NriHM
February 25 to March 1,2002 Hilton Alexandria Mark Center 5000 Seminary Road Alexandria, Virginia USA
11th International Conference on Aouatic Invasive Species Hosted by Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Conference Host
The 11th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species is hosted by the Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Conference Chair
Dr. Edwin A. Theriot, Director, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Technical Program Committee
John Cooley, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Kent D. Zammit, Electric Power Research Institute Margaret Dochoda, Great Lakes Fishery Commission Michael J. Klepinger, Michigan Sea Grant College Program Herman F. Kumpf, National Marine Fisheries Service/Gulf of Mexico Program David F. Reid, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Linda Drees, National Park Service Leon Cammen, National Sea Grant College Program Alexander E. Lardis, Office of Naval Research Paul Wiancko, Ontario Power Generation Renata Claudi, RNT Consulting Inc. Christopher J. Wiley, Transport Canada Edwin A. Theriot, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Larry Sanders, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Mary Pat McKeown, US Coast Guard Russell G. Kreis, Jr., US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development Sharon Gross, US Fish and Wildlife Service Scott Smith, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Gary Burton, Western Area Power Administration Contents
Conference Program ...... i Abstracts of Presentations and Posters MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Aquatic Invasive Species in a Borderless World Invasive Species: A Global Concern Bubbling to the Surface...... 2 Jeffrey A. McNeeley, The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Biosecurity Legislation, Structure and Operation in New Zealand...... 3 Geoffrey Hicks, Biosecurity; Science and Technical Centre International Cooperation in Aquatic Invasive Species Research, Information Exchange, and Management in Europe...... 4 Vadim Panov, Group on Aquatic Alien Species (GAAS); Stephan Gollasch, Institut für Meereskunde; Erkki Leppakoski, Abo Akademi University; Sergej Olenin, Klaipeda University Overview of Regional Invasive Species Issues in Africa...... 6 Musonda Mumba, University College London Argentina's Freshwater Systems: Aliens in Wonderland...... 7 Pablo H. Vigliano, Universidad Nacional del Comahue A North American Perspective on Aquatic Invasive Species...... 8 Hans Herrmann, Head, Conservation Biodiversity Program, Commission for Environmental Cooperation Overview of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in the United States: Pathways, Origin and Distribution...... 9 Pam Fuller, US Geological Survey
Synergistic Impacts of Multiple Invasions: Are Aquatic Ecosystems Experiencing "Invasional Meltdown"?...... 10 Anthony Ricciardi, McGill University United States Infrastructure to Address Invasive Species...... 11 Cathleen I. Short, Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force and Lori C. Williams, National Invasive Species Council Scientists as Advocates for Invasive Species Policy...... 12 Phyllis Windle, Union of Concerned Scientists Silent Invaders: Strategies for Developing and Implementing a Federal/State System for Addressing Biological Invaders Without a Constituency in the the United States and Elsewhere...... 13 Randy G. Westbrooks, US Geological Survey "Many Hands Make Light Work" - The Solution to Biological Pollution...... 15 Scott Smith, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
Poster Session Water Filtration Plant Avoidance Using an Aquatic Barrier Reservoir System ...... 18 Raymond A. Bauer, Fco-Boom Marine Control
Establishment of the Green Mussel, Perna Viridis (Linnaeus 1758), (Mollusca:Mytilidae) on the West Coast of Florida...... 20 Amy J. Benson and James D. Williams, US Geological Survey; Dan C. Marelli, Academic Diving Program, Florida State University; Marc E. Frischer and Jean M. Danforth, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
Evaluating a Volunteer-based Sampling Program to Detect Bythotrephes in Ontario Waters...... 21 Stephanie Boudreau and Norman Yan, York University; Francine MacDonald, Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters An Evaluation of the Use of Combined Ozonation and Electrolytic Chlorination as a Safe and Effective Method for Treatment of Invasive Species in Ballast Waters...... 22 Michael A. Champ, Advanced Technology Research Project (ATRP) Corporation; Joseph Gargas, WAT.E.R. Inc.; Robert Murphy, Applied Ozone Technologies, Inc.
Comparison of Filtration Capacity of Dreissena polymorpha in Freshwater and Brackish Habitats...... 23 Christiane Fenske, Frnst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald Promoting Community Stewardship on Exotic Aquatics Through Youth Participation...... 24 Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Sea Grant Program; Robin G. Goettel, lllinois-lndiana Sea Grant Program; Pam Borne Blanchard, Louisiana Sea Grant Program; Helen M. Domske, New York Sea Grant Institute; Rosanne W. Fortner, Ohio Sea Grant Program; Nancy J. Lerner, Washington Sea Grant Program Light-induced Leaf Senescence in Hydrilla verticillata, a Submerged Aquatic W eed...... 25 Rup Kumar Kar, Visva Bharati University Zebra Mussel Control Efforts on the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway Minnesota and Wisconsin...... 26 Byron N. Karns, National Park Service, S t Croix National Scenic Riverway Phylogeography of Mississippi River Populations of Zebra M ussel...... 27 Richard F. Lance, Analytical Services Inc.; Edward J. Perkins and Jonny W. Byrnes, US Army Corps of Engineers; Curt Elderkin, University of Southwestern Louisiana Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife in Michigan: Establishment, Impacts and Nontarget Effects of Galerucella calmariensis...... 28 Douglas A. Landis, Michigan State University; Donald C. Sebolt, Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems; Mike Klepinger, Michigan Sea Grant An Evaluation of the Potential Impacts of the Chinese Mitten Crab on the Benthic Community in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun B a y...... 29 Cindy Messer and Karen Gehrts, Department of Water Resources Comparative Direct Effect of a Nonindigenous Cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum) on Reproductive Success of Native Cyprinodon...... 30 June B. Mire, University of New Orleans; Stacey Byers, McGill University The National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse and Searchable Electronic Database...... 31 Charles R. O'Neill, Jr., National ANS Clearinghouse Reversal of Invasion Persistence of the Crayfish Orconectes rusticus in an East Central Wisconsin Lake...... 33 Hans P. Pearson, Silver Lake College Comparative Morphometries of Mouthparts and Antennae in the Invasive Dikerogammarus villosus and the Native Gammarus duebeni (Crustacea, Amphipoda)...... 34 Dirk Platvoet, Zoological Museum Amsterdam; Jaime T. A. Dick and David W. Kelly, Queen's University of Belfast Preliminary Evaluation of the Ecological Effects of Giant Salvinia...... 35 R. Michael Smart, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center; David Honnell and Erin Tanski, Institute of Applied Science Use of Hydroacoustic Survey Techniques to Quantify SAV Changes Following an Upstream Herbicide Injection Treatment in Spring Creek, Lake Seminole, G eorgia...... 36 Robert M. Stewart, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Adam S. Way, Dyntel Corporation Preliminary Investigations of Low Temperature Limits of Salvinia molesta in the United States...... 37 Robert M. Stewart and R. Michael Smart, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Chetta S. Owens, Analytical Services Inc. Faunal and Habitat Comparisons from Under and Outside Canopies of Sargassum m uticum ...... 38 James Asa Strong, Queen's University of Belfast Diet of the Round Goby (Neogobius mlanostomus) in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario, Canada...... 39 Ana Carolina Taraborelli, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Ted Schaner, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Evaluation of Sampling Methods for the Chinese Mitten Crab...... 40 Tanya Veldhuizen and Cindy Messer, California Department Of Water Resources; Deborah A. Rudnick, University of California Pulsed Acoustic and Electric Field Methods for Control of Biofouling in Seawater Piping and Cooling Systems...... 41 Marianne Watch, Robert A. Brizzolara, David J. Nordham, Scott M. Hoover and Michael Mazzola, Naval Surface Warfare Center; Evan Burnett, Mississippi State University; Robert Stark and Karl H. Schoenbach, Old Dominion University Economic Impact of Biofouling Control of an Exotic Bivalve, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, in the Harbour of Antwerp, Belgium...... 42 Annick Verween, University of Gent Identification of Spatial Breeding Limitations in Effecting Invasions: Local Variation in Egg Capsule Morphology and Larval Viability in the Invading Predatory Marine Gastropod Rapana venosa...... 43 Catherine Ware and Juliana Harding, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences; Roger Mann, College of William and Mary Risk Assessment: Dispersal Probability Index for Colonization of the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, into Kansas Lakes...... 44 Dustin Wilgers and K. Charles Hunter, Southwestern College; Eugene A. Young, Cowley County Community College 100th Meridian Initiative: A report on Boating and Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) Surveys in Kansas, 1999-2000...... 45 Dustin Wilgers, Eugene A. Young, K. Charles Hunter, Maren Harding and Penny Zahs, Southwestern College Reducing the Risk of Importation and Distribution of Nonindigenous Species Through Outreach and Education...... 46 Erin M. Williams and Edwin Grosholz, University of California, Davis
Eradication of a New Zebra Mussel Infestation in Lake George, NY: A Potentially Successful Integrated Approach...... 47 John Wimbush, Paul A. Vescio, Brian R. McGrath, Andrew S. Hansen, D. Bryce King, Sharon Danielsen and Sandra A. Nierzwicki-Bauer, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Marc E. Frischer, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography; Zandy Gabriels, Town of Bolton Landing; Jospeh W. Zarynski and Bob Benway, Bateaux Below Inc.
