putnici, or when waiters in restaurants deliberately vagabundi, turisti, pomorci koji su oplovili avoid setting my place with a knife. That is svijet, pečalbari, gastarbeiteri, emigranti, why I usually write “cleaning lady” in the box mafiozi, ljudi koji su geografiju imali u malom under the heading of occupation; it’s what prstu. Ipak, s vremenom kod njih nešto ne is expected of me. Because my cosmopolitan štima. countrywomen are known far and wide as Ima jedna druga stvar koja moje bivše excellent housekeepers in EU apartments, zemljake ne razlikuje mnogo od nekih houses and public lavatories. drugih stanovnika sličnih zemalja. Radi se I put up calmly with all this, I know that o specifičnom osjećaju za vlastitu poziciju stereotypes are the hardest to get rid of. I u svijetu. Bilo gdje da sam, ako me nazove even think it isn’t so much about us, good kakav zemljak, on će pitati. people, as it is about them, the indestructible A pišu li oni nešto o nama? stereotypes. Because stereotypes multiply Oni su pritom stanovnici zemlje u kojoj se and spread, mutate like viruses, and where nalazim, mi smo pritom mi. there were older ones, new, unexpected ones Pa ne baš nešto osobito... - kažem oprezno. sprout. S druge strane čuje se muk koji izražava i So it was one day that a Bosnian refugee nevjericu i razočaranje. child, a ten-year old boy, having come home PRAVO NA NESREĆU Mali narodi na Balkanu srasli su s from his new Dutch school, asked his mother: nepokolebljivom vjerom da su geopolitički “Mom, is it true that we, Muslims, are all neobično važni. Mnogi će pristati na to da su lesbians ?” siromašni, da su netolerantni, pristat će čak i na to (iako teška srca) da Jadransko more HISTORY AND CULTURE možda i nije najljepše na svijetu (ali je zato najčišće), ali nikada neće pristati na ideju I was recently on the phone with a European da je njihov geopolitički značaj minoran. friend of mine. He happened to be in the Jer oni su štit i raskrsnica. Hrvatska nikada States, as I was, for a year at an American i nije bila drugo do štit. Jedno vrijeme štit university. protiv Turaka (koji bi da nije bilo Hrvata došli do Beča), zatim štit protiv komunizma „You know”; he said, “I like it here. I’ve (a komunisti su, zna se, Srbi) i konačno štit always wanted a nice long Zapadne civilizacije, jer da nema Hrvatske stay in the States. But ..? Balkan bi mirno došetao do Beča. Pritom se „But what ...?“ pod rječju Balkan podrazumijevaju srpske, „But I keep having the feeling that I’m pravoslavne, barbarske horde. Hrvatska je, missing something:“ dakako, znamenita i kao raskrsnica: pomorska, “What is it you’re missing?” željeznička, zračna. “History!” blurted out my friend. Štit i raskrsnica su državno-nacionalne fantazme rasprostranjene s jednakim setom My friend knew, of course, that he was mutnih argumenata posvuda, osobito ako articulating the most common in a round of se od hrvatskog štita krene na Istok. I stereotypes on the theme of the differences Bosna je štit i raskrsnica, i Srbija, dakako. between Europe and America. On the other I Makedonija, dakako. Moja prijateljica koja hand, a foreigner from Europe does indeed često putuje u južne države bivšeg Sovjetskog have the feeling (rightly or not) that many Saveza tvrdi da apsolutno identične fantazme things in the States carry less weight than o sebi gaje Gruzini, Azerbejdžanci, Armenci, they do in Europe, that they are only for a Uzbekistanci, Turkmenistanci, Kirgizi, laugh: the politics, for instance, which will Tadžikistanci, Burjati. someday become history, and the history, which used to be mere entertainment. The Ponekad se iskreno sažalim. Nije lako biti American educational system is based on mali narod i pritom nemati puno toga na the belief that you learn faster when you’re raspolaganju. Nije lako biti ni predstavnik having a good time. malog naroda, čovjek ne zna odakle bi započeo. Zato je, valjda, prvo što mu, predstavniku, I was recently, for instance, in San Antonio pada na pamet to da se orijentira u vremenu. where I visited the famous site of the Alamo. At Nekako mu lakne kad mu i drugi potvrde da first I thought I must be on a movie location. je kod njega šest sati. Kad je tako pravilno It turned out that there was a group of local smješten u vremenu, predstavnik malog naroda people, volunteers, acting out the historical upućuje svoj pogled uzamišljeni prostor. I defence of the Alamo for the tourists. Despite gle, opustjelim, zaraslim u travu željezničkim the hands-on learning experience, I couldn’t šinama jure blistavi vlakovi, nad njegovom make head or tail of what was going on. glavom zuje avioni kao jato komaraca, pred It only began to make sense when I got njim se prostire morska pučina po kojoj klize my hands on a tourist brochure. Then an prekooceanski brodovi kao nepregledna jata American friend, a historian, explained that I pataka. A tamo, iza neprobojnog obrambenog had got it all wrong because I had consulted štita, dopire rzanje konja i ojađeni glasovi a propaganda version of events, packaged for barbara koji bezuspješno nadiru s Istoka. the tourists. This must be how Americans feel when they try to understand what has gone on in the Balkans. I was not involved, of A RIGHT TO MISERY POVIJEST I KULTURA course, in the defence of the Alamo. Luckily that wasn’t required. Nedavno sam telefonom čavrljala sa svojim Europeans are always invoking their history. evropskim znancem. I on se, kao i ja, obreo They’ve got history breathing down their u Americi na jednogodišnjem boravku na necks and are as intimate with it as they are američkom fakultetu. with their cousins. Russians, for instance, call Znaš - rekao je - sviđa mi se ovdje. Oduvijek the former Soviet government Sonyka (little sam priželjkivao jedan duži boravak u Americi. Miss Sonya), and they refer to Catherine the Ali... Great as Katya. Što? My countrymen, the former Yugoslavs, Ali stalno imam osjećaj da mi nešto fali. go after each other and shed each other’s blood in the name of history. They defend Što ti fali? the cradle of their civilisation by expelling Historija! - lanuo je moj znanac. from it all cuckoo bird eggs: the Serbs expel Moj znanac je, dakako, znao da je izgovorio the Albanians from Kosovo, the Croats expel najčešći u nizu stereotipa na temu razlika the Serbs from Krajina. And so it goes. The između Evrope i Amerike. S druge pak other word as sacred as “history” is “culture”: strane, evropski stranac (bilo to pravedno Although many of the defenders could barely ili ne) zaista ima osjećaj da mnoge stvari u read or count, they were prepared to give Americi nemaju evropsku težinu, da su tek their lives for culture and were ready to zabava: politika, na primjer, koja će tek destroy the lives of others, which they did postati povijest, i povijest, koja je jednom, with vigour. It turns out that the guardians dakle, bila tek zabava. Uostalom, i američki of history and culture defend with the edukativni sistem temelji se na uvjerenju da greatest ferocity the things they know and se kroz zabavu brže uči. care the least about. The Croats tossed out Nedavno sam, na primjer, bila u San piles of Serbian and other books from their Antoniu, gdje sam posjetila znameniti Alamo. libraries (while at war with the Serbs), and Isprva sam mislila da se nalazim na snimanju blew up the bridge in Mostar (while at war nekog filma. Ubrzo se ispostavilo da je to with the Bosnian Muslims). The Serbs shelled grupa lokalnih stanovnika, volontera, koji Dubrovnik and National Library in Sarajevo. svake subote zbog turista izvode historijsku They destroyed ancient Bosnian mosques and obranu Alama. Uprkos oglednoj nastavi ništa turned Albanian culture in Kosovo into ashes. mi nije bilo jasno. Pojasnila sam si stvari All this they did in the name of defending tek kada sam u ruke uzela turistički vodič. A their own history and culture. Yet when onda mi je moj američki znanac, povjesničar, NATO bombs fell near the Serbian monastery objasnio da sam sve shvatila krivo jer sam of Gračanica, attack on “our most hallowed konzultirala turističko-propagandnu verziju place of culture”, and when the windows dogadaja. Osjećala sam se, pretpostavljam, cracked at one of the Serbian universities in isto onako kako se osjeća Amerikanac koji Kosovo it was NATO’s attack on the “temple pokušava shvatiti što se dogada na Balkanu. of wisdom”. Ja se, doduše, nisam involvirala u obrani Things would be simpler if the people Alama, nije ni trebalo, na sreću. who did all this were willing to agree that Evropljani se pozivaju na svoju povijest they had been killing for the sake of killing, svaki čas. lmaju povijest u malom prstu, destroying for the sake of destroying, and povijest im vječno puše u potiljak, s poviješću torching for the sake of torching. That, of su intimni kao s vlastitom obitelji. Rusi, na course will not happen. History and culture primjer, bivu sovjetsku vlast zovu Sonjkom, a are the most reliable banks for laundering a Katarinu Veliku Katjom. dirty conscience. Together they form what Moji zemljaci, bivši Jugoslaveni, mlate se i is known as the national cultural identity, prolijevaju krv sve u ime svoje svete povijesti. though the national and the identity are PRAVO NA NESREĆU Brane kolijevke svoje civilizacije istjerujući iz only figments of the collective imagination. njih kukavičja jaja: Srbi Albance s Kosova, The collective, however, is to be believed. Hrvati Srbe iz Krajine. I tako redom. Osim An individual killer would never be able to povijest druga sveta riječ je kultura. Iako su say: “I killed, defending William Shakespeare mnogi branioci nepismeni, pa tako nisu imali because he is part of my cultural heritage”. prilike pročitati nijednu knjigu, a i stoljeća A collective, on the other hand, can. This is jedva da su u stanju pobrojati, za kulturu su seen, indeed, as its right. spremni položiti živote. To znači da su spremni With this potential perspective in mind, uništiti tuđe živote, što jarosno i čine. Ispada how can any decent person aspire to being da branioci povijesti i kulture najžešće brane a builder, a composer, a painter, or a writer? stvari koje najmanje poznaju i do kojih im .je najmanje stalo. Hrvati su izbacili iz svojih biblioteka gomile srpskih, ali i drugih knjiga SHIT (ratujući protiv Srba), i srušili znameniti stari most u Mostaru (ratujući protiv bosanskih My well-travelled friends insist that people Muslimana). Srbi su granatirali Dubrovnik, are pretty much the same everywhere. In Nacionalnu biblioteku u Sarajevu