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Copyright © 2013 Timothy J. Collins Some rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The journey has only begun, but what a blessing it has been for me and for my academic work to have the encouragement and support of many, many folks. It is not lost on me that, “it takes a village.” My family has made many sacrifices for me that allowed for the “guilt-free” focus of time and energy on this endeavor. So many colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory have coached, mentored, taught, and even occasionally prodded me throughout the doctoral program. I am particularly thankful for those closest to me at the Lab. Many times their extra effort in the workplace made things easier for me or ensured that I did not get lost in the forest. I am grateful for the educational experience offered to me by the faculty and staff of Benedictine University, who are so committed to the success of their learners. My extended family and friends, brother Knights of Columbus, BU cohort, colleagues from the armed forces, fellow aviators, “Holy Catholic College,” technical editor, neighbors, and many others who always seemed to be there at just the right time to say or do just the thing that was needed at the moment. I am thankful for the genuinely special people and deep thinkers on my dissertation committee who served this effort. Without their guidance and feedback, always offered in a supportive, encouraging, and faith-filled fashion, this simply would not have been possible. Mail and e-mail, phone calls, Skype™ all were employed many times as these scholars guided and taught me the value of independent and objective iii research, always caritative in their ways. I am forever indebted to the three of them; we are all blessed to have them in our classrooms, at our universities, and in our midst. Finally, in addition to all of the spiritual assistance that in my Catholic faith I believe to have been praying for and with me, I also would like to acknowledge the intercession of St. Thomas Aquinas. His prayer has inspired me throughout the program. Ineffable Creator, who from the treasures of your wisdom have established three hierarchies of angels, have arrayed them in marvelous order above the fiery heavens and have marshaled the regions of the universe with such artful skill. You are proclaimed the true font of light and wisdom, and the primal origin raised high beyond all things. You are proclaimed the true font of light and wisdom, and the primal origin raised high beyond all things. Pour forth a ray of Your brightness into the darkened places of my mind; disperse from my soul the twofold darkness into which I was born: sin and ignorance. You make eloquent the tongues of infants. Refine my speech and pour forth upon my lips the goodness of Your blessing. Grant to me keenness of mind, capacity to remember, skill in learning, subtlety to interpret and eloquence in speech. May You guide the beginning of my work, direct its progress, and bring it to completion. You Who are true God and true Man, Who live and reign, world without end. Amen. Prayer Before Study Thomas Aquinas Finally, I acknowledge that whatever success this effort finds is not because of me, but has been accomplished for the good of the Church through me and shared by and with all those who made this possible. Laudate Dominum iv DEDICATIONS Jesus Mary and Joseph (JMJ) Drenda Marie…my Bride and the love of my life… Jonathan Joseph…my first… Maree Ashton…my only… Chet Joseph…my last… …each giving my life meaning and purpose. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. III DEDICATIONS ................................................................................................................. V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ......................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ IX ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Research Topic ................................................................................................................ 8 Statement of the Issue ..................................................................................................... 8 Purpose of the Research .................................................................................................. 8 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 8 Significance of the Research ........................................................................................... 9 Researcher Perspective ................................................................................................. 15 Limitations/Delimitations of the Research ................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................. 19 Development of Catholic Higher Education in the United States ................................ 21 The Influence of the Second Vatican Council .............................................................. 27 Catholic Higher Education in the Modern Era ............................................................. 33 Themes in the Literature ............................................................................................... 44 Relevant Research on Catholic Identity in the United States ....................................... 48 Essential Documents Affecting Higher Education ....................................................... 52 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 55 Restatement of the Purpose of the Research ................................................................. 56 Restatement of the Research Questions ........................................................................ 56 Research Design ............................................................................................................ 57 The Case Study Approach ............................................................................................ 60 Ethical Considerations .................................................................................................. 79 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF THE DATA .................................................................... 83 Phase 1 .......................................................................................................................... 84 Phase 2 .......................................................................................................................... 92 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUMMARY ......................... 107 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 107 Theme 1: Alignment ................................................................................................... 111 Theme 2: Culture ........................................................................................................ 123 Theme 3: Engagement With the Christian Tradition .................................................. 132 Implications for the Student Seeking Catholic Higher Education .............................. 141 vi Implications for Future Research ................................................................................ 144 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 146 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ 148 Appendix A ................................................................................................................. 149 Framework and the 15 External Signal Features .................................................... 149 Appendix B ................................................................................................................. 152 Dissertation Site Selection Data .............................................................................. 152 Appendix C ................................................................................................................. 173 Results from Site Selection Process ........................................................................ 173 Appendix D ................................................................................................................. 174 Sources and Methodologies for Site Selection ....................................................... 174 Appendix E ................................................................................................................