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Sikhism in the United States of America Gurinder Singh Mann
1 Sikhism in the United States of America Gurinder Singh Mann The history of the Sikhs is primarily associated with the Punjab, a region in northwest India they call their homeland (Grewal 1990). Situated among the dominant communities of the Hindus and Muslims, the Sikhs have, historically, remained a minority even within the Punjab. Beginning in the seventeenth century, groups of Sikh traders moved into other parts of the subcontinent and established small communities in far-off cities; the number and size of these communities outside the Punjab remained rather small. The annexation of the Punjab by the British in 1849 opened doors for the Sikhs to migrate to distant countries as members of the imperial working force. In the closing years of the nineteenth century, we see the emergence of small but distinct Sikh communities in East Africa and Southeast Asia (Barrier and Dusenbery 1989). At the turn of the twentieth century, the Sikhs expanded their range of travel further and began to arrive in North America. They constituted a large majority of what Raymond Williams in his introduction to this section calls "a thriving farming community in California." Despite great personal and legal hardships in the mid-twentieth century, the Sikhs persisted in their efforts to settle in the new land and today, they constitute a vibrant community of over 200,000 spread throughout the United States, with distinct concentrations in California, Chicago, Michigan, and the greater New York and Washington D. C. areas. La Brack (1988) made a pioneering study of the history of the Sikhs in the United States. -
Development of Sikh Institutions from Guru Nanak Dev to Guru Gobind Singh
© 2018 JETIR July 2018, Volume 5, Issue 7 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Development of Sikh Institutions From Guru Nanak Dev to Guru Gobind Singh Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur Bhullar Talwandi Sabo assistant professor Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo Baldev Singh M.Phill Research Scholar Guru Nanak Dev established new institutions of Sangat and Pangat. Men and women of any caste could join the Sangat. The Sangat used to gather to listen to the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev. The Pangat meant taking food in a queue. Everybody was entitled to partake Langar without any discrimination of caste or satatus (high or low). Those two institutions proved revolutionary for the Hindu society. Langar system was introduced by Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Angad Dev expanded it. Guru Angad Dev organized the institution of Sangat more effectively founded by Guru Nanak Dev. The ‘Sangat’ means ‘sitting together collectively’. There was no restriction of any kind in joining the Sangat. All people could take part in it. The Sangat was considered to be a replica of God. The Sangat met every morning and evening to listen to the Bani of Guru Angad Dev. That institution not only brought the Sikhs under one banner but it also helped a lot in the success of Sikh missionary work. Thus, the contribution of the institution of Sangat to the development of Sikhism was extremely great. Guru Nanak Dev started the institution of Langar. Guru Amar Das Ji expanded it greatly. Guru Amar Das declared that no visitor could meet him unless he had taken the Langar. -
Dasvandh Network
Dasvandh To selflessly give time, resources, and money to support Panthic projects www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Building a Nation The Role of Dasvandh in the Formation of a Sikh culture and space Above: A painting depicting Darbar Sahib under construction, overlooked by Guru Arjan Sahib. www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Guru Nanak Sahib Ji Guru Nanak Sahib’s first lesson was an act of Dasvandh: when he taught us the true bargain: Sacha Sauda www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork 3 Golden Rules The basis for Dasvandh are Guru Nanak Sahib’s key