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Intersubjective Histories in the Mediterranean and Beyond: the Poetics of Self in Postcolonial Autobiography

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Intersubjective Histories in the Mediterranean and Beyond: The Poetics of Self in Postcolonial Autobiography by Maria Hadjipolycarpou A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Comparative Literature) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Artemis S. Leontis, Co-Chair Professor Michele A. Hannoosh, Co-Chair Professor Daniel A. Herwitz Professor Vassilis Lambropoulos Professor Anton Shammas …µας είπαν “να, τώρα ταξιδεύετε” Και δεν ταξιδεύαµε. …µας είπαν “να, τώρα είσαστε αυτό, είσαστε εκείνο” Και δεν είµαστε ούτε αυτό, ούτ’ εκείνο… Κι η ιστορία δεν ήταν ιστορία. […they told us, “you are traveling now” And we were not traveling. …they told us, “now, you are this, now, you are that” And we were neither this nor that… And history was not history]. Costas Montis 1972 But though his power, the given mandate, extended From tangerine daybreaks to star-apple dusks, His hand could not dam that ceaseless torrent to dust That carried the shacks of the poor, to their root-rock music. Derek Walcott,1979 © Maria Hadjipolycarpou All rights reserved 2014 Dedication It is with the deepest gratitude that I dedicate this work to my beloved parents, Tasos and Ntina. Their experiences inspired me to examine what it means to be silenced by history, while their love and support accompanied me on even my loneliest travels. ii Acknowledgements This PhD Thesis is the culmination of a lifelong interest in things poetic. Along the way, there have been many inspirational people who contributed in making it a smoother, more pleasant, lively and intellectually stimulating process. First of all, I would like to express my appreciation to my co-chair Artemis Leontis who has overseen my development as a scholar from very early stages. Her influence has been tremendous in that she gave me the tools—material and intellectual— to embark on and continue a difficult but worthwhile journey. Her perseverance, strong will, and sharpness remain with me. I also thank her for trusting me to be her research assistant for her book project. Her openness in allowing me to partake in the process and to see how a book is put together was invaluable. I would also like to express my indebtedness to my co-chair Michele Hannoosh for her genuine care and support. Michele paved the way so that I could reach my highest potential and even, at times, put aside her own convictions for the sake of impartiality. She provided candid support for Mediterranean Topographies, the group my dear colleague and friend Amr Kamal and I established in 2009. Mediterranean Topographies would not be what it is today without her. To the members of my committee I express my thankfulness: Daniel Herwitz for his enthusiasm, passion and breadth of knowledge. Vassilis Lambropoulos for having faith in me even in my lowest moments and for having taught me more than he will ever know. I am also grateful for his belief in the vitality of my project and for his apt and generous advice at crucial junctures of my academic career. Anton Shammas for making everyday conversation light up with his poetic strokes, his beautiful mind and his magnetic heart. Anton’s presence on this island made me feel at home. I benefitted immensely from Francois Hartog’s visit and mini-course at the University of Michigan in the fall of 2013. His scholarship paves the way for new ways of knowing the world, new ways of making history. I am also indebted to Sidonie Smith iii for her careful readings of my work and her incisive commentary on my project; at key turning points she helped me to think through previously unexamined possibilities while offering impeccable suggestions. Webb Keane was a rigorous reader of my article on Archbishop Makarios and offered valuable feedback. Frieda Ekotto served on my committee during the project’s earlier stages and was a key participant at the ACLA panel that I organized in 2013. Tatjana Aleksic was an unfailing source of encouragement. I was very fortunate to be a part of the University of Michigan Institute for the Humanities during the 2013-2014 academic year, and my colleagues were excellent companions in the process of writing during long days at the office: Kerstin Barndt, Mark Clague, Deidre De LaCruz, Jarrod Hayes, Katherine French, Joshua Friedman, Jennifer Johnson, Monique Johnson, Webb Keane, Scott Lyons, Michael McCulloch, Janie Paul, Richard Pierre, Elizabeth Sears, Brian Whitener, Cookie Woolner, and the assistant director and complit fellow Patrick Tonks. My fellow Mediterraneanists Susan Abraham, Megan Holmes, Harry Kashdan, Peter Kitlas, Karla Mallette, Ashley Miller, Will Stroebel, and Shannon Winston provided a wonderful and supportive community. I am grateful for the book recommendations of my dear friend Ismail Alatas, as well as for his talents and our intellectual conversations over the course of our friendship. Thank you to Karen McConnell, Elizabeth Kirchen, Nishaant Choksi and Thera Webb who edited my chapters and Rackham Graduate School, the Department of Comparative Literature, the Modern Greek Studies program, and the Center for European Studies for providing professional and financial opportunities and grants and a generously collaborative spirit. The University of Michigan’s Center for Research on Learning and Teaching and the Gayle Morris Sweetland Center for Writing provided much appreciated coaching and support during the writing process. Finally, I would like to offer my immensurable affectionate appreciation to my family and friends in Cyprus for their unfailing support whether I was with them or far away, especially Andreas Hadjipolycarpou, Christina Eleftheriou, Tasos Hadjipolycarpou iv and Ntina Hadjipolycarpou. I could not have done this without them and they have been my inspiration. Equally inspirational were the people of the villages of Karava and Spilia, as well as their stories, told and retold, either by speech or by silent faces. Nikos Afentoulides offered me a new life, but most importantly he offered me the gift of keeping the old one as part of the new. His presence brings fresh possibility to each day. v Table of Contents Dedication ....................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................. viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 History As Life ................................................................................................... 1 A Nicosian Sense of History ........................................................................................... 1 National and Colonial History ........................................................................................ 4 Mediterranean History .................................................................................................... 9 Islands ........................................................................................................................... 16 Symbiosis ...................................................................................................................... 32 Toward a Conception of History As Life: Chapter Summary ...................................... 40 Chapter 2 Islands: History’s Pathway and Derek Walcott’s Mediterranean .................... 50 Regulated Connectivities: The “Mediterranean” in the Atlantic .................................. 56 History’s Orphans ......................................................................................................... 66 The Nightmare of History ............................................................................................. 71 Walcott’s View of the Mediterranean ........................................................................... 81 Autobiography .............................................................................................................. 98 History as Life ............................................................................................................. 100 Chapter 3 Invisible Crossings: Rina Katselli and Anton Shammas ............................... 104 Corrupting Unities ...................................................................................................... 104 Symbiosis as Arabesques ............................................................................................ 110 New Life ..................................................................................................................... 129 The Gift of Autobiography ......................................................................................... 140 Happy People Have No History .................................................................................. 146 Islands of Partition ...................................................................................................... 161 vi Chapter 4 Unregistered Genealogies: Costas Montis and Assia Djebar ........................ 164 Genealogy and Ancestry ............................................................................................. 164 Colonial Histories ....................................................................................................... 167 Kinship
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