sravnili sa principle I agree. But nowhere have I heard zemljom, srušili stare bosanske džamije, a so many lovely words uttered with such albansku kulturu na Kosovu pretvorili u pepeo. authentic, adrenaline-fired enthusiasm as Cio taj posao obavili su u ime obrane vlastite I have in America (Fantastic! Wonderful! povijesti i kulture. Kada su, međutim, bombe Beautiful!) and nowhere have I heard ugly NATO-a pale u blizini srpskog manastira words uttered with such undiluted loathing Gračanica, bio je to napad na najsvetije mesto as I have among my own former Yugoslavs. naše kulture, a kada su popucali prozori, na In this regard they are all the same, the jednom od srpskih fakulteta bio je to napad Croats, the Serbs, and the Bosnians. In fact, NATO a na sklonište duha. they have replaced many of the ugly words with a single one: shit. My countrymen Stvari bi bile jednostavnije kada bi ljudi koji don’t give much credence to the benefits of to čine pristali na mogućnost da ubijaju radi a larger vocabulary. Stingy people, stingy ubijanja, da ruše radi rušenja, da pale radi language. They are the first to have invented paleža. To se, dakako, neće dogoditi. Povijest minimalism in literature. Raymond Carver i kultura su najpouzdanije “banke” za pranje hadn’t even been born yet. prljave savjesti. Povijest i kultura sastavni su dio tzv. nacionalnog kulturnog identiteta, I have never seen people express so much iako su i nacionalno i identitet tek plodovi intimacy with the world as my countrymen do. kolektivne mašte. Kolektivu se, međutim, In short, my countrymen are cosmopolitans. A vjeruje. Pojedinac-ubojica ne može reći: conversation between literate people, easy to Ubijao sam braneći Williama Shakespearea, imagine in some Zagreb, Belgrade or Sarajevo svoje kulturno naslijeđe. Kolektiv može. cafe might sound like this ... Dapače, smatra se da je to njegovo pravo. “Have you seen the new Altman movie ?” Imajući na umu takvu moguću perspektivu, “Sure have! Shit!” kako da onda pristojan čovjek poželi da bude “And have you had a glance at the new graditelj, kompozitor, slikar ili pisac? Rushdie novel?” “Shit. Every new novel of his is worse than GOVNO the last.” “Seen the new Petrović play?” Ljudi su svugdje više-manje isti, tvrde “And why should I?! You know I never go to moji dobro proputovani znanci. U principu that local shit.” se slažem. Međutim, nigdje se ipak nisam Thanks to their cosmopolitan view of naslušala tolikih lijepih riječi izgovorenih s things my countrymen are inclined to claim autentičnim, adrenalinskim ushitom kao u A RIGHT TO MISERY Americi (Fantastic! Wondefrul! Beautiful!) that Holland is falling apart (it’s a country i nigdje tolikih ružnih riječi izgovorenih s which might any day find itself submerged), nepatvorenim gađenjem kao kod svojih bivših Switzerland is no better than a hole in a zemljaka Jugoslavena. Što se toga tiče zaista hunk of Swiss cheese, a big zero (a country su svi isti, i Hrvati, i Srbi, i Bosanci. Točnije, with nothing more to boast of than holding mnoge ružne riječi zamijenjene su jednom: the money of foreigners in their banks), and govno. Moji zemljaci ne mare mnogo za French are unbearable, they stick their noses bogatstvo vokabulara. Škrti ljudi, škrti jezik. in the air (it must be they find that their own Prvi su izmislili minimalizam u književnosti. cheeses stink). If it weren’t for Thomas Mann Raymond Carver se tada još nije bio ni rodio. and the BMW, the Germans wouldn’t even Nigdje nisam vidjela da ljudi iskazuju toliku merit a mention, and the same can be said intimnost prema svijetu kao moji zemljaci. for the Italians. Because the Italians are out Kao da su s cijelim svijetom “na ti”. Riječju, there only thanks to their gnocchi and good moji zemljaci su kozmopoliti. tenors, though some of them are blind as bats. The tenors, of course, not the gnocchi. Razgovor među pismenim ljudima, koji se lako može zamisliti u nekom zagrebačkom, My countrymen did not acquire this global beogradskom ili sarajevskom kafiću, izgleda view of things by hotfooting it around the otprilike ovako... world, indeed, they stood stubbornly in one spot. The world had always come to them: as - Jesi li gledao novi Altmanov film? conquerors, colonisers, adventurers, tourists - Jesam. Govno! and peace negotiators. For centuries, they - A jesi li prelistao novi Rushdiejev roman? have it there, on the bench out in front of - Govno. Svaki novi roman lošiji mu je od the house, watching, elbows on the window prethodnog. sill, rooted to the shore, waiting for the boats - A jesi li vidio novu Petrovićevu dramu? as they come in, chatting in the cafes and seeing the world go by. They have sat there - Zašto bih?! Znaš da ne gledam ta domaća and commented, and the world went by. govna. If someone thinks my countrymen have - A jesi li gledao “Titanic”? it easy, then they should think again. A - Znaš da ne gledam ta američka govna. superiority complex never travels alone. Zahvaljujući svojoj kozmopolitskoj It goes hand-in-hand with self-pity. My orijentaciji moji zemljaci će s punim countrymen maintain that they are victims. autoritetom tvrditi da Nizozemska propada That is how they feel. They were born as (zemlja koja se svaki čas može naći pod the victims of the baser passions of lusting vodom), da je švicarska rupa od ementalera, parents, of geography (if it wasn’t for their nula dakle (zemlja koja ništa drugo nije peripheral position in Europe, why today smislila nego da drži tuđe novce u svojim they’d be Germany!), history (it never gave bankama), da su Francuzi nepodnošljivi, dižu them a decent chance), the economy (damned nos do neba (valjda im smrde vlastiti sirevi), feudalism, communism and the transition), da nije Thomasa Manna i BMW-a Nijemce and of politics (that wicked stepmother). ne bi trebalo ni spominjati, kao, uostalom, They are victims of their own environment ni Talijane. Jer Talijani postoje zahvaljujući and the world. Locally and globally. još jedino njokama i dobrim tenorima, iako A normal person cannot help but wonder su neki od njih slijepci. Tenori, dakako, a ne how with the cards stacked against them njoke. my countrymen have survived at all. Yet, Takav globalni pogled na stvari moji survive they do. The only way this specimen zemljaci nisu stekli jurcajući po svijetu of humankind manages is by turning its every nego obratno, stojeći tvrdoglavo na jednom defeat into a victory. My countrymen do that mjestu. Jer svijet je uvijek dolazio k njima: u time and time again. They have no choice. svojstvu osvajača, kolonizatora, avanturista, PRAVO NA NESREĆU turista i - mirovnih pregovarača. A oni su IDENTITY stoljećima sjedili na klupicama pred svojim kućama, zirkajući napolje naslonjeni na svoje These last few years whenever I hear the prozore, sjedeći ukotvljeni na rivi i dočekujući word “identity” I am overcome by a powerful brodove, čavrljajući po kafićima i gledajući allergic reaction. I’m hearing this word svijet kako prolazi. Sjedili su i komentirali, everywhere, all the time, these days. My life svijet je prolazio. is not easy. It is not easy to live plagued by Ako netko misli da je mojim zemljacima allergy, especially one like this. Other people lako, vara se. Jer kompleks superiornosti can control their allergies. If they are allergic ne ide kod njih sam, nego uvijek u paru sa to milk, they don’t drink it, if they are allergic samosažaljenjem. Moji zemljaci drže da su to pollen, they wait for the flowering season žrtve. I tako se i osjećaju. Jer rodili su se kao to pass. For me, it is as if I am allergic to žrtve niskih strasti svojih bludnih roditelja, bees, but live in a beehive the size of the žrtve su geografije (da nije te zabačene planet. I have no idea how I picked up this pozicije u Evropi, danas bi bili - Njemačka), allergy. I must have been overly exposed to oni su žrtve povijesnih prilika (povijest identity. im zbilja nikada nije išla naruku), žrtve su They assaulted my hearing long and ekonomskih prilika (prokleti feudalizam, doggedly with that word in my former komunizam i tranzicija), političkih prilika homeland. They beat at my ear drums to (politika-maćeha), oni su žrtve vlastite the point of exhaustion, beat me with okoline i svijeta. I lokalno i globalno. that word as if it were a stick. No wonder Normalan čovjek se pita kako s takvim I developed a chronic aversion. My former razdirućim psihogramom moji zemljaci countrymen howled and moaned, they wailed uopće žive. Ipak, žive. Jedini način da takav and pleaded. Defending their identity, both primjerak ljudske vrste preživi jest da svaki personally and collectively, they barked and poraz pretvori u pobjedu. I moji zemljaci to snarled, gnashing their canine teeth and zdušno čine. Drugo im i ne preostaje. flashing their dog collars. I could not help but hear. At first I thought, oh, let them be, people must need their national, ethnic, or IDENTITET state identity. Let them have it. What could possibly be bad in that? I was all about U posljednjih nekoliko godina čim začujem being politically correct and I respected riječ identitet dobivam snažnu alergijsku their urge for identity. I myself neither had reakciju. A riječ čujem posvuda i stalno. Moj it, nor missed it. But then they bit into one život nije lak. Nije lako živjeti s alergijom, another like mad dogs, again in the name of pogotovo s takvom. Drugi ljudi svoje alergije defending their identities. And, while they mogu kontrolirati. Alergični na mlijeko, were at it, they bit into me. odreći će se mlijeka, alergični na pelud mogu “How can you live with no identity?” they pričekati da prođe vrijeme cvjetanja. Mene se snarled. može zamisliti kao osobu koja je alergična na pčele, a živi u globalnoj košnici. Kako sam “Thanks, I don’t need one, you go on zaradila to alergiju, ne znam. Mislim da sam without me, I’m allergic, you know, I’d answer se predozirala tim identitetom. politely. It didn’t help.” Jer tom su riječju u mojoj bivšoj domovini They turned on me. They tried to snap dugo i uporno napadali na moje slušne around my neck a dog’s collar like the one kanale, bubnjali su po mojim bubnjićima do they were wearing, but somehow, thank God, iznemoglosti, tukli su me tom riječju kao s I managed to elude them. At least that was batinom. Nije ni čudo da sam razvila kroničnu what I thought. averziju. Moji bivši zemljaci toliko su se It turned out that if I was to elude them I derali i kukali, toliko su urlali i zapomagali would have to show a dog collar of my own: A RIGHT TO MISERY