Marine Biosecurity in New Zealand...... Debra Wotton and Chris O'Brien, Ministry of Fisheries
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts on Industries Shipping's Response to the Various State and Provincial Ballast Water Initiatives in the Great La k e s...... 50 Georges H. Robichon, Fednav Limited
Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species on Electric Power Utilities...... 51 Kent D. Zammit, Electric Power Research Institute
Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species on Drinking Water Utilities...... 52 John Dekam, Bay City Water Treatment Plant
Great Lakes Fishing Industry and the Changing Ecosystem ...... 53 Robert E. Lange, Council of Lake Committees, Great Lakes Fishery Commission
Invasive Species and Implications for Fisheries Sustainability in the Gulf of M exico...... 54 Harriet M. Perry, The University of Southern Mississippi; Ronald Lukens, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission; Herman F. Kumpf and Thomas D. Mcllwain, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA; W. Monty Graham, Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory
Recreational Activities: A Perspective on Aquatic Invasive Species Im p a cts...... 55 Jay Sherwin and Beth MacKay, Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
Aquaculture and Nonindigenous Species: A United States Perspective...... 56 James McVey, National Sea Grant Office; Robert R. Stickney, Texas Sea Grant College Program How Codes of Conduct May Prevent the Next Introduction...... 57 N. Marshall Meyers, Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council
Zebra Mussel Control Technologies Management and Costs of Zebra Mussels at Ontario Power Generation: 10 Years L a te r...... 60 Paul Wiancko and Gerry McKenna, Ontario Power Generation The Integrated Approach to Controlling Zebra Mussels...... 61 Kelly Peterson and Darlene Suddard, Aquatic Sciences Inc.
A Field Study to Determine the Effect of a Pulse-power Electric Field on Planktonic Stage Dreissenid Mussels...... 62 A. Garry Smythe and Cameron L. Lange, Beak Consultants Inc.
Use of Ultraviolet Radiation for Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation...... 63 Stanley B. Pickles, Bruce Power; Victor S. Chow and Bimal Gandhi, Ontario Power Generation; Tom Prescott, Cantech Engineering
The Use of Continuous Ozone for Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation...... 64 David Ebsary, Victor S. Chow and Bimal Gandhi, Ontario Power Generation; Tom Prescott, Cantech Engineering
Ecological Impacts of Aquatic Invaders The Top 40 Ecological and Distributional Features of the Most Widespread Invaders of the World's Estuaries...... 66 Paul Fofonoff, Gregory M. Ruiz, Anson H. Hines, A. Whitman Miller and Brian Steves, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Impacts of Nonindigenous Aquatic Invasive Species on the Lake Erie Ecosystem...... 67 Madeline J. Austen and Sandra George, Environment Canada; Tim B. Johnson, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Jan J.H. Ciborowski, Lynda D. Corkum, Hugh J. Maclsaac University of Windsor; Janice L. Metcalfe-Smith, National Water Research Institute; Don W. Schloesser, US Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center Distribution, Fecundity, Genetics and Invasion Routes of Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) (Crustacea:Cladocera) - a New Exotic Zooplankter in the Great Lakes Basin...... 69 Joseph Makarewicz, State University of New York; Hugh J. Maclsaac and Igor A. Grigorovich, University of Windsor, Great Lakes Institute Reductions in Zooplankton Biodiversity Following the Invasion of Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada by the Spiny Water Flea, Bythotrephes...... 70 Norman Yan, York University; Robert Girard, Ontario Ministry of the Environment; Dee Geiling, Limnoservices Inc.; Francine MacDonald, Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters Ecosystem Impacts of Recent Invasions in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence: Predictions and Early Observations...... 71 Andrea Locke and J. Mark Hanson, Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Karla M. Ellis and Gregory J. Klassen, University of New Brunswick; David Garbary, St. Francis Xavier University
Raising Awareness of Aquatic Invasive Species Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans: Benefit-Cost Analysis...... 74 John F. Christmas, George Mason University; Daniel F. Terlizzi, University of Maryland, Sea Grant Extension
Blocking Westward Spread of Zebra M ussels...... 75 Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife Service; Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Sea Grant
Public Aquarium and Marine Science Center Exhibits: An Untapped Venue for AIS Education...... 76 Paul Heimowitz, John Rupp, Bill Hanshumaker and Jon Luke, Oregon State University, Extension Sea Grant; David Secord, University of Washington Employing the 4-H Youth Network to Help Control Purple Loosestrife...... 77 Natalie Carroll, Purdue University 4-H Youth Development Department
Aquatic Nuisance Species Response in the Pacific Northwest...... 78 Stephen Phillips, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission; Mark Sytsma and Ryon Edwards, Portland State University
Biology and Ecology of New Marine Invaders Do Changes in Body Size Accompany Invasions of Introduced Marine and Estuarine Species?...... 80 Edwin Grosholz, University of California, Davis; Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Demography, Ecology and Impacts of the Chinese Mitten Crab, a Recent Arrival to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Ecosystem...... 81 Deborah A. Rudnick and Vincent H. Resh, University of California at Berkeley; S. Kim Webb, US Fish & Wildlife Service
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Chinese Mitten Crab in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta...... 82 Tanya Veldhuizen and Lenny Grimaldo, California Department of Water Resources
Early Life History Tactics of Veined Rapa Whelks (Rapana venosa) In Chesapeake Bay: Blueprint for a Successful Bioinvasion by Stealth...... 88 Juliana Harding, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences; Roger Mann, College of William and Mary
Estimation of Dispersal and Establishment Range for the Predatory Marine Gastropod Rapana venosa on the US East Coast...... 84 Roger Mann, College of William and Mary; Juliana Harding, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences
Zebra Mussel Control Technologies Conclusions from Pressure Pulse Technology Demonstration Projects Within the Lake Champlain Basin of New York State...... 88 Douglas R. Ferris, USFM/Zebra-Tech Can Intermittent Chlorination Really Control Mussel Fouling in Industrial Cooling Water Systems?...... 87 Sanjeevi Rajagopal and Gerard van der Velde, University of Nijmegen; Henk A. Jenner, N.V. KFMA
Use of Intermittent Ozone for Zebra Mussel Control in an Industrial Setting...... 88 Taka Ogawa, Mitsubishi Electric Power Products Inc.; Tom Prescott, Cantech Engineering Small-pore, Self-cleaning Filter for Zebra Mussel Control on a Large Volume System...... 89 Rick R. Ballard, Victor S. Chow, Bimal Gandhi, Ontario Power Generation; Tom Prescott, Cantech Engineering
Electric-Bubble Method for Controlling Zebra Mussels at Water Intakes...... 90 Ralph E. Baddour, University of Western Ontario Ecological Impacts of Aquatic Invaders Buckle Your Seatbelts for More Ruffe Takeoffs: Implications from the Rise of the Ruffe Population in the St. Louis River, Lake Superior...... 92 Michael H. Hoff, Lori M. Evrard and Owen T. Gorman, US Geological Survey Potential Interactions Between Eurasian Ruffe and Round Gobies in the Great Lakes: Prey and Habitat Preferences...... 93 Candice R. Bauer and Gary A. Lamberti, University of Notre Dame; Martin B. Berg, Loyola University Chicago Plant Responses to Herbivory Affect Exotic Abundance: Links Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems...... 94 Joseph K. Bailey, Jennifer A. Schweitzer and Thomas G. Whitham, Northern Arizona University Demography and Reproduction of Maryland Nutria: Baseline Data Needs for Population Control...... 95 Mark H. Sherfy, US Fish & Wildlife Service; Dixie L. Bounds, Sherry L. Daugherty, Kerrie R. McGowan and T. Brian Eyler, US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division; Theodore A. Mollet, University of Maryland Eastern Shore Evaluating Effectiveness of Education and Outreach Angler Knowledge, Behavior, and Risk for Spreading Aquatic Nuisance Species Based on Surveys in Five Great Lake States...... Douglas A. Jensen and Jeffrey L. Gunderson, Minnesota Sea Grant; Mike Klepinger and Ronald E. Kinnunen, Michigan Sea Grant; Pat Charlebois and Kristin Tepas, lllinois-lndiana Sea Grant; Fred L. Snyder, Ohio Sea Grant Measuring Effectiveness of ANS Boater Awareness in Five States Using a Model Survey...... 99 Douglas A. Jensen and Jeffrey L. Gunderson, Minnesota Sea Grant; William J. Rendall and Michelle Bratager, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; Bettina Proctor, US Fish & Wildlife Service; Michael W. Hauser, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation; Karen Ricker, Ohio Sea Grant; S. Kim Webb, US Fish & Wildlife Service; Jodi L. Cassell, University of California Sea Grant Program Positive Applications of Some Alien Species Asian Freshwater Clams (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as Biological indicators of Contamination with Human Waterborne Pathogens...... 102 Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Johns Hopkins University; David Bruce Conn, Berry College; Ronald Payer, US Department of Agriculture; David Marcogliese and Yves de Lafontaine, Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre; Alexandre Da Silva and Norman J. Pieniazek, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Beneficial Cleanup of Radionuclide Residuals from Water Bodies: Removal of Radioactive 99 Technicium from the Water Column by the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) ...... 103 Robert E. Baier, Thomas P. Diggins, Jennifer Stevens, Ryan Fletcher and Robert Ackerhalt, State University of New York at Buffalo Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as Bioindicators of Organotins Contamination and Toxicological Effects...... 104 Yves de Lafontaine, Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Center; Lidia Regoli and Hing Man Chan, Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment; Igor Mikaelian, Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 27 Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Welcome and Introduction...... RADM Paul Pluta, Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety & Environmental Protection, US Coast Guard Canadian Regulatory Initiatives for Ballast Water M anagem ent...... 107 Bud Streeter, Transport Canada Marine Safety Ballast Water Management at the Global Level - An Update on IMO Activities...... 108 Adnan Awad, International Maritime Organization
