18 Copépodos

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18 Copépodos 001-470 Entomo (cap1-29) 11/2/05 15:59 Página 303 CURSO PRÁCTICO DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 303-331 18 Copépodos Damià JAUME1, Mercedes CONRADI2, Pablo J. LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ2 1. IMEDEA (CSIC-IUB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados. C/ Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles (Illes Balears) 2. Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla. C/ Reina Mercedes, 6. 41012-Sevilla Con alrededor de 11.500 especies descritas, constituyen el grupo de metazoos más numero- so en cuanto a individuos se refiere. La cantidad de copépodos presentes en la Tierra en un momento dado es astronómica: piénsese sólo en los alrededor de 1.347 millones de km3 de agua oceánica, y la cifra resultante (1021) de extrapolar a este volumen inmenso una densi- dad de copépodos de sólo 1 ind/m3, muy por debajo por otra parte de las ordinarias determi- nadas directamente en el mar, que oscilan entre los 100 y los 70.000 ind/m3. Principalmen- te acuáticos, aunque se conocen unas pocas especies propias del mantillo de bosques húmedos, han colonizado prácticamente todos los hábitats, desde las fosas oceánicas más profundas hasta lagos de montaña en el Himalaya, así como todo tipo de ambientes extre- mos, desde humeros hidrotermales hasta aguas subterráneas. El grupo ha experimentado una importante radiación adaptativa y diversificación de formas como parásito o comensal de vertebrados e invertebrados acuáticos, sobre todo en el mar, utilizando hasta un total de 16 fila hospedadores distintos. Si bien el número de especies dulceacuícolas es considera- ble (alrededor del 21% de las descritas), la mayor diversificación, en cuanto a taxones de rango supraespecífico se refiere, se alcanza en los océanos. Su papel ecológico en los eco- sistemas acuáticos es fundamental, sobre todo en el medio pelágico: sus migraciones nicte- merales, con ascenso nocturno a las capas superficiales donde se localiza el fitoplancton para alimentarse, y descenso diurno a aguas profundas para defecar (hasta 200 pellets per cápita y día), los convierten en un elemento clave en el ciclado de nutrientes. Sanitariamen- te, su interés no es tampoco desdeñable: algunas especies dulceacuícolas son hospedadores intermediarios de parásitos humanos peligrosos, como algunas tenias, o de los causantes de enfermedades como la dracunculiasis (Dracunculus medinensis L.; Nematoda). 1. CARACTERES GENERALES a) Diagnosis Identificar un copépodo de vida libre a primera vista es relativamente sencillo, pero la profusión de especies parásitas, muchas de ellas extremadamente modificadas, requiere de un refinamiento en la diagnosis del grupo. Así, un copépodo es un crustáceo maxiló- podo* que presenta en algún estadio de su desarrollo: – Al menos dos pares de patas natatorias con los miembros de cada par conectados entre sí por una placa rígida, el esclerito intercoxal, que permite el batido síncrono de los miembros de cada par. * Junto a los Copépodos, conforman esta clase de crustáceos los Tecostráceos (= Cirrípedos y afines), Ostráco- dos, Mistacocáridos, Branquiuros y Tantulocáridos. 001-470 Entomo (cap1-29) 11/2/05 15:59 Página 304 304 CURSO PRÁCTICO DE ENTOMOLOGÍA – Un cefalosoma que muestra integrado y totalmente incorporado el primer somito del tronco, portador de los maxilípedos. No hay ninguna otra subclase de crustá- ceos maxilópodos que muestre esta condición. – De igual forma, las anténulas unirrámeas multisegmentadas hasta un máximo de 27 segmentos son del todo desconocidas en el resto de maxilópodos, en donde és- tas no rebasan los 8 segmentos. No obstante, cabe decir que la mayoría de copépo- dos muestra anténulas con reducción secundaria en el número de segmentos. – La presencia de sacos ovígeros en las hembras es otra característica del taxón, es- pecialmente útil a la hora de identificar como copépodos a formas extremadamente modificadas para la vida parásita. Las figuras 1 y 2 muestran el grado de diversidad morfológica alcanzado por el gru- po. Si bien es fácil identificar como copépodos a las formas de vida libre, el grado de mo- dificación alcanzado por algunos parásitos en su estadio adulto los hace difícilmente re- conocibles como tales; en estos casos, su adscripción copepodiana se ha fundamentado en la presencia de sacos ovígeros en las hembras, o en la morfología de sus estadios larva- rios, que suelen expresar alguno de los caracteres diagnósticos del grupo. b) Tamaño Los copépodos son animales de tamaño corporal reducido, en general de entre 0,2 y 5 mm. No obstante, algunas formas de vida libre pueden alcanzar los 28 mm. El récord de ta- maño lo ostentan, sin embargo, algunas especies parásitas de peces, de hasta 25 cm de lon- gitud. c) Tagmosis El cuerpo se compone de un cefalosoma de 6 somitos, y un tronco de 9 somitos más tel- son (fig. 2). Los 6 primeros somitos del tronco se consideran torácicos por homologación con el plan corporal de otros maxilópodos, y el resto, abdominales. El cefalosoma está constituido por 5 somitos cefálicos portadores, respectivamente y por este orden, de un par de anténulas, antenas, mandíbulas, maxílulas y