braneći svoj nacionalni identitet, toliko su se my passport. Without it you can’t budge. Any Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo udarali u prsa istog identiteta, i personalno i time you cross a state border they ask you to hodanje. kolektivno, toliko su lajali i režali bljeskajući show it. Every form I fill out requires that I Stereotipski stroj za umnožavanje i glupo očnjacima i psećim ogrlicama, da naprosto enter “identity”. By occupation I am a writer. hodanje. nisam mogla da ih ne čujem. Isprva sam Nobody’s perfect. Everyone has to earn their SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- mislila, neka ih, ljudima valjda treba taj bread and butter, but as a result, what do NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ nacionalni, etnički, državni identitet, neka you know, it turned out that the things I ga imaju, što u tome može biti loše. Bila sam wrote weren’t written by any writer, but by a zbilja PC (politički korektna), poštovala sam Croatian writer. Ah, identity! njihovu težnju za identitetom. Ja ga osobno I changed my place of residence, and that nisam imala, niti ga imam, niti mi takva helped some, but not much. I continue to stvar fali. A onda su krenuli jedni na druge inhale identity like pollen; that word keeps kao bijesni psi, opet u ime obrane svoga resounding around me like a mantra. I’m identiteta. I mene su, kad smo već kod toga, constantly sneezing, allergy tears welling in uzeli na zub. Kako možeš bez identiteta, my eyes. Recently, for instance, I watched režali su na mene. Hvala, ne treba mi, samo an American television show. A young woman vi dajte, ja sam, znate, alergična, odgovarala decides she wants to open a men’s salon sam ljubazno. Nije pomoglo, krenuli su na where, she says, she will cut their hair, while PRAVO NA NESREĆU mene, pokušali su mi staviti pseću ogrlicu, naked. Why shouldn’t the woman be naked kakve sami nose, ali sam, hvala bogu, nekako while she cuts their hair? I thought. What is izmakla. Tako sam barem mislila. so bad about that? I was prepared to offer her Jer da bih uopće izmakla morala sam pokazati my silent support until the woman, before svoju identifikacijsku tablicu obješenu ispod the cameras, suddenly erupted with: “This is vrata, svoj pasoš. Bez njega nikamo ne mogu, the identity I have been looking for and now svaki put kad prelazim neku državnu granicu, I’ve found it!” traže od mene da ga pokažem. U svaki formular Sometimes I think all of this is Madonna’s koji ispunjavam moram upisati taj identitet. fault. After she sang to the world her Inače, po zanimanju sam književnica, nobody rhythmic thought — Express yourself; don’t is perfect, svatko nekako zarađuje svoj kruh, repress yourself! — the whole world rushed ali se u rezultatu, gle, pokazalo da sve što to express its repressed identity. Yes, napišem nije napisala književnica nego the word is a sacred mantra. Not a day goes hrvatska književnica. Ah, taj identitet! by that I don’t hear: “This is my identity!” Promijenila sam mjesto boravka, pomoglo Okay don’t you have anything else in your je, ali ne osobito. Identitet udišem i dalje repertoire? I think, but don’t say anything. I kao peludnu prašinu, to riječ i dalje zvoni oko continue to respect the identities of others. mene kao mantra. Kišem svaki čas, na oči mi What can I do? I’m polite. Sometimes I pity naviru alergijske suze. Eto, nedavno sam, na them. Sometimes it turns out that the ones primjer, gledala neku američku televizijsku who thump their chests the most with their emisiju. Neka mlada žena odlučila je da otvori identities are the ones who have nothing salon za šišanje muškaraca, koje bi, kaže, else. šišala gola. Neka žena šiša gola, što u tome I felt a little better when I came across ima loše, mislila sam. I već sam bila spremna the sentence “Come, let me introduce you da je šutke podržim, dok žena u jednom to my mother, who used to be my father!” trenutku nije dreknula u kameru: To je moj in a Japanese bestseller. The sentence dugo traženi i konačno pronađeni identitet! appealed to me enormously. In an American Ponekad mislim da je Madonna kriva za sve. television ad, the beautiful Linda Evangelista Nakon što je svijetu objavila svoju ritmičnu announces: “I have no identity!” It turns out misao - Express yourself, don’t reppress that Identity was the name of a new kind yourself! - cijeli je svijet pohrlio da ekspresira of credit card. That appealed to me, too. For svoj represirani identitet. the first time, it occurred to me that people Da, ta riječ je sveta mantra. Ne prođe dan, a hold on to this identity of theirs so fiercely, da ne čujem: That’s my identity! OK, imate li precisely because they know that identities što drugo na repertoaru, mislim, ali ništa ne can be changed. That is why a new word kažem. I dalje poštujem tuđe identitete, što should be circulated: integrity. Because even ću, pristojna sam.Ponekad se čak i sažalim, people with no identity, like myself, for nekako ispada da se u prsa svoga identiteta instance, can have integrity. Identities are najviše busaju ti koji ništa drugo nemaju. interchangeable, like passports. Integrities are not. And now, am I not right, doctor? Say Malo mi je laknulo kad sam u nekom so yourself. japanskom bestselleru pročitala rečenicu: Dođi da te upoznam sa svojom mamom, koja je prije bila moj tata! Rečenica mi se jako RISE UP, YE SLAVS! svidjela. U jednoj američkoj televizijskoj reklami lijepa Linda Evangelista izgovara I was getting onto the No. 15 bus the other rečenicu: I don’t have any identity! Ispostavlja day in Amsterdam. I snapped open my purse, se da je identity ime za novu vrstu kreditne dug around for a few minutes for my wallet, kartice. I to mi se svidjelo. Prvi put palo mi je and finally fished the fare out for the driver. na pamet da se ljudi grčevito drže za te svoje “Two zones, please”, I stammered in my A RIGHT TO MISERY identitete baš zato što znaju da su identiteti clumsy Dutch. lako zamjenjivi. Zato bi trebalo uvesti u Are you one of “us“ the driver asked me in opticaj novu riječ: integritet. Jer integritet Serbo-Croatian, with a knowing look. mogu imati i osobe bez identiteta, kao što “Yes, I am”, I said. sam ja, na primjer. Identiteti su zamjenjivi, kao pasoši. Integriteti nisu. I sad, nisam li u “From where?” he asked and firmly returned pravu, doktore, recite i sami? my bus fare. “From Zagreb”, I said. He was Macedonian. He had been living in Holland for twenty HEJ SLAVENI years. He’d married a Dutch woman, they had three children. Ulazim u amsterdamski autobus broj 15. Otvaram torbicu, dugo petljam tražeći u njoj My stop was coming up. novčanik i konačno pružam novac za kartu. “Whenever I am on this route, you’ll have a Dvije zone, molim... - izgovaram na free ride. OK?” He called after me. sumnjivom holandskom. “Sure!” Jesi li ti “naša”? - pita me pronicljivo. I was staying at a Boston hotel. The hotel “Naša” sam... room was for non-smokers, as is all of America. The chamber maid came into the room. She Odakle? - pita i odlučno mi vraća novae. said “Good morning”, and apologised for Ja sam iz Zagreba, kažem. A on je disturbing me. Her accent rubbed up against Makedonac. Tu živi već dvadeset godina. my ear and I went over and looked at the Oženjen je za Holanđanku, ima troje djece. name rag on her uniform. Ferida. Dolazi moja stanica. Are you one of “us”?” Kad sam ja na ovoj ruti, imaš besplatnu “I’m from Travnik. What about you?” vožnju. OK? - dovikuje. “I’m from Zagreb.” OK! She had already been in the States for a few Nalazim se u bostonskom hotelu. Hotelska years, having arrived when the war started soba je non-smoking, kao i sva Amerika. in Bosnia, she, her husband and their two U sobu ulazi spremačica. Izgovara “good children. They liked it in the States. Recently morning”, ispričava se. Njezin akcent grebe they bought themselves an apartment. No, moje uho i ja joj prilazim. Zagledavam se she wouldn’t be going back to Bosnia, no u pločicu s imenom na njezinoj uniformi. way ... There were other people from there Ferida. at the hotel. The guy at the reception desk Jeste li vi naša?! was from Zadar, and a woman who worked in Iz Travnika? A ti? the administration was from Karlovac. A guy in the kitchen was from Požarevac. The hotel Iz Zagreba. was like a whole little Yugoslavia ... Ovdje je već nekoliko godina. Došla je kad “Is it really forbidden to smoke in the je krenuo rat u Bosni. Ona, muž i dvoje djece. rooms?” I ask. Lijepo im je ovdje, eto, nedavno je i stan kupila. Ne, ne vraća se u Bosnu, ne pada joj She gave me a knowing look and grinned. na pamet ... Ima u ovom hotelu još naših. Then she went over to the windows and Tip na recepciji je iz Zadra, jedna što radi u showed me how to crack them open ... administraciji je iz Karlovca, tip u kuhinji je “Don’t you worry about a thing! While I’m iz Požarevca, prava mala Jugoslavija.... in charge of the 12th floor, you are free to Je li u hotelskim sobama zaista zabranjeno smoke here ...” pušenje? - pitam. Gleda me pronicljivo, She stepped out for a moment and came osmjehuje se. Kreće prema teškim prozorima back with a spray can in hand. instruira me kako ću ih otškrinuti…. “Look, there are these Arabs who send their PRAVO NA NESREĆU Nema frke! Dok sam ja šefica na dvanaestom kids to Harvard and stay here when they visit. katu, ti možeš zapalit ... Izlazi na čas i vraća Who has heard of Arabs without tobacco? se sa sprejom u ruci. And how would Americans dare to forbid Ajde, bona, tu odsjedaju Arapi koji školuju the wealthy Arab visitors from smoking! When djecu na Harvardu. A gdje bi Arapin bez you’ve finished your cigarette, you just spray duvana! A gdje bi Amer da bogatom Arapinu around the room with this spray..” zabrani duvan! Evo, ti, kad popušiš, posprejaj In Germany, while I was on a long trip, I malo s ovim sprejom... stopped at a motel somewhere near Frankfurt. U Njemačkoj, nakon duge vožnje, negdje I went to the bathroom. I put a fifty-cent u blizini Frankfurta, zastajem kod nekog piece in the little basket by the entrance to motela. Ulazim u toalet. Na izlazu iz kabine the lady’s room. The boy sitting by the table spuštam u košaricu pedeset centi. Mladić koji with the basket said thank you in Polish. sjedi pored stola s košaricom kaže: “Are you a Pole?” Dziekuje... “A Russian”, he said. Poljak? “Did you think I was Polish?” I asked, in Rus – kaže. Russian. Mislili ste da sam Poljakinja?