DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolución Histórica De La Violencia Y Los Conflictos Políticos En Guinea Ecuatorial 4.1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolución Histórica De La Violencia Y Los Conflictos Políticos En Guinea Ecuatorial 4.1 UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE LA PAZ Y LOS CONFLICTO TESIS DOCTORAL LA CONFLICTOLOGIA POLITICA Y LA JUSTICIA SOCIAL EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL: LOS PROCESOS DE TRANSFORMACION HACIA UNA CULTURA DE PAZ EN LA DEMOCRACIA GUINEANA. DOCTORANDO: CARLOS OYONO NVÉ OYANA DIRECTOR: Dr. FRANCISCO JIMÉNEZ BAUTISTA Granada, febrero 2015 1 Editor: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autor: Carlos Oyono Nvé Oyana ISBN: 978-84-9125-123-1 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/40034 FRANCISCO JIMÉNEZ BAUTISTA, PROFESOR TÍTULAR DE ANTROPOLOGIA SOCIAL E INVESTIGADOR DEL INSTITUTO DE LA PAZ Y LOS CONFLICTOS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA, HACEN CONSTAR QUE: Que el trabajo de investigación que se expone en la presente Tesis Doctoral, ‘La Conflictología política y la Justicia social en Guinea Ecuatorial: Los procesos de transformación hacia una Cultura de paz en la democraica guineana’ ha sido realizado bajo mi dirección. Y para que así conste, en cumplimiento de las disposiciones vigentes, expido el presente en Granada a seis de febrero de dos mil quince. Fdo.: Dr. Francisco Jiménez Bautista Director de la Tesis Doctoral 2 Dedicatoria A mis Padres Eduardo Nvé Aseme y Constancia Oyana, a mis hermanos/as con profundo amor y recuerdos. Quiero dirigir mis más sinceros agradecimientos a todas aquellas personas que de alguna manera me han ayudado en el cumplimiento de acabar mi Tesis Doctoral. Pienso especialmente en mi director de tesis, el profesor Francisco Jiménez Bautista, y a todo el cuerpo docente del Instituto de Paz y Conflictos de la Universidad de Granada. Agradezco también al profesor Francisco A. Muñoz por la iniciación en el camino de la investigación y por todas sus enseñanzas y consejos. Quiero expresar toda mi gratitud a Pilar Hidalgo Ruiz, por su confianza y el apoyo prestado. Me abrió las puertas de su corazón, y me ha prestado detalles que no pude recibir en ningún otro sitio, y que me hacían falta para lograr el equilibrio psicosomático indispensable para una labor de esta envergadura. Me ha enseñado y ha compartido conmigo lo que en la universidad no pude aprender. Mil gracias. También me siento en deuda con mi familia que desde la lejanía puso los medios económicos, el apoyo psicológico y toda la asistencia necesaria para el cumplimiento de lo que era el sueño de todos y que hoy ya es una realidad. Espero que este modesto trabajo esté a la altura de sus inestimables sacrificios. De igual manera, no puedo pasar por alto lo importante que fueron aquellas personas que me acogieron desde mi llegada a España (los Agustinos Recoletos) e hicieron todo cuanto pudieron para facilitarme la adaptación en este país que iba ser mi morada durante varios años. También mis agradecimientos se dirigen a todos y a todas aquellos cuyos nombres por motivos de espacio o por exigencias del guión no aparecen en estas pocas líneas, muchísimas gracias. 3 INDICE SIGLAS……………………………………………………………………………. 7 INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………..…………………………………. 11 CAPÍTULO I: OBJETO DE ESTUDIO Y METODOLOGÍA……………………. 22 1. OBJETO DE ESTUDIO Y PROBLEMAS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 1.1 Objeto de estudio de la Investigación ……………………………………. 23 1.2 Problemas de la Investigación……………………………………………. 30 1.3. Preguntas y objetivos……………………………………………...……. 41 2. METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTICIÓN: TÉCNICAS Y FUENTES……..……… 42 2.1. Metodología de la Investigación……………………………..…………. 43 2.2. Técnicas de la investigación………………………………………………. 61 2.3. Fuentes de la investigación. ………………………………………………. 62 3. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN………………………………………………………. 63 CAPÍTULO II: MARCO TEÓRICO 2.1. PERPECTIVAS DEL MARCO TEÓRICO…………………………………………. 