Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2017) 41: 43-59 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1512-60

A review of subtribe Phrosinellina Verves, 1989, with description of Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kocaki sp. nov. from the (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae: Metopiaini)

1, 2 Yury VERVES *, Liudmyla KHROKALO 1 Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine 2 National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine

Received: 22.12.2015 Accepted/Published Online: 28.05.2016 Final Version: 25.01.2017

Abstract: Phrosinella kocaki Verves & Khrokalo sp. nov. from is described as being new to science. A similar species, Phrosinella kozlovi (Rohdendorf, 1925), is recorded for the first time for and redescribed. Faunistic and ecological data on 31 species from 3 genera of subtribe Phrosinellina are given: Gymnoprosopa Townsend, 1892 (6 species); Gymnopsidia Shewell, 1987 (1 species); and Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (24 species). An original key to the genera and subgenera is presented.

Key words: Phrosinella kocaki, Middle East, new species, Sarcophagidae, Phrosinellina, genera, key, species composition, geographical distribution, habits

1. Introduction They were compiled into one sharp image, in accordance Subtribe Phrosinellina Verves, 1989 includes 31 species with the criterion of maximal power in the spatial high- from three genera: Gymnoprosopa Townsend, 1892 (6 frequency domain, with the software Helicon Focus Pro species); Gymnopsidia Shewell, 1987 (1 species); and 5.3.14 X64 (Helicon Soft Ltd., Kharkiv, Ukraine). Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (24 species). All Authors of faunistic data not registered in catalogues species are very xerophilous and psammophilous and (Downes, 1965; Verves, 1986; Pape, 1996) are given in mainly distributed in arid and subarid zones of the footnotes. Holarctic and Oriental regions. Larvae are known as Acronyms: CNC: Canadian National Collection of kleptoparasites (inquilines) in ground nests mainly of , Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and different sphecoid and occasionally of pompiloid wasps Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; BMNH: and bees (Allen, 1926; Charykuliev, 1965; Downes, 1965; Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; IEE: Evans, 1966a; Krombein, 1967; Rohdendorf, 1967, 1971a, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy 1971b; Myartzeva, 1972a; Verves, 1976; Spofford et al., of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine; MZLU: Museum of Zoology, 1989; Verves, 1989; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1990, 1992; Lund University, Lund, Sweden; MNHN: Muséum Povolný and Verves, 1997; Verves and Khrokalo 2006; National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MZUF: Zerova et al., 2006; Evans and O’Neil, 2007; Pickering, Muzeo Zoologico de “La Specola”, Florence, Italy; SEM: 2011; Pulawski, 2015). Snow Entomology Collection, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA; SMNS: Staatliches Museum 2. Materials and methods für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany; TAU: Tel Aviv This article is a result of study of the Natural History University, Israel; USNM: Department of Entomology, Museum (London) collection of miltogrammine flies and Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural original analysis of literature data. History, Washington, DC, USA; ZIN: Zoological Institute, All photographs were prepared using a stereomicroscope Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian (Leica M205C, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) Federation. with a Canon EOS 5D Mark II body camera (Canon Abbreviations of morphological features: acr - Inc., Tokyo, Japan). As a mount was essentially not flat, a acrostichal seta; ad - anterodorsal seta; ap - apical seta; d series of photographs were made at different focal depths. - discal seta; dc - dorsocentral seta; dm-cu - discal medial- * Correspondence: [email protected] 43 VERVES and KHROKALO / Turk J Zool cubital crossvein; fr - frontal seta; ia - intraalar seta; kepst parafacialia with microscopic yellow setae, almost bare; - katepisternal seta; M - medial vein; npl - notopleural seta; facial ridge above angular bristles with 2–3 black short oc - ocellar seta; orb - orbital seta; pd - postdorsal seta; setae; oral bristles numerous, their fore 2–3 pairs strong, postorb - postorbital seta; pprn - postpronotal seta; R1 - first others hair-like; genae and occiput with numerous yellow longitudinal vein; R4+5 - third longitudinal vein; r5 - first erect midlong setae (Figures 1–3). posterior cell; t2 - midtibia; vte - outer vertical seta; vti - Thorax: Covered with densely black erect midlong inner vertical seta. hairs; acr 0+1, fine;dc 2–3+3, only prescutellar pair strong; ia 0–1+2–3, very fine; pprn 1–2; kepst 1+2, mid long; 3. Results and discussion npl 2–3. Scutellum with 3 pairs of strong marginals (ap Subtribe Phrosinellina Verves, 1989 crossed), d less. Verves, 1989: 119; Povolný and Verves, 1997: 107; Nandi, Legs: Each of 1st and 2nd tarsomeres of fore tarsi with 2002: 122; Verves and Khrokalo, 2006: 101. elongate curved ad and pd, which reached to the end of 4th Bright colored flies of small or medium size (3.0–10.0 tarsomere, 3rd tarsomere with more short similar setae, mm in length). Eyes large, bare; frons as wide as or more 4th and 5th tarsomeres without long setae; t2 with one ad widened than eye, parafacials very broad, genae narrow (Figure 4). or midheight; flagellomere 3–7× as long as pedicel; arista Wings: Costal spine small, badly developed, r5 narrowly bare or microchaetose, widened in the proximal 0.6–0.8. open, R1 at upper side with 1–3 black hairs in basal half,