– nastavljam “I did. Where are you from?” na ruskom.. “From the former ... Yugoslavia” Da, a tko ste? “How come you know Russian?” he asked. Bivša... Jugoslavenka. as if he had never until that moment met Otkud znate ruski!? –pita kao da dosada anyone who spoke Russian. nije sreo baš nikoga tko govori ruski. “It’s a long story ...” Duga priča ... “Don’t pay ...” he said, returning me my Evo, ne trebate platiti... ∑ kaže, vraća mi money and grinning novac i široko se osmjehuje. broadly. Ne, ne, zaboga... ∑ ponovo spuštam pedeset “Oh, no, you mustn’t ..” I put the coin back centi u košaricu. Zbunjena sam, razmišljam into the basket. I was confused, thinking da li da mu ostavim dva-tri eura. that I really ought to be leaving him two or Good luck.... ∑ kaže nespretno mladić, kao three euros. da samo na engleskom jeziku sreća ima neke “Good luck…” said the young man in šanse. English, awkwardly, as if only in English did Good luck ∑ kažem. luck’ have a chance. I ne znam zašto, ali svaki put nakon sličnih “Good luck”, I said to him. susreta ∑ a bilo ih je bezbroj ∑ osjećam se kao I don’t know why, but every time after glavni lik u kakvoj bajci. I tamo, u bajkama, encounters such as these — and there have postoje pomagači. Makedonac me častio been many— I felt like the protagonist in besplatnom vožnjom autobusom broj 15, a fairy tale. In fairy tales there are always Bosanka mi je ponudila pravo na dim, a Rus figures who offer assistance. The Macedonian besplatnu upotrebu zahoda. I najednom pada man treated me to a ride on bus #15, the mi na pamet da globalno bratstvo ipak postoji. Bosnian woman offered me the right to To smo mi, klasa proletera. Prepoznajemo se smoke, and the Russian gave me free use of u sekundi, tapšemo se riječima, častimo se the lady’s room. And suddenly it hit me: there sitnim uslugama kao djeca, skidamo jedni s is a global brotherhood after all! That is what drugih neko teško nevidljivo breme, i guramo we are, the proletarian class. We recognise dalje. A ja ću, sa svoje strane, vratiti dug. each other in an instant, test each other with Novčići koje ću zaraditi ovim recima prelit će words, treat each other to little favours like se u ruke kakve Bugarke, klozet frajle, kakvog kids. We release one another from a heavy, A RIGHT TO MISERY Rumunja, perača prozora koji radi na crno, invisible burden, and push onward. I, for my kakvog Rusa, uličnog svirača sa završenom part, will return my debt. The money I earn by muzičkom akademijom, kakve Moldavke, koja writing these lines will end up in the hands će me na ulici pitati imam li cigaretu.... of a Bulgarian woman in charge of a toilet I zato, podignite glave, Slaveni, i za nas somewhere, a Romanian window washer ima nade! Nema frke, braćo! working for cash, a Russian street musician who holds a degree from the Academy of Music, a woman from Moldova, who asks me BY THE WAY, KOLlKO JE VELlKA EVROPA on the street for a smoke ... I GDJE SE NALAZI? So rise up, ye Slays, there is hope for us yet! To nitko ne zna, iako mnogi pretendiraju na to da znaju. Prošli smo, kažu naši organizatori, 7000 kilometara od Juga prema BY THE WAY, HOW BIG IS EUROPE, AND Sjeveru. Naša ruta je na karti Evrope sličila na WHERE IS IT? laso. Oblik lasa potiče maštu i sugerira da su putnici krenuli u lov. Na što? No one knows the answers to that question, Evropa se može mjeriti na različite načine. though many pretend to. Our organisers told Recimo, koliko su se puta putnici tokom us we covered 7000 kilometres going from putovanja šišali i koliko su puta morali sjeći south to north. Our route around Europe was nokte. Ispostavlja se da nokti, na primjer, like a lasso in shape. The lasso-like contours rastu na putu mnogo brže nego što to putnik stirred the imagination and suggested that od njih očekuje. Možda su zato mali predmeti the travellers had embarked on a hunt. For za rezanje noktiju, tzv. grickalice, tako skupi. what? Kupila sam grickalicu u Hannoveru (29,90 There are many ways to measure Europe. DM), iako ih kod kuće imam nekoliko. Prema For example, how many times the travellers mom vlastitom računu, nokti od Lisabona do had their hair cut during the trip and how Hannovera narastu do veličine kada moraju many times they clipped their nails. It turned biti podsječeni. Neki su pisci ušli u vlak u out that finger and toenails grow faster on Lisabonu golobradi i do Berlina uspjeli a trip than the traveller expects. That must uznjegovati bradu, kao Herkus, Litvanac. be why the little things for snipping nails, Nicola, Talijan, mjerio je Evropu po broju those clippers, cost so much. I bought myself čarapa koje je promijenio. Neki su se pisci clippers in Hanover (29.90 German marks), putujući Evropom stanjili, a neki povećali. although I have several at home. According Odgovori na pitanje gdje je Zapad, a gdje to my calculations, finger and toenails need Istok Evrope mnogo su nejasniji i fleksibilniji clipping by the time you reach Hanover from od odgovora na pitanje gdje je Sjever, a gdje Lisbon. Some writers, such as Herkus, a Jug. Lithuanian, got onto the train smooth-shaven in Lisbon and had a beard by the time of U Kaliningradu sam se zaustavila ispred arrival in Berlin. Nicola, an Italian, measured žena koje su na ulici prodavale domaće Europe by the number of socks he changed. kolače. Jedna je na maloj improviziranoj Sonic of the writers travelling through Europe tezgi prodavala nešto što je podsjećalo na got thinner, others gained weight. muffine. Ispred tih tjestanih grudica stajao je natpis: Keks zapadnyj. Answers to the question of where west and east lie in Europe are much less clear and Zašto zapadni? more flexible than answers to the question of Zato što smo mi Zapad! – rekla je s where the north and south are. takvim tonom kao da je članica Evropskog I stopped in front of women in Kaliningrad parlamenta, i bljesnula zlatnom krunom. who were selling homemade cakes. One of Ostavljajući bjelorusku granicu u Brestu them was selling something reminiscent of mnogi putnici našeg vlaka imali su osjećaj PRAVO NA NESREĆU da presjecaju granicu između Istoka i Zapada. a muffin on a small improvised stand. Below Poljaci bi bili zadovoljni da to čuju. Bjelorusi the little lumps of dough was a sign: bi se stužili. Keks zapadnyji, western cookie. Problem orijentacije u Evropi dolazi od “Why western?” fantazmi njezinih stanovnika o samima sebi i “Because we are the West!” she said in the o drugima. Turistički vodiči prašnjave retorike tone of a member of the European Parliament, pokušavali su nas uvjeriti kako su njihove and flashed the golden crown on her tooth at zemlje, regije ili pak gradovi služili kroz me. cijelu svoju povijest kao štit protiv Drugoga, a Drugi je, dakako, uvijek dolazio s Istoka. As we left the Belorusian border at Brest Ispostavlja se da svi stanovnici Evrope radije behind us, many travellers on the train felt as sebe vide na njezinoj zapadnoj nego na if they were crossing the border between east istočnoj strani. Biti na zapadnoj strani daje and ‘vest. The Poles were relieved to hear Evropljanima osjećaj da su ujedno i na pravoj this. The Belorusians were saddened. strani života. The problem of orientation in Europe comes Druga ključna riječ narodnih fantazmi je from the fantasies of its inhabitants about raskrsnica. Ako već ništa drugo nemaju, onda themselves and others. Tourist guides of narodi, zemlje i gradovi doživljavaju sami dusty rhetoric have tried to convince us that sebe kao važnu raskrsnicu putova. their countries, regions or cities have served through their whole history as a bulwark Štit i raskrsnica najrasprostranjenije su against the Other; the Other invariably, of fantazme malih naroda u gradnji pozitivna course, coming from the East. It turns out imagea o samima sebi. that all the inhabitants of Europe would Tako se ispostavilo da je Varšava značajna po rather see themselves as part of its western tome što kroz nju prolazi 21 meridijan! Tako than its eastern end. To be at its western end se ispostavilo da je Vilnius geografski centar gives Europeans the feeling that they are Evrope. Zbog čežnje da se St. Petersburg upiše on the right side of life. The other keyword na evropskoj karti kao zapadni grad u St. of national fantasies is crossroads. If they Petersburgu danas ima više kafea i restorana have nothing else, at least these peoples, s nazivom “Evropa” nego u ostatku Evrope. countries and cities experience themselves as Jedino u bjeloruskoj turističkoj brošuri, u being at crucial junctions. rubrici “Kto est ktov Belorusi? Who is who in The bulwark and the crossroads arc the most Belorus?” cijelu stranu zauzima samo i jedino widely held fantasies of small peoples as they bjeloruski predsjednik Lukašenko. Lukašenko, construct a positive image of themselves. sudeći po brošuri, ima status geografske specifičnosti, nekog važnog meridijana ili So it turned out that Warsaw was significant čega sličnog. for the fact that twenty-one meridians passed through it! And it turned out that Vilnius is the geographic centre of Europe, SIMBOLI whatever that means. There are more cafes and restaurants with Europe in their name Ako ništa drugo, mali evropski narodi imaju in St Petersburg than anywhere in Europe, obilje simbola. Tako se ispostavlja da je because St Petersburg so longs to inscribe različak dobio u Estoniji status nacionalnog itself on the European map. In a Belorusian simbola, jer, kako kaže estonska turistička tourist brochure, in the column under the brošura, cornflower has grown on Estonian heading “Cto est kot v Belorusi? Who’s who in soil for thousand years. Ispostavlja se nadalje Belorus?” a whole page was given over to the da je različak ekskluzivno estonski cvijetak, Belorusian president Lukashenko. Judging by jer obično raste na žitnim poljima, creating a the brochure, Lukashenko has the status of a strong association in the minds of Estonians geographic feature, an essential meridian, or between the flower and their daily bread. the like. A RIGHT TO MISERY Štoviše, različak je u Estoniji snažan simbol SYMBOLS pokreta otpora jer je njegova plava boja u crveno sovjetsko doba bila zabranjena. Tako If they have nothing else, small European su na nekoj proslavi svi različci morali biti peoples have an abundance of symbols. So ofarbani u crveno ne bi li se mimikrirali u it turns out that Estonia conferred on the (komunističke) karanfile. cornflower the status of national symbol because, as the Estonian tourist brochure explains, the cornflower has grown on KNJIŽEVNA GEOPOLITIKA Estonian soil for thousands of years. Apparently the cornflower is an exclusively Zeus, otac svih bogova, ovih se dana Estonian flower, because it generally grows blagonaklono smješka promatrajući aktivnosti in corn fields, creating a strong association svoje miljenice Evrope. Ne može se reći da je in the minds of Estonians between the iznevjerila njegova očekivanja, jer ih nije ni blossom and the daily bread. Furthermore, imao. Kada je otišao od nje, elegantno joj je the cornflower in Estonia is a powerful ostavio dva poklona koja bi svaka žena mogla symbol of the resistance movement because samo poželjeti: koplje koje uvijek pogađa cilj its blue colour was banned in the red Soviet i skupocjeni nakit. period. At a celebration, apparently, all the Nakon što je svoga obožavaoca iskoristila cornflowers had to be painted red so that kao najbrže prijevozno sredstvo da bi se they might mimic a (communist) carnation. dokopala geografski povoljnijih i ljepših The other important national symbol was the krajeva, te nakon erotskoga ludovanja s swallow, while one of the