65 2.1.1. Teoría general de los Conflictos. La conflictología………………………. 69 2.1.2. La categoría de los conflictos……………………………………………. 73 2.1.3. Los orígenes de los conflictos……………………………………………. 74 2.1.4. El conflicto……………………………………………..…………………. 76 2.1.5. La tipología de los conflictos……………………….……………………. 80 2.1.6. Causas de los conflictos ……………………………….…………………. 91 2.1.7. Métodos para la resolución de conflictos……………….…………………. 98 2.1.8. Dimensiones intrínsecas de la teoría fundamental de los conflictos………. 105 2.2. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN………..………………………….…………………. 109 CAPÍTULO III: ASPECTOS POLÍTICOS, LA DEMOCRACIA Y LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 3.1. DEFINICIÓN DE LA POLÍTICA……………………………….…………………. 112 3.1.1. Democracia. Su concepto……………………………….…………………. 113 3.1.2. Los Derechos Humanos……………………………….…………………. 120 3.1.3. La situación de los Derechos Humanos en Guinea EcuatoriaL……………. 125 3.1.4. Informe sobre la situación de los Derechos Humanos en Guinea...………. 127 3.1.5 La situación de los Derechos civíles y políticos en Guinea Ecuatorial……. 138 3.1.6 La situción de Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en Guinea……. 154 4 3.1.7 La supervisíon de la asistencia técnica de los Derechos Humanos en Guinea Ecuatorial ………………………………………...…………………. 158 3.1.8 Posibles recomendaciones al país…………………………………………. 161 3.1.9 Carta del Representantes especial de DD.HH.………..…………………... 163 3.2. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN.……………………….………….…………………. 166 CAPÍTULO IV: EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA VIOLENCIA Y LOS CONFLICTOS POLÍTICOS EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL 4.1. LOS CONFLICTOS POLÍTICOS……………………………….…………………. 168 4.1.1. La Paz y la violencia dentro de la cultura democrática……………………. 170 4.1.2. De la violencia a la violencia política……………….…………….…..…. 174 4.1.3 El periodo de tiempo que va desde el año 1778 hasta el año 1959 …..…... 177 4.1.4. El periodo de tiempo que va desde el año 1959 hasta el año 1962…..…… 178 4.1.5. El periodo de tiempo que va desde el año 1962 hasta el año 1968……..… 179 4.1.6. El periodo de tiempo que va desde el año 1968 hasta el año 2013………… 183 4.2. GUINEA ECUATORIAL…. DIÁLOGO………………………………..…………. 199 4.3. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN……………………………….………..……………. 202 CAPÍTULO V: ESTADO POSTCOLONIAL Y EL PETRÓLEO: UNA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL 5.1. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………….…………………. 204 5.1.1. Modernización y el petróleo……………………………….……..………. 207 5.1.2. Macroeconomía y buen gobierno……………………….…………………. 209 5.1.3. El dilema de una economía de trata a la economía de Cacao………..……. 211 5.1.4. Conexiones postcoloniales de Guinea Ecuatorial…………………………. 215 5.1.5. Empresas y díasporas…………………….…………….…………………. 218 5.1.6. Geografía social de la economía del petróleo…………….………………. 230 5.1.7. Los nuevos asalariados…….………….……………….…………………. 235 5.1.8. Las formas de poder en la industria del petróleo …………………………. 241 5.1.9. Tipología o topografía del poder en Guinea Ecuatorial……………………. 245 5.1.10. Los lenguajes políticos: ensayo democrático y la familia……….………. 247 5.1.11. España y la segunda restauración africana en Guinea Ecuatorial…..……. 251 5.1.12. Constataciones del cambio de rumbo: el gobierno del Patido Popular…. 252 5.1.13. Carpetazo y continuidad del gobierno del PSOE………….……..……… 255 5.2. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN……………………………….……..………………. 260 CAPÍTULO VI: UNA REFLEXIÓN RACIONAL SOBRE LA JUSTICIA. 6.1. LA INJUSTICIA……………………………….………………….…….…………. 262 6.1.1. ¿Cómo podemos luchar por la justicia cuando la razón nos asiste?………. 264 5 6.1.2. ¿Qué convendría hacer para dar soluciones a nuestros conflictos? ………. 268 6.1.3. La necesidad de ser justos……………………………….…………………. 270 6.1.4. Guinea Ecuatorial necesita creer, vivir y prácticar la justicia………..……. 274 6.1.5. La distribución de los bienes es un elemento de la justicia………….……. 276 6.1.6. La justicia para el hermano, no es un delito, si no una virtud…….………. 283 6.1.7. El olvido al hermano es el olvido a la patría…………….…………………. 292 6.1.8. Caín en el paseo marítimo de Bata…………………….