principles, which he put into practice in his own life Above: Guru Nanak Sahib working in his fields Left: Guru Nanak Sahib doing Langar seva www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Mata Khivi & Guru Angad Sahib Guru Angad Sahib ji and his wife, the greatly respected Mata Khivi, formalized the langar institution. In order to support this growing Panthic initiative, support from the Sangat was required. www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Community Building Guru Amar Das Sahib started construction on the Baoli Sahib at Goindval Sahib.This massive construction project brought together the Sikhs from across South Asia and was the first of many institution- building projects in the community. www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Guru RamDas Sahib Ji Besides creating the sarovar at Amritsar, Guru RamDas Sahib Ji designed and built the entire city of Amritsar www.dvnetwork.org /dvnetwork @dvnetwork Guru Arjan Sahib & Dasvandh It was the monumental task of building of Harmandir Sahib that allowed for the creation of the Dasvandh system by Guru Arjan Sahib ji. -
Sikhism Making Connections Between Content for Eduqas Gcse Religious Studies Route A
GCSE GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES MAKING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CONTENT FOR EDUQAS GCSE - SIKHISM MAKING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CONTENT FOR EDUQAS GCSE RELIGIOUS STUDIES ROUTE A In order to try and compensate for lost teaching time, there may be some worth in trying to connect different areas of the specification content in a more synoptic or holistic way. Below is a suggestion of how the Route A Component 3 Sikhism content could be delivered in this more thematic way by connecting it with areas of the Component 1 Philosophy and Ethics content (from a Christian perspective). RELIGIOUS, PHILOSOPHICAL AND ETHICAL THEMES IN THE MODERN COMPONENT 3 - Sikhism WORLD THEME 1 - ISSUES OF RELATIONSHIPS: RELATIONSHIPS: • Christian beliefs, attitudes and teachings about the nature and purpose of relationships in the The Oneness of Humanity twenty first century: families, roles of women and men, marriage outside the religious tradition • Beliefs and teachings about the equality of all human beings, including equality of men and and cohabitation women: GGS 349 • The nature and purpose of marriage as expressed through Christian marriage ceremonies in • Examples of equality in the lives of the Gurus and in Sikhism today, including practice of the Britain and teachings: Mark 10:6-8 and the Church of England Synod Langar, Guru Amar Das appoints women preachers • Varying Christian attitudes towards adultery, divorce and annulment and separation and re-marriage. Interpretations of Matthew 19:8-9, Mark 10:9 Ceremonies - The different views of khalsa and non-khalsa (sahaj-dhari) -
67 Andhra Pradesh
The IEA Family E-1: LIfE mEmBERS - INDIAN AP-183 Ashalathar, Dr. D. Assistant Professor ANDHRA PRADESH Dept of Economics Andhra University AP-001 Adwant, Dr. vijay Kumar Visakhapatnam, (A.P) Plot No.-1-2-1-474/9, Anand Apts. Opp. Nallakunta, AP-177 Ashok Kumar, Dr. Yeluri P.O.O.U. Road, Assistant Professor, Hyderabad-500044 H.No.- 902, Arch Center (Andhra Pradesh) 21st Lane, Sarada Colony Guntur, Pin - 522002 (A.P) AP-002 Ahmad md. Yahiya H.No. 1-4-189/1/B, AP-007 Babu, Dr. K. madhu Bayammathota, Department of Economics Mahabub Nagar-509001, (A.P.) Acharya Nagarjuna University Nagarjuna Nagar Guntur AP-003 Ali, Dr. mohammad Iqbal Andhra Pradesh - 522510 H.No. 1-9-931, Near Postal Colony, Subedari, AP-008 Babu, Prof. Kondaveeti Raja Hanamkonda-506001, SF-3, Soundarya, Apartment (Andhra Pradesh) Punnamma Thota, M.G. Road Vijayawada-520010, AP-004 Ali, Dr. Shaik mehar Dist.-Krishna (A.P.) Dr. No. 5-48Near Memorial School North Bypass, Ulavapadu-523292 AP-009 Baig, Dr. mirza Sarvar Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh Associate Professor H.No. 8-10, 284/OU/48/B AP-005 Apparao, Sri Settipalli Osmani University Employees Flat No. 302; Leela Grand, Colony, Shaikhpet Darga, 2nd Line, Devapuram, Golconda (Post) Guntur, Andhrapradesh-522 002. Hyderabad-500008 (A.P.) AP-006 Arika Dr. Someshwararao AP-010 Balasuramanyam, Dr. m. C/o Sastry Banjaru Guda, Village- 1409/37-CAM School Compound, China Bagga, Post- Kotturu, Fatehkhanpeth, Nellore-524003, Srikakulam, Pin- 532455 (A.P.) AP-176 Aruna, Dr. m. AP-011 Basavaiah, Dr. C. Faculty Member in IFHE, ICFAI Dept. -