Lower margin of head more or less shortened; prescutellar R4+5 dorsally with a row of setae in basal 0.5–0.7 of first acr absent or unclear; wing cell r5 narrowly open or closed; section, ventrally with 2–3 basal hairs, M right-angled, abdomen usually with distinct dorsal black or brown spots dm-cu slightly s-like curved, almost straight, the ratio of or bands at hind surfaces of tergites, or sometimes with 3rd and 5th costal sections is 1:1.5–2.3. checkering pattern; sexual dimorphism inconsiderable Abdomen: 1+2nd tergite without mediomarginals, 3rd (male fore tarsi often with bristles or brushes of specialized tergite with a pair of erect long mediomarginals (Figures setae). 5 and 6). Description of Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kocaki Female: Related to male; fore tibia without specialized Verves & Khrokalo, sp. nov. (Figures 1–6) setae; median spot placed in hind 0.2–0.3 of length of 3rd Male: Body color: Bright colored. Head almost abdominal tergite, and lateral stripes of this tergite narrow, entirely densely silvery gray pollinated, frontal vitta black, partly reduced. finely dusted, scapus and pedicel brown, flagellomere Etymology: The specific name is given in honor of one and arista black, palpi yellow. Thorax densely light gray of the most known Turkish entomologists, Prof Emeritus dusted, mesonotum with broad dark median longitudinal Dr Ahmet Ömer Koçak, Van, Turkey. stripe before suture only. Legs black, fore tarsi brown. Type material. Holotype (male): Israel: Sedom, Wings hyaline, basicosta and epaulette yellow. Abdomen 26.vi.1976, A. Freidberg leg. (TAU). Paratypes (males yellowish gray pollinated, in basal half yellowish brown and females): Israel: Zin Wilderness, Nahal Zin at En laterally, with black dorsal drawing. 1+2nd tergite with Akrabim, cane-covered sandy wadi el. – 61 m, 30°53′38″N, narrow indistinct dark band or badly developed median 35°09′39″E [GPS], 12, 15, 23.iii. et 4.iv.1995, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ spot and paired lateral stripes in hind 0.3; each of 3rd (Irwin) (TAU & IEE); Negev, Ein Avdat National Park, Ein and 4th tergites in hind 0.4–0.5 with square or rounded Aqev spring, 25.v.2006, 1 ♀ (K. Szpila) (IEE); ‘Enot Samar, three spots separated from one another by light dusting 22.04.1998, 1 ♂ (A. Freidberg) (TAU). of narrow longitudinal bands; 5th tergite with similar Comparison: This species is related to P. (A.) kozlovi drawing in hind 1/2–2/3. Genitalia shining black. (Rohdendorf, 1925) (Figures 7–11) by habitus, drawings of Body length: 6.5–8.5 mm. 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites and badly developed costal Head: Frons at vertex 0.43–0.45×, at level of antennal spine, but differs by ciliation of ♂ fore tarsi: bristles of 1st base 0.47–0.50× of head width. Frontal vitta 1.2–1.5× and 2nd tarsomeres very long, but 4th tarsomere without widened backwards, at level of fore orb 0.8–0.9× as wide similar setae, and by three distinctly separated hind black as one of parafrontalia. Flagellomere 3.7–4.5× as long as spots at 5th abdominal tergite in both sexes. pedicel, arista widened in basal 0.8–0.9, bare. Parafacialia Redescription of Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kozlovi at level of antennal base 0.25–0.31×, genae 0.13–0.20× of (Rohdendorf, 1925) eye height. Palpi elongate, at apex widened. Two regular (Figures 7–11). rows of postorb; vte strong, 0.5× as long as vti; oc midlong; Male: Body color: Brightly painted. Head densely orb 1+2, strong; fr 9–14, beside them 4–5 fore pairs crossed, silvery gray pollinated, frontal vitta matt black, with fine hind pairs reclinate; hind part of parafrontalia with several brownish tincture and white pruinescence; ocellar triangle black erect long hairs; fore part of parafrontalia and and antennae entirely black, palpi brownish yellow. Thorax

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Figures 1–6. Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kocaki Verves & Khrokalo, sp. nov. Holotype ♂: 1- head anteriorly; 2- head laterally; 3- head dorsally; 4- fore left tarsus dorsally; 5- abdomen dorsally; 6- total view dorsally. Figures 7–11. Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kozlovi (Rohd.). ♂, Turkey: Iğdır, Ararat [recent: Mountain of Ağrı] below Serdarbulak, 5000′, 4.ix.1960: 7- head anteriorly; 8- head laterally; 9- fore tarsus dorsally; 10- abdomen dorsally; ♂, Mongolia: Kobdo aimak, Bulgan river, 25 km NNW of Bulgan habitation, 2.vii.1980: 11- abdomen dorsally.

45 VERVES and KHROKALO / Turk J Zool densely light gray pollinate, mesonotum with three dark 1 ♂ (Guichard & Harvey) (BMNH); Mongolia: Kobdo median longitudinal stripes in anterior part, which reach aimak, Bulgan river, 25 km NNW of Bulgan habitation, middle level of postsutural arena; fore spiracles gray, meadow, 2.vii.1980 (I. Kerzner), 1 ♂ (ZIN). hind ones yellowish-white. Wings hyaline, basicosta and Key to genera and subgenera epaulette yellow, legs brownish black. Abdomen silver gray 1. orb 1+3–4. Genae covered by long upcurved setae pollinated, in basal half yellowish brown laterally, with (Figure 12)………...... …….. g. Gymnopsidia Shewell black dorsal drawing. 1+2nd tergite with badly developed - orb 1+2. Genae covered by fine inconspicuous hairs... 2 median spot and paired lateral stripes in hind 0.6, each of 2. fr not reaching below antennal base, almost not 3rd and 4th tergites in hind 0.4–0.5 with square median divergent (Figure 13)...... g. Gymnoprosopa Town. spot and separated from it by narrow areas of light dusting - fr reaching to level of middle of pedicel, distinctly paired lateral stripes, 5th tergite with shining black divergent (Figure 14) …...... …… g. Phrosinella R.-D. marginal band in hind 0.6, and silver gray dusting in fore a. Abdomen with checkering pattern; 2nd tarsomere of 0.4. Genitalia shining black. male fore tarsi with a tuft of long hairs (Figure 16) Body length: 6.0–11.0 mm. ……………...... …………sg. Euhilarella Town. Head: Frons at vertex 0.46–0.50×, and at level of - Abdomen with distinct dark bands or spots at tergites antennal base 0.48–0.51× of head width. Frontal vitta (Figure 15); male fore tarsi with another chaetom ….. b almost parallel-sided, at level of fore proclinate orb 0.7– b. Frontal stripe as wide or wider than one of parafrontalia; 0.8× wide as one of parafrontalia. Flagellomere 4.0–5.0× R1 bare dorsal; male fore tarsi without long hairs …...... as long as pedicel, arista widened in basal 0.7–0.8, almost ...... sg. Phrosinella s. str. bare, microchaetose. Parafacialia at level of antennal base - Frontal stripe distinctly narrower than one of 0.40–0.44×, genae 0.22–0.26× of eye height. Palpi midlong, parafrontalia (Figures 3 and 17); R1 often haired at apex widened. Two regular rows of postorb in upper dorsall...... … c part of head; vte strong, only slightly shortly as vti; ocellar c. r4+5 hairy from base to the middle of its 2nd section triangle with a pair of very strong lateroproclinate oc, and dorsally (Figure 18); 5th abdominal tergite completely covered with numerous erected hairs; orb 1+2, strong; fr shining black (Fig. 19); male fore tarsi without long 10–16, crossed and strong; parafrontalia entirely covered hairs …...... …… sg. Caspiomyia Rohd. with sparse black hairs, more long in hind part of frons; - r hairy only in its 1st section; 5th abdominal tergite parafacialia in fore part with numerous fine black setae, 4+5 more or less lightly dusted anteriorly (Figures 5 and bare near eyes; facial ridge above long and erected angular 10); male fore tarsi with paired elongate apical setae at bristles with 2 black short setae; 6–8 pairs of oral bristles, several tarsomeres (Figures 4 and 9)…...... their fore 2–3 pairs strong, others hair-like; genae and ...... ……sg. Asiometopia Rohd. occiput with numerous pale erect midlong setae (Figures Annotated list of genera and species of Phrosinellina 7 and 8). Gymnoprosopa Townsend, 1892 Thorax: Covered with numerous erect midlong black Gymnoprosopa Townsend, 1892: 108. Type species: hairs; acr 0+1; dc 2+3-4; ia 1+2-3, very fine; pprn 2; kepst 1+1; npl 2. Scutellum with 3 pairs of long and strong Gymnoprosopa polita Townsend, 1892; by original marginals (ap crossed), d less. designation. Legs: Each of 1st–4th tarsomeres of fore tarsi with a Gymnoprosopa: Allen, 1926: 95 [revision]; Downes, pair of very long curved apical ad and pd: each of them is 1965: 936 [catalogue]; Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963: accompanied by strong apical spine-like ad or filiform pd 139 [habits]; Shewell, 1987: 1182 [in key]; Spofford et al., accordingly; t with one ad (Figure 9). 1989: 255 [habits]; Pape, 1996: 89 [catalogue]. 2 Bright colored small flies (3.5–6.0 mm in length). Wings: Costal spine small, badly developed, r5 closed at edge of wing or narrowly open, R at upper side with 3–4 Frontal vitta matt yellow to reddish, as wide or widened 1 as one as parafrontalia; fr not reaching below antennal black hairs in basal half, R4+5 dorsally with a row of setae in basal 0.6–08 of first section, ventrally with 2–3 basal hairs, base, almost not divergent; orb 1+2; genae covered by M obtuse angled, dm-cu straight, the ratio of 3rd and 5th inconspicuous black hairs, without pale setae; lower costal sections is 1:1.9–2.2. margin of head almost not shortened; lunule bare. r5 Abdomen: Each of 1+2nd–5th tergites with erected open; abdominal tergites with distinct black bands at hind pair of medial marginal bristles. Genitalia small (Figures surfaces of tergites; sexual dimorphism practically absent. 10 and 11). Six species are distributed in the Nearctic region. Female: Related to male, but fore tarsi without Habits: The larvae of Gymnoprosopa sp. were specialized chaetom. developed at paralyzed nymphs and adults of Tridactylus Material examined: Turkey: Iğdır, “Ararat” [recent: sp. () in nests of sphecoid wasp Tachytes mergus Mountain of Ağrı] below Serdarbulak, 4.ix.1960, 5000′, (Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963; Spofford et al., 1989).