…………………. 296 6.2. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN……………………………….………………………. 303 CAPÍTULO VII. CONCLUSIONES FINALES Y GENERALES….….……………. 305 BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………………… 316 ANEXOS Y CUADROS……………………………….………………………………. 337 6 ABREVIATURAS O SIGLAS ACNUR: Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados. AOD: Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo. ACO: África-Caribe-Pacífico. AIF: Agencia Intergubernamental de la Francofonía. ADP: Alianza Democrática y Progresista. AIPAZ: Asociación Española de Investigación para la Paz. AC: Antes de Cristo. ART. Artículo. ADR: Asociación para el Desarrollo de Capacidades Rurales. ANRD: Alianza Nacional para la Restauración Democrática. ASOPGE: Asociación de Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial. AECI: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional. AREGE: Asociación de Refugiados Guineanos en España. APEGESA: Agencia para la Promoción del Empleo en Guinea Ecuatorial BEAC: Banco de los Estados de África Central. BD: Barriles Diarios. CEMAC: Comité Económico del África central y la Unión Monetaria. CFA: Franco de la cooperación financiera en África Central dentro de la CEMAC. COU: Curso de Orientación Universitaria en Guinea Ecuatorial y en España, (PAU). 7 CPDS: Convergencia para la Democracia Social. CIP: La Comisión Interparlamentaria de la CEMAC CNDH: Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos. CAP: Comportamientos- Actitudes y Prácticas CURFF: Proyecto de Conservación y Utilización Racional de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Guinea Ecuatorial. DTP3: Es un tipo de vacunas realizadas en bebés y en adultos en Guinea Ecuatorial. DNM: Dirección Nacional de inmigración. DUKKHA: Sufrimiento en la filosofía budista. EDA: Enfermedades Disenterias Agudas. EE.UU: Estados Unidos de América (en inglés: United States of America o USA). FAO: Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. FMI: Fondo Monetario Internacional. FDR: Fuerza de centro-derecha. FRECOM: Frente común de oposición conjunta de Guinea Ecuatorial. GETESA: Empresa nacional de telecomunicaciones del país
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Secessionism on the Islands of Bioko and Annobón Justo Bolekia
    1 Secessionism on the islands of Bioko and Annobón Justo Bolekia Abstract The cultural diversity that distinguishes the African states observes special consideration even when it does not serve to strengthen their self esteem or their political systems. The traumatic experiences suffered by many ethnic groups in the past did not prevent the eventual establishment of ethnic or tribal states (or governments). These newly established states were strongly centralized, ruled by tyrannical governments, with ¨lifetime¨ posts and patronage systems given to some groups at the expense of others, depending on the government of the country under which it was colonized. I am convinced that the issue of secessionism in Africa is fairly extended across the continent, because of the colonial oppressions and divisions among Black ethnic groups, which were never reconciled, where a single government was created. Bioko and Annobón (in Equatorial Guinea) were no exception. First, there were atrocities and tragedies historically experienced during the cultural collision between Black and White Guineans that weakened Black self-determination for minority groups, such as the Bubis. Second, that conflict was at odds with finding a singular identity, necessitating the reconsideration and the reassertion of the psychological, ethno-cultural and historical dimensions, which distinguish the majority and minority ethnic groups. Third, the minority Blacks asked to engage in a dialogue and negotiation for secession with the colonist and post-colonist government at the time, with the option, either to create a single state again with the intent to guarantee everybody’s participation and involvement, without any discrimination based on ethnic, historical and political reasons, or, separating and creating two states, both of which were rejected.