Regulation of Ballast Water Discharges to Prevent Introduction of Aquatic Invasive Species: Checking the Map Before Continuing Down the Road...... 109 Lisa A. Brautigam, McElroy Law Firm Zebra Mussel Control Technologies A Study to Determine the Precision of Biobox Mussel Fouling Estimates by Comparison to Direct Pipe Inspections with Borescope Type Technology...... 112 A. Garry Smythe and Cameron L. Lange Beak Consultants Inc.; Rhonda Kratzer, Entergy Operations Inc.; Kent D. Zammit, Electric Power Research Institute
Winter Lake Drawdown as a Strategy for Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Control: Results of Pilot Studies in Minnesota and Pennsylvania...... 113 James L. Grazio, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; Gary R. Montz, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Potential of North American Molluscivors to Control Dreissenid Mussels...... 114 James P. Kirk, K. Jack Killgore, Larry Sanders US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station Effectiveness of Two New Anti-fouling Coatings Against Zebra Mussels...... 115 Wes de Lafontaine and Georges Costan, Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Center; Michel DeBlois, M.D. Technologies
Zebra Mussel Biology and Ecology Genetic Variability and Phylogeographic Patterns of a Nonindigenous Species Invasion: A Comparison of Exotic Versus Native Zebra and Quagga Mussel Populations...... 118 Carol A. Stepien, Clifford D. Taylor and Kora A. Dabrowska, Great Lakes Environmental Genetics Laboratory The Association Between Zebra Mussels and Aquatic Plants in the Shannon River System, Ireland...... 119 Frances Lucy and Monica Sullivan, Institute of Technology Sligo Metapopulation Dynamics, Larval Mortality, and Recruitment in the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): Potential for Control in Large River Systems...... 120 Dianna K. Padilla, State University of New York; Daniel W. Schneider, James A. Stoeckel and Richard E. Sparks, Illinois Natural History; Chris R. Rehmann, University of Illinois Transport and Trapping of Zebra Mussel Larvae in the Illinois and Hudson Rivers...... 121 Chris R. Rehmann, University of Illinois; Lisa M. Leach, Meredith L Carr and Patrick R. Jackson, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign; James A. Stoeckel and Daniel W. Schneider, Illinois Natural History Sun/ey; Dianna K. Padilla, State University of New York
Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management An Ecological Approach to Management of Invasive Aquatic Plants...... 124 R. Michael Smart, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Factors Influencing Propagule Production and Success in Submersed Aquatic Plants: An O verview...... 125 Dwilette G. McFarland, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Hydrellia pakistanae and H. balciunasi - Insect Biological Control Agents of Hydrilla: Boon or Bust????...... 126 Michael J. Grodowitz, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Partnering to Develop an Endemic Fungal Pathogen as a Bioherbicide for Management of Hydrilla verticillata-----127 Judy Shearer, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Mark A. Jackson, US Department of Agriculture
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer How Will New Regulations on Ballast Management Impact the Operation of a Worldwide Fleet of Ro-Ro and Car Carriers?...... 130 Knut R. Samuelsen, Wallenius Wilhemsen Lines The Potential for the Implementation of the IMO Antifouling Convention (Banning TBT-Based Marine Paints) to Promote the Introduction of Invasive Species...... 131 Michael A. Champ, Advanced Technology Research Project Corporation Addressing the Transport of Pathogens in Ships' Ballast Water: A Methodology...... 132 Gloria A. Casale, Fellow, American Teachers of Preventive Medicine; Hugh H. Welsh, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
A Vision of Progress for Ballast Water Management...... 133 Scott Smith, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife Ballast Water Management Policy Statement of the Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species...... 134 Philip B. Moy, Wisconsin Sea Grant; Katherine Glassner-Shwayder, Great Lakes Commission
Emerging Technologies for Invasive Species Control A Genetic Technology for the Potential Eradication of Round Gobies, Lampreys and Zebra Mussels from the Great Lakes...... Ronald E. Thresher, Peter Grewe, Jawahar Patil and Lyn Hinds, CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests
Biological Control of Zebra Mussels with Pseudomonas fluorescent An Overview...... 137 Daniel P. Molloy, Denis A. Mayer and Michael J. Gaylo, New York State Museum; Alexander Karatayev and Lyubov Burlakova, Steven F. Austin State University
Zebra Mussel Control with Pseudomonas fluorescens: A Small Scale Facility Test...... 138 Alexander Karatayev and Lyubov Burlakova, Steven F. Austin State University; Daniel P Molloy, Denis A. Mayer and Michael J. Gaylo, New York State Museum Evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Protect Unionids from Zebra Mussel Infestation...... 139 Lyubov Burlakova and Alexander Karatayev, Steven F. Austin State University; Daniel P. Molloy, Denis A. Mayer and Michael J. Gaylo, New York State Museum
Specific Amplification of the 18S rRNA Gene as a Method to Detect Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Larvae in Plankton Samples...... 140 Marc E. Frischer, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography; Joanna Murray, University of Maine; Andrew S. Hansen, University of Hawaii; Jane A. Wyllie, California Institute of Technology; John Wimbush and Sandra A. Nierzwicki-Bauer, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Zebra Mussel Biology and Ecology Changes in Western Basin, Lake Erie Dreissenid Populations: Where Have All the Mussels Gone?...... 142 Ann M. Stoeckmann and Joe Loveless, Penn State University - Worthington Scranton
The Ecological Impact of the Introduction of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) into Lough Erne, County Fermanagh, Ireland...... 143 Caitriona Maguire, Queen's University of Belfast
The Role of Food Quality on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Behavior and Seasonal Feeding: Comparisons of Saginaw Bay, Lake Erie, and Laboratory Cultures of Algae...... 144 Henry A. Vanderploeg, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NOAA
Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Biology and Evaluation of Cricotopus lebetis (Diptera:Chironomidae) as a Potential Biological Control Agent of the Aquatic Weed Hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) in Florida...... 146 James P. Cuda, Byron R. Coon and Yen M. Dao, University of Florida; Ted Center, US Department of Agriculture Selective Control of Invasive Submersed Plants...... 147 Kurt D. Getsinger, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Use of Plant Assay Techniques to Screen for Tolerance and to Improve Selection of Fluridone Use Rates...... 148 Michael D. Netherland and Steve Cockreham, SePRO Corporation; LeAnn Glomski, Purdue University The Potential for Managing Salvinia molesta with an Insect Biological Control A g e n t...... 149 Alfred F. Cofrancesco, Jr., US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Management of Giant Salvinia Using Herbicides...... 150 Linda S. Nelson, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Predicting Invasion Success: Deriving Standards for Ballast Water from Theoretical Models...... 152 John Drake and David M. Lodge, University of Notre Dame; Greg Dwyer and Kevin L.S. Drury, University of Chicago Overview and Taxonomic Assessment of Live Invertebrates in Residual Ballast Sediment of NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes...... Thomas W. Therriault, Hugh J, Maclsaac and Helene Limen, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory David F. Reid, NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Identification of Live Invertebrates on Residual Ballast Water of NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes...... 154 Colin D.A. van Overdijk, Sarah A. Bandoni and Hugh J. Maclsaac, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research Assessment of Invasion Risk Posed by Invertebrate Resting Eggs in Residual Ballast Sediments in NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes...... 155 Sarah A. Bandoni and Hugh J. Maclsaac, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research