THE EVOLUTION of the ROLE of WOMEN in the SIKH RELIGION Chapter Page
UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT FILE NO: 23-515/08 SPIRITUAL WARRIORS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SIKH RELIGION SUBMITTED BY DR. MEENAKSHI RAJAN DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY S.K SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE, VIDYAVIHAR, MUMBAI 400077 MARCH 2010 SPIRITUAL WARRIORS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SIKH RELIGION Chapter Page Number 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ROLE OF WOMEN IN SIKH HISTORY 12 3 MATA TRIPTA 27 4 BIBI NANAKI 30 5 MATA KHIVI 36 6 BIBI BHANI 47 7 MATA SUNDARI 53 8 MAI BHAGO 57 9 SARDARNI SADA KAUR 65 10 CONCLUSION 69 BIBLIOGRAPHY 71 i Acknowledgement I acknowledge my obligation to the University Grants Commission for the financial assistance of this Minor Research Project on Spiritual Warriors: The Evolution of the Role of Women in the Sikh Religion. I extend my thanks to Principal K.Venkataramani and Prof. Parvathi Venkatesh for their constant encouragement. I am indebted to the college and library staff for their support. My endeavour could not have been realised without the love, support and encouragement from my husband, Mr.Murli Rajan and my daughter Radhika. I am grateful to my father, Dr. G.S Chauhan for sharing his deep knowledge of Sikhism and being my guiding light. ii 1 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION Sikhism is one of the youngest among world religions. It centers on the Guru –Sikh [teacher -disciple] relationship, which is considered to be sacred. The development of Sikhism is a remarkable story of a socio- religious movement which under the leadership of ten human Gurus’ developed into a well organized force in Punjab.1Conceived in northern India, this belief system preached and propagated values of universalism, liberalism, humanism and pluralism within the context of a “medieval age.” Its teachings were “revealed’ by Guru Nanak (1469-1539 AD) who was, in turn, succeeded by nine other Gurus’. -
Sikhism and Form of Sewa (Service to Others)
Amrit - Nectar. Sanctified (holy) liquid made of sugar and water, used in initiation ceremonies. Amrit Sanskar ceremony - The rite of initiation into the Khalsa (Sikhs who commit themselves to a daily discipline). Amritdhari Sikh - A Sikh who has been initiated into the Khalsa. Anandpur - A city in the state of Punjab, India. Atma - Sanskrit word that means soul. Caste - The anglicised term for varna; originally a Hindu social order of higher and lower class. Also followed by some Sikhs. daswandh / dasvandh - The Sikh practice in the giving of money (a tenth of one's income) in the name of the Guru to help those who are poorer / less well off. dhan (dan) - Giving to those in need, a key teaching in Sikhism and form of sewa (service to others). Pronounced 'daan'. divine spark - The soul, the part of Waheguru (the Sikh word for God) in each person. five vices - Five emotions that can take over a person's life and lead them to actions they later regret: anger, pride, lust, greed and undue attachment. Golden Temple in Amritsar - City in North-Western part of Indian. Spiritual centre for Sikhs. Gurdwara - Sikh place of worship. Literally, the 'doorway to the Guru'. Gurmukh - God-centred, living by the Gurus' teachings. Gurmukhi - The script in which the Guru Granth Sahib is written. It is the script used for Punjabi in India’s Punjab state. Guru Amar Das - The third of the ten Sikh Gurus. Guru Angad - The second of the ten Sikh Gurus. Guru Arjan - Guru Arjan was the fifth Sikh Guru and the first Sikh martyr. -
RE Unit Spring Festivals: What Is Vaisakhi and How Is It Celebrated?