    [Show full text]
  • Equatorial Guinea
    Silence does not mean consent: the dire state of civil society in Equatorial Guinea June 2019 Published by CIVICUS, May 2019 Written and researched by David Kode, Advocacy and Campaigns Lead, CIVICUS Tutu Alicante, Founder/Director, EG Justice Edited by Andrew Firmin, Editor-in-Chief, CIVICUS CIVICUS is a global alliance of civil society organisations and activists dedicated to strengthening citizen action and civil society around the world. We strive to promote marginalised voices, especially from the Global South, and have members in more than 175 countries throughout the world. 2 Executive Summary Located in the west of Central Africa between Cameroon and Gabon, and with a population of less than a million people, Equatorial Guinea is often described as one of the most censored countries in the world. The space for civil society - civic space - is closed, and consequently, independent journalists and human rights defenders (HRDs) are vulnerable to judicial persecution, threats and attacks from the state. Recent acts of intimidation, arbitrary arrest, detention and harassment of HRD Alfredo Okenve on the day he was supposed to receive a human rights award from the French Embassy in the capital city of Malabo exemplify the risks faced by HRDs. President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is Africa’s longest-serving head of state and the world’s longest-serving non-royal leader, having seized power from his uncle Francisco Macías Nguema through a coup d’état in 1979. Equatorial Guinea remained isolated until oil was discovered in the early 1990s and the country opened up to more foreign investment. However, despite the vast amounts of funds secured from the sale of oil, Equatorial Guinea’s human development indicators remain extremely low.
    [Show full text]
  • ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ Arabic Original: English
    ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ A/HRC/18/32/Add.2 Distr.: General ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ July 2011 4 Arabic Original: English ﳎﻠﺲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ٣ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ، ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ، ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺰﻗﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﻧﺘـﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ - ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ: ﺃﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻓﻴﺪﺱ ﺩﻱ ﺑﲑﻳﺰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ (١٦-٢٠ ﺁﺏ/ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ٢٠١٠)* ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ، ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﲟـﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺰﻗﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺍﳌـﺼﲑ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ١٦ ﺇﱃ ٢٠ ﺁﺏ /ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ٢٠١٠. ﻭﺭﻛﹼﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﻭ ﻓ ﻘ ﺎﹰ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺘﻪ ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ /ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ٢٠٠٤ ﻭﺑﺎﳍﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﹼﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻨّﻪ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻳُﺰﻋﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺰﻗﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ١٧ ﺷﺒﺎﻁ/ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ٢٠٠٩. ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃ ﻳ ﻀ ﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ. ـــــــــــ * ﻳُﻌﻤَﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ . ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ، ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰ، ﻓﻴُﻌﻤَﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ. (A) GE.11-14380 280711 020811 A/HRC/18/32/Add.2 ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ/ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ٢٠٠٤ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﻠِﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﺭّﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌ ﺮﺗﺰﻗـﺔ، ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ . ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻥ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺰﻗﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ، ّﳑـﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺃ ﻣ ﺮ ﺍﹰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇ ﳊ ﺎ ﺣ ﺎﹰ .
    [Show full text]
  • Equatorial Guinea and International Law 2 3
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary 1 Cover page 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Equatorial Guinea and international law 2 3. Background 3 3.1 Overview of the most recent trials 4 3.2 The alleged coup attempt of March 2004 5 3.3 Arrests 8 3.4 Interrogation 11 3.5 Coerced confessions, torture and ill-treatment 14 3.6 Death in detention 16 3.7 Prison conditions 17 4. Intimidation of family members 19 5. Trial 20 5.1 General 20 5.2 Composition of the court and proceedings 21 5.3 Charges and evidence 23 5.4 Convictions and sentencing 26 6. Amnesty International’s concerns about the trial 26 6.1 Procedural irregularities at the pre-trial stages 26 6.2 Concerns during the court hearing 28 7. International dimension/foreign involvement 30 8. Amnesty International’s recommendations 32 8.1 Recommendations to the Government of Equatorial Guinea 32 a) Torture 32 b) Death in detention 33 c) Prison conditions 33 d) Unfair trial 33 e) Other measures 33 8.2 Recommendations to the international community 34 9. Appendices 35 1. List of people convicted 35 2. Map of Malabo 36 3. Map of Equatorial Guinea 37 AI Index: AFR 24/005/2005 Amnesty International June 2005 Equatorial Guinea A trial with too many flaws 1. Introduction Allegations of coup attempts against the government followed by arrests, torture and unfair trials are not uncommon in Equatorial Guinea. Over the past two decades Amnesty International has documented over a dozen coup allegations and the unfair trials that followed, which went largely unnoticed outside the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Secessionism on the Islands of Bioko and Annobón Justo Bolekia
    1 Secessionism on the islands of Bioko and Annobón Justo Bolekia Abstract The cultural diversity that distinguishes the African states observes special consideration even when it does not serve to strengthen their self esteem or their political systems. The traumatic experiences suffered by many ethnic groups in the past did not prevent the eventual establishment of ethnic or tribal states (or governments). These newly established states were strongly centralized, ruled by tyrannical governments, with ¨lifetime¨ posts and patronage systems given to some groups at the expense of others, depending on the government of the country under which it was colonized. I am convinced that the issue of secessionism in Africa is fairly extended across the continent, because of the colonial oppressions and divisions among Black ethnic groups, which were never reconciled, where a single government was created. Bioko and Annobón (in Equatorial Guinea) were no exception. First, there were atrocities and tragedies historically experienced during the cultural collision between Black and White Guineans that weakened Black self-determination for minority groups, such as the Bubis. Second, that conflict was at odds with finding a singular identity, necessitating the reconsideration and the reassertion of the psychological, ethno-cultural and historical dimensions, which distinguish the majority and minority ethnic groups. Third, the minority Blacks asked to engage in a dialogue and negotiation for secession with the colonist and post-colonist government at the time, with the option, either to create a single state again with the intent to guarantee everybody’s participation and involvement, without any discrimination based on ethnic, historical and political reasons, or, separating and creating two states, both of which were rejected.