Screening and Risk Assessment for New Invaders Quantitative Approaches for Modeling Biological Invasions: Bringing Rigor to Risk Assessment...... 158 Ladd E. Johnson, Laval University; Anthony Ricciardi, McGill University; James T. Carlton, Willliams College Predicting Future Fish Invaders in The Great Lakes - Methods and Application of Species Screening...... 159 Cynthia S. Kolar and David M. Lodge, University of Notre Dame An Assessment of the Invasive Potential of Cord Grass, Spartina anglica, in Australia...... 160 John Weiss, Linda laconis, Eligio Bruzzese, Keith Turnbull Research Institute; Paul Hedge, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment Responding to the Brown Tree Snake Threat to Continental United States...... 161 Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife Service Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Biotic Invaders of Euryale ferox Salisb. — A Valuable Aquaphyte Growing in the Wetlands of North Bihar, In d ia...... 164 Ram K. Mishra and Vidyanath iha, L.N. Mithila University Salvinia molesta: A National Control Effort...... 165 Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife Service The Purple Loosestrife Project at Michigan State University: Classroom and Field Results...... 166 Mike Klepinger, Michigan Sea Grant and Douglas A. Landis, Michigan State University Organizing an Effort to Fight Purple Loosestrife Invading the Denver, Colorado A rea...... 167 David Weber, Colorado Division of Wildlife
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Ozone, Seawater and Aquatic Nonindigenous Species: Testing a Full-Scale Ozone Ballast Water Treatment System on an American Oil Tanker...... 170 William J. Cooper, University of North Carolina at Wilmington A Shipboard Trial for Ballast Water Treatment Options (Voraxial Separator, UV Irradiation, Natural Product Biocide)...... 172 David A. Wright and Rodger Dawson, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; Richard Fredricks and Jeffrey G. Miner, Maritime Solutions Inc. Remotely-operated Vehicles for Monitoring and Treatment of Nonindigenous Fouling Species...... 173 Dana C. Lynn, Elizabeth G. Haslbeck, Eric Holm and Gerard S. Bohlander, Naval Surface Warfare Center Minimizing Exotic Species Introductions from Ballast Tank Biofilms...... 174 Robert E. Baier; Anne E. Meyer and Robert L Forsberg, State University of New York at Buffalo; Norbert Hulsmann, Erie University of Berlin; Bella Galil and Daniela Friedmann, National Institute of Oceanography (IOLR) A Natural Product Biocide for Ballast Water Treatment...... 175 David A. Wright and Rodger Dawson, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; Steven Cutler, Mercer University Monitoring the Effectiveness of Biocides...... 176 Rolf A. Deininger, JiYoung Lee and Arvil Anchetta, University of Michigan
New Marine and Freshwater Invaders Dikerogammarus villosus, a New Ponto-Caspian Amphipod in the Rhine River With High Im pact...... 178 Gerard van der Velde, University of Nijmegen Predatory Impact of a New Freshwater Invader, Dikerogammarus villosus...... 179 Jaimie T.A. Dick, Queen's University of Belfast; Dirk Platvoet, Zoological Museum Amsterdam The Rio Grande Cichlid (Cichlasona cyanoguttatum) an Invasive Species Established in Southeastern Louisiana----- 180 Gustavo Fuentes, Robert Cashner and Martin T. O'Connell, University of New Orleans Abundance and Distribution of the Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) Larvae in a Hydroelectric Power Plant in South Am erica...... 181 Gustavo Darrigran and M. Cristina Damborenea, Museo de La Plata; Pablo Penchaszadeh, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales - CONICET; N. Greco, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Recent Exotic Species Invasions into Central Canadian Lakes...... 182 Alex Salki and William Franzin, Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Kazmierz Patalas, Emeritus, Freshwater Institute
Screening and Risk Assessment for New Invaders Monitoring Importation of Live Bait Organisms: The First Step in Characterizing Invasion Risk...... 184 Mark H. Sherfy and Julie A. Thompson, US Fish & Wildlife Service Potential Dispersal of Aquatic Nuisance Species by Live Bait in the Great Lakes Region...... 185 Fred L Snyder, Ohio Sea Grant; Pat Charlebois, lllinois-lndiana Sea Grant; Jeffrey L Gunderson and Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Sea Grant; Mike Klepinger and Ronald E. Kinnunen, Michigan Sea Grant National Park Service Exotic Plant Management Teams - A Mobile Strike Force...... 186 Lisa Jameson and Linda R. Drees, National Park Service Nonindigenous Fish Species of Flanders, Belgium: Actual Status and Development of a Database for Information Management and Exchange...... 187 Hugo Verreycken and Dieter Anseeuw, Institute for Forestry and Game Management; Gerald Louette and Bart Hellemans, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Thierry Gaethofs, Royal Museum of Central Africa Invasion Hotspots of the Laurentian Great Lakes...... 188 Igor A. Grigorovich, Robert I. Colautti and Hugh J. Maclsaac, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Control of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora): A Comparison Between Various Mechanical and Chemical Control Methods for Efficacy, Cost and Aquatic Toxicity...... 190 Kim Patten, Washington State University - Long Beach; Charles Stenvall, US Fish & Wildlife Service Aerenchyma Development in Spartina alterniflora and S. Anglica and its Role in Oxygen Transport...... 191 Brian R. Maricle, Washington State University
The Introduction of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) into North America: Phenology and Prognosis for Spread...... Charles W. Boyien, Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Joseph M. Caffrey Central Fisheries Board The Continuing Spread of the Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Across the Eastern United States...... 193 Charles W. Boyien, Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Barbara Methe, University of Massachusetts Population Management of Triploid Grass C a r p ...... 194 James P Kirk and K. Jack Killgore, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28
Building Consensus for Regional Policy on Aquatic Invasive Species Prevention and Control The Importance of Regional Consensus...... 196 Cathleen I. Short, Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force
Great Lakes Action Plan: A Case Study on Building Consensus for Regional Policy on ANS Prevention and Control...... 197 Michael J. Donahue and Katherine Glassner-Shwayder, Great Lakes Commission Western Regional Panel...... 198 Scott Smith, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife The Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel: Where We Are, Where We Are G o in g ...... 199 Herman F Kumpf, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA; Wiliam D. Holland, Gulf of Mexico Program; Brent W. Ache, Battelle, Coastal Resources and Ecosystems Management Northeast Regional Panel...... 200 Susan Snow-Cotter, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Overview of Great Lakes Symposium on NISA Implementation...... 201 Katherine Glassner-Shwayder and Sarah Whitney, Great Lakes Commission
Aquatic Nuisance Species Task ForceMeeting...... 202 Index of Authors of Presentations and Posters...... 203 Acknowledgements...... 205 Monday, February 25 Tuesday, February 26
Plenary Session Morning Plenary Session
Aquatic Invasive Species Aquatic Invasive Species Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts in a Borderless World in a Borderless World on Industries Session Chair: Robert C. Cashner, Vice Session Chair: Joe M. King, Dean, College of Session Chair: Alfred M. Beeton, National Chancellor for Research, University Sciences, University of New Orleans Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of New Orleans 1:30 8:30 8:30 Overview of Nonindigenous Aquatic Introduction Welcome Species in the United States: Pathways, Speaker to be confirmed. Origin and Distribution Edwin A. Theriot, Conference Chair 8:50 Pam Fuller, US Geological Survey Introductory Remarks Shipping’s Response to the Various State Lt Gen. Robert B. Flowers, Commander 2:00 and Provincial Ballast Water Initiatives and Chief Engineer, US Army Corps Synergistic Impacts of Multiple Invasions: Georges H. Robichon, Senior Vice-president of Engineers (invited) Are Aquatic Ecosystems Experiencing and General Counsel, Fednav Limited “Invasional Meltdown”? 8:45 Anthony Ricciardi, McGill University 9:10 Invasive Species — A Global Concern Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species Bubbling to the Surface 2:30 on Electric Power Utilities Jeffrey A. McNeeley, Chief Scientist, IUCN, United States Infrastructure to Address KentZammit, Electric Power Research Switzerland Invasive Species Institute Lori C. Williams, Executive Director, 9:15 9:30 National Invasive Species Council and Biosecurity Legislation, Structure Cathleen I. Short, Co-Chair, Aquatic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species and Operation in New Zealand on Drinking Water Utilities Nuisance Species Task Force Geoffrey Hicks, Chief Technical Officer- John DeKam, Bay City Water Treatment Biosecurity, Science and Technical Centre, 3:00 Plant Break New Zealand 9:50 9:45 3:30 Break International Cooperation in Aquatic Scientists as Advocates for Aquatic Invasive Species Research, Information Invasive Species Policy 10:20 The Great Lakes Fishing Industry Exchange and Management in Europe Phyllis Windle, Union of Concerned and the Changing Ecosystem Vadim Panov, Group Leader, Group Scientists on Aquatic Alien Species (GAAS), Russia Robert Lange, Chairman, Council of Lake 4:00 Committees, Great Lakes Fishery 10:15 Silent Invaders: Strategies for Developing Commission Break and Implementing a Federal/State System for Addressing Biological Invaders Without 10:40 10:45 a Constituency in the United States and Invasive Species and Implications for Overview of Regional Invasive Species Elsewhere Fisheries Sustainability in the Gulf of Issues in Africa Randy G. Westbrooks, US Geological Survey Mexico Musonda Mumba, University College Ronald R. Lukens, Gulf States Marine 4:30 London, England Fisheries Commission “Many Hands Make Light Work” — 11:15 The Solution to Biological Pollution 11:00 Argentina’s Freshwater Systems: Aliens Scott Smith, Washington Department Recreational Activities: A Perspective in Wonderland of Fish and Wildlife on Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts Pablo H. Vigliano, Universidad Nacional Jay Sherwin, Ontario Federation 5:00 del Comahue, Argentina of Anglers and Hunters Poster Session 11:45 11:20 A North American Perspective on Aquatic 6:00 Aquaculture and the Aquatic Nuisance Invasive Species Reception Species Issue: A United States Perspective Hans Herrmann, Head, Conservation James McVey, National Sea Grant Office Biodiversity Program, Commission 11:40 for Environmental Cooperation How Codes of Conduct May Prevent 12:15- 1:30 the Next Introduction Luncheon N. Marshall Meyers, Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council 12:45 Luncheon Address 12:00 Congressman Norman Dicks, WA-D Luncheon (invited)