unofficial symbols rogatom životinjom kojoj je izrodila i sinove, is the oak tree. For, the brochure instructs, Evropa se zadovoljna i zadovoljena udala za Estonia is rich in national symbols, official lokalnog dečka Asteriona. U CV-u ubogoga and unofficial which are dear to its people. Asteriona ne može se naći vise od podatka da Precisely as is the case with the European je oženio Zeusovu ljubavnicu i usvojio njezina song contest, every European country is tri vanbračna sina. S prirodnim talentom happiest singing its own state hymn. Mu da se jednako dobro snalazi s bogovima, isamaa, mu onn ja room ... životinjama i muškarcima, a onda i s malim, ali značajnim kapitalom koji joj je ostavljen za nadoknadu eventualne moralne štete, Evropa LITERARY GEOPOLITICS je nadalje živjela tzv. punim životom. Ono prvo putovanje na Zeusovim leđima razvilo A writer without a people is like shit in the je u njoj geografske apetite, pa je nadalje rain. Jonas Pshibiliauskiene-Krikshchiunas otkrivala nove zemlje i kontinente. Mnoge je Zeus, the father of all gods, is smiling kolonizirala, ali ih je na kraju i dekolonizirala. benevolently as he watches his favourite, Tako je povećavala svoje bogatstvo. Izmislila Europa, at work. She can’t be said to have je mnoge stvari. Na pojmove kao što su betrayed his expectations. He had none. When demokracija, humanizam, umjetnost, he left her, he gave her two gifts that any književnost i filozofija stavila je svoj apsolutni woman would love to have: a spear that never copyright. Bila je i agresivna, vodila je mnoge missed its mark, and expensive jewellery. ratove i usavršila se u perfekciji istrebljenja. After she used her admirer as the speediest Prije nekoliko desetljeća izvršila je najveći i possible means of transportation to more najstrašniji zločin u povijesti čovječanstva, favourable and appealing climes, after her pobivši nekih šest milijuna svojih Židova, što erotic fling with the horned beast to whom joj, dakako, ne smeta da igra ulogu moralnog she bore her sons, Europa, satisfied and sated, arbitra kad god to zatreba. married a local guy, Asterion. Poor Asterion Danas Evropa, kao dobra i mudra gazdarica, has nothing more in his CV than his marriage ujedinjuje svoje zemlje, iako je posve to Zeus’ mistress and the adoption of her three fatherless sons. With her natural talent PRAVO NA NESREĆU nedavno pala na ispitu ujedinjenja. Ona for handling herself equally well with gods, koja se nije pretrgla da spriječi razjedinjenje animals and men, and with a small but tidy sum Jugoslavije i rat, danas premeće u ustima of capital left to her to allay any subsequent riječi “postnational units” i “postnational moral damage, Europa continued living the constellations”. Ona koja nije ni primijetila so-called full life. That first journey on Zeus’s iščeznuće “Jugoslavena”, na primjer (a bila je back stirred in her a yen for geography, so she to etnički indiferentna “miješana” manjina, went on exploring new lands and continents. koja je živjela u bivšoj Jugoslaviji, brojčano Some she colonised, and then granted them veća od nacionalno osviještenih Slovenaca), independence; she seduced many of them danas kao glavni uvjet za pristup u svoje and then dismissed them. So it was that redove traži strogo poštovanje prava manjina. she augmented her wealth. Many were the Tko zna, možda je baš zbog toga danas things she invented. She placed notions such jedna od najvažnijih ideoloških polugi as democracy, humanism, art, literature and evropskoga ujedinjenja -kultura. Baš kao što philosophy under her absolute copyright. She je svako malo mjesto u bivšim komunističkim was aggressive, too, waged wars and honed zemljama imalo svoj “Dom kulture”, tako je i the art of annihilation. Several decades ago velika evropska mapa ujedinjenja premrežena she committed the most vast and terrible virtualnim i stvarnim “domovima kulture”. crime in the history of mankind, murdering Što se tiče kulture, ona može biti turističko- some six million of her Jews, which by no edukativni poklon paket, čiji je sadržaj malo means prevents her from playing the role of povijesti, malo folklora, stih ili dva; ona moral arbiter whenever the occasion arises. može poslužiti kao identity help-kit; kao Today Europa, like a good and wise mistress, mutna točka samopoštovanja i međusobnog is busy uniting her lands, although she failed poštovanja; kao slobodno polje za upisivanje a recent unification test flat-out. She who i učitavanje značenja. Kultura može biti did nothing to prevent the dismemberment shvaćena kao način života, whether of Berbers of Yugoslavia and ensuing war now flaunts or barbers, kao što duhovito primjećuje phrases such as “post-national units” and Terry Eagleton, kao kulturnopovijesni niz “post-national constellations”. She, who od Senece do Seinfelda, kao opozicioni par never so much as blinked an eye at the pojmu barbarizma, kao romantičarski simbol, disappearance of the “Yugoslavs”, for example kao oblik manipulacije i nadmoći, kao puki (this was an ethnically indifferent, “mixed” marketinški produkt ili sinonim za riječ minority living in the former Yugoslavia, nacionalni identitet. Riječ kultura savršeno that was actually larger in number than the se uklapa u rječnik administrativnog EU more nationally conscious Slovenes), is now novogovora. Jer u tom rječniku najučestalije demanding rigorous respect for the rights of riječi ujedno su i one najmutnije, poput minorities as a key requisite for joining its fluidity, mobility, fusion... ranks. U tom, novoevropskom smislu kultura Precisely because of this, perhaps, one of bi trebala biti tradicionalna, nacionalna i the key ideological cornerstones of European kozmopolitska, sve, dakako, u razumnoj mjeri unification today is culture. Just as each i balansiranom omjeru. Kultura bi trebala little town in the former communist countries promovirati svoje specifičnosti, ali istodobno had its “Culture Centre”, so the large map ostati otvorenom, dapače, kultura bi trebala of European integration is crisscrossed by otvarati granice, ali istodobno učvršćivati virtual and real “culture centres”. Culture can stereotipe. Svaki turist završava svoj posjet be a tourist-instructional gift packet offering Nizozemskoj kupujući par malih klompi, malu a smattering of history, a touch of folklore, vjetrenjaču i lukovicu tulipana. I premda je and a line or two of verse; culture can serve tulipan izmislila turska florealna imaginacija, i as an identity help-kit; as a shadowy point premda su klompe cipele koje je nosila seljačka of self-respect and mutual regard; as a blank populacija po cijeloj blatnoj sjevernoj Evropi, surface onto which meaning may be inscribed A RIGHT TO MISERY i premda se vjetrenjače vrte i u Don Kihotu, and read. It may be understood as a way of sve to neće razbiti tvrdu odluku posjetioca da life, whether of Berbers or barbers as Terry doneses puta nešto holandskoga. A i trgovci Eagleton notes with wit, as the progression suvenira idu kupcima u susret. Oni najbolje of cultural history from Seneca to Seinfeld, znaju da onaj tko pokušava destereotipizirati as the antithesis of barbarism, as a form of tržište stereotipa završava u bankrotu. manipulation and superiority, as a marketing Kultura je, dakle reprezentacija nečega. I ploy, or as a synonym for national identity. The umjetnost je reprezentacija nečega. U toj, word culture fits neatly into the vocabulary of najuobičajenijoj pojmovnoj fuziji kultura se the administrative EU newspeak. Because in veže uz široko shvaćeni pojam “umjetnosti”. that vocabulary the most frequent words are Što se umjetnosti tiče, Evropa je u svojoj also the shadiest, such as fluidity, mobility, bogatoj kulturnoj povijesti etablirala fusion ... mecenatstvo, plodnu spregu umjetnosti i In the context of the new Europa, novca, koja je porodila i “zlatno doba” i culture should be traditional, national, and evropski kulturni kanon. Evropa je nadalje cosmopolitan, all, of course, in reasonable iskusila spregu umjetnosti i ideologija, measure and balanced proportion. Culture periode kada je, kao što kaže Walter Benjamin, should promote local colour, yet remain “fašizam estetizirao politiku” i kada je open; it should open borders, yet reinforce “komunizam politizirao umjetnost”. Evropa je stereotypes. Tourists end their visit to Holland iskusila različite estetske kanone, umjetničke by purchasing a little pair of wooden clogs, a koncepte i periode: iskusila je duge periode small windmill and a tulip bulb, despite the elitne, visoke kulture, a zatim i vrijeme fact that the tulip was a fabrication of the „mehaničke reprodukcije“ i deaurizacije Turkish floral imagination, and wooden clogs umjetnosti, da bi se na kraju našla u totalnom are footwear worn by peasant populations in rasulu koncepata, ali i u žustroj dinamici all the muddy northern European countries, rasula gdje se mijenjaju demokratizacija and there are windmills spinning in Don umjetnosti i vladavina tržišta, jaka dominacija Quixote. All this will not shake the resolve of masovne kulture, koja je mahom američka, a the visitor to bring something back from their s tim u vezi i geopolitizacija kulture, a zatim i trip that is genuinely Dutch. The souvenir ostaci tradicionalističkih kulturnih koncepata vendors are glad to oblige. They know full i njihova politizacija. U svom tom rasulu well that whoever tries to make the market postoji i potreba Evrope, koja kao glavno of stereotypes less stereotypical ends up ideološko ljepilo koristi upravo kulturu, da tu bankrupt. svoju kulturu reartikulira i redefinira. Culture, therefore is a representation Na prvi pogled čini se da nema nikakva of something. And art is a representation razloga za brigu. Jer, kratka šetnja po of something. In that most pedestrian of internetu pokazat će da je Evropa danas conceptual fusions, culture is tied to the bogato premrežena stotinama highwaya, broadly understood notion of “art.” As far as cesta i putova, stotinama fondova i fondacija, art is concerned, in her rich cultural history, kišobranskih organizacija, NGO-a, networka, Europa came up with patronage, a fertile kulturnih servisa i virtualnih ureda, čiji je partnership of art and money, which gave jedini zadatak da omoguće nesmetan kulturni birth to the “Golden Age” and the European promet. Na poslu servisiranja i osiguravanja cultural canon. She explored the joining sigurnog prometa kulture i kulturne of art and ideology, bringing us periods kooperacije rade brojni kulturni manageri, when, as Walter Benjamin put it, “fascism “officeri”, “advokati” kulture i kulturni aestheticised politics” and when “communism posrednici. Ti su ljudi plaćeni evropski politicised art”. Europa also explored various entuzijasti, nacionalisti, postnacionalisti i aesthetic ages, artistic concepts and periods; internacionalisti, kozmopoliti i globalisti, she tested long periods of elitist high culture, evropski i regionalni nacionalisti, pobornici then a time of “mechanical reproduction” PRAVO NA NESREĆU