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Figure 12. Gymnopsidia inflaticornis (Allen). ♀: head laterally (after Shewell, 1987). Figure 13. Gymnoprosopa polita Townsend. ♀: head laterally (after Shewell, 1987). Figures 14–15. Phrosinella (s. str.) nasuta (Meigen), 14, ♂, Ukraine, Kyiv region, Rokytne District, Busheve village, N 49039′, E 30035′, open cast, 27.07.2012, head laterally (original photo); 15, ♂, total view dorsally (after Venturi, 1947). Figure 16. Phrosinella (Euhilarella) sannio (Zetterstedt, 1838). ♂: fore left tarsus laterally (after Verves, 1990). Figures 17–19. Phrosinella (Caspiomyia) persa (Rohdendorf, 1935) (orig.), ♂: 17- head dorsolaterally; 18- right wing dorsally; 19- abdomen dorsally.

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Gymnoprosopa argentifrons Townsend, 1892 1961: 80 [habits]; Downes, 1965: 936 [catalogue]; Pape, Gymnoprosopa argentifrons Townsend, 1892: 109 [♂♀] 1996: 89 [catalogue]; Shewell, 1987: 1180, figure 90 Gymnoprosopa argentifrons: Allen, 1926: 98 [drawing of head]. [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Downes, 1965: 936 Hilarella polita: Coquillett, 1897: 128 [redescription of [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 89 [catalogue]. ♀]; Aldrich, 1905: 477 [catalogue]. Holotype (male): USA, southern Florida. Deposited in Holotype (female): USA, south part of Florida. SEM. Deposited in SEM. Distribution: Nearctic: USA (Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Synonym: Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Gymnoprosopa clavifrons Townsend, 1892: 109 [♂]. Carolina1, Texas, Virginia). Gymnoprosopa clavifrons: Coquillett, 1897: 127 Gymnoprosopa filipalpus Allen, 1926 [redescription of ♂]. Gymnoprosopa filipalpus Allen, 1926: 100 [♂♀]. Holotype (male): USA, Illinois, Carlinville. Deposited Gymnoprosopa filipalpus: Downes, 1965: 936 in SEM. [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 89 [catalogue]. Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario4), USA Gymnoprosopa filipalpis: Rohlfien and Ewald, 1974: (Arizona5, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, 128, incorrect subsequent spelling of filipalpus [type Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New revised]. York, North Carolina6, Ohio, Virginia). Holotype (male): USA, Mississippi, McHenry. Habits: Adults feed on flowers of Euphorbia Deposited in USNM. albomarginata (Krombein, 1961) and from the honeydew Distribution: Nearctic: USA (Alabama, Connecticut2, at tulip tree; in mountains flies are distributed up to 5000 Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina3, Texas, feet a.s.l. (Allen, 1926). Virginia). Genus Gymnopsidia Shewell, 1987 Habits: Adult flies feed on flowers ofCeanothus Gymnopsidia Shewell, 1987: 1182. Type species: americanus (Allen, 1926). Gymnoprosopa inflaticornis Allen, 1926; by original Gymnoprosopa latifasciata Reinhard, 1945 designation. Gymnoprosopa latifasciata Reinhard, 1945: 72 [♂♀] Gymnopsidia: Pape, 1996: 89 [catalogue]. Gymnoprosopa latifasciata: Downes, 1965: 936 Bright colored small flies (4.0–5.0 mm in length). [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 89 [catalogue]. Frontal vitta matt yellow, parallel-sided, 3× widened as one Holotype (male): USA, Texas, Brazos Co., College as parafrontalia; flagellomere 3.5× as long as pedicel; fr not Station. Deposited in CNC. reaching below antennal base, almost not divergent; orb Distribution: Nearctic: USA (Texas). 1+3–4; genae covered by long upcurved bristle-like setae;

Gymnoprosopa milanoensis Reinhard, 1945 lower margin of head almost not shortened; lunule bare. r5 Gymnoprosopa milanoensis Reinhard, 1945: 72 [♂♀] open; abdominal tergites with distinct black bands at hind Gymnoprosopa milanoensis: Downes, 1965: 936 surfaces of tergites; sexual dimorphism practically absent. [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 89 [catalogue]. One Nearctic species. Holotype (male): USA, Texas, Milano. Deposited in Gymnopsidia inflaticornis (Allen, 1926) (Figure CNC. 12) Distribution: Nearctic: USA (Texas). Gymnoprosopa inflaticornis Allen, 1926: 102 [♀] Gymnoprosopa pallida Allen, 1926 Gymnoprosopa inflaticornis: Downes, 1965 [catalogue] Gymnoprosopa pallida Allen, 1926: 101 [♂] Gymnopsidia inflaticornis: Shewell, 1987: 1180, figure Gymnoprosopa: Downes, 1965: 936 [catalogue]; Pape, 91 [drawing of head], 1182 [in key]; Pape, 1996: 89 1996: 89 [catalogue]. [catalogue]. Holotype (male): USA, Idaho, Horseshoe Bend. Holotype (female): USA, New Mexico, Pecos. Deposited in USNM. Deposited in USNM. Distribution: Nearctic: USA (Idaho). Distribution: Nearctic: USA (New Mexico). Gymnoprosopa polita Townsend, 1892 (Figure 13) Genus Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 Gymnoprosopa polita Townsend, 1892: 109 [♀] Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863: 82. Type species: Gymnoprosopa polita: Allen, 1926: 96 [description of Phrosinella argyrina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 [= Tachina ♂, redescription of ♀; faunistic; type revised]; Krombein, nasuta Meigen, 1824], by monotypy.