i Tuesday, February 26, Early Afternoon 1:10pm to 2:50pm
Concurrent Session A Concurrent Session B Concurrent Session C Concurrent Session D
Zebra Mussel Control Ecological Impacts Raising Awareness Biology and Ecology Technologies of Aquatic Invaders of Aquatic Invasive of New Marine Invaders Session Chair: Charles R. O'Neill, Session Chair: Sandra M. Species Session Chair: Jim Bunch, Jr., New York Sea Grant Keppner, US Fish & Wildlife Session Chair: Shawn Alam, Department of Fisheries and Oceans 1:10 Service US Fish & Wildlife Service Management and Costs of Zebra 1:10 1:10 1:10 Do Changes in Body Size Mussels at Ontario Power The Top 40 Ecological and Aquatic Nuisance Species Accompany Invasions of Generation: 10 Years Later Distributional Features of the Management Plans: Introduced Marine and Paul Wiancko, Ontario Power Most Widespread Invaders Benefit-Cost Analysis of the World's Estuaries Estuarine Species? Generation John F. Christmas, George Paul W. Fofonoff, Smithsonian Edwin D. Grosholz, University 1:30 Mason University Environmental Research Center of California Davis The Integrated Approach 1:30 1:30 to Controlling Zebra Mussels 1:30 Blocking Westward Spread Demography, Ecology and Kelly Peterson, Aquatic Sciences Impacts of Nonindigenous of Zebra Mussels Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts of the Chinese Mitten Inc. Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife on the Lake Erie Ecosystem Crab, A Recent Arrival to the 1:50 Service Madeline J. Austen, San Francisco Bay-Delta A Field Study to Determine the 1:50 Ecosystem Effect of a Pulse-power Electric Environment Canada Public Aquarium and Marine S. Kim Webb, US Fish & Wildlife Field on Planktonic Stage 1:50 Science Center Exhibits: Service Dreissenid Mussels Distribution, Fecundity, An Untapped Venue for Aquatic 1:50 A. Garry Smythe, Genetics and Invasion Routes of Invasive Species Education Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) Spatial and Temporal Beak Consultants Inc. Paul Heimowitz, Oregon Sea (Crustacea: Cladocera) - a New Distribution of the Chinese 2:10 Exotic Zooplankter in the Great Grant Mitten Crab in the Sacramento- Use of Ultraviolet Radiation for Lakes Basin 2:10 San Joaquin Delta Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Joseph C. Makarewicz, State Employing the 4-H Youth Tanya Veldhuizen, California Power Generation University of New York Network to Help Control Purple Department of Water Stanley B. Pickles, Bruce Power Loosestrife 2:10 Resources 2:30 Natalie Carroll, Purdue Reductions in Zooplankton 2:10 The Use of Continuous Ozone Biodiversity Following the University Early Life History Tactics of for Zebra Mussel Control at Invasion of Harp Lake, Ontario, 2:30 Veined Rapa Whelks (Rapana Ontario Power Generation Canada by the Spiny Waterflea, Aquatic Nuisance Species venosa) in Chesapeake Bay: David Ebsary, Ontario Power Bythotrephes Response in the Pacific Blueprint for a Successful Generation Norman Yan, York University Northwest Bioinvasion by Stealth 2:50 2:30 Stephen Phillips, Pacific States Juliana M. Harding, Virginia Break Ecosystem Impacts of Recent Marine Fisheries Commission Institute of Marine Sciences Invasions in the Southern Gulf 2:50 2:30 of St. Lawrence: Predictions Break Estimation of Dispersal and and Early Observations Establishment Range for the Andrea Locke, Department Predatory Marine Gastropod of Fisheries and Oceans Rapana venosa on the US East Coast 2:50 Roger Mann, College Break of William and Mary 2:50 Break
ll 3:20pm to 5:00pm Tuesday, February 26, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session A Concurrent Session B Concurrent Session C Concurrent Session D
Zebra Mussel Control Ecological Impacts Evaluating Effectiveness Positive Applications Technologies of Aquatic Invaders of Education and Outreach of Some Alien Species Session Chair: Robert Hester, Session Chair: Alfred F. Session Chair: Dorn Carlson, Session Chair: Russell G. Kreisjr, Ontario Power Generation Cofrancesco, Jr, US Army National Oceanic and US Environmental Protection 3:20 Engineer Research & Atmospheric Administration Agency Conclusions from Pressure Development Center 3:20 3:20 Pulse Technology 3:20 Angler Knowledge, Behavior Asian Freshwater Clams Demonstration Projects Within Buckle Your Seatbelts for More and Risk for Spreading Aquatic (Corbicula fluminea) the Lake Champlain Basin of Ruffe Takeoffs: Implications Nuisance Species Based on and Zebra Mussels New York State from the Rise of the Ruffe Surveys of Five Great Lakes (Dreissena polymorpha) Douglas R. Ferris, USFM/Zebra- Population in the St. Louis States as Biological Indicators of Tech River, Lake Superior Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Contamination with Human Waterborne Pathogens 3:40 Michael H. Hoff, US Geological Sea Grant Can Intermittent Chlorination Survey 3:40 Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Johns Really Control Mussel Fouling 3:40 Measuring Effectiveness of ANS Hopkins University in Industrial Cooling Water Potential Interactions Between Boater Awareness in Five 3:40 System s? Eurasian Ruffe and Round States Using a Model Survey Beneficial Cleanup of Sanjeevi Rajagopal, University Gobies in the Great Lakes: Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Radionuclide Residuals from of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Prey and Habitat Preferences Sea Grant Water Bodies: Removal of Radioactive 99 Technicium 4 :0 0 Candice R. Bauer, University 4 :0 0 from the Water Column by Use of Intermittent Ozone for of Notre Dame Results from Kansas the Zebra Mussel (D reissena Zebra Mussel Control in an 4 :0 0 Bettina Proctor, US Fish polymorpha) Industrial Setting Plant Responses to Herbivory & Wildlife Service Robert E. Baier, State University Taka Ogawa, Mitsubishi Affect Exotic Abundance: Links o f New York at Buffalo Electric Power Products, Inc. Between Aquatic and Terrestrial 4:20 System s Results from Vermont 4 :0 0 4:20 Michael W. Hauser, Vermont Zebra Mussels Small-pore, Self-cleaning Joseph K. Bailey, Northern Department of Environmental (Dreissena polymorpha) as Filter for Zebra Mussel Control Arizona University Conservation Bioindicators of Organotins on a Large Volume System 4 :2 0 4 :4 0 Contamination and TBD, Ontario Power Generation Demography and Reproduction Toxicological Effects of Maryland Nutria: Baseline Results from Ohio 4 :4 0 Yves deLafontaine, Electric-bubble Method Data Needs for Population Karen Ricker, Ohio Sea Grant Control Environment Canada, for Controlling Zebra Mussels 5:00 St Lawrence Centre at Water Intakes Mark H. Sherfy, US Fish Results from California Ralph E. Baddour, University & Wildlife Service 5. Kim Webb, US Fish & Wildlife of Western Ontario Service
III Wednesday, February 27, Early Morning 8:30am to 9:50am
Concurrent Session A Concurrent Session B Concurrent Session C Concurrent Session D
Ships as a Vector for Zebra Mussel Control Zebra Mussel Biology Aquatic Plant Assessment Invasive Species Transfer Technologies and Ecology and Management Session Chair: LCDR Mary Pat Session Chair: Richard F. Green, Session Chair: Henry A. Session Chair: John W. Barko, McKeown, US Coast Guard Niagara Mohawk Power Vanderploeg, Great Lakes US Army Engineer Research & 8:30 Corporation Environmental Research Development Center Welcome and Introduction 8:30 Laboratory, NOAA 8:30 RADM Paul Pluta, Assistant A Study to Determine the 8:30 An Ecological Approach to Commandant for Marine Precision of Biobox Mussel Genetic Variability and Management of Invasive Aquatic Plants Safety & Environmental Fouling Estimates by Phylogeographic Patterns of Comparison to Direct Pipe Protection, US Coast Guard a Nonindigenous Species R. Michael Smart, Inspections with Borescope Invasion: A Comparison of US Army Engineer Research 8:50 Type Technology Exotic Versus Native Zebra and & Development Center Canadian Regulatory Initiatives A. Garry Smythe, Quagga Mussel Populations for Ballast Water Management 8:50 Beak Consultants, Inc. Carol A. Stepien, Great Lakes Bud Streeter, Director General, Factors Influencing Propagule 8:50 Environmental Genetics Production and Success in Transport Canada Marine Winter Lake Drawdown as Laboratory Submersed Aquatic Plants: Safety a Strategy for Zebra Mussel 8:50 An Overview 9:10 (Dreissena polymorpha) The Association Between Zebra Dwilette G. McFarland, Ballast Water Management Control: Results of Pilot Studies Mussels and Aquatic Plants in US Army Engineer Research at the Global Level, an Update in Minnesota and Pennsylvania the Shannon River System, & Development Center on IMO A ctivities James L Grazio, Pennsylvania Ireland Adnan Awad, International 9:10 Department of Environmental Frances Lucy, Institute Hydrellia pakistanae and Maritime Organization, Africa Protection of Technology, Ireland H. balciunasi - Insect 9:30 9:10 9:10 Biological Control Agents of Regulation of Ballast Potential of North American Metapopulation Dynamics, Hydrilla: Boon or Bust??? Water Discharges to Prevent Molluscivors to Control Larval Mortality, and Michael J. Grodowitz, Introduction of Aquatic Invasive Dreissenid Mussels Recruitment in the Zebra US Army Engineer Research Species: Checking the Map James P. Kirk, US Army Engineer Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) : & Development Center Before Continuing Down Research & Development Center Potential for Control in Large the Road River Systems 9:30 9:30 Partnering to Develop an Lisa A. Brautigam, McElroy Law Dianna K. Padilla, State Effectiveness of Two New Firm PLLC Endemic Fungal Pathogen as a Anti-fouling Coatings Against University of New York Bioherbicide for Management 9:50 Zebra Mussels 9:30 of Hydrilla verticillata Break Yves deLafontaine, Transport and Trapping Zebra Judy Shearer, US Army Environment Canada, Mussel Larvae in the Illinois Engineer Research St. Lawrence Centre and Hudson Rivers & Development Center Chris Rehmann, University 9:50 9:50 of Illinois Break Break 9:50 Break
