O DJ Alan Freed Começou a Tocar R&B Para Uma Audiência Multirracial

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O DJ Alan Freed Começou a Tocar R&B Para Uma Audiência Multirracial Cleveland (Ohio), o DJ Alan Freed começou a tocar R&B para uma audiência multirracial. Freed é creditado como o primeiro a utilizar a expressão "rock and roll" para descrever a música. No entanto, o termo já tinha sido introduzido ao público dos Estados Unidos, especialmente nas letras de muitas gravações rhythm and blues. Três diferentes canções com o título "Rock and Roll" foram gravadas no final dos anos 1940: uma em 1947 por Paul Bascomb, outra por Wild Bill Moore em 1948, e ainda outra em 1949 por Doles Dickens, e a expressão estava em constante uso nas letras de canções R&B da época. Um outro registro onde a frase foi repetida durante toda a canção foi em Rock and Roll Blues, gravado em 1949 por Erline Rock and Roll Harris. A expressão foi também incluída nos anúncios para o filme "Wabash Avenue", estrelado por Betty Grable e Victor Mature. Uma propaganda para o filme que circulou em 12 de abril de 1950 anunciou Ms. Grable como the first lady of rock and rolle Wabash Avenue como the roaring street she rocked to fame. Até então, a frase rocking-and-rolling ("balançando e rolando"), conforme uma gíria laica negra que remete a dançar ou fazer sexo, apareceu em gravações pela primeira vez em 1922, na canção My Man Rocks Me Com Um Steady Roll de Trixie Smith. Mesmo antes, em 1916, o termo rocking-and-rolling foi usado com uma conotação religiosa, no registro fonográfico de The Camp Meeting Jubilee, gravado por um quarteto masculino desconhecido. A palavra rock teve uma longa história no idioma inglês como uma metáfora para to shake up, to disturb or to incite(sacudir, perturbar ou incitar). Em 1937, Chick Webb e Ella Fitzgerald gravaram "Rock It for Me", que incluía na letra o verso So won't you satisfy my soul with the rock and roll. (Então, você não vai satisfazer a minha alma com o rock and roll.)[9] [10] . Já o termo Rocking era usado por cantores negros gospel no sul dos Estados Unidos para dizer algo semelhante ao êxtase espiritual. Pela década de 1940, no entanto, o termo foi usado como um duplo sentido, referindo-se pretensamente a dançar e ao ato sexual, como em "Good Rocking Tonight", de Roy Brown[11] . O verbo roll era uma metáfora medieval que significava ter relações sexuais[12] . Durante centenas de anos, escritores têm utilizado expressões como They had a roll in the hay (Eles tinham um rolo no feno) ou I rolled her in the clover (Eu transei com ela no trevo). Os termos eram muitas vezes utilizados em conjunto (rocking-and-rolling) para descrever o movimento de um navio no mar, por exemplo, como na canção Rock and Roll, das Irmãs Boswell, em 1934, que apareceu no filme Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round' (literalmente, Transatlântico Carrossel), naquele mesmo ano, e na canção "Rockin 'Rollin' Mama", de Buddy Jones em 1939. O cantor country Tommy Scott se referia ao movimento de um trem na ferrovia emRockin e Rollin, de 1951. Uma versão alternativa às origens de rocking-and-rolling pode, ainda, remontar aos trabalhadores que trabalhavam nas ferrovias Reconstruction South. Esses homens cantariam canções na batida do martelo para manter o ritmo do seu instrumento de trabalho. Ao final de cada linha em uma canção, os homens balançariam seus martelos para baixo para furar um buraco na rocha. Os shakers - homens que ocupavam as pontas de aço perfuradas pelo martelo humano - "balançariam" o prego para frente e para trás para limpar a pedra ou rolar, girando o prego para melhorar a 'mordida' da broca[13] . Início e primeiras gravações Rockabilly Ver artigo principal: Rockabilly "Rockabilly", geralmente (mas não exclusivamente) se refere ao tipo de rock and roll, que foi tocado e gravado em meados dos anos 1950 por cantores brancos, como Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins e Jerry Lee Lewis, que tinha bastante influência damúsica country. Muitos outros cantores populares de rock and roll da época, tais como Fats Domino, Chuck Berry e Little Richard, vieram da tradição do rhythm and blues negro, faziam músicas que atraiam a plateias brancas, e normalmente não são classificados como "rockabilly". Em julho de 1954, Elvis Presley gravou um hit regional: "That's All Right", pela gravadora de Sam Phillips, a Sun Recordsem Memphis [14] . Dois meses antes, em Maio de 1954, Bill Haley e Seus Cometas gravaram "Rock Around the Clock". Embora apenas tenha sido um hit menor quando lançado, quando usado na sequência de abertura do filme "Blackboard Jungle", um ano mais tarde, ela realmente passou a definir o auge do rock and roll em movimento. A canção se tornou um dos maiores sucessos na história, e frenéticos grupos adolescentes para ver Haley e os Cometas tocar, causavam em algumas cidades. "Rock Around the Clock" foi um avanço tanto para o grupo e para todas as músicas