    [Show full text]
  • African Intellectuals and Cultural Diversity: Discussions of the Ethnic Question in Equatorial Guinea 1 Ana Lúcia SÁ CEA, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
    Nordic Journal of African Studies 22(1&2): 105–128 (2013) African Intellectuals and Cultural Diversity: Discussions of the Ethnic Question in Equatorial Guinea 1 Ana Lúcia SÁ CEA, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal ABSTRACT Given that one of the Pan African Anthropology Association’s principle lines of research is the monitoring of ethnic conflicts in Africa, the contribution African intellectuals have made to the subject of cultural diversity management is a matter of great interest. The case study chosen for this paper is Equatorial Guinea, and the paper aims to provide an analysis of arguments that are raised in intellectual texts that deal with issues of identity and the country’s history. The paper will look at the legacy of colonialism in regards to the empowerment and discrimination of certain ethnic groups in relation to others, it will reflect on the construction of the post-colonial state and it will consider a reading of history that runs counter to the official one, that of the country being founded upon unity, by looking at examples of the ‘hijacking’ of the state and certain populations within a dictatorial context. Keywords: Cultural diversity, ethnicity, intellectuals, Equatorial Guinea. 1. INTRODUCTION Twelve years after Cameroon’s independence, Mongo Beti published Main Basse sur le Cameroun, Autopsie d’une Décolonisation [Cruel Hand Over Cameroon, Autopsy of a Decolonisation ], a discursive essay dealing with the independence process in the former French colony and a symbolic work generally, for it reflects, from an endogenous perspective, on themes relevant to any consideration of the independence process and formation of African states.
    [Show full text]
  • Equatorial Guinea.Docx
    GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENCE – MAY 2021 COUNTRY REPORT – REPUBLIC OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA Andiara Valloni – Intern (Team Africa) Introduction Equatorial Guinea is a country situated on the west coast of Central Africa and it borders Cameroon and Gabon. The country consists of an insular region (Bioko islands), where the capital Malabo is situated, and a mainland region (Río Muni), where the largest Equatoguinean city Bata is located. Equatorial Guinea has 1.356 million inhabitants according to the 2019 census, and the major religion is Christianity. (Geology World, 2021) Its population is composed of different ethnic groups, such as the Fangs (major group), the Bubis (second largest group), the Mdowes, the Annobonese, the Pygmies, the Fernandindo and the Creoles/Bisios. Although the ethnic groups speak their own languages, the official languages are Spanish and French due to the colonial past (Britannica, 2021). Equatorial Guinea achieved its independence on 12 October, 1968 and it is a multi-party republic with a strong executive branch. The current president is Theodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who has led Equatorial Guinea for 40 years. Background Equatorial Guinea’s history is marked by the conquest of Portuguese and Spanish colonizers until its independence in 1968. The Portuguese colonization lasted from 1472 to 1778, when Portugal arrived at Guinea's gulf and reaped the benefits of the land such as abundant local agricultural and maritime resources (Vilar, 1970). In 1778, due to the Tordesillas1 treaty , 1 A treaty between Spain and Portugal in which land and countries were divided among conquerors Portugal assigned Spain rights to the land with the intention of giving Spain a path into Africa to conduct its slave trade, while in return, Spain assigned Brazil to Portugal (History World, 2021).