IV 10:20am to 12:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Morning
Concurrent Session A Concurrent Session B Concurrent Session C Concurrent Session D
Ships as a Vector for Emerging Technologies Zebra Mussel Biology Aquatic Plant Assessment Invasive Species Transfer for Aquatic Invasive and Ecology and Management Session Chair: Christopher Species Control Session Chair: Henk A. Jenner, Session Chair: John W. Barko, J. Wiley, Transport Canada Andrew C. Miller, US Army Kema Power Generation and US Army Engineer Research 10:20 Engineer Research & Sustainables & Development Center How Will New Regulations on Development Center 10:20 10:20 Ballast Management Impact the 10:20 Changes in Western Basin, Lake Biology and Evaluation Operation of a Worldwide Fleet Erie Dreissenid Populations: of Cricotopus lebetis of Ro-Ro and Car Carriers? A Genetic Technology for the Potential Eradication of Round Where Have All the Mussels (Diptera: Chironomidae) as Knut R. Samuelsen, Wallenius Gobies, Lampreys and Zebra Gone? a Potential Biological Control Wilhemsen Lines, Norway Mussels from the Great Lakes Ann M. Stoeckmann,Penn Agent of the Aquatic Weed 10:40 State University Worthington Hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata Ronald Thresher, CS1R0, (Hydrocharitaceae) The Potential for the Scranton Australia in Florida Implementation of the IMO 10:40 10:40 Antifouling Convention James P. Cuda, University Biological Control of Zebra The Ecological Impact of the (Banning TBT-Based Marine of Florida Mussels with Pseudomonas Introduction of the Zebra Paints) to Promote the fluorescens: An Overview Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha 10:40 Introduction of Invasive Species Pallas, Into Lough Erne, County Selective Control of Invasive Daniel P. Molloy, New York Michael A. Champ, Advanced Fermanagh, Ireland Submersed Plants State Museum Technology Research Project Caitriona Maguire, Queen's Kurt D. Getsinger, US Army 11:00 Corporation University of Belfast, Northern Engineer Research Zebra Mussel Control with & Development Center 11:00 Pseudomonas fluorescens: Ireland Addressing the Transport of A Small Scale Facility Test 11:00 11:00 Pathogens in Ships’ Ballast The Role of Food Quality on Use of iMant Assay Techniques Water: A Methodology Alexander Karatayev, Stephen Zebra Mussel (Dreissena to Screen for Tolerance and to F Austin University Hugh H. Welsh, Port Authority polymorpha) Behavior and Improve Selection of Fluridone of New York and New Jersey 11:20 Seasonal Feeding: Comparisons Use Rates Evaluation of Pseudomonas 11:20 of Saginaw Bay, Lake Erie and Michael D. Netherland, SePRO fluorescens to Protect Unionids A Vision of Progress for Ballast Laboratory Cultures of Algae from Zebra Mussel Infestation Corporation Water Management Henry A. Vanderploeg, Great 11:20 Lyubov Burlakova, Stephen F. Scott Smith, Washington Lakes Environmental Research The Potential for Managing Austin University Department of Fish and Laboratory, NOAA Salvinia molesta with an Insect Wildlife 11:40 12:00 Biological Control Agent Specific Amplification of the 11:40 Luncheon Alfred F. Cofrancesco, Jr, 18S rRNA Gene as a Method Ballast Water Management to Detect Zebra Mussel US Army Engineer Research Policy Statement of the Great (Dreissena polymorpha) & Development Center Lakes Panel on Aquatic Larvae in Plankton Samples 11:40 Nuisance Species Management of Giant Salvinia Marc E Frischer, Skidaway Philip B. Moy, Wisconsin Using Herbicides Institute of Oceanography Sea Grant Linda Nelson, US Army 12:00 12:00 Engineer Research Luncheon Luncheon & Development Center 12:45 12:00 Luncheon Address Luncheon Admiral James Loy, Commandant, US Coast Guard
v Wednesday, February 21, Early Afternoon 1:30pm to 2:50pm
Concurrent Session A Concurrent Session B Concurrent Session C
Ships as a Vector for Screening and Risk Aquatic Plant Assessment Invasive Species Transfer Assessment for New and Management Session Chair: LCDR Mary Pat Invaders Session Chair: John W. Barko, US McKeown, US Coast Guard Session Chair: Anthony Arm y Engineer Research & Development Center 1:30 Ricciardi, McGill University Predicting Invasion Success: 1:30 1:30 Biotic Invaders of Euryale ferox Deriving Standards for Ballast Quantitative Approaches for Salisb. - A Valuable Aquaphyte Water from Theoretical Models Modeling Biological Invasions: Growing in the Wetlands of John M. Drake, University Bringing Rigor to Risk of Notre Dame Assessment North Bihar, India Ram K. Mishra L.N. Mithila 1:50 Ladd E. Johnson, Laval University University, India Overview and Taxonomic 1:50 Assessment of Live Predicting Future Fish Invaders 1:50 Invertebrates in Residual in the Great Lakes - Methods Salvinia molesta: Ballast Water and Sediment and Application of Species A National Control Effort of NOBOB Vessels Entering Screening Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife the Great Lakes Cynthia 5. Kolar, University Service Thomas W. Therriault, of Notre Dam e 2:10 Great Lakes Institute fo r 2:10 The Purple Loosestrife Project Environmental Research An Assessment of the Invasive at Michigan State University: 2:10 Potential of Cordgrass, Spartina Classroom and Field Results Identification of Live anglica, in Australia Michael Klepinger, Michigan Invertebrates in Residual John Weiss, Keith Turnbull Sea Grant College Program Ballast Water of NOBOB Vessels Research Institute, Australia 2:30 Entering the Great Lakes Organizing an Effort to Fight Colin D.A. van Overdijk, 2:30 Responding to the Brown Tree Purple Loosestrife Invading Great Lakes Institute for Snake Threat to Continental the Denver, Colorado Area Environmental Research United States David Weber, Colorado Division 2:30 Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife of Wildlife Assessment of Invasion Risk Service 2:50 Posed by Invertebrate Resting Eggs in Residal Ballast 2:50 Break Sediments in NOBOB Vessels Break Entering the Great Lakes Sarah A. Bandoni, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research 2:50 Break
VI 3:20pm to 5:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session A Concurrent Session B Concurrent Session C Concurrent Session D
Ships as a Vector for New Marine and Screening and Risk Aquatic Plant Assessment Invasive Species Transfer Freshwater Invaders Assessment for New and Management Session Chair: Christopher Session Chair: David F. Reid, Invaders Session Chair: John W. Barko, J. Wiley, Transport Canada National Oceanic and Session Chair: Beth MacKay, US Arm y Engineer Research Atmospheric Administration 3:20 Ontario Federation of Anglers & Development Center Ozone, Seawater and Aquatic 3:20 and Flunters 3:20 Nonindigenous Species: Dikerogammarus villosus, 3:20 Control of Smooth Cordgrass Testing a Full-Scale Ozone a New Ponto-Caspian Amphipod Monitoring Importation of Live (Spartina alterniflora): Ballast Water Treatment with High Impact in the Rhine Bait Organisms: The First Step A Comparison Between Various System on an American Oil River Mechanical and Chemical Tanker in Characterizing Invasion Risk Gerard van der Velde, Control Methods for Efficacy, Julie A. Thompson, US Fish William J. Cooper, University of University of Nijmegen, Cost and Aquatic Toxicity & Wildlife Service North Carolina at Wilmington The Netherlands Kim Patten, Washington State 3:40 3:40 3:40 University - Long Beach A Shipboard Trial for Ballast Potential Dispersal of Aquatic Predatory Impact of a New Nuisance Species by Live Bait 3:40 Water Treatment Options Freshwater Invader, in the Great Lakes Region Aerenchyma Development (Voraxial Separator, UV Dikerogammarus villosus in Spartina alterniflora and Irradiation, Natural Product Fred L Snyder, Ohio Sea Grant Jaimie T.A. Dick, Queen's S. anglica and its Role in Biocide) University of Belfast, North 4:00 Oxygen Transport David A. Wright, University Ireland National Park Service Exotic Brian R. Mari cle, Washington of Maryland Plant Management Teams - State University 4:00 A Mobile Strike Force 4:00 The Rio Grande Cichlid 4:00 Lisa Jameson, National Park Remotely-operated Vehicles (Cichlasona cyanoguttatum) The Introduction of Giant for Monitoring and Treatment an Invasive Species Established Service, Center for Urban Hogweed (Heracleum of Nonindigenous Fouling in Southeastern Louisiana Ecology mantegazzianum) Into Species Martin T. O'Connell, University 4:20 North America: Phenology Dana C. Lynn, Naval Surface of New Orleans Nonindigenous Fish Species and Prognosis for Spread Warfare Center of Flanders, Belgium: Actual Charles W. Boylen, Darrin 4:20 Status and Development of 4:20 Abundance and Distribution Freshwater Institute Minimizing Exotic Species a Database for Information of the Golden Mussel Management and Exchange 4:20 Introductions from Ballast Tank (Limnoperna fortune/) Larvae The Continuing Spread of the Hugo Verreycken, Institute Biofilms in a Hydroelectric Power Plant Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Robert E. Baier, State in South America for Forestry and Game Across the Eastern United States Management, Belgium University of New York at Gustavo Darrigran, Charles W. Boylen, Darrin Buffalo Museo de la Plata, Argentina 4:40 Freshwater Institute Invasion Hot Spots of the 4:40 4:40 4:40 Laurentian Great Lakes A Natural Product Biocide for Recent Exotic Species Population Management Ballast Water Treatment Invasions into Central Igor A. Grigorovich, of Triploid Grass Carp Great Lakes Institute for David A. Wright, University Canadian Lakes James P. Kirk, US Army Environmental Research of Maryland Alex Salki, Department Engineer Research 5:00 of Fisheries and Oceans & Development Center Monitoring the Effectiveness of Biocides Rolf A. Deininger, University of Michigan
VII Thursday, February 28 and Friday, March 1
Plenary Session