de rock and roll. Se tudo que veio antes de lançar as bases, "Clock" introduziu a música para um público global[15] . Impacto cultural Alan Freed, também conhecido como "Moondog", é creditado como o primeiro a utilizar a expressão "rock and roll" para descrever a música rhythm and blues tocada para uma audiência multirracial. Enquanto trabalhava como DJ na estação de rádio WJW, em Cleveland, ele também organizou o primeiro grande concerto de rock and roll, o "Moondog Coronation Ball", em 21 de março de 1952 [16] . Posteriormente, Freed organizou muitos concertos de rock and roll marcados pela presença tanto de brancos quanto de negros, contribuindo ainda mais para introduzir estilos musicais afro-americanos para um público mais vasto. Tensões raciais O rock and roll surgiu em uma época em que as tensões raciais nos Estados Unidos estavam próximos de vir à tona. Os negros norte-americanos protestavam contra a segregação de escolas e instalações públicas. A doutrina racista "separate but equal" foi nominalmente derrubada pela Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos em 1954, mas a difícil tarefa de fazer respeitar a decisão estava por vir. Este novo gênero musical combinando elementos das músicas branca e negra inevitavelmente provocou fortes reações. Depois do "The Moondog Coronation Ball", as gravadoras logo compreenderam que havia mercado formado pelo público branco para a música negra que estava para além das fronteiras estilísticas do rhythm and blues. Mesmo o preconceito considerável e as barreiras raciais não podiam barrar as forças do mercado. O rock and roll tornou-se um sucesso de um dia para outro nos Estados Unidos, repercutindo no outro lado do Oceano Atlântico e, talvez, culminando em 1964 com a "Invasão Britânica". Os efeitos sociais do rock and roll foram massivos mundialmente, influenciando estilos de vida, moda, atitudes e linguagem. Além disso, pode ter ajudado a causa do movimento dos direitos civis, porque tanto os jovens norte-americanos brancos como os negros gostavam do gênero, que ainda derivou muitos estilos musicais: soul music, funk,progressivo, punk, heavy metal e alternativo. Cultura teen Um ídolo teen geralmente é um artista que atrai um grande número de seguidores, principalmente adolescentes do sexo feminino, devido: sua boa aparência, apelo sexual além de suas qualidades musicais. Um bom exemplo é Frank Sinatra nadécada de 1940, embora um exemplo anterior possa ser Rudy Vallée. Com o nascimento do rock and roll, Elvis Presley se tornou um dos maiores ídolos teen de todos os tempos. Seu sucesso levou os promotores de eventos à criação deliberada de novos ídolos, tais como Frankie Avalon e Ricky Nelson. Outros músicos daquela época também atingiram popularidade. Devido o sucesso de muitos outros artistas, como os Beatles e os Monkees, no meio teen, foram criadas algumas revistas exclusivamente orientada para o público jovem (por exemplo 16 Magazine e Tiger Beat). Essas publicações mensais estampavam um ídolo teen na capa, bem como fotografias atraentes, uma seção de "Perguntas & Respostas", e uma lista de predileções (ou seja, cor favorita, comida favorita etc). Os ídolos teen também influenciaram na produção de desenhos animados matutinos a brinquedos, entre outros produtos. No auge da popularidade dos Beatles, não era incomum ver perucas inspiradas no corte de cabelo, por exemplo. Militar Durante a guerra do Vietnã, o termo "Rock and Roll" se referia ao disparo com uma arma automática (geralmente o fuzil M-16), empunhando a arma no quadril como uma guitarra. Era muitas vezes utilizado o termo "Let's Rock and Roll"[17] . Estilo de dança Desde o seu início na década de 1950 até o início dos anos 1960, a música rock and roll gerou novos estilos de danças. Adolescentes encontraram, no ritmo irregular do Contratempo, a brecha para reavivar a dança jitterbug da era das big bands. Danças Sock-hops, de ginásio ou de festas em porões residenciais tornaram-se uma mania, e os jovens norte-americanos assistiam ao programa de televisão American Coreto, apresentado por Dick Clark, para se manter atualizados sobre os mais recentes estilos de dança e moda. A partir de meados dos anos 1960, quando o rock and roll gradualmente tornou-se rock, este influenciou danças de gêneros musicais seguintes, começando pelo twist, e conduziu em direção aofunk, disco, house e techno. Rock britânico Ver artigo principal: Rock britânico Com o movimento trad jazz, a vinda de artistas de blues para a Grã-Bretanha e a versão de Lonnie Donegan para "Rock Island Line" em 1955, a música skiffle passou a inspirar muitos jovens a terem um caminho musical.[18] Dentre eles, John Lennon e Paul McCartney, cujo grupo The Quarrymen formado em março de 1957, iria mudar gradativamente e se transformar em The Beatles [19] . Este desenvolvimento primário no Reino Unido era uma resposta criativa ao rock and roll americano, que teve um impacto global.
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