Stereotipski stroj za evropskih specifičnosti i različitosti. all and the stripping the aura of art from art, umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. i evropskoga ujedinjenja, profesionalci only to find herself at the end in a tangle Stereotipski stroj za multipliciranih identiteta, ljudi s više glava of concepts, but also in a fierce, chaotic umnožavanje i glupo hodanje. na jednome tijelu. U toj dinamici - u bogatoj dynamic of dissolution in which a number SNIMKA IZ VIDEA AUTORICE... / ORIGI- mreži ujedinjenih evropskih birokrata kulture of things mingle: democratisation of art NAL VIDEO BY CATARINA VAZ i još neumreženih neposrednih proizvođača and the rule of the market domination of a kulture - odvija se sadašnji i budući evropski mass culture — most of it American — and kulturni život. the consequent geopolitisation of culture, Iako je književnost odavno izgubila shoulder to shoulder with the remnants of dominantno mjesto i prepustila ga traditionalistic cultural concepts and their atraktivnijim i reprezentativnijim medijima, re-politisation. Amid this morass are Europa’s u istoj toj dinamici odvija se i njezin život. needs. She treats culture as her principle I suvremeni evropski pisac, osobito Eastie, ideological glue, to rearticulate and reshape proizvod je te konfuzne kulturne dinamike. herself. I on je jedno tijelo s nekoliko glava, i on se At first glance there seems to be no trudi da se pozicionira u skladu s promjenama. cause for concern. A brief stroll around on On diskretno nastoji da zadrži tradicionalnu the internet will demonstrate that Europa ulogu “duše svoga naroda”. is nicely networked today with hundreds U zapadnoevropskim zemijama to je of highways, roads and byways, funds and spisateljska funkcija odavno depolitizirana, foundations, umbrella organisations, NGO ali se tiho zadržala, kao sinekura. U zemljama networks, cultural services and virtual pridošlicama (osim Malte, valjda), koje se još offices, whose sole task is to enable the A RIGHT TO MISERY nisu uspjele riješiti svoga “oslobađajućeg” flow of cultural traffic. Countless cultural nacionalizma, pisac kao “duša naroda” jos managers, officers, and mediators are busily uvijek je upotrebljiv. Model, dakle, nije facilitating the traffic of culture and cultural izgubio svoju privlačnost. Jer “duša”jednog cooperation. These people are salaried naroda najlakše komunicira s “dušom” European enthusiasts. Their numbers include drugog naroda, puno je teže komunicirati nationalists (European and regional), post- s “dušom” bez granica i bez stalne adrese, nationalists and internationalists. They zar ne? U prijašnjim uvjetima naš je Litvanac are cosmopolites and globalists, and they ili Slovenac, braneći autonomiju “književne are spokespeople for European local colour umjetnosti”, možda i odbijao da bude and differences, but also for European reprezentant svoga (komunističkog) naroda. unification. In a word, they are professionals Danas je ponovo spreman da to bude. Zbog with multiple identities, people with several svog (postkomunističkog) naroda? Zbog toga heads on a single body. European current and što je promijenio svoj stav prema književnosti? future cultural life exists in this dynamic, in Ne, zbog zakona umjetničke ponude i the rich network of united European, cultural potražnje. Jer evropsko književno tržište ne bureaucrats and “workers”, producers of može izdržati navalu od pedeset litvanskih culture, artists, and writers. pisaca (niti pak litvansko može izdržati Though literature has long since lost više od dva holandska pisca, na primjer), i its primacy, relinquishing preeminence to zato će tek jedan ili dvojica biti dobrodošli. the more appealing media, its life is still Ta izabrana dvojica biti će “reprezentanti” being dictated by these same givens. The litvanske književnosti. Tako je naš Eastie (ali contemporary European writer, particularly i Westie) i evropski orijentirana “duša” koja the Eastie, is the product of a confused žudi za afirmacijom na evropskom tržištu, i cultural dynamic. He, too, is one body “globalistička duša” koja bi svoju evropsku with many heads, and he does what he can afirmaciju već sutra prodala za profitabilniju to position himself to keep up with the američku. changes. He discreetly attempts to retain the Izlazak iz raja nacionalne književnosti, gdje traditional role of the “soul of his people”. je pisac još uvijek tretiran kao “reprezentant” In West European countries this writing i „umjetnik riječi”, podrazumijeva nadalje function has long since been de-politicised, pristanak na tržišnu demokraciju. Piscima not extinct so much as available on demand. iz Slovačke i Slovenije, koji su dosada bili In the newly joining East European countries, okruženi kratkovidnim kolegama otežalih which have not yet succeeded in expunging zadnjica, predstoji, dakle, konfrontacija s their “liberating” nationalism, the writer as tržištem. the “soul of the people” has his hands full. The Na tom tržištu čeka ih, između ostalih, model, therefore, has not lost its appeal. For i David Beckham koji je nedavno dobio the “soul” of one nation best communicates British Book Award, jer je knjiga potpisana with the “soul” of another nation. It is much njegovim imenom donijela knjižnoj industriji harder to communicate with a “soul” that has brdo novaca. Zato će naš Estonac, ukoliko no borders and no permanent address, isn’t je tržišni optimist, odsada u svoj književni it? Under the old conditions, our Lithuanian život morati ukalkulirati redovne posjete or Slovenian writer, defending the autonomy fitness klubu. Jer konkurencija je jaka, of the “literary arts”, declined, in some cases, neravnopravna i traumatična. Istina, odgodu to represent his (communist) people. Today suočenja s brutalnim tržištem, barem u he is prepared to assume that role again. For ovom tranzicijskom razdoblju, zasada nježno his (post-communist) people? Because he omogućava evropska kulturna birokracija, has changed his attitude toward literature? koja još uvijek poštuje i potiče razmjenu No. Because of the rules of artistic supply književnonacionalnih identiteta. Za to, and demand. Because the European literary dakako, ubire svoj procent, baš kao i svaki marketplace cannot survive an inundation PRAVO NA NESREĆU agent. A i čitaoci guraju svoje, i oni bi da of fifty Lithuanian writers (just as the se informiraju na brzinu i pročitaju nešto Lithuanian marketplace can’t sustain more estonskoga. than two Dutch writers, for example), and Što je s onima koji nemaju nacionalnog so only one or two will be welcome. This identiteta? S kozmopolitskom, prolererskom select two will be the “household names” of intelektualnom bagrom, s pobornicima Lithuanian literature. Hence our Eastie (and evropskog identiteta, evropskoga melting Westie) and the European oriented “souls” pota, koji bi izbrisao državne granice, who crave affirmation on the European nacionalne i etničke podjele i bio zakonski market, and the “globalistic souls” who would reguliran uručenjem evropskoga pasoša i sell their European affirmation tomorrow for statusom evropskoga građanina? Takvi će po a more profitable American reception. The svoj prilici morati pričekati. Takvi zasada svu emergence from the paradise of the national svoju utopističku nadu mogu polagati jedino literature, where a writer is always treated as u kretanje krupnog kapitala, ma kako to a “representative” and “an artist with words”, paradoksalno zvučalo. Jer, u budućnosti bi, implies a further nod to market democracy. umjesto naroda i države, novi “identity maker” Writers from Slovakia to Slovenia who have mogla biti kakva moćna korporacija, pa bi se been surrounded until now by short-sighted u tom slučaju moglo dogoditi da logika novca colleagues with comfortable waistlines, are naprosto prebriše državne granice i identitete. being faced with the market. On that market Ako se to dogodi, Srbija će se zvati Ikea, a they are going to be running headlong into njezini stanovnici Ikeancima, i Slovenija David Beckham, among others, who recently Siemens, sa stanovnicima Siemensovcima. was given the British Book Award, because the book, with his name on it, brought the A i sam život kao da potiho ruje u tom publishing industry a pile of money. That is pravcu. S primitkom deset novih članica neće why our Estonian, if he is a market optimist, se Istok doseliti na Zapad, čega se boji svaki will have to figure into his literary life regular ustrašeni zapadnoevropski šovinist, nego će visits to the fitness club. The competition se Zapad po svoj prilici doseliti na Istok. O is fierce, unfair and traumatic. True, the putovima krupnog kapitala ne znam ništa, ali European cultural bureaucracy, at least in znam da je hrvatska obala rasprodana, da je this transitional period, is allowing a delay in bugarski grad Varna pun prosječno solventnih facing the brutal realities of the marketplace, Holanđana, Belgijanaca i Nijemaca, tih koji which still holds literary-national identities su zakasnili da na vrijeme kupe stanove u in high regard and promotes their exchange. Dubrovniku, Pragu ili Budimpešti, pa sad These bureaucrats take their cut for that, as kupuju tamo gdje se to još može. Posve any agent would. And the readers push their je moguće da će li mali, brojni i nevidljivi own agenda. They would like to get a quick migranti o kojima nitko ne vodi računa, handle on things and read a little something ti sitni posjednici hrvatskih, mađarskih, Estonian. bugarskih i rumunjskih stambenih kvadrata, odrediti budućnost Evrope, pa i onu kulturnu, What about those who have no national zašto da ne. Oni znaju da će život u friško identity? What about the cosmopolitan, inkorporiranim zemljama Evrope (i onima intellectual proletariat, the spokespeople for koje čekaju ulazak u EU) biti jeftiniji i a European identity, a European melting pot veseliji od života u skupim zapadnoevropskim which would erase state borders, national urbanim getima. Osim toga, tamo i tog and ethnic divisions and would be legally vražjeg “identiteta” ima za izvoz: od komično regulated by handing people a European velikih bugarskih čevapčića do kozmičkog passport and the status of a European citizen? napjevavanja bugarskih baba. People like that will have to wait. The only thing they can entrust their Utopian hope to Što se primitka novih članica tiče, moje is the movement of major capital, although srce se veseli zamišljajući Francuze kako this may sound like a paradox. In the future, lome jezik izgovarajući litvanska imena i A RIGHT TO MISERY Nijemce kako izgovaraju latvijska. Jednako instead of nation and state, the new “identity se veselim i tome što će Litvanci - koji su maker” may be a powerful corporation, and se dosada busali s podatkom da je Vilnius in that case it could happen that the logic geografski centar Evrope - s ulaskom u EU of money does away altogether with state morati stišati neprimjereni entuzijazam oko borders and identities. If this should happen, vlastitih nacionalnih specifičnosti. Veselim Serbia will be re-named “Ikea”, and its se i tome što će Estonci s ulaskom u EU inhabitants will be Ikeans while Slovenia will morati smanjiti one velike pasuse u svojiin be re-named “Siemens”, and its inhabitants turističkim vodičima, koji govore o tome da je will be the “Siemensites” Imagine a leader of različak apsolutno estonski cvijetak, jer raste a small European state sending a message to na estonskom tlu punih tisuću godina. Kao his people: “If you do not behave well, I will što dobro znamo nacionalni identitet je stvar sell you to Bill Gates” dugotrajnog i pametnog tržišnog publiciteta. Life itself seems to be moving quietly in Ponavljam: nacionalni simbol Nizozemske je that direction. The East will not be moving tulipan, bivše tursko cvijeće. westward with the acceptance often new A sama književnost, hoće li se ona members, as every anxious West European promijeniti od te interakcije? Hoće. chauvinist has feared, but instead the West Pretpostavljam da će u fazi prve adaptacije will be moving eastward. I know nothing of slovački, litvanski i letonski pisci dodati the avenues of major capital, but I do know pokoju novu knjigu na postojeću gomilu that the Croatian coast has been sold off for a knjiga o personalnim patnjama za vrijeme song, that the Bulgarian city of Varna is full of komunizma. U Beogradu u ovom trenutku the averagely solvent English, Dutch, Belgians zakašnjeli prodavači suvenira prodaju male and Germans, the ones who were slow on the Titove biste (30 eura po komadu). “Ma, to je ball buying apartments in Dubrovnik, Prague radi stranaca, oni vole da ponesu sa sobom or Budapest, so now they are snapping up nešto komunističko“, kažu prodavači. Bit će, what’s left. It is entirely possible that these dakle, pokušaja da se prodaju slični suveniri, small, numerous and invisible migrants no ali će i oni brzo nestati. U književnosti će one pays attention to, these small-time se, pretpostavljam, vraliti topografija koja se owners of Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and s vremenom bila izgubila. U inteligentnijim Romanian residential property will determine hrvatskim romanima krajem devetnaestog i u the future of Europe, even the future of prvoj polovici dvadesetog sloljeća (slično je u European culture. Why not? If nothing else, češkoj, mađarskoj i drugim književnostima), they know that life in the freshly incorporated junaci su se kretali na relaciji Beč-Prag- countries of Europe will be cheaper and more Budimpešta, razgovarali na njemačkom ili fun than life in the expensive West European francuskom jeziku, a knjige su bile štampane urban ghettoes. Aside from that, there is that bez fusnota s prijevodom njihovih replika na damned “identity” stuff for export: from the hrvatski jezik. Ta će se topografija obogatiti. amusingly oversized Bulgarian kebabs to the S Eastievog tematskog repertoara polako će cosmic singing of Bulgarian women. nestati teme egzila, pasoša i viza, kao i ona As far as the reception of new members is podjela evropskog svijeta na “nas” i na “njih”. concerned, I am thrilled to contemplate the A iz vizure zanemarivog broja Westiea koji su French struggling to get their mouths around bili zainteresirani istokom Evrope nestat će Lithuanian names and the Germans polishing ona nadmenoimperijalna komponenta. Bilo their Latvian. I am also delighted that the bi, naravno, zanimljivo kada bi evropski pisci Lithuanians — who are always boasting jedni drugima dobro pogledali u oči i napisali of the fact that Vilnius is the geographic nešto o svemu tome. All entuzijazam oko centre of Europe and that the mother of ujedinjenja i bonton političke korektnosti Pope John Paul II was Lithuanian — will neće im dati da to učine. A i tržište će poticati now have to tone down their enthusiasm for lakše i mlađahnije književne teme. their own national charms as they enter the PRAVO NA NESREĆU Što se pravedne književne razdiobe tiče, European Union. I am also pleased that, as na koju su posebno osjetljivi pisci malih they enter the EU, the Estonians will have evropskih književnosti, na nju ćemo morati to edit out those verbose passages in their malo pričekati. Književnost je geopolitičko tourist guides describing the cornflower as polje. Postoji velika, imperijalna književnost a purely Estonian blossom, flourishing on (koja nosi masku univerzalističkth književnih their soil for a thousand years. As we know vrijednosti). Drugim riječima, postoji, so well, national identity is a matter of time- književnost i - “ženska književnost”. I dok consuming, intelligent marketing. As I said: god nema “muške književnosti” dotle će the national symbol of Holland is the tulip, “ženska” čamiti u svome rodnom getu. formerly a Turkish flower. Sličan princip razdiobe postoji između malih And what about literature? Will it come out i velikih evropskih književnosti. Od malih of this interaction changed? It will. I assume književnosti očekuje se da donesu lokalne, that in the process of their adaptation Slovak, regionalne i etničke specifičnosti, a od Lithuanian and Latvian writers will donate the velikih da i dalje nose breme univerzalizma. occasional book to the existing heap of tomes Tako se toliko žuđeno pravo na rodni, etnički on people who suffered under communism. ili rasni identitet književnosti pretvara u In Belgrade, as I write this, belated souvenir kaznu i moru. vendors are selling little busts of Tito (30 I na kraju, kad smo već kod evropskog Euros a piece). “These are for the foreigners, literarnog enlargementa i književne they like to take something communist home geopolitike prisjetimo se riječi Miroslava with them”, say the street sellers! There will Krleže, napisanih prije nekoliko desetljeća: be attempts to sell similar souvenirs, but they „Što predstavlja jedna osamljena knjiga will quickly vanish. The topography that had na ovome svijetu danas, pa bila ona doista been lost in literature will, I assume, return. vrijedna da bude objavljena? Manje od jedne In Croatian novels, in the late nineteenth osamljene kapljičice u Amazoni. Prije četristo and early twentieth century, for instance godina, kada je jedan Erazmo štampao svoje (and much the same is true for the Czech, knjige u dvjesta egzemplara, to je za evropsku Hungarian and other literatures), intellectual elitu od Cambridgea i Pariza do Firenze bio literary heroes travelled back and forth to događaj, a danas, između stotinjak sajmova Vienna, Prague and Budapest, speaking in knjiga, na kojima se pojavljuju stotine tisuća German or Hungarian, and books were painted noviteta, kako se može primjetiti jedna without a footnote, that would otherwise izgubljena, samotna knjiga? Veliki majstori, have translated all the foreign-language koji su od knjige stvorili unosnu robu, references into Croatian. The topography will samovladari nad metropolama literature i get richer. The themes of exile, passports and umjetnosti diktiraju književnim tržištem, visas will gradually vanish from the Eastie’s ukusom i estetskim kriterijima, a bez thematic repertoire, as will the division in grmljavine njihove propagande tisuće i tisuće the European world of “ours” and “theirs”. knjiga nestaju u potpuno bezimenoj tišini. Ne But from the perspective of the negligible mislim time reći da se štampom i reklamom number of Westies interested in the European mogu stvarati književni uspjesi, upravo tako East, that superior-imperial component is kao što se novinskom galamom ne mogu also on its way out. It would, of course, pogoditi pobjednici na konjskim trkama, be interesting if European writers were to ali da bi neko imaginamo preocjenjivanje take a good look at one another and write književnih vrijednosti danas dalo drugu something about this. But the enthusiasm sliku o stanju evropske knjige nego što ga around unification and the code of political reklamira štampa metropolitanskih centara, correctness might not allow them to. And the mislim da je indiskutabilno. Strukturalna market will give incentive to lighter, younger vrijednost prosjeka ili cjeline književne literary themes. produkcije poprimila bi druge razmjere. A RIGHT TO MISERY Možda to u temeljima ne bi izmijenilo In closing, while we are on the subject današnje kriterije, ali svakako bi umnožilo of the literary enlargement of Europe and galeriju glasnih imena iz zemalja koje se literary geopolitics, it is worth revisiting the odvajaju od književnih metropola barijerom words of Miroslav Krleža from several decades svojih nepoznatih jezika. ago: “What does one solitary book mean in Kartografski barem proširile bi se međe do- today’s world, no matter how deserving it brih knjiga“.1 may be of publication? Less than a droplet of water in the Amazon River. Four hundred years ago when Erasmus published his book Travanj 2004. in two hundred copies, this was an event for the European elite from Cambridge and Paris to Florence, while today, among the hundred- odd book fairs where hundreds of thousands of new books appear, how can a single, lost, solitary book be noticed? Great masters, who turn books into lucrative merchandise, the sovereigns of the metropoli of literature and art, govern the literary marketplace, taste and aesthetic criteria, and without the thunder of their propaganda thousands and thousands of books would disappear into a totally nameless silence. I do not mean to suggest that literary successes are manufactured by the press and advertisements, any more than fuss in the press can predict the winners of a horse race, but I hold it to be indisputable that a hypothetical re-assessment of literary values today would give a difference picture of the condition of the European book than the press of metropolitan centres does in its advertising. The structural value of the average or the whole of literary production would assume different proportions. Perhaps this would not essentially change today’s criteria, but it certainly would multiply the gallery of loud names coming from those countries, which are cut off from the literary metropoli by the barrier of their unknown languages. At least cartographically the boundaries of good books would be broadened”.1 April, 2004.

