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ALBERT CAMUS 9781844651405 A01 Acumen.Qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page Ii 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page i ALBERT CAMUS 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page ii Page Intentionally Left Blank 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page iii ALBERT CAMUS FROM THE ABSURD TO REVOLT John Foley 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page iv First published 2008 by Acumen Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © John Foley 2008 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN 978-1-84465-140-5 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-84465-141-2 (paperback) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong. 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page v For my mother and for Farah 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page vi Page Intentionally Left Blank 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page vii It may be that the ideal of freedom to choose ends without claiming eternal validity for them, and the pluralism of values connected with this, is only the late fruit of our declining capitalist civilization: an ideal which remote ages and primitive societies have not recognized, and one which posterity will regard with curiosity, even sympa- thy, but little comprehension. This may be so; but no sceptical conclusions seem to me to follow. Principles are not less sacred because their duration cannot be guaran- teed. Indeed, the very desire for guarantees that our values are eternal and secure in some objective heaven is perhaps only a craving for the certainties of childhood or the absolute values of our primitive past. “To realise the relative validity of one’s con- victions,” said an admirable writer of our time, “and yet stand for them unflinchingly, is what distinguishes a civilised man from a barbarian.” To demand more than this is perhaps a deep and incurable metaphysical need; but to allow it to determine one’s practice is a symptom of an equally deep, and more dangerous, moral and political immaturity. Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958) 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page viii Page Intentionally Left Blank 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page ix CONTENTS Acknowledgements xi Notes on the text and abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1 The absurd 5 The Myth of Sisyphus 5 The Outsider 14 Caligula 22 Between nihilism and hope 26 2 Camus and Combat 29 Camusian rebellion and political engagement 29 Letters to a German Friend 30 Camus and Combat 33 “Neither Victims nor Executioners” 38 The Plague 50 3 The Rebel 55 Introduction 55 Metaphysical rebellion 58 Historical rebellion 60 Hegel 63 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page x x ALBERT CAMUS Marx, history and state terrorism67 Unity and totality 76 4 Camus and political violence 87 The scrupulous assassin 87 “Reflections on the Guillotine” 100 5 Camus and Sartre 108 The “revolted soul” 108 “Hostile to history” 115 “Freedom without brakes” 122 Camus and Sartre on violence 126 6 Camus and Algeria 141 A new Mediterranean culture 141 A civilian truce 155 Conclusion 170 Notes 173 Bibliography 214 Index 235 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following individuals or institutions: the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences for the award of a postdoctoral fellowship 2004–6, during which much of this research was done; Kevin Barry and Nicholas Canny of the Moore Institute for Research in the Humanities and Social Studies, at the National University of Ireland, Galway, where I worked for the duration of my IRCHSS fellowship; Mme Catherine Camus, who granted me extraordinary access to materials at the Centre de Documentation Albert Camus, Bibliothèque Méjanes, Aix-en-Provence, in the spring and summer of 2003, and Marcelle Mahasela, Director of the archive, who greatly assisted me in my research; the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, at the University of Texas at Austin, which awarded me a Mellon Fellowship in 2007, permitting the consultation of those papers in the Alfred Knopf Collection pertaining to Camus; the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, for assistance in finding my way through a small part of the John Gerassi Collection of Jean-Paul Sartre; Joe Mahon, at the Department of Philosophy, NUI Galway, who supervised this research through its initial stages; the editors of Albert Camus in the 21st Century (Rodopi, 2008), in which a version of