1 after Brimley, 1938 4 after Criddle, 1928 2 after Britton, 1938 5 after Krombein, 1961 3 after Brimley, 1938 6 after Brimley, 1938

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Phrosinella: Rohdendorf, 1935: 110 [review]; Séguy, Seven species are distributed in arid zones of the Palearctic 1941: 304 [review]; Venturi, 1947: 126 [review]; 1960: 82 region. [review]; Rohdendorf, 1970: 643 [key to species]; 1971a: Habits: The larvae of Asiometopia sp. were developed 446 [revision]; 1971b: 132 [review]; Mihályi, 1979: 54 [in in dead insects in nests of such sphecid wasps as key], 85 [review]; Verves, 1986: 102 [catalogue]; 1990: Liris opalipennis (prey - nymphs of crickets), Palarus 523 [in key], 552 [key to species]; Pape, 1996: 29, 122 aurantiacus, and Philanthus triangulum (prey - different [catalogue]; Povolný and Verves, 1997: 60 [in key], 107 and Sphecoidea) (Myartzeva, 1972a). [review]; Nandi, 2002: 118 [in key], 122 [review]; Verves Phrosinella (Asiometopia) beludzha (Rohdendorf, and Khrokalo, 2006: 75 [in key], 101 [key to species]; 1961) Zerova et al., 2006: 91 [in key], 109 [key to species]. Asiometopia ujugura beludzha Rohdendorf, 1961: 9 Pedimyia Rohdendorf, 1925: 81. Type species: Pedimyia [♂♀] fedtshenkoi Rohdendorf, 1925, by original designation. Asiometopia beludzha: Koçak and Kemal, 2015: 343 Phrosina: Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863: 101, incorrect [faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 88 [catalogue]. original spelling of Phrosinella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 Phrosinella beludzha: Pape, 1996: 123 [catalogue]. [potential junior homonym of Phrosina Risso, 1836, Holotype (male): , Khuristan, Jarrahi 18 km NE Crustacea]. Shadegan. Deposited in SMNS. Bright colored small or midsized flies (3.0–11.0 mm in Distribution: Palearctic: Iran (Khuristan). length). Frontal stripe usually blackish; parafacialia usually Phrosinella (Asiometopia) karakalpaka Rohdendorf, with short black hairs, rarely almost bare; fr reaching level 1935 of middle of pedicel, distinctly divergent; lunule setose; Asiometopia karakalpaka Rohdendorf, 1935: 127; genae covered by fine inconspicuous pale setae; lower 1971b: 129 [♂♀] margin of head distinctly shortened; orb 1+2. r5 open or Asiometopia karakalpaka: Rohdendorf and Verves, closed at wing margin; male fore tarsi often with specialized 1980: 499 [faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 88 [catalogue]. setae, rarely without them. Twenty-four species in arid Phrosinella (Asiometopia) karakalpaka: Verves, 1990: zones of Holarctic and north part of Oriental (Jammu & 553 [in key]. Kashmir) regions. Phrosinella karakalpaka: Pape, 1996: 124 [catalogue]. Habits: The larvae of “Phrosinella sp.” have been Holotype (male): Uzbekistan, Khorezm District, registered in nests of two species of marine turtles: Ravat. Deposited in ZIN. leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea and olive ridley Distribution: Palearctic: Mongolia; Turkmenia; turtle Lepidochelys olivacea in Mexico (Andade et al., Uzbekistan. 1992). These data most probably are the result of erroneous Habits: Psammophilous species. determination. Really common predators of eggs of Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kocaki Verves & Khrokalo, marine turtles on Mexican seashores are the larvae of the sp. nov. (Figures 1–6). sarcophagid species Eumacronychia sternalis (Lopes, 1982; Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kocaki Verves & Khrokalo, Lòpez Barbosa, 1989). 2015 [♂♀] Subgenus Asiometopia Rohdendorf, 1935 Holotype (male): Israel, Sedom. Deposited in TAU. Asiometopia Rohdendorf 1935: 126 (as genus). Type Distribution: Palearctic: Israel. species: Pedimyia kozlovi Rohdendorf, 1925; by original Habits: Psammophilous species. designation. Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kozlovi (Rohdendorf, 1925) Asiometopia: Rohdendorf, 1935: 126 [key to species], (Figures 7–11) 1971b: 129 [revision]; Chao and Zhang, 1998: 1528 [in Pedimyia kozlovi Rohdendorf, 1925: 83 [♀]. key], 1532 [redescription and faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 88 Phrosinella (Asiometopia) kozlovi: Verves and [catalogue]. Khrokalo, 2006: 102 [in key]. Phrosinella (Asiometopia): Verves, 1990: 553 [in key]; Phrosinella kozlovi: Fan and Pape, 1996: 241, [faunistic]; Verves and Khrokalo, 2006: 102 [in key]. Pape, 1996: 124 [catalogue]. Bright colored small or midsized flies (4.5–10.0 mm Asiometopia kozlovi: Rohdendorf, 1935: 127 [in key]; in length). Frontal vitta distinctly narrower than one of 1971b: 129 [♀; redescription, faunistic]; Rohdendorf and parafrontalia, blackish, more or less lightly dusted; lower Verves, 1980: 498 [description of ♂, faunistic]; Verves, margin of head very short; abdomen with dark bands or 1986: 88 [catalogue]; 1990: 553 [in key]; Chao and Zhang, spots in hind parts of tergites; each of 1st–4th tarsomeres 1998: 1532 [♂♀ in key, faunistic]. of ♂ fore tarsi with a pair of very long curved apical ad Holotype (female): China, Gansu, Gashun Gobi, and pd; R1 dorsally bare or with several black hairs in basal Shibendu-Shigusa N Dunhuang [“nördlich von half; 5th tergite densely lightly dusted in fore 0.3–0.6. Sadshzhou”]. Holotype in ZIN.