1 Predrag Matvejević, Razgovori s Miroslavom Krležom, 1 Zagreb, 1969.

Stereo ARy t STERE OARTYPESpes Stereo ARtypes AUTOR : MAJA BRISKI

Ljudi su izmislili različite načine verbalne i neverbalne socijalizacije. Talijani se stalno ljubakaju. Amerikanci izvode svoj znameniti hug, medvjeđi zagrljaj s tapšanjem po rameniima. Holanđani se ljube tri puta u obraz. Zbog toga se jednom Holanđaninu dogodilo da su ga umalo pretukli u Zagrebu. Mislili su da je Srbin. Jer Srbi se ljube tri puta, a Hrvati samo dva. Ljudi u neverbalnoj socijalizaciji koriste usta, ruke, oči, ponegdje i noseve, ponegdje, kažu, čak i nožne prste. U verbalnoj socijalizaciji najljubazniji su Amerikanci: oni su uvijek fine, a i dani su im uvijek nice. Holanđani će se prvo raspitati gdje vam je bicikl, a ako ga nemate, ponudit će vam Ljudi su izmislili različite načine verbalne i neverbalne socijalizacije. Talijani se stalno ljubakaju. Amerikanci izvode svoj znameniti hug, medvjeđi zagrljaj s tapšanjem po rameniima. Holanđani se ljube tri puta u obraz. Zbog toga se jednom Holanđaninu dogodilo da su ga umalo pretukli u Zagrebu. Mislili su da je Srbin. Jer Srbi se ljube tri puta, a Hrvati samo dva. Ljudi u neverbalnoj socijalizaciji koriste usta, ruke, oči, ponegdje i noseve, ponegdje, kažu, čak i nožne prste. U verbalnoj socijalizaciji najljubazniji su Amerikanci: oni su uvijek fine, a i dani su im uvijek nice. Holanđani će se prvo raspitati gdje vam je bicikl, a ako ga nemate, ponudit će vam

Adriano... Gon The intentions today is to achieve macro-signs which translate qualities and values characterizing the identity of a label in a totalizing experience, by means of veritable packaging operations on an urban scale. Increasingly , in Europe too, the place where selling is largely concentrated is the great shoppingS ygno centre, privileged site of social aggregation for the commercialization not only of goods but also services narrate a consistent and fascinating message. Theme and entertainment structures. Perfectly homogeneous setting and spectacularisation are part and parcel of to the new ways of spending free time which char- the modern retail mix, because they answer to playful acterize contemporary styles of metropolitan life, needs too, encouraging one to stop department stores and commercial centres, the same and repeat the visit. The customers circulate be- wherever they are, are the emblematic cases of the tween shop like amused tourists and, paradoxically, new idea of collective space. Almost always to be while Disney-like parks invaded by gadgets commerce found in anonymous suburb, these synthetic places resemble colorful commercial centres, the latter seem paradoxically offer anew the traditional radial topo- to be authentic amusements parks. graphic model, quoting a whole series of architectural and urban pieces belonging to what is now a ‘fic- The origin of the signage and graphic design ‘revo- tional’ existence of the made up of squares, streets lution’ resides precisely in the design experience which and porticoes. developed in the sphere of American mass-entertain- ment structures. Theme parks, multiscreen cinemas and In planning the atmosphere of these artificial sports facilities were the first clients of signace set-up islands, the so-called place_ makers set up envi- with a strong narrative and evocative bias. ronmental design projects and visual merchandising in which signs, sign system and traditional scenery By now to be found in aeroports, museums, hospi- tals and the largest multinational headquarters, this new tendency in the architecture of signs is about to conquer most collective relation spaces. ... Maurizio Rossi Sygno