Building Consensus for Regional ANS Task Force Meeting Policy on Aquatic Invasive Species Co-chairs: David Evans, NOAA and Cathleen Short, US Fish & Wildlife Service Prevention and Control Overview Session Chair: Sharon Cross, US Fish & Wildlife Service The national ANS Task Force is an intergovern mental organization of the United States that is 8:30 The Importance of Regional Consensus dedicated to preventing and controlling aquatic Cathleen Short, Co-Chair, ANS Task Force nuisance species, and implementing the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and 8:45 Control Act of 1990 (NANPCA, reauthorized as Great Lakes Action Plan: A Case Study on Building Consensus for Regional Policy NISA, 1996). The national ANS Task Force on ANS Prevention and Control oversees the various NANPCA/NISA mandates Michael Donahue, Great Lakes Commission and the activities of the US federal resource agencies dealing with preventing and controlling 9:05 aquatic nuisance species. The Task Force is co Western Regional Panel chaired by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and Scott Smith, Washington Department National Oceanic and Atmospheric of Fish and Wildlife Administration. 9:25 Through regional panels and issue specific The Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel: committees, the Task Force coordinates govern Where We Are, Where We Are Going mental efforts dealing with ANS in the United Herman F. Kumpf National Marine States with those of the private sector and other Fisheries Service, NOAA North American interests. Task Force member 9:45 ship consists of 7 federal agency representatives Northeast Regional Panel and 11 ex officio members. Susan Snow-Cotter, Massachusetts On February 28th and March 1st, the national Coastal Zone Management ANS Task Force will conduct its meeting imme 10:00 diately following the International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species. Break The ANS Task Force has coordinated with 10:15 conference organizers to hold a special session Overview of Great Lakes Symposium on the morning of Feb. 28th to provide an on NISA Implementation overview on building consensus for regional Katherine Classner-Shwayder, Great Lakes policy on aquatic invasive species prevention Commission and control. Each Regional Panel of the Task Force will offer its perspective on how it has 10:30 addressed the issue of developing consensus Regional Panel Priorities and NISA for regional ANS policy. Reauthorization Needs Facilitated panel discussion. On the afternoon of February 28th and the morning of March 1st, the Task Force 12:30 will meet to address several important issues Adjourn including: •the reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act (NISA); • the strategic planning process of the Task Force; • the Caulerpa taxifolia Prevention Plan;
• the Management Plan for the Chinese Mitten Crab; • state/interstate Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans; and • other efforts underway to address aquatic invasive species.
All conference participants are invited to attend the national ANS Task Force meeting.
VIII Monday, February 25
Plenary Session
Aquatic Invasive Species Aquatic Invasive Species in a Borderless World in a Borderless World Session Chair: Robert C. Cashner, Vice Session Chair: Joe M. King, Dean, College of Chancellor for Research, University Sciences, University of New Orleans of New Orleans 1:30 8:BO Overview of Nonindigenous Aquatic Welcome Species in the United States: Pathways, Edwin A. Theriot, Conference Chair Origin and Distribution Introductory Remarks Pam Fuller, US Geological Survey Lt. Gen. Robert B. Flowers, Commander 2:00 and Chief Engineer, US Army Corps Synergistic Impacts of Multiple Invasions: of Engineers (invited) Are Aquatic Ecosystems Experiencing “Invasional Meltdown”? 8:45 Anthony Ricciardi, McGill University Invasive Species — A Global Concern Bubbling to the Surface 2:30 Jeffrey A. McNeeley, Chief Scientist, IUCN, United States Infrastructure to Address Switzerland Invasive Species Lori C. Williams, Executive Director, 9:15 National Invasive Species Council and Biosecurity Legislation, Structure and Operation in New Zealand Cathleen I. Short, Co-Chair, Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force Geoffrey Hicks, Chief Technical Officer - Biosecurity, Science and Technical Centre, 3:00 New Zealand Break 9:45 3:30 International Cooperation in Aquatic Scientists as Advocates for Aquatic Invasive Species Research, Information Invasive Species Policy Exchange and Management in Europe Phyllis Windle, Union of Concerned Vadim Panov, Group Leader, Group Scientists on Aquatic Alien Species (GAAS), Russia 4:00 10:15 Silent Invaders: Strategies for Developing Break and Implementing a Federal/State System for Addressing Biological Invaders Without 10:45 a Constituency in the United States and Overview of Regional Invasive Species Elsewhere Issues in Africa Randy G. Westbrooks, US Geological Survey Musonda Mumba, University College London, England 4:30 “Many Hands Make Light Work” — 11:15 The Solution to Biological Pollution Argentina’s Freshwater Systems: Aliens Scott Smith, Washington Department in Wonderland of Fish and Wildlife Pablo H. Vigliano, Universidad Nacional 5:00 del Comahue, Argentina Poster Session 11:45 A North American Perspective on Aquatic 6:00 Invasive Species Reception Hans Herrmann, Head, Conservation Biodiversity Program, Commission for Environmental Cooperation
12:15- 1:30 Luncheon
12:45 Luncheon Address Congressman Norman Dicks, WA-D (invited)
1 Invasive Species: A Global Concern Bubbling to the Surface
Jeffrey A. McNeely, Chief Scientist IUCN — The World Conservation Union, rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel: 44-22-999-0284 Fax: 44-22-999-0025 Email: [email protected]
Scientists working in aquatic ecosystems have long been concerned about invasive species. They may have felt that they were swimming against the tide of global forces, but the issue of invasive alien species has become much more prominent in recent years and recently has surfaced as a leading global concern in the past few years. For example, last year's World Biodiversity Day (22 May) focused on the issue of invasive alien species, with workshops on the topic being held in many countries around the world. Worldwide, at least 45 international conventions and pro grammes are dealing with invasives, many of which are focussed specifically on marine invasions. While much of the attention has focused on terrestrial species, the aquatic side has also gained much greater attention, including plants such as Caulerpa, fish, invertebrates, and even disease organisms such as those causing cholera. This increasing public attention offers new opportunities for addressing the problem of aquatic invasive species including as part of the work of international agencies such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The link with WTO is especially important, because global trade has increased from $192 billion in 1965 to $6 trillion in 2000. Most of this is carried by sea, with 5 billion tons of cargo being shipped annually in 165 million large containers. This flood of material has overwhelmed customs and quarantine officers, who seem powerless to stop the flood of invasive species that accompanies this trade. Solutions will come from increased awareness of the problem, improved early-warning systems, and quick response teams set up to deal with invasives before they can become established.
NOTES Biosecurity Legislation, Structure and Operation in New Zealand
Geoffrey Hicks, Manager Science & Research and Chief Technical Officer - Biosecurity Department of Conservation, PO Box 10-420, Wellington New Zealand Tel: 64-47-71-3063 Fax: 64-47-71-3279 Email: [email protected],nz
In 1993 the New Zealand Government introduced the Biosecurity Act, which together with the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act (HSNO 1996) and the Resource Management Act (RMA 1991) constitute the policy and management framework for biosecurity in New Zealand. The legislative framework and institutional structure for biosecurity will be described, along with the roles and responsibilities of the various included agencies. Under an agency cooperative model, national policies such as emergency exotic organism incursion response protocols and unwanted organism declarations, are formulated and promulgated. Each biosecurity agency develops its own internal suite of operational policies and procedures.
The Department of Conservation (DOC) is the central government agency responsible for protecting indigenous species and areas of high conservation value, and to control introduced pests. To this end, its interests and responsi bilities straddle both terrestrial and aquatic environments and concern both new exotic organism incursions and the spread of already established pest and weed species. Since 1997/8 DOC has had policy responsibility for managing the risks posed to indigenous flora and fauna by new pests and unwanted organisms. It provides advice to the Minister for Biosecurity on policy issues, technical and scientific matters, and provides operational support in the event of new incursions by exotic organisms. Under the HSNO Act, DOC also has statutory responsibility to provide advice to the Environmental Risk Management Authority (ERMA) on risks posed to the public conservation estate by the intentional introduction of new organisms.
Two operational case studies will be profiled - the invasive marine seaweed Undaria pinnatifida which has colonised the pristine ecological communities of Big Glory Bay, Stewart Island, and the invasion of freshwater habitats in the South Island, by koi carp and the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. In the first example DOC is undertaking a localised eradication programme, in the second, a large scale surveillance exercise prior to determining best man agement action.
The New Zealand Government has recently endorsed the development of a comprehensive National Biosecurity Strategy, due for completion December 2002. The terms of reference and expectations of this important investiga tion will be outlined.
