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Waheed@Pinstech.Org.Pk Isotopic Investigation of Groundwater Recharge Mechanism in Thal Doab 187 the Nucleus 51, No e Nucleu The Nucleus 51, No. 2 (2014) 187-197 Th s The Nucleus A Quarterly Scientific Journal of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission NCLEAM, ISSN 0029 - 5 6 9 8 P a ki sta n ISOTOPIC INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE MECHANISM IN THAL DOAB *W. AKRAM, Z. LATIF, N. IQBAL and M.A. TASNEEM Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan (Received February 03, 2014 and accepted in revised form April 22, 2014) Isotope techniques were applied in a selected area of Punjab known as Thal Doab for investigating origin, recharge and age/residence time of groundwater. Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 211 sampling points spread over the entire study area. The sampling points included rivers/canals representing the surface water, hand pumps representing shallow groundwater and tube wells representing deep groundwater. Rain samples were also collected at Chashma. The collected samples were analyzed for environmental isotopes (2H, 3H, 18O). Isotopic data of recharge sources indicated that rivers/canals and rainfall have quite different signatures. Data of groundwater clearly demonstrated spatial variation of isotopic composition illustrating recharge from different sources and in varying proportions. Rain appears to be the main source of recharge in upper eastern part of the doab. Rest of the area is mainly recharged by surface water. 18O values of shallow and deep groundwater showed similar geographical distribution proving that they are interconnected and have same recharge mechanism. Groundwater has different age/residence time in various zones ranging from fresh to more than 50 years. Keywords: Isotopes, Groundwater, Recharge, Thal Doab 1. Introduction management of this valuable resource not only for Groundwater is an important source of water supply present use but also for future uses. for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Fast In the present study, isotope techniques were applied growth of population, progressive farming to meet the in a selected area of Indus Basin known as Thal Doab growing food needs and establishment of numerous for investigating groundwater origin, recharge industries have resulted in rapid increase in water mechanism, interconnection between surface water/ demands. To meet these requirements large amount of groundwater and age/residence time of groundwater. groundwater is being exploited through tube wells and hand pumps. On the other hand, urbanization and 2. Study Area industrialization has reduced the recharge as significant Thal Doab is an interfluvial tract of land bounded by proportion of the land has become impermeable. As a mighty Indus River on west and by the Jhelum River in result of over-exploitation and reduction in recharge, Upper Thal and Chenab River in Lower Thal in east water table is lowering and aquifers are being depleted. (Figure 1). The Jhelum and the Chenab rivers join This situation is encountered in many highly exploited together at Trimmu and continue as eastern boundary aquifers in different parts of the country. of the Thal till its end. The Indus is directly benefiting Thal Doab through surface water supplies as well as Indus Plain is the main source of groundwater in Pakistan. It is underlain by a huge, continuous and well transmissive alluvial aquifer [1, 2]. The spatial variation of groundwater is dependent on the availability of recharge source. Generally, the fresh water occurs near rivers, canals and in irrigated areas. During the last 30 years or so, the increasing population of the country required extensive use of water. After full utilization of surface water resources, the shortages in fresh water supplies were met from underlying Indus Plain aquifer. Indiscriminate and extensive groundwater pumping is causing severe problems of groundwater mining and saline water intrusion. It is, therefore, imperative to make realistic assessment of groundwater potential in Indus Plain for sustainable development and Figure 1. Map of Pakistan showing location of study area. Corresponding author : [email protected] Isotopic investigation of groundwater recharge mechanism in thal doab 187 The Nucleus 51, No. 2 (2014) through recharge from its bed and flooding on flood (‰) = [(Rsample / Rstandard) – 1] x 1000 (1) plain. The river has been changing its course through the ages. The shifting of the course has been causing the The stable isotopic composition of natural waters is 2 18 18 recharge in the study area especially in Lower Thal often plotted on H versus O diagram. The O and 2 Doab. Several irrigation canals have also been built for H values of natural waters obey a general correlation irrigation of agricultural lands in this area. Thal Doab is ( 2H = a 18O + d) [6]. This is called the Global bounded by Salt Range on its northern boundary Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). For waters which have not been subjected to evaporation the value of ‘a' (slope) Thal