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Biological sciences 7 HYDROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF WATER BODIES OF THE URAL-CASPIAN BASIN Tulemisova G., Amangosova A., Abdinov R., Kabdrakhimova G., A. Orynbasarova Kh. Dosmukhamedov Atyrau state university, Atyrau, e-mail: [email protected] The global environmental issues of technogenic pollution occur pressure on natural forms of the pathology of all living organisms and inevitably have an adversely аffect on them. In recent years, hydrobionts have become objects of study of the outdoor pollution level. Numerous publications, including reports of World Health Organiza- tion Expert Committees allow us to conclude that there is evidence to suggest about the rising aggressiveness of environment. One of the important aspects of such insufficiently controlled process is the contamination of the micro elementary nature. At the present stage, the ecological state of transboundary rivers is especially important. These rivers include the Ural River flowing through the territory of the Russian Federation and the RK, and flowing into the Caspian Sea. The article presents the results of a study of the hydrochemical regime of the rivers of the Ural- Caspian basin in different periods of 2017. In the work for comparison, the data on the state of chemical indicators of drinking water in the region are characterized. In order to determine the state of the hydrochemical regime in the lower and upper reaches of the Ural River, the indicators of the Ilek River, the flow in the Aktyubinsk Oblast and the Chagan River, the flow of the river in the West Kazakhstan region are given. Keywords: The Ural-Caspian Basin, the Ural River, tributaries, the hydrochemical conditions, pollution, oil products Environmental problems in the third larg- quality of fish populations has been decreas- est river in Europe, the Ural River Basin ing, that suggest a violation of their genetic have remained extremely tense. Meanwhile, pattern. There are troubling trends in the cur- there are 70 cities and settlements with total rent state of commercial stocks of sturgeons population of about 4.5 mln people. The total in the Caspian Sea. Over the past 10 years length of the river is 2428 km and its catch- fish catches have decreased by 10-fold in the ment area is 237 thous. km2. The length of Ural-Caspian basin. the river in the territory of Kazakhstan makes The areas for exploration and develop- 1084 km, including length within the bound- ment of hydrocarbons in the North-Eastern aries of West Kazakhstan Region – 761 km. Caspian Sea coincide with the areas for feed- The largest tributaries are the Or, Sakmara, ing and migration of sturgeons and other Ilek, Chagan Rivers. Below the Uralsk, there commercially valuable fish, the concentra- is no lateral in flow. The reduced river flow tion of foraging planktonic and benthic or- cause due to national water supplies and evap- ganisms. The large-scale development of oil oration of the extensive floodplain. The river and gas fields in the North-Eastern Caspian flow is formed at the top of the basin, mainly Sea is associated with environmental risk, as within the boundaries of Russian Federation the most intensive bioproduction processes (Kurmangaliyev R.M., 2008) [3]. occur in the peripheral (coastal and shelf) The Ural-Caspian Drainage Basin is lo- zones where the main biomass of marine flo- cated in the western part of the Republic of ra and fauna are concentrated [1, 2,7]. Kazakhstan and occupies the territory of The deterioration of the quality of the wa- four regions with a total area of 640,8 thous. ter condition due to external natural and an- sq.km, including Atyrau – 118,6 thous.km2, thropogenic factors and the continuing unsta- Aktobe – 205,3 thous.km2 (except for the ter- ble state of marine biota, the technogenic load ritories of Ayteke Bi and Irgiz regions), West will inevitably lead to ecosystem degradation Kazakhstan – 165,8 thous.km2, Mangystau – and irreparable damage the biota of the North- 151,3 thous.km2. On the whole almost 2 mln Eastern Caspian Sea. Study of chemical com- people live in this region. The main direction position of seawater and marine sediments is of economic activity is the oil and gas field fundamentalfor solving the problems involv- development, agriculture and fisheries. Inten- ing transformation and integrated use of water sification of agricultural and fish production bodies. Transitionalrunoff within the upper and largely depends on the regional water supply middle reaches of the river also contribute to (Onayev M.K., 2013) [6]. pollution [4, 8]. Preserving fish diversity in the Caspian Sea basin are one of the most pertinent is- Materials and methods of research sues: the commercially valuable fish catches During the current year, study was carried has been steadily decreasing, the low-value out based on the R & D Schedule on six rela- ichthyofauna has not been developed, the tively isolated water bodies of the Ural-Caspian EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY № 1, 2018 8 Biological sciences Basin: Ural River, its estuary, tributaries of Ilek Although, the pH level of drinking water in and Chagan River. February was within the limits of sanitary Collection of samples to assess hydro- standards. chemistry and toxicology was conducted Hydrocarbonates