    [Show full text]
  • Writing and Lateral Struggles in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
    ISSN 1653-2244 INSTITUTIONEN FÖR KULTURANTROPOLOGI OCH ETNOLOGI DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY The Rebellion of The Chicken Self‐making, reality (re)writing and lateral struggles in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea By Adelaida Caballero 2015 MASTERUPPSATSER I KULTURANTROPOLOGI Nr 56 ABSTRACT. Historical sources suggest that the bad reputation of Bioko island ―a product of mixed exoticism, fear of death and allure for profit— might have started as early as the first European explorations of sub-Saharan Africa. Today, the same elements seem to have been reconfigured, producing a similar result in the Western imagination: cultural exoticization, fear of state-sponsored violence and allure for profit are as actual as ever in popular conceptions of Equatorial Guinea. A notion of ongoing terror keeps conditioning the study of the tiny African nation, resulting in media trends and academic discourses polarized by the grand themes of oil/money/corruption and human rights violations —which are highly counterproductive when trying to account for Equatoguineans’ everyday practices, mainly because the violence exerted by the state has shifted in nature. Deploying a triple theoretical framework made up by Michel de Certeau’s (1984) concepts of readers/writers/texts and strategies, Michael Jackson’s (2005) work on being, agency and intersubjectivity, as well as Bayart’s (1993) ‘politics of the belly’, this thesis explores some of the complex cultural and social-psychological strategies that urban populations in Malabo have developed in order to create, sustain and protect the integrity of their social selves while living in inherently oppressive environments. People’s means of personhood negotiation are observed through contemporary systems of beliefs, narratives and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Conseil Économique Et Social
    NATIONS UNIES E Distr. Conseil économique GÉNÉRALE et social E/CN.4/2003/67/Add.2 9 janvier 2003 FRANÇAIS Original: ANGLAIS COMMISSION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME Cinquante-neuvième session Point 11 c) de l’ordre du jour provisoire DROITS CIVILS ET POLITIQUES, NOTAMMENT LA QUESTION DE LA LIBERTÉ D’EXPRESSION Rapport de M. Ambeyi Ligabo, Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression, soumis en application de la résolution 2002/48 de la Commission des droits de l’homme Additif Visite en Guinée équatoriale* * Le résumé du présent rapport est distribué dans toutes les langues officielles. Le rapport proprement dit est joint en annexe au résumé, et il est distribué dans la langue dans laquelle il a été présenté ainsi qu’en espagnol. GE.03-10036 (F) 280103 290103 E/CN.4/2003/67/Add.2 page 2 Résumé Le présent rapport a été établi en application de la résolution 2002/48 de la Commission des droits de l’homme. Le Rapporteur spécial présente et analyse les informations relatives à la situation concernant le droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression qu’il a recueillies avant et pendant sa visite en Guinée équatoriale, du 2 au 7 décembre 2002, auprès de fonctionnaires, de particuliers, d’organisations non gouvernementales et dans les rapports de l’ancien Représentant spécial de la Commission des droits de l’homme chargé de suivre de près la situation des droits de l’homme en République de Guinée équatoriale. Le Rapporteur spécial constate que la situation du point de vue de la liberté d’opinion et d’expression en Guinée équatoriale semble s’être améliorée sur le plan législatif.
    [Show full text]
  • Equatorial Guinea: the Position of Refugees and Exiles in 2001
    UNHCR Emergency & Security Service WRITENET Paper No. 18 /2001 EQUATORIAL GUINEA: THE POSITION OF REFUGEES AND EXILES IN 2001 By A Writenet Independent Researcher Translated from the French by Carolyn Norris December 2001 WriteNet is a Network of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict WriteNet is a Subsidiary of Practical Management (UK) E-mail: [email protected] THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED MAINLY ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THE PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE, EITHER EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF WRITENET OR UNHCR. ISSN 1020-8429 Table of Contents 1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 2 Brief Overview of the Political and Socio-economic History of Equatorial Guinea ................................................................................... 3 2.1 The Main Stages in the Country’s Geopolitical History ......................................3 2.2 Socio-economic and Political Situation before Independence .............................4 2.2.1 Socio-economic issues: .....................................................................................4 2.2.2 Colonial Political Harassment..........................................................................4
    [Show full text]