Doab is composed of unconsolidated is 8 and average global value of ‘d’ for precipitation is Quaternary Alluvial and Aeolian deposits. The materials 10. When water undergoes evaporation, the lighter of the alluvial plain are very thick and overlie basement isotopic species preferentially leave the surface, so the rocks as old as Precambrian [2, 3]. Strata of the Salt remaining water becomes enriched, by stages, in heavy Range are composed of highly fractured and folded, isotopic species. Such waters samples will plot off the fossilferous rocks of Precambrian to Pleistocene age. meteoric water line (along a line having slope much less Piedmont alluvial deposits flank the Salt Range than 8, usually in the range of 4 to 6). foothills. Surficial Aeolian sand forms an extensive deposit over the alluvium in central Thal Doab. The Tritium (3H) occurs in the atmosphere as a result of northeastern portion of the doab around Khushab is both natural and man-made processes. The man made generally underlain by thick clay and silt. In the central production has swamped tritium resulting into labeling portion, i.e. around Qaidabad and Bundiyal, the coarse of water in the hydrological cycle via precipitation. As material is much concentrated and with a few tritium is radioactive, it decays with half life of 12.32 exceptions, extends to a depth of 183 m. The 10 to 15 years which gives the time function (age). By Km wide flood plain belts of the Indus and Chenab comparison of rain, surface water and groundwater rivers are underlain by thick deposits of sand with rare values, tritium is used to identify groundwater age / amounts of gravel. Slit and clay occurs in the sand in the residence time. The introduction of man-made tritium form of thin lenses which have limited vertical and enables us to find the age of groundwater in term of lateral extent. The central strip of land between the being recharged prior to or post the bomb test period flood plains is also predominantly underlain by sand. [7]. There are occasional intercalated bodies of fine material 4. Sample Collection and Analysis which are laterally extensive. In the southern part of the doab, between Rohilanwali and Alipur, there is a higher Two hundred and eleven sampling stations percentage of silt and clay with kanker. Sand is scarce spreading over the entire study area (Mianwali, and is in the form of thin lenses. However, near Khushab, Bhakar, Layyah, Jhang and Muzaffargarh Khairpur Sadaat, the alluvium is predominantly sandy. districts) were selected for collection of water samples. Location of sampling stations is shown in Figures 2 and 3. Methodology 3. The sampling points included rivers, canals, hand Isotopic techniques have great potential for a broad pumps and tube wells. The rivers and canals represent spectrum of applications in hydrology and provide surface water (n = 11) while the hand pumps (n = 132) insights into water’s behavior and help build the and tube wells (n = 68) represent shallow and deep foundations for rational utilization of this precious groundwater respectively. Important physico-chemical resource. In the present study, naturally occurring parameters like pH and electrical conductivity (EC) isotopes (2H, 3H and 18O) which are part of the water were measured in the field using portable pH and EC molecule are used. meters. To avoid isotope fractionation through 18 2 evaporation or diffusive loss of water vapour, and/or O and H are stable isotopes and their fractionation isotope exchange with the surroundings, appropriate changes on global basis with the effects like temperature collection methods and sampling bottles were used [8]. effect (seasonal effect, altitude effect, latitude effect), continental effect, amount effect, etc. As a result various For determining the oxygen isotopic composition of sources of water have different isotopic signatures, water samples, CO2 equilibration method was used which are used to determine the source of recharge of [9, 10]. The standard error of measurement is of the groundwater in a particular regime [4, 5]. Stable order of 0.1‰. For hydrogen isotope ratio (2H/1H) isotopes are measured in water samples as isotopic analysis, water samples were first reduced to hydrogen ratios, R (2H/1H & 18O/16O) by mass spectrometry and gas using zinc reduction method. The hydrogen expressed in terms of per mil (‰) difference with produced was measured on mass spectrometer [10]. The respect to isotopic ratio of the reference standard. This standard error of measurement is of the order of 1‰. is called the delta ( ) value. 188 W. Akram et al. The Nucleus 51, No. 2 (2014) Figure 2. Location of shallow groundwater sampling points. Figure 3. Location of deep groundwater and surface water sampling points. Tritium (3H) content of water samples was determined by liquid scintillation counting after electrolytic (LMWL) plotted in Figures 8 and 9 as represented by enrichment. Concentration of tritium is expressed in the following equation: tritium units (TU). One TU is equivalent to 0.12 Bq/kg δ2H = 7.4 δ18O + 6.4 (r2 = 0.943) of water.
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