RE Unit Spring Festivals: What is Vaisakhi and how is it celebrated? Photo courtesy of (Birmingham Culture@flickr com) - granted under creative commons licence - attribution How to use this workbook When you are working through the questions in this workbook, remember: 1. To write your answers in your best handwriting in your home learning / exercise / notebook. Don’t try to answer the questions in boxes in the workbook. 2. “Blue box is book” = The blue boxes are there to show you what to write / say and how to set out your work / ideas. Anything in the blue boxes is what you write in your book. Don’t write the black, write the blue – but without drawing the box round it! 3. When you are answering reading comprehension questions, you should always answer in complete thoughts (full sentences) and use the exact words from the text to prove your answer. The blue boxes will show you how… 1 RE: What is Vaisakhi and how is it celebrated? (Workbook) RE Unit Spring Festivals: What is Vaisakhi and how is it celebrated? Learning Overview Lesson Lesson Question You will learn: 1. What is Vaisakhi? Who celebrates Vaisakhi. When Vaisakhi is celebrated. Where Vaisakhi is celebrated. When Vaisakhi started. Why Vaisakhi is such an important festival for Sikhs. 2. Who was Guru Gobind Singh? Who the Sikh Gurus were. Who Guru Gobund Singh was. How Guru Gobind Singh made Vaisakhi a special festival for Sikhs. 3. What is the Khalsa and why is it important to What the Khalsa is. Sikhs? Why the Khalsa was formed. -
Guru Nanak's Life and Legacy
G.S. Mann: Guru Nanak’s Life and Legacy 3 Guru Nanak’s Life and Legacy: An Appraisal Gurinder Singh Mann University of California, Santa Barbara _____________________________________________________ Taking W.H. McLeod’s Guru Nanak and the Sikh Religion as a point of departure, this essay examines the previous generation’s understanding of Guru Nanak’s life and mission and expands upon it in light of empirical evidence culled from early contemporary sources. By questioning McLeod’s arguments regarding the paucity of general historical information about Guru Nanak’s life and his close participation in the Sant community of poets such as Kabir and Ravidas, this essay argues that the Guru founded a new community replete with a distinct set of beliefs and institutional structures. While scholars have tended to focus on the upper caste Hindu background of Guru Nanak, very little attention has been directed towards articulating the social demographics of this new community, which were overwhelmingly drawn from nomadic and low-caste Hindu society. _____________________________________________________ Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of the Sikh community, is a subject of perennial interest for the Sikhs and their scholars, and a quick look at any bibliography on the subject would reflect the range and the depth of writings available on various aspects of his life and teachings. Given his relatively recent dates, there is a wide variety of sources available about his life and mission (Jagat nistaran).1 These comprise texts, including his poetic compositions and the writings of his immediate successors and early followers; sites such as Talwandi, the place of his birth, and Kartarpur (The Town of the Creator), the center he established; and two known artifacts associated with his life.2 These sources provide primary information for a scholarly reconstruction of the Guru’s life. -
Guru Nanak - the Founder of Sikhism
GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 UNIT 105 – UPSC - Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism India's History : Medieval India : Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism - (1469- 1538) Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism The history of Sikhism starts with Guru Nanak, a son of the ruler or warrior caste who lived from 1469 to 1538. He was born into northern India. The spiritual branches Sufi Islamic and Bhakti Hindu, "sacred" men influenced him. Guru Nanak believes into a supreme creature and determined that every religion used various names for the similar deity which Nanak called "Sat Nam". Nanak wanted to combine Islam and Hinduism together. Although there can be several similarities observed between