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Synonym: Asiometopia (s. str.) uzbeka: Verves, 1984: 539 Asiometopia burjata Rohdendorf, 1935: 128 [♂]; 1971: [faunistic]; 1986: 102 [catalogue]; Koçak and Kemal, 2015: 129 [♀ & drawing of ♂ fore tarsus]. 343 [faunistic]. Holotype (male): Russia, Buryatia, Chikoy River, Phrosinella uzbeka: Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]. Dureny. Deposited in ZIN. Holotype (male): Uzbekistan, Bukhara region, Kumak. Distribution: Palearctic: Turkey (firstly recorded), Deposited in ZIN. China (Gansu), Mongolia, Russia (Buryatia). Distribution: Palearctic: Kazakhstan, Turkmenia, Habits: Psammophilous species. Uzbekistan. Phrosinella (Asiometopia) tadzhika (Rohdendorf, Habits: Psammophilous species. 1935) Subgenus Caspiomyia Rohdendorf, 1935 Asiometopia tadzhika Rohdendorf, 1935: 127 [in key]; Caspiomyia Rohdendorf 1935: 126 (as subgenus of 1971b: 130 [♂♀]. Asiometopia). Type species: Asiometopia (Caspiomyia) Asiometopia tadzhika: Charykuliev, 1965: 16 [habits]; persa Rohdendorf, 1935; by original designation and Verves, 1986: 88 [catalogue]; Chao and Zhang, 1998: 1532 monotypy. [♂♀ in key, faunistic]. Phrosinella (Caspiomyia): Verves, 1986: 89 [catalogue]; Phrosinella tadzhika: Fan and Pape, 1996: 241, Zerova et al., 2006: 109 [in key]. [faunistic]; Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]; Kara and Pape, Bright colored midsized flies (5.0–8.0 mm in length). 2002: 292 [faunistic]; Koçak and Kemal, 2013: 137; 2015: Frontal stripe distinctly narrower than one of parafrontalia, 347 [faunistic]. blackish, more or less lightly dusted; lower margin of Holotype (male): Uzbekistan, Bukhara Region, head moderately shortened; abdomen with black dentate between Jargak & Sarat Lyalyk. Deposited in ZIN. bands in hind 0.5–0.7 of 3rd and 4th tergites; 1+2nd and Distribution: Palearctic: China (Neimenggu, 5th tergites entirely shining black; ♂ fore tarsi without specialized setae; R dorsally with numerous black hairs in Xinjiang); Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Turkey (Konya, Tokat); 1 basal 0.5–0.8; R haired from base to the middle of its 2nd Uzbekistan. 4+5 Habits: Psammophilous species; developmental time section. One Palearctic species. Phrosinella (Caspiomyia) persa (Rohdendorf, 1935) in burrows of sphecid wasp Bembicinus asiaticus from (Figures 17–19) neonatal 1st stage larva to eclosion of adult flies in June– Asiometopia (Caspiomyia) persa Rohdendorf, 1935: July occurs during 13–18 days. ♀ bears the larvae at 127 [♂]. victim of wasp (Cicadellidae) when host carries paralyzed Asiometopia (Caspiomyia) persa: Rohdendorf and leafhopper into burrow (Charykuliev, 1965). Verves, 1980: 498 [♀; faunistic]; Verves, 1984: 558 Phrosinella (Asiometopia) ujugura (Rohdendorf, [faunistic]; Verves et al., 1984: 86 [habits & faunistic]; 1935) Verves, 1986: 89 [catalogue]; 1990: 553 [in key]; Chao and Asiometopia ujugura Rohdendorf, 1935: 127 (in key); Zhang, 1998: 1532 [faunistic]; Koçak and Kemal, 2015: 343 1971b: 130 [♂♀]. [faunistic]. Asiometopia ujugura: Charykuliev, 1965: 16; [habits Phrosinella persa: Fan and Pape, 1996: 242 [faunistic]; & faunistic]; Myartzeva, 1972b: 79 [habits]; Verves, 1986: Pape, 1996: 124 [catalogue]; Szpila, 2010: 52 [1st stage ♂♀ 88 [catalogue]; Chao and Zhang, 1998: 1532 [ in key, larva]. faunistic]. Phrosinella (Caspiomyia) persa: Verves, 1998: 51 Phrosinella ujugura: Fan and Pape, 1996: 241 [faunistic]; [faunistic]; Zerova et al., 2006: 108 [in key & faunistic]. Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]; Kara and Pape, 2002: 292 Holotype (male): Iran: Malyi Ashur I. [= Aşyr Ada I.]. [faunistic]; Koçak and Kemal, 2015: 343 [faunistic]. Deposited in ZIN. Holotype (male): Uzbekistan, near Khiva. Holotype in Distribution: Palearctic: China (Neimenggu), Iran, ZIN. Mongolia, Romania, Ukraine. Distribution: Palearctic: China (Xinjiang), Tajikistan, Habits: Adult flies prefer sandy areas with Phragmites Turkmenia, Uzbekistan. bushes on shores of sea and others reservoirs (Verves et Habits: Larvae were developed in burrow nests of al., 1984). sphecid wasps Tachytes cornigera on paralyzed caterpillars Subgenus Euhilarella Townsend, 1915 of snout Tegostoma baphialis (Charykuliev, 1965) Euhilarella Townsend, 1915: 22. Type species: and Bembix olivacea on freshly killed flies (Myartzeva, Gymnoprosopa fulvicornis Coquillett, 1895; by original 1972b). designation. Phrosinella (Asiometopia) uzbeka (Rohdendorf, 1935) Phrosinella (Euhilarella): Verves, 1980: 30. Asiometopia uzbeka Rohdendorf, 1935: 127 (in key), Phrosinella: Allen, 1926: 68; Shewell, 1987: 1185 [in 1971b: 131 [♂♀]. key]; Pape and Dahlem, 2010: 1318.

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Dark colored midsized flies (5.0–8.0 mm in length). Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Frontal stripe distinctly more widened than one of Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South parafrontalia; lower margin of head moderately shortened; Dakota, Texas, Wyoming8). abdominal tergites with dark spots and stripes; 2nd Habits: This species is one of the most common tarsomere of ♂ fore tarsi with a tuft of long hairs;R 1 bare sarcophagids in sandy xerophytic places in North America, dorsally; R4+5 haired from base to the middle of its 2nd and it is a “hole searcher”; therefore, the larviposition section. Seven species in Holarctic. response could be initiated in situations other than a Habits: The flies occupy the ground-subterranean wasp bringing in its prey (Downes, 1985). Both sexes stratum, being found in the adult stage largely on barren feed on honeydew of aphid colonies in psammophilic ground; in and about the holes of burrowing , xerophilous vegetation. Courtship and compound mating rarely on low foliage. Larvae develop in hymenopteran behavior are highly specific for this species (Spofford ground nests in sandy areas (Allen, 1926; Evans and and Kurczewski, 1985). Gravid ♀♀ zigzag several O’Neil, 1988). millimeters above the surface of sand and sometimes land Phrosinella (Euhilarella) aldrichi Allen, 1926 to investigate temporarily closed entrances into wasps’ Phrosinella aldrichi Allen, 1926: 75 [♂♀]. ground nests. Then ♀♀ larviposit one or several maggots Phrosinella aldrichi: Criddle, 1927: 47 [faunistic]; on the depression over the closed entrance, and larvae Pape, 1996: 123 [catalogue]; Pape and Dahlen, 2010: 1331 wriggle quickly through the entrance stopper into the [faunistic]. burrow (Spofford et al., 1986). In another way, gravid flies Holotype (male): USA, Idaho, Lewiston. Deposited in pursue wasps lugging prey and enter into open burrows SMNS. immediately after hosts (Kurczewski and Spofford, 1986; Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, British Kurczewski, 1989, 1991). Sometimes flies larviposit Columbia, Ontario), Mexico (Sonora), USA (California, into the burrow before the beginning of wasp foraging Idaho, Iowa, Nevada, Washington). (Peckham, 1977). Larvae develop in ground nests in sandy Phrosinella (Euhilarella) aurifacies Downes, 1985 areas of different sphecid and occasionally pompiloid Phrosinella aurifacies Downes, 1985: 269 [♂♀]. wasps, where they feed at host prey (paralyzed or freshly Phrosinella aurifacies: Spofford and Kurczewski, 1985: killed insects or spiders), viz: 273 [habits]; Hager and Kurczewski, 1986: 453 [habits]; Pompilidae. Episyron quinquenotatus at paralyzed orb Kurczewski and Spofford, 1986: 13 [habits]; Spofford et al., weaver spiders, Araneidae (Spofford et al., 1989; Spofford 1986: 350 [habits]; Kurczewski, 1989: 397 [habits]; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992). et al., 1989: 256 [hosts]; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1990: Sphecidae. 1. At paralyzed adult beetles (Buprestidae): 731 [habits]; Kurczewski, 1991: 300 [habits]; Spofford and Cerceris fumipennis (Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992). Kurczewski, 1992: 995 [hosts]; Pape, 1996: 123 [catalogue]; 2. At paralyzed caterpillars (Geometridae, Gelechiidae, O’Hara et al., 2000: 172 [faunistic]. Noctuidae, Pyralidae): Ammophila harti (Hager and Holotype (male): USA, Michigan, Shiawassee Co., Kurczewski, 1986). Rose Lake Conservation Area. Deposited in USNM. 3. At freshly killed adult flies: Crabro argusinus Phrosinella fulvicornis [misidentification: not (Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992), C. monticola (Evans Gymnoprosopa fulvicornis Coquillett, 1895]: Brown, 1934: et al., 1980; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992), C. virgatus 249 [faunistic]; Cole and Lovett, 1921: 303 [faunistic]; (Evans et al., 1980), Lindenius armaticeps (Spofford Cole, 1923: 205 [faunistic]; Criddle, 1928: 92 [faunistic]; and Kurczewski, 1992); L. columbianus (Spofford and Knowton, 1936: 237 [faunistic]; Ristich, 1956: 271 Kurczewski, 1992; Lucas, 1997); bipunctatus [habits]; Evans and Lin, 1959: 115 [habits]; Krombein and (Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992), O. emarginatus Kurczewski, 1963: 139 [faunistic, habits]; Evans, 1966b: 35 (Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963; Peckham, 1977), O. [habits]; 1970: 451 [habits]; 1973: 888 [habits]; 1975: 888 subulatus (mainly Therevidae: Peckham, 1977; Spofford [habits]; Peckham, 1977: 823 [habits]; Evans et al., 1980: and Kurczewski, 1992); O. uniglumis (mainly Muscidae: 865; O’Hara et al., 2000 [faunistic, habits], Pickering, 2011: Evans, 1970; Lucas, 1997). 1627, 1631. 4. At freshly killed solitary and honey bees: Phylanthus Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, Labrador, crabroniformis (Evans, 1970); P. g ibb o su s (Evans, 1970; Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Yukon Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992; Lucas, 1997); P. lepidus Territory), USA (Colorado, Connecticut, Florida7, Illinois, (Evans, 1970; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992);P. p olitu s Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, (Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992); P. s oliv ag u s (Ristich,