Chapter 5 has appeared; Steven Gerrard of Acumen, for his sup- port for this project and for his patience. The following individuals kindly responded to various queries, offered advice, or gave support: Hédi Abdel-Jaouad, Ronald Aronson, the late Konrad Bieber, Ian Birchall, the late Jo Campling, Cairns Craig, Conor Cruise O’Brien, Colin Davis, Phil Dine, Peter Dunwoodie, Raymond Gay-Crosier, John Gerassi, Daniel Gri-Gri, Eddie Hughes, John Kenny, Paschal O’Gorman, Eric Sellin, the late Pat Sheeran, Frank Shovlin, Joe Sweeney, Maurice Weyembergh. I am particularly grateful to David 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page xii xii ALBERT CAMUS Carroll and David Sprintzen, both of whom read the book in manuscript for the publisher and made several valuable suggestions. I owe a very great deal to my family, Mary, Charles and Stephen, and to Farah, without whom this work would not have been completed. John Foley 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page xiii NOTES ON THE TEXT AND ABBREVIATIONS In almost all cases the dates given for entries to the Carnets or Notebooks are approximate, as most entries are not dated. If no reference is given for a translation from the French, it is my own; if a reference to a translated text is followed by an asterisk (*), the translation has been revised. Finally, the following abbreviations have been used throughout: C1 Carnets I: mai 1935–février 1942 (Paris: Gallimard, 1962). C2 Carnets II: janvier 1942–mars 1951 (Paris: Gallimard, 1964). C3 Carnets III: mars 1951–décembre 1959 (Paris: Gallimard, 1989). CAC 1–8 Cahiers Albert Camus Vols 1–8 (see bibliography for full references to each volume). CC Camus at Combat: Writing 1944–1947, ed. J. Lévi-Valensi; fwd D. Carroll; trans. A. Goldhammer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006). COP Caligula and Other Plays: Caligula, Cross Purpose, The Just, The Possessed, trans. S. Gilbert et al. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984). E Essais, Introduction par R. Quilliot; Edition établie et annotée par R. Quilliot et L. Faucon (Paris: Gallimard/Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1965). LACE Lyrical and Critical Essays, trans. E. C. Kennedy; ed. P. Thody (New York: Knopf, 1968). MS The Myth of Sisyphus, trans. J. O’Brien (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975). NB1 Notebooks 1935–1942, ed. & trans. P. Thody (New York: Knopf, 1963). NB2 Notebooks 1942–1951, ed. & trans. J. O’Brien (New York: Knopf, 1965). 9781844651405_A01_Acumen.qxd 10/09/2008 04:34PM Page xiv xiv ALBERT CAMUS OCI Œuvres Complètes: Tome 1, 1931–1944, ed. J. Lévi-Valensi et al. (Paris: Gallimard/Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 2006). OCII Œuvres Complètes: Tome 2, 1944–1948, ed. J. Lévi-Valensi et al. (Paris: Gallimard/Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 2006). R The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt, revised and complete trans. A. Bower; fwd H. Read (New York: Knopf, 1956). RRD Resistance, Rebellion and Death, trans. J. O’Brien (New York: Knopf, 1960). SCHC Sartre and Camus: A Historic Confrontation, eds & trans. D. Sprintzen & A. van den Hoven (New York: Humanity, 2004). SEN Selected Essays & Notebooks, ed. & trans. P. Thody (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979). TO The Outsider, trans. J. Laredo (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983). TP The Plague, trans. S. Gilbert (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960). TRN Théâtre, Récits, Nouvelles, Préface par J. Grenier; Textes établis et annotés par R. Quilliot (Paris: Gallimard/Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1962). 9780773534667_A02.qxd 10/09/2008 10:42 AM Page 1 INTRODUCTION It is essential for us to know whether man, without the help of the eternal or of ration- alistic thought, can unaided create his own values . the uneasiness that concerns us belongs to a whole epoch from which we do not want to dissociate ourselves. We know that everything is not summed up in negation and absurdity. But we must first posit negation and absurdity because they are what our generation has encoun- tered and what we must take into account.1 (Albert Camus, “Le Pessimisme et le Courage”, Combat 3 November 1944) Despite his popular image, strictly speaking Camus was not an existentialist. His first major philosophical essay, The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), was explicitly intended as a critique of existentialism, especially the Christian existentialist tradition of Kierkegaard, Jaspers and Chestov.
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