Hinduism, Sufism and Sikhism. The typical responses to claim of a connection are met with an adamant position for Sikhism as a direct revelation from God. The Guru word is combination of the 2 small words Gu and Ru. The Gu means darkness and the Ru means light. The Sikhs say guru means "the Light to dispel darkness," but as "darkness" comes first it appears more similar, "the darkness to parades while light." The Life of Guru Nanak Guru Nanak is founder of Sikhism and the first of the 10 Sikh Gurus. He was born in the village of Talwandi, now called Nankana Sahib, near Lahore in present-day called Pakistan. Guru Nanak parents, Matta Tripat and Mehta Kalu were Hindus and belong to the merchant caste. Still as a boy, Nanak was enthralled with religion and his desire to discover the mysteries of life ultimately led him toward leave home. -
Guru Arjan Dev Ji 1563-1606 Early Life
Guru Arjan Dev Ji 1563-1606 Early Life ● Son of Guru Ramdas Sahib and Mata Bhani Ji ● Born at Goindwal Sahib on April 15,1563 ● Learnt Gurmukhi script and Gurbani from Baba Budha ji. ● Learnt many different languages like Persian, Hindi and Sanskrit. ● Siblings:Mahadev and Prithi Chand. ● He was Guru Amar Das ji's favorite. Guru Amar Das ji (maternal grandfather) called him: Dohita, Bani ka Bohitha ● Became Guru at the age of 18 Early Guruship period ● After becoming Guru, Guru Ramdas ji moved to Amrtisar (called Guru ka Chak at that time). (Guru Ramdas ji started this) ● Took over the management of construction and establishment of the city ● Encouraged Sikhs to set aside a dasvandh for the Guru's fund and to remit it through an accredited Masand ● Encouraged Sikhs to engage in business and increase in prosperity. ● In 1589, laid foundation of Darbar Sahib ● Emphasised on importance of Sangat ● Founded Tarn Taran in the year 1590 and Kartarpur (near Jallandhar) in 1594 ● These cities became centers of trade and helped the prosperity of the surrounding trcts. ● Opened an asylum for lepers in Tarn Taran and invited top Hakims (Doctors) of those times to come and serve there. Prithi Chand ● Prithi Chand was Guru Arjan Dev ji's elder brother and was jealous of the Guru. He wanted to become Guru ● During the construction of Amritsar when Sikhs sent money and supplies he would divert those for his own interest ● In 1595 when Guru Hargobind ji was born, Prithi Chand became more hostile. ● Prithi Chand allied himself with Sulhi Khan and tried to harass Guru. -
Sikh Womens Rights
Sikh Womens Rights Rights of Sikh Women.................................... 2 The Importance of Kaur.................................. 5 Sikh Women in State Affairs .......................... 6 Women strive for success in the future........... 7 Sikhism & the Status of Women..................... 8 Gender Equality .............................................. 9 Chastity. .......................................................... 9 Status of women in general elevated ............ 10 Sikh Women in History ................................ 11 To All The Beautiful Sikh Women............... 13 Rights of Sikh Women ZLWKIRXOWKLQNLQJILOOVWKHPLQG *XUX*UDQWK6DKLE $QJ 1. What rights do I have as a Sikh woman? A Sikh woman has equal rights to a Sikh man. The Gurus had also made a firm stand against the Unlike Christianity, no post in Sikhism is reserved wearing of the veil, which is so popular amongst solely for men. Unlike Islam, a woman is not Muslims and Hindus. Even Christian nuns are made considered subordinate to a man. Sikh baptism to cover themselves more than Christian priests. (Amrit ceremony) is open to both sexes. The Khalsa Guru Amar Das refused to allow a Hindustani nation is made up equally of men and women. A Queen from entering the sangat until she had Sikh woman has the right to become a Granthi, removed her veil. In the Guru Granth Sahib, the veil Ragi, one of the Panj Pyare (5 beloved), etc. is compared to suppression. 2. Is God considered a Male or Female? )DOVHPRGHVW\WKDWVXSSUHVVHGLV The Guru Granth Sahib contains many Names for HQGHG God, both masculine and feminine. These are all used to describe God. Ultimately, the Gurus do not 1RZZLWKYHLOFDVWRIIDP,VWDUWHGRQ consider God to be male or female. The Mul Mantra WKHZD\RIGHYRWLRQ states that God is 'Ajuni' - Unborn.