7 after Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963 8 after Evans, 1970

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1956; Spofford et al., 1989; Spofford and Kurczewski, Habits: Larvae develop in ground nests of different 1992); P. zebratus (Evans, 1970). sphecid wasps, where they feed at host prey (paralyzed or 5. At paralyzed nymphs and adult Orthoptera: freshly killed insects), viz: Tachysphex acutus (Melanoplus spp.: Kurczewski, 1964, 1. At freshly killed adult flies: Bembix americana 1989, 1991); T. antennatus (Acridoidea: Spofford and (Barber, 1915; Krombein, 1936; Evans, 1966a; Peckham Kurczewski, 1992); T. intermedius (Acridoidea: Spofford and Peckham, 1898), Bembix spinolae (Allen, 1926; and Kurczewski, 1992); T. similis (Acridoidea: Kurczewski, Séguy, 1941; Evans, 1957), Lindenius armaticeps (Miller 1964), T. tarsatus (Acridoidea: Kurczewski, 1964; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1973, 1975), Oxybelus bipunctatus and Kurczewski, 1992), T. terminatus (Acridoidea: (Kurczewski and Harris, 1968; Peckham et al., 1973), O. Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963; Kurczewski, 1964; emarginatus (Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963; Peckham, Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992), Tachytes mergus 1977), O. quadrinotatus (Séguy, 1941), O. subulatus (Tridactylus spp.: Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963), T. (Peckham et al., 1973; Peckham, 1977), O. uniglumis parvus ( ornata: Kurczewski and Spofford, 1986; (Allen, 1926; Strandtmann, 1945; Krombein, 1955; Evans Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992). and Lin, 1959; Evans, 1970; Peckham et al., 1973). 6. At paralyzed or freshly killed adult Homoptera: 2. At freshly killed adult solitary wasps, bees, and Clitemnestra bipunctata (Cicadoidea, Psiloidea: honey bees: Philanthus albopilosus (Spofford et al., 1989), Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992; Evans and O’Neill, P. crabroniformis (Spofford et al., 1989), P. gibbosus (Evans 2007); Gorytes canaliculatus (Cicadellidae: Evans, and O’Neil, 1988), P. politus (Evans and O’Neil, 1988), 1970; Spofford and Kurczewski, 1992); Sphecius P. pulcher (Evans, 1966b, 1970), P. sanbornii (Evans and speciosus (great-sized Cicadidae species from genera O’Neil, 1988), P. solivagus (Ristich, 1956), P. z ebratu s Diceroprocta, Magicicada, Neocicada, Quesada, and (Spofford et al., 1989). 3. At paralyzed nymphs and adults of Orthoptera: Tibicen: Kurczewski and Spofford, 1987). Tachysphex acutus (Kurczewski, 1964), Tachysphex 7. At paralyzed Hemiptera: Plenoculus davisi (tarnished mergus (Krombein and Kurczewski, 1963), T. similis, T. plant bug, Lygus lineolaris: Spofford and Kurczewski, tarsatus (Kurczewski, 1964), T. terminatus (Krombein 1992). and Kurczewski, 1963; Kurczewski, 1964; Kurczewski and Phrosinella (Euhilarella) fulvicornis (Coquillett, 1895) Harris, 1968). Gymnoprosopa fulvicornis Coquillett, 1895: 106 [♂♀]. 4. At paralyzed or freshly killed nymphs and adults of Hilarella fulvicornis: Coquillett, 1897: 128 [notes]; Homoptera, Cicadoidea: Alysson melleus (Evans, 1966a), Barber, 1915: 187 [habits]; Britton, 1920: 192 [faunistic]; Gorytes canaliculatus (Evans, 1966a, 1970, 1973) Brimley, 1922: 23 [faunistic]; Strickland, 1938: 175, 5. At freshly killed adult and nymphs of Hemiptera, [faunistic]; Davis and Turner, 1978: 111 [faunistic]. Homoptera, adult Hymenoptera and Diptera: Lindnerius Phrosinella fulvicornis: Allen, 1924: 92 [notes]; 1926: columbianus (Miller and Kurczewski, 1973; Pickering, 70 [redescriptions of ♂♀, habits, faunistic]; Rowe, 1932 2011). [faunistic]; Krombein, 1936: 93 [habits]; Séguy, 1941: Phrosinella (Euhilarella) fumosa Allen, 1926 305 [hosts]; Strandtmann, 1945: 305–308 [habits]; Phrosinella fumosa Allen, 1926: 74 [♂♀]. Krombein, 1955: 223 [habits]; Downes, 1965: 938 Phrosinella fumosa: Batra, 1980: 509 [habits]; Evans, [catalogue]; Kurczewski and Harris, 1968: 81 [habits]; 1960: 123 [habits]; Downes, 1965: 938 [catalogue]; Evans, Miller and Kurczewski, 1973: 365 [habits]; Peckham et 1970: 451[habits]; 1971: 500 [habits]; Downes, 1985: 271 al., 1973: 647 [habits]; Miller and Kurczewski, 1975: 82 [faunistic]; Spofford et al., 1989: 257, 259 [hosts]; Pape, [habits]; Peckham, 1977: 823 [habits]; Downes, 1985: 271 1996: 123 [catalogue]; Pickering, 2011: 1674, 1721 [habits]. [ & faunistic]; Spofford et al., 1989: 257 [hosts]; Holotype (male): USA, Virginia: Falls Church. Pape, 1996: 123 [catalogue]; Pickering, 2011: 1631, 1653, Deposited in USNM. 1657, 1660, 1661, 1685, 1693, 1712, 1713, 1721, 1724, 1725 Distribution: Nearctic: USA (Delaware, Maryland, [habits]. Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Virginia). Holotype (male): USA, New Jersey, Avalon. Holotype Habits: Larvae develop in ground nests of different in USNM. sphecid wasps and solitary bees, where they feed at host Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (New Brunswick: prey (paralyzed or freshly killed insects; nectar and Prince Edward I.)9, USA (Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, blossom dust in nests of Colletidae), viz: Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New 1. At freshly killed adult flies: Crabro argusinus (Evans, York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas). 1960).