maxilas, más el que por homologación con otros grupos de maxilópodos se identifica como un primer so- mito torácico cuyo par de apéndices se hubiera modificado perdiendo su función locomo- tora primigenia, y adoptado otra relacionada con la manipulación del alimento: es decir, transformado en lo que técnicamente se denomina un par de maxilípedos. Hablando con propiedad, no estaríamos por tanto ante un cefalosoma sino ante un cefalotórax, aunque este último término se reserva al hablar de copépodos para denominar a otra combinación de somitos, como se verá a continuación. Los somitos del cefalosoma presentan los tergi- tos fusionados entre sí constituyendo el denominado escudo cefálico. El margen anterior de este escudo puede proyectarse anterior- o anteroventralmente hasta conformar un ros- tro más o menos desarrollado y de morfología variable según la especie (figs. 2a y 2b), portador o no de un par de filamentos rostrales (figs. 7a y 7b). Los 5 somitos situados inmediatamente a continuación del cefalosoma (es decir, los somitos torácicos 2 a 6) portan ventralmente cada uno un par de patas natatorias birrá- meas, de ahí su denominación de somitos pedígeros. En estos somitos se distingue un ter- gito dorsal, dos pleuras laterales soldadas al anterior, y un esternito ventral. En muchos taxones el primero de estos somitos se halla no obstante completamente integrado en el cefalosoma, conformando el conjunto un cefalotórax (fig. 7a). Tras el quinto somito pedígero se halla el somito genital (correspondiente al séptimo somito torácico de otros maxilópodos), donde se localizan los orificios genitales, protegi- dos cada uno de ellos por un opérculo genital homologable a un miembro extremadamen- te modificado del que sería un sexto par de patas. A continuación del somito genital se suceden tres somitos abdominales, carentes de apéndices. Tanto el somito genital como los abdominales tienen forma de anillo, no pudiéndose distinguir en ellos tergito, pleuras 001-470 Entomo (cap1-29) 11/2/05 15:59 Página 305 COPÉPODOS 305 (c) (d) (a) (b) (e) (f) (i) (h) (g) Figura 1. Diversidad morfológica entre los copépodos. Formas de vida libre: (a) hembra adulta de Cyclops abyssorum, Ciclopoide dulceacuícola; (b) detalle de la quinta pata del mismo ejemplar; (c) macho de Paracar- tia grani, Calanoide marino; (d) macho de Ameira exilis, Harpacticoide bentónico marino; (e) detalle de la quin- ta pata del mismo ejemplar. Hembras de formas parásitas de peces extremadamente modificadas: (f) Lernaea cyprinacea, Ciclopoide; (g) Chondracanthus zei, Poecilostomatoide; (h) Lernanthropus atrox, Sifonostomatoi- de; (i) Lernaeenicus longiventris, Sifonostomatoide. Obsérvese la presencia de sacos ovígeros, único carácter diagnóstico para reconocer como copépodos a estas formas parásitas. 001-470 Entomo (cap1-29) 11/2/05 15:59 Página 306 306 CURSO PRÁCTICO DE ENTOMOLOGÍA (a) (b) (c) (d) r r Figura 2. Tipos de tagmosis corporal en los copépodos. (a) hembra de Speleophria bunderae en vista dorsal, Misofrioide con tagmosis podoplea; (b), vista lateral del mismo ejemplar; nótese el rostro (r) extremadamente desarrollado; (c), hembra de Bunderia misophaga en vista lateral, Calanoide con tagmosis gimnoplea; (d), vista dorsal del mismo ejemplar. Las flechas indican la posición de la articulación entre prosoma y urosoma. o esternito alguno; bordeando su margen posterior corre un estrecho fleco hialino (figs. 7c, 7d y 7e), siendo su contorno –liso, denticulado o aserrado– potencialmente útil para distinguir entre especies próximas. En la mayoría de especies de copépodos, el primer so- mito abdominal de la hembra se halla completamente fusionado con el somito genital (figs. 7a y 7b). Finalmente se halla el telson, portador de un par de ramas caudales, en el que se abre el ano. En muchos copépodos éste se halla cubierto por una extensión posterior de la su- perficie dorsal del telson, el denominado opérculo anal (figs. 7c y 7d), cuya morfología y ornamentación pueden tener interés taxonómico. En algunos Harpacticoides sin opérculo genital, éste se ve substituido por un pseudopérculo constituido por un recrecimiento del fleco hialino del último somito abdominal. Cefalosoma, somitos torácicos, abdominales y telson se disponen característicamente conformando dos tagmas: uno anterior o prosoma, más o menos ensanchado, y otro poste- rior o urosoma más estrecho, separados uno del otro por una zona de flexión. La posición de esta zona de flexión varía según el grupo de copépodos considerado, pudiendo situarse entre el sexto somito torácico (= el quinto portador de patas natatorias) y el somito genital, en cuyo caso hablamos de tagmosis gimnoplea (figs. 2c y 2d), o entre el quinto y el sexto somito torácico (es decir, entre el cuarto y el quinto portadores de patas), hablándose en- tonces de tagmosis podoplea (figs. 2a y 2b). En Harpacticoides vermiformes o fusiformes, muy modificados para la vida intersticial, no parece haber solución de continuidad entre prosoma y urosoma, hablándose en este caso de tagmosis dolicoplea (fig. 1d). d) Ojo naupliar Es un órgano presente en principio en todos los órdenes de copépodos excepto en Miso- frioides, Gelielloides y Platicopioides.
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