SYGNO KEEP CALM AND EAT CHOCOLATE

OPA is created 2001 in Skopje, Macedonia by Denis Saraginovski (born 1971 in Mac- edonia, studiedO at The Faculty of FinePA Arts, Skopje; visual artist and freelance vid- eographer) and Slobodanka Stevčeska (born 1971 in Macedonia, MFA, Faculty of Fine Arts, Skopje; visual artist and art pedagogue). From 2003 to 2005 OPA collaborates with the journalist and writer Sašo Talevski, under the name OPA&HA (Obsessive Possessive Aggression and Chronic Arrogance). Since 2012 OPA is co-founder and member of initiative Kooperacija. Примерот со делото Keep Calm And Eat Choc- бомбониера со целофан; на тоа е додаден уште olate на Групата ОПА може да посочи на едно и текстот: „product of Macedonia - original Ital- можно решение за тоа. Делото на прв поглед ian recipe“ (што би било своевиден contradic- е пародија на големиот број ново поставени tio in adjecto); сѐ ова е во содејство со текстот лавови во проектот „Скопје 2014“, но на втор во заднината на поклопецот од кутијата за план засега многу подлабоко во него. Досетката фирентинската леарница којашто ги лие се состои токму во идејата („им текнало“) скулптурите од проектот. Конечно, целиот да се поврзе овој нов иконографски елемент овој состав би можел, по откривањето и во македонската јавна скулптура (досега разработката на досетката, да го загорчи малку присутен само во сериски лиените гипсани вкусот на „чоколатцата“ од оваа бомбониера. и бетонски одливки продавани за дворови и И токму во тој миг се случува толку важниот капии на приватни куќи и поседи, доколку се пресврт во секоја добро формулирана и остави настрана декоративната пластика од форматирана досетка: „штосот“ (убодот) е византискиот и поствизантискиот период) токму во откривањето на болната вистина со бурните реакции и критики за нивното за и неразумноста на целиот овој проект. Со поставување. Пораката е едноставна и лесно тоа, сложената семантичка структура на ова читлива и препознатлива: „олади и чоколадо дело, во основа, се сведува на парафраза на јади!“. Во духот на културните индустрии, а во изјавата: „ако немате леб, јадете чоколади“ случајов еуфоријата со изработката на сувенири ... и молчете (оледете), односно, зголемете ги од сите скулптури и објекти од проектот (што невротрансмитерите за уживање, задоволство како минијатури од патиниран гипс, што како и среќа (серотонин) и со тоа намелете ја болката, разни апликации, разгледници итн.), Групата опасноста и стресот (ендорфин) - произведени ОПА нуди уште повеќе: сувенир+задоволство. од проектот „Скопје 2014“. Зад оваа првична порака, следат неколку Така, досетката е ставена во функција на дополнителни, како составен дел на уметноста: во навидум „штосната“ бомбониера структурата. Ефтините кинески лавчиња- (формата и изразот) се содржи сериозна играчки се преобразени во неодоливи критика кон посочениот проект (тема), критика чоколадни десерти (во духот на „школките“ од којашто се доразвива по соопштувањето/ „Витаминка“, Прилеп); спакувани се во лажна препознавањето на досетката (намера).

KEEP CALM AND EAT CHOCOLATE Melting the Symbols

Otapanje simbola Nikola RazovOTAPANJE SIMBOLA

Otapanje simbola Jerca Santej

Fulvio JURICIC Rad kojeg predstavljam na izložbi “ Stereotypes” spaja dva tumačenja. Onih u tiskarskoj tehnologiji, kao i onih u psihologiji. U oba slučaja prisutno je ponavljanje istih formi ili radnji. Ovaj rad podsjeća na slaganje tekstova u tiskari, ali se u tomv slučaju ponavlja jedan te isti slog. Cijela je površina zasićena znakovima ( slovima ) koji ne tvore nikakav smisaoni niz. To ukazuje na gomi- lu nepotrebno tiskanih i izgovorenih riječi, koje zapravo ništa ne znače i podsjećaju na mogućnost komunikacije koje odavno nema. tijelo Moje Maja

Ja sam spremila oko 20 tak izlivenih ženskih figura visine cc 30 cm,debljine ne preko 5 cm u vosku. prozrne su i mutne ima ih dovoljno za slaganje u grupaciju(?) e sad malo o radu...samo ukratko neznam dali s e uklapam samo u jedan stereotip koji su ponudili Prije bih rekl a da je sav moj život pod povećalom zbog predrasuda koje su veoma prisutne u socijalnoj atmosferi u kojoj zivim dakle..plavuša sam,žensko,umjetnica,razvedena,tata mi j e srbin,imam dijete sa cerebralnom paralizom,udata sam za 13 godina mlađeg bivšeg studenta, javna j e ta- jna da sam godinama zlostavljana u bivšem braku,imam jezičinu koja j e produžetak pameti...... eto. na koji da s e referiram kada ih nosim čak i kao moti- vaciju u stvaranju.

Prije par godina sam nabavila žensko imuško tijelo sa kioska ,iz dječje igre ,Moje tijelo. Kao kalupi su odvajaju se Žensko tijelo bez osobnosti izlila sam u običnom para- fainu i vosku više puta,dakle koristeći s e likovno “ka- lupom” ponavljala sam izvedbu ,multiplicionirala za potrebe cjelokupnog rada vosak sam izabrala zbog simboličnosti(a i love....)jer je Roberta mekan krhak nosi “svijetlo” i pogonsko j e sredstvo...a sa druge strane tako j e podložan razbijanju i uništenju ako se s njim ne postupa pravilno i sa poštovanjem kako je i samnom tako a vjerujem i sa ostalim “plavušama”odlučila sma nas puno napraviti i izložiti WEISSMAN kao realnu snagu i mogućnost a sa druge strane otvoriti poziv da svi koji maju potrebu rješavati vlastiti strah kroz etiketiranje i diskriminaciju predrasudama .....iza- beru koju će “vooodoo” strelicu mentalno odaslati onoj Nagy koju izaberu...... sve sam ja ionako. nadams ed aj e ono ...jasno o čemu sam razmišljala i da će s e uklapati u tvoju ideju o izrazui ostavu.dakle ima ih kolko treba:) PIZAVOVGREARABACKA DAMIR charlie CAR GON JA PIZAVOVGREARABACKA NO face NO name no NUMBER

Zaneto Paulin NO face NO name no NUMBER

Zaneto Paulin Vladimir LEBEN OR- THO dogs OR- THO dogs VLADO Martek

TEKSTIĆ

Bogami pisati o stereotipu itekako je stereotipno. ( Možda je sva teorija stereotip . Što ćemo . Konzekven- Marcije u mišljenju dovode do šutnje , mudrosti i ludosti (nelogičnostit ? ). Eto moglo bi se sumirati u ovakvoj aproprijaciji ( da nije previše degutantna s obzirom na ovo društvo)

STEREOTIPI ∑ INSPIRACIJA 0 : 3 ( poluvrijeme: 0 : 3)

Često nema umjetnosti bez (gorke ) autoironije, no to pokazuje da smo svi izloženiek stereotipovima, s tim da manje ili više hoćemo toga biti svjesni . U pravilu loši umjetnici, polutani su nesvjesna bića, s silnom voljom da budu trajni kao stereotipovi. . Prekidam , jer se nazire kritika, kriticizam- kao stereotip. Likovni slučaj Martek vrvi prisutnošću stereotipa kao takvog. U sretnim momentima oni postaju čak i više od simbola. Takozvana inspiracija, nadahnuće, Muza, duhovno rečeno samo znači prisustvo u otvorenosti. Ponekad su u naša znanja(o stereotipovima) xxxx ste- reotipna, neduhovna. ( Pa ipak je i logika ∑ emocija)

P.S. Čini mi se važnim obznaniti nešto antipodno duhu stereotipa ,ma koliko bilo susjedno ,po spajanju kra- jnosti. Duchampov rad : Vrata u ulici Larrey, koja se istovremeno zatvaraju i otvaraju xxxxxxxxxx , identično prirodi samog zasnivanja umjetničkog rada. Dakle, ni- sam se sada bavio prosjekom stereotipa niti onim što su drugi tako dobro elaborirali. Usput : Zamaman je stere- otip u navedenom radu : CRNO ∑ CRVENA kombinacija, jedan od vrhunaca estetskog.

Vlado Martek, 2013

RegalsKNJIZE-VNOST

Avangarda po svojoj definiciji nije regal. kaRegal to je svijet bidermajer uljuđenosti ili, ako hoćete, agresivnog sentimentalizma. Postoje mistična svojstva regala. Onog časa kad sam sabrana Kafkina i Baudelaireova djela stavio na regal, ja sam ih mnogo manje čitao. Tko je proizvodio regal? Oni razni akviziteri koji su komplete knjiga prodavali po kućama. I po moru. Taman se slikaš na magarcu kad eto ti akvizitera: “Imamo lijepog Hemingwaya! A tu je i Pearl Buck. Izuzetna stvar!”

Vladimir Pištalo (Vreme br. 886-887, 2007.)

Bold AND RED : NEVEN USUMOVIC S kioska u regal

NAKON velikog uspjeha prve biblioteke Jutarnjeg lista taj dnevni list pokreće novu u kojoj će objaviti 20 velikih hitova iz povijesti svjetske književnosti pod nazivom “Lektira popularni klasici”, najavili su danas predstavnici Jutarnjeg lista. Prvu knjigu iz nove biblioteke, Cervantesovog “Don Quijotea”, čitatelji će uz Jutarnji list dobiti besplatno, 24. srpnja, dok će ostalih 19 naslova svake subote moći kupiti po cijeni od 19 kuna. Prilikom pokretanja ovog projekta namjera izdavača bila je da ono što se smatra književnom klasikom postane dijelom svake kućne biblioteke, kazao je jedan od direktora Europapress holdinga, izdavača Jutarnjeg lista, Stipe Orešković. Dodao je da je pokretanje nove biblioteke poticaj ne samo kulturnoj sceni, već i gospodarstvu, jer će svih 20 naslova tiskati Vjesnikova tiskara, za razliku od prve biblioteke tiskane u Španjolskoj. Do sada su knjige iz prve biblioteke prodane u više od 2,63 milijuna primjeraka. Najprodavaniji pojedinačni naslov Heming- wayev “Starac i more” prodan je u preko KNJIZEVNOST 200 tisuća primjeraka, a slijedi Andrićeva “Na Drini ćuprija” koju je kupilo više od 180 tisuća čitatelja Jutarnjeg lista. PRIREDIO : Jednako dobre tržišne rezultate izdavači NEVEN USUMOVIC očekuju i s novom bibliotekom, čiji će naslovi, kako očekuju, zainteresirati cijele obitelji.

http://www.index.hr” www.index.hr (2004) Bold&

Bold AND RED : NEVEN USUMOVIC & RED ARHITEKTURA Stereotipi u graditeljstvu ARHITEKTURA

PRIREDIO : LJUBOMIR MISCEVIC

Ljudi su izmislili različite načine verbalne i neverbalne socijalizacije. Talijani se stalno ljubakaju. Amerikanci izvode svoj znameniti hug, medvjeđi zagrljaj s tapšanjem po rameniima. Holanđani se ljube tri puta u obraz. Zbog toga se jednom Holanđaninu dogodilo da su ga umalo pretukli u Zagrebu. Mislili su da je Srbin. Jer Srbi se ljube tri puta, a Hrvati samo dva. Ljudi u neverbalnoj socijalizaciji koriste usta, ruke, oči, ponegdje i noseve, ponegdje, kažu, čak i nožne prste. U verbalnoj socijalizaciji najljubazniji su Amerikanci: oni su uvijek fine, a i dani su im uvijek nice. Holanđani će se prvo raspitati gdje vam je bicikl, a ako ga nemate, ponudit će vam