9 after Downes, 1985

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2. At freshly killed adult solitary wasps, bees, and Phrosinella septentrionalis Rohdendorf, 1970: 643 [♀]. honey bees: Philanthus albopictus (Pickering, 2009), P. Holotype (female): Norway, Dovre. Deposited in ZIN. crabroniformis, P. pulchellus, P. z ebratu s (Spofford et al., Phrosinella septentrionalis: Rohdendorf, 1971a: 137 1989). [redescription of ♀]; 1971b: 451 [♀]; Verves, 1980: 30 3. At paralyzed adult bees: Cerceris fumipennis [description of ♂]; 1986: 102 [catalogue]. (Pickering, 2009). Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia, 4. At paralyzed nymphs and adults of Homoptera, Yukon Territory); USA (Alaska). Palearctic: Finland; Cycadoidea: Gorytes canaliculatus (Evans, 1966, 1970). Norway; Russia (Karelia, Leningrad Region, Taymyr, 5. At nectar and blossom dust: Colletes inaequalis, C. Kamchatka); Sweden; Ukraine (Cherkasy Region). thoracicus, C. validus (Batra, 1980). Phrosinella (Euhilarella) talpina Reinhard, 1961 Phrosinella (Euhilarella) pilosifrons Allen, 1926 Phrosinella talpina Reinhard, 1961: 212 [♂]. Phrosinella pilosifrons Allen, 1926: 76 [♂♀]. Phrosinella talpina: Downes, 1965: 938 [catalogue]; Phrosinella pilosifrons: Criddle, 1927: 47 [faunistic]; Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]. Downes, 1965: 938 [catalogue]; Evans, 1966: 35 [habits]; Holotype (male): USA, California, San Diego Co. 1970: 465 [habits]; Bohart and Grissell, 1975: 19 [habits]; Deposited in CNC. Spofford et al., 1989: 257 [hosts]; Pape, 1996: 125 Distribution: Nearctic: USA (California). [catalogue]; Valenti et al., 1997: 167 [faunistic]; Pickering, Subgenus Phrosinella s. str. 2009: 1722, 1726 [habits]. Bright colored small or midsized flies (3.5–7.5 mm in Holotype (male): USA, Washington, Hood River. length). Frontal stripe as wide or slightly more widened Deposited in USNM. than one of parafrontalia; lower margin of head strongly Distribution: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia, shortened; ♂ fore tarsi not modified, without specialized Northwest Territories, Ontario10); USA (California, setae; R bare dorsally; abdominal tergites silvery dusted, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming11). 1 with distinct hind dark spots and (or) stripes. Nine species Habits: Larvae are specialized kleptoparasites in in Palearctic and northern part of Oriental (Jammu & ground nests of sphecid wasps from the genus Philanthus [P. barbiger (Evans and O’Neil, 1988), P. crabroniformis Kashmir) regions. (Evans, 1970; Evans and O’Neil, 1988; Pickering, 2009), P. Phrosinella (s. str.) fedtshenkoi (Rohdendorf, 1925) nitens (Evans, 1966, 1970), P. pulcher (Evans, 1970; Evans Pedimyia fedtshenkoi Rohdendorf, 1925: 82 [♂♀] and O’Neil, 1988), P. z ebratu s (Evans, 1970; Bohart and Phrosinella fedtshenkoi: Charykuliev, 1964: [faunistic]; Grissell, 1975; Evans and O’Neil, 1988; Pickering, 2009)], Charykuliev and Myartzeva, 1964: [habits & faunistic]; where they feed at different freshly killed solitary wasps Rohdendorf, 1971a: 448 [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; and bees. 1971b: 134 [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Myartzeva, Phrosinella (Euhilarella) sannio (Zetterstedt, 1838) 1972a: 101 [habits & faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 102 (Figure 16) [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 123 [catalogue]; Verves, 2001: Tachina sannio Zetterstedt, 1838: Insecta Lapp.: 636 236 [faunistic]; Nandi, 2002: 123–125 [redescription of ♂, [♀] faunistic]. Phrosinella sannio: Pape, 1986: 309 [type revised]; Holotype (male): Uzbekistan, Samarkand Region, Rognes, 1986: 4 [redescriptions of ♂♀]; Pape, 1987: 66 Zheravshan. Holotype in ZIN. [redescriptions of ♂♀]; Verves, 1990: 552 [in key]; Pape, Distribution: Palearctic: Tajikistan; Turkmenia; 1996: 125 [catalogue]; Verves, 1998: 51 [faunistic]; Verves Uzbekistan. Oriental: India (Jammu & Kashmir). and Khrokalo, 2006: 101 [in key]; Zerova et al., 2006: 108 Habits: Larvae were developed in the nests of [in key]; Szpila, 2010: 53 [1st stage larva]; Pohjoismäki and sphecid wasps Ammophila sp. (Myartzeva, 1972a) and A. Kahanpää, 2014: 388 [faunistic]. gracillima on paralyzed caterpillars albidentaria Holotype (female): Sweden, Åsele Lappmark, Åsele. (Charykuliev and Myartzeva, 1964). Deposited in MZLU. Phrosinella (s. str.) gussakovskii Rohdendorf, 1971 Synonyms: Phrosinella gussakovskii Rohdendorf, 1971a: 447 (in Tachina pilitarsis Zetterstedt, 1844: 1021[♂]. key), 448 [♂♀]. Tachina pilitarsis: Pape, 1986: 308 [type revised]. Phrosinella gussakovskii: Rohdendorf, 1971b: 134 Holotype (male): Norway, Verdal, Østre Nes. [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 102 Deposited in MZLU. [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 124 [catalogue].