and carbonates were within expedition flights at 7 permanent ob- within established standards, although these servation stations: the Ural Rivers and their indicators have been decreased during winter– seashores. spring seasons (Table 1). The hydrochemical conditions of the Ural The salinity and the electrical conductiv- River in winter were estimated based on ob- ity (the EC) of the water bodies correspond to servations. Hydrochemical analysis included the values of the hydrochemical regime of the the following complex of parameters: pH, river (Tulemisova and others, 2017) [9]. The ORP, oxygen concentration, nitrite nitrogen high indicators in the winter and their reduc- content in water, permanganate oxidizabil- tion to the beginning of the flood period are ity, alkalinity, BOD5, water hardness, salinity, naturally occurring situation. Study of qualita- electrical conductivity, chlorides and sulfates. tive composition of pollutants was conducted Analyses were conducted according to the to determine the content of nitrites, boron, pe- most recognized hydrochemical methods (ST troleum products and easily oxidized organic ISO 9863-1-2008. Water quality. Determina- compounds. tion of alkalinity). The amount of nitrites of the toxic ox- Concentration of petroleum products in ides of nitrogen 1-3 times higher than the water and bottom sediments was measured by MPC values. There are extremely high con- the Fluorate 02-2M by fluorescent method in centrations of nitrites in spring before the accordance with the PND F14.1:2:4.35-95 and flood period. Their concentrations have PND F 16.1:2:21-98 (PND F, 98) [5]. increased during flood period, sometimes Boron concentration was also measured have maintained same limits. The content of by the Fluorate 02-2M by fluorescent method, nitrites varies within the MPC limits during without sample preservation. Permanganate winter (Table 1). oxidizability was determined according to the In this respect, the quality of the drinking method of oxidation of organic compounds water is much cleaner. The content of potas- with potassium permanganate in an acid me- sium permanganate oxidation compounds are dium. The concentration of oxygen and BOD5 much less during the winter than the spring were measured based on the dissolved oxygen period, which is typical for this water body content by an Anion-7051 oxygen meter within (Table 1). 5 days after sampling. The specific electrical This year boron content in the Ural River conductance (SEC) and the content of NaCl is much less than previous periods. However, ions, i.e. salinity, were also measured by the its contents increase during the flood period. Anion-7051 portable fluid analyzer. The water Petroleum products are always found in the pH and its oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) Ural River. In winter and early spring, con- were measured by an Anion-7051 portable flu- centration of petroleum products is lower id analyzer. than the MPC values, but their concentration have increased 1,1 times before the begin- Results of research and their discussion ning of flood period. Drinking water com- Study for the hydrochemical regimes of plies with the sanitation quality. Among all rivers of the Ural-Caspian basin are impor- the quality indicators nitrites appear to be tant for describing the ecological and toxi- constant all the periods. This suggests that cological state of the water body. This would nitrites have not been washed out during be especially relevant for the characteristics flood period, representing constant source of of the water bodies in different periods of the pollution. year. So it can be a useful way to identify the It is common knowledge that the primary nature of pollutants entering into the river pollutants enter the water bodies in the spring basin. Table 1 shows the data of the hydro- period. However, studies we have conducted chemical regime and the ecological state of over the last three years suggest that pollution the Ural River water and drinking water in appears to be constant, which increased only various seasons of 2017. It also contains the slightly for the flood period. indicators of flood period, winter and sum- In order to obtain the pollution sources of mer seasons. The pH levels of the samples the Ural River, water samples
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  • A Thesis Submitted to the Central European University, Department

    A Thesis Submitted to the Central European University, Department

    A thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in part fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Science Changes in the hydrological regime of the Ural River and challenges for transboundary cooperation within the UNECE Water Convention CEU eTD Collection Olga KHON July, 2016 Budapest Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights: (1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Central European University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: Khon, O. 2016. Changes in the hydrological regime of the Ural River and challenges for transboundary cooperation within the UNECE Water Convention. Master of Science thesis, Central European University, Budapest. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place is available from the Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University.