10 after Criddle, 1927 11 after Evans, 1966

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Holotype (male): Tajikistan, Staraia Pristan at Wakhsh Holotype (male): Russia, Primorye, Grossevichi near River near Dzhilicul. Deposited in ZIN. Soviet Havan. Deposited in ZIN. Distribution: Palearctic: Tajikistan; Turkmenia. Distribution: Palearctic: Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Phrosinella (s. str.) mongolica Rohdendorf & Verves, China (Neimenggu); Czech Republic; Finland; France 1980 (mainland and Corsica); Germany; Hungary; Iran; Italy Phrosinella mongolica: Rohdendorf and Verves, 1980: (mainland); Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Libya; Macedonia; 501 [♂]. Moldova; Mongolia; Russia (European part: Ivanovo, Phrosinella mongolica: Verves, 1986: 102 [catalogue]; Leningrad, Lipetzk, Volgograd, Voronezh; West Siberia: 1990: 553 [in key]; Pape, 1996: 124 [catalogue]. Tomsk; East Siberia: Chita, Krasnoyarsk; Far East: Holotype (male). Mongolia, Kobd aimak, 15 km S Khabarovsk, Magadan, Primorye); Slovakia (Povolný, Bulgan. Deposited in ZIN. 1997); Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; the Netherlands; Distribution: Palearctic: Mongolia. Turkey; Ukraine. Phrosinella (s. str.) nasuta (Meigen, 1824) (Figures 14 Habits: Very psammophilous and xerophilous species and 15) (Séguy, 1941; Zerova et al., 2006; Kaczorowska, 2009). Tachina nasuta Meigen, 1824: 374. Hosts unknown: the data of Povolný and Verves (1997: Phrosinella nasuta: Séguy, 1941: 304 [redescriptions 109) about larval kleptoparasitism of P. nasuta in nests of of ♂♀, habits, faunistic]; Venturi, 1947: 126 [in key, sphecoid wasps Nitella [or Bembex] spinolae and Oxybelus faunistic]; 1960: 82, [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; quadrimaculatus really refer to North American species P. Brander, 1964: 51 [faunistic]; Rohdendorf, 1970: 643 fulvicornis, as was noted by Séguy (1941: 305). [in key]; 1971a: 447 [in key], 449 [redescriptions of ♂♀, Phrosinella (s. str.) nigripunctata Rohdendorf, 1971 faunistic]; 1971b: 135 [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Phrosinella nigripunctata Rohdendorf, 1971a: 447 [in Mihályi, 1979: 85 [redescriptions of ♂♀ faunistic]; Verves, key], 449 [♀]. 1980b: 923, [faunistic]; 1986: 102 [catalogue]; Pape, 1987: Phrosinella nigripunctata: Rohdendorf, 1971b: 136 68, [faunistic]; Verves, 1990: 553 [in key]; Rognes, 1993: 43 [redescription, faunistic]; Rohdendorf and Verves, 1980: [faunistic]; Fan and Pape, 1996: 241 [faunistic]; Pape, 1996: 500 [faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 103 [catalogue]; 1990: 552 124 [catalogue]; Povolný, 1997: 98 [faunistic]; Povolný [in key]; Pape, 1996: 124, [catalogue]. and Verves, 1997: 108 [redescriptions of ♂♀, habits, Holotype (female): Mongolia: Gobi-Altay aimak, faunistic]; Pape and Merz, 1998: 338 [faunistic]; Verves, Shargyn Gobi, 40 km SW Altay. Deposited in ZIN 1998: 5 [faunistic]; 2000: 123 [faunistic]; Papp, 2001: 429 Distribution: Palearctic: Mongolia; Russia (West [faunistic]; Kara and Pape, 2002: 291 [faunistic]; Verves, Siberia: Tomsk). 2003: 44 [faunistic]; Verves and Khrokalo, 2006: 101 [in Phrosinella (s. str.) sibirica Rohdendorf, 1971 key, habits, & faunistic]; Zerova et al., 2006: 108 [in key]; Phrosinella sibirica Rohdendorf, 1971a: 448 [in key], Draber-Mońko, 2007: 232 [faunistic]; Kaczorowska, 2009: 451 [♀]. 63 [habits & faunistic]; Raffone, 2009: 107 [faunistic]; Phrosinella sibirica: Rohdendorf, 1971b: 138 Szpila, 2010: 51 [1st stage larva]; Koçak and Kemal, 2013: ♀ 137 [faunistic]; Koçak and Kemal, 2015: 347 [faunistic]. [redescription of , faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 103 Holotype (male): Europe (probably Germany). Type [catalogue]; 1990: 553 [in key]; Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]. material lost. Holotype (female): Russia: Altay, Kosh-Agach, Chuia Synonyms: steppe, 1750 m a.s.l. Deposited in ZIN. Miltogramma strenua Perris, 1852: 209. Distribution: Palearctic: Russia (West Siberia: Altay, Holotype (male): France, Landes. Deposited in Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk). MNHM. Phrosinella (s. str.) similis (Rohdendorf, 1925) Brachicoma metopiella Rondani, 1859: 205 [♀] Pedimyia similis Rohdendorf, 1925: 83 [♂♀] Brachicoma metopiella: Venturi, 1947: 126 [taxonomy]; Phrosinella similis: Rohdendorf, 1971a: 477 [in Pape, 1988: 10 [holotype revised] key], 452 [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; 1971b: 139 Holotype (female): Italy, Parma. Deposited in MZUF. [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Charykuliev, 1986: 141 Phrosina argyrina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1983: 102, [faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 103 [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 125 Holotype: France: environs of Paris. Type material lost. [catalogue]. Phrosinella pictipennis Rohdendorf, 1971a: 447 [in Holotype (male): Uzbekistan: Katatkurgan. Deposited key], 450 [♂♀] in ZIN. Phrosinella pictipennis: Rohdendorf, 1971b: 136 Distribution: Palearctic: Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Kolomyietz, 1979: 139 Turkmenia; Uzbekistan. [faunistic]; Artamonov, 1980: 32 [faunistic]; Verves, 1986: Phrosinella (s. str.) simillima Rohdendorf, 1971 103 [catalogue]. Phrosinella simillima Rohdendorf, 1971a: 452 [♀]

54 VERVES and KHROKALO / Turk J Zool

Phrosinella simillima: Rohdendorf, 1971b: 139 Distribution: Palearctic: Azerbaijan; Iran; Kazakhstan; [redescription of ♀, faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 103 Mongolia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan. [catalogue]; Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]. Nomenclatural acts: This work and the nomenclatural Holotype (female): Turkmenia: Krasnovodsk. acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank. Deposited in ZIN. The ZooBank Life Science Identifier (LSID) for this Distribution: Palearctic: Turkmenia. publication is: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank. Phrosinella (s. str.) zarudnoji Rohdendorf, 1971 org:pub:A87957B6-B51C-4B90-ADCA-36F0EAD5572E. Phrosinella zarudnoji Rohdendorf, 1971a: 448 [in key], 452 [♂♀] Acknowledgments Phrosinella zarudnoji: Rohdendorf, 1971b: 140 We are grateful to Prof A Freidberg, Zoological Museum [redescriptions of ♂♀, faunistic]; Rohdendorf and Verves, of Tel Aviv University, Israel, and Mr Adrian Pont, Natural 1980: 502 [faunistic]; Verves, 1986: 103 [catalogue]; 1990: History Museum, London, United Kingdom, for their 553 [in key]; Pape, 1996: 125 [catalogue]; Koçak and kindness in sending material; and Dr K Szpila, Faculty Kemal, 2015: 347 [faunistic]. of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Holotype (male): Iran: Beluchistan, Bagu-Kelat. Copernicus University, Torun, Poland, for preparation of Deposited in ZIN photos for Figures 1–6.

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