NOTES International Cooperation in Aquatic Invasive Species Research, Information Exchange and Management in Europe
Vadim E. Panov, Group Leader Group on Aquatic Alien Species Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, University Emb.l, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia Tel: 7-812-328-0311 Fax: 7-812-328-2941 Email: [email protected]
Stephan Gollasch Institut fur Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel 24105, Germany
Erkki Leppakoski Abo Akademi University, Domkyrkotorget 3, Akademigatan 1, FIN-20500 ABO (Turku), Finland
Sergej Olenin Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
During the last two decades rates of invasions of European inland and coastal waters by alien species increased significantly. Ballast water release is considered as the main vector of aquatic species introductions in Europe, but other human-mediated vectors like intentional introductions and accidental releases are also important. In many cases intro ductions of invasive species have caused significant losses in marine, estuarine and inland waters biodiversity and to the economy in Europe. The most harmful invasive alien species include: the North American ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (invaded the Black and Caspian seas causing a drastic decline in the anchovy fishery), the Ponto-Caspian clado- ceran Cercopagis pengoi (invaded the Baltic Sea clogging fishing gear and altering the biodiversity), the tropical seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia (invaded the Mediterranean Sea outcompeting native seagrass beds), the Far East fish Perccottus glenii (invaded inland waters of European Russia altering native fish biodiversity). A number of other invasive species arrived in Europe from other parts of the world. As an example, it is believed that about 100 aquatic invaders occur in the Baltic Sea.
Knowing that the introduction of species is a highly international subject, a study entitled "Testing Monitoring Systems for Risk Assessment of Harmful Introductions by Ships to European Waters" was funded by the European Union and involved six European countries: Finland, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, United Kingdom (England and Scotland) and Lithuania. One of the key objectives of this EU Concerted Action Project was to compare and harmonize various sampling methods of ballast water and to study their effectiveness for sampling. Other objectives included: state-of-the-art ballast water studies, case histories of selected introduced species, development of public awareness material, assessing European waters as potential donor areas and documentation of European studies on introduced species in the past (http://members.aol.com/sgollasch/sgollasch/index.htm). A preliminary risk assessment of alien species in Nordic coastal waters, conducted in 1997-1998 in the framework of the Nordic Council of Ministers' project "Risk Assessment for Marine Alien Species in the Nordic Area", provided a first international attempt to assess the envi ronmental risks related to alien invasions into the Nordic seas (http://www.zin.ru/projects/invasions/gaas/risk.htm). Assessing potential treatment options for ballast water will be the main goal for a newly-started project entitled "Onboard treatment of ballast water (technologies development and applications)", funded by the European Union (2001-2002) and involving partners from eight European countries. Further, monitoring of invasive species, studies of their biology and ecosystem impacts in European inland and coastal waters are the goals of other ongoing national and international projects.
Development of the Internet-based information resources on aquatic invasive species is considered one of the most important mechanisms for information exchange within the European scientific community and worldwide. At present the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea (CIESM) Atlas of Exotic Species
4 Working Group on Non-indigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms
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5 Overview of Regional Invasive Species Issues in Africa
Musonda Mumba University College London, Geography Department, Wetlands Unit 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H OAP England Tel: 44-207-679-4287 Fax: 44-207-679-4293 Email: [email protected]
At the 7th Conference of the Parties of the Ramsar Convention (Costa Rica, May 1999), the growing problem of invasive alien species to wetlands was one of the main discussion topics. From the discussion it was evident that intro duced plants and animals have become major problems, to the extent that some are threatening to inhibit wetland functions and some have already caused species extinction. Most notorious are the floating waterweeds that infest lakes, rivers, swamps and floodplains, and fish and molluscs introduced from other parts of the world.
Africa, as a continent endowed with water resources, is no stranger to this problem of invasive alien species. These species have not only affected freshwater ecosystems but also terrestrial and marine — an indication that the problem is certainly widespread and serious.
This presentation will provide an overview of the extent of invasion and impacts on freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity in Africa, and will look at the economic, environmental and social impacts of invading species. Examples will include an evaluation of the damage caused by invasive alien species and the cost of controlling these species. Case studies have been drawn from a number of countries, indicating the extent to which these problems have affected several ecosystems within national boundaries, as well as transboundary areas. The role of governments and other stakeholders in turning around a growing threat will also be given.
NOTES Argentina's Freshwater Systems: Aliens in Wonderland
Pablo H. Vigliano Grupo de Evaluación y Manejo de Recursos Icticos Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, (8400) Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina Tel: 54-2944-42850 Fax: 54-2944-422111 Email: [email protected]
In southern South America, Argentina extends from approximately 21° Lat. S. down to 55° Lat. S„ covering an estimated surface area of 2.7 million square kilometers. The diversity of climate and geographical features, with con tinental basins draining both the Atlantic and the Pacific, provides all types of environments for aquatic organisms. In terms of biota, knowledge about most of the drainage basins is scarce and fragmentary. The lack of systematic studies is due to the lack of sustained policies for aquatic resources, and to a chronically ailing economy.
Within the context on this presentation, aquatic invasive alien species arrive through deliberate introductions, supposedly for good commercial applications, or by accident. Existing legislation, while contemplating restrictions to introductions, are not enforced. Impact studies are lacking, and monitoring of native and invasive species alike are at best fragmentary, or altogether non-existent. This generates a situation where aquatic invasive species are detected by chance, but their spread and status is rarely monitored.
In addition there is no information with regards to aquatic plant invaders; mollusk and fish species are the best known aquatic invaders.
To-date three gastropod and three bivalve species have been reported introduced in freshwater habitats, and one bivalve species in estuarian waters. Of these only Corbicula fluminea and Limnoperna fortunei are considered invasive. Prior to their introduction macrofouling was an unknown phenomena throughout South America. C. fluminea has been reported as causing macrofouling problems in Brazil. This is not the case for Argentina, where L. fortunei, introduced in 1991, is the center of attention. This is brought about due to its rapid spread, high invasiveness and to macrofouling problems in terms of clogging water intake and outlet pipes of industries and electric power plants. This species has spread into the Río de La Plata, Uruguay, Parana and Paraguay rivers, which belong to the Río de La Plata drainage basin. As with the zebra mussel in the northern hemisphere, there is not a single control method for L. fortunei. Controls must be tailor-made according to the particular environment that the species colonizes; whether natural or man made. To date there are no official policies at any government level regarding its control.
The case of fish is more complex. A total of 15 species belonging to five orders (three Cypriniformes, four Cyprinodontiformes, six Salmoniformes, one Acipenseriformes and one Perciformes) have been introduced in Argentina for different purposes, such as aquaculture, biological control of water plants, and sport fishing. Studies per taining to their effect upon local fish assemblages and other biotic components are lacking, and negative effects are commonly cited based on mere speculation. The salmonids case is perhaps the best known. Introduced for the first time in 1904 for sport fishing, six species adapted and spread giving rise to world-class sport fisheries, which are locally and regionally economically important. However management of the resource is only in its beginning stages, and some agencies still encourage their spread even though the impact on native biota is unknown.
In summary there are no distinct policies regarding alien invasive species arriving to Argentina, legislation is either non-existant or not enforced, and aquatic environments and their biota are little known, studied and/or monitored. All efforts in this regard are fragmentary and, due to the socioeconomic situation, mostly short-lived. Argentina is therefore a "wonderland" for a settling alien species, where anything is possible.
7 A North American Perspective on Aquatic Invasive Species
Hans Herrmann, Head, Conservation Biodiversity Program Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 393 rue St-Jacques Ouest, Bureau 200, Montréal, QC H2Y 1N9, Canada Tel: 514-350-4300 Fax: 514-350-4314 Email: [email protected]
No country is self-sustaining. We all depend on goods and services from afar. While the globalization of trade, travel, and transport has certainly brought social and economic benefits to many, it has also brought new challenges. Invasive species are one of these challenges. The prevention and control of invasive species presents scientific, political, and ethical challenges. The process of invasion is often complex, resulting in considerable scientific uncertainty. Invasive species are in part a symptom of land use and climate change, as well a result of increasing trade, travel, and transport. Implementing effective pre vention and control measures will be costly and require new approaches, as well as significant advances in ecological knowledge and natural resource management.
The three countries of North America all consider invasive species a substantial concern. However, they are at different stages in their efforts to address the problem, apply relevant laws differently, and do not have the same technical capacities or level of financial resources. A trilateral approach to the prevention and control of invasive species could enable all three countries to make the issue a significant priority, develop mutually supportive legal and policy frameworks, share information and technical capacity, and use limited resources efficiently. Through trilateral cooperation, the region could address current problems and develop strategies to prevent new ones in a more timely manner. Because invasive species can spread quickly, the ability to respond rapidly to new invasions is often the key to successful eradication and cost minimization. The Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) was established to steward the implementation of the side accord to the North American Free Trade Agreement - the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. The role of the CEC is to foster cooperation among the three NAFTA partners in responding to the chal lenges and seizing the opportunities that the continent-wide open market presents to the job of protecting the North American environment. As a trinational organization that deals with both the public and private sectors, the CEC is well poised to facilitate the development and implementation of a regional approach to addressing the invasive species problem.
NOTES Overview of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in the United States: Pathways, Origin, and Distribution
Pam Fuller US Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA Tel: 352-378-8181 Ext. 312 Fax: 352-378-4956 Email: [email protected]
Since the early 1870s when the first major movement of fishes took place from the east coast to the west coast, the number of introduced fishes in the US has continued to grow. In fact, as of the turn of the 21 st century, the United States has played host to more introduced fish species than any other country in the world (Welcomme 1988). In addition to fishes, the US is acquiring a vast array of aquatic fauna from all corners of the globe. These intro duced species include a jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific (Phyllorhiza punctata), the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), the green mussel (Perna viridis) from Asia, nutria (Myocaster coypus) and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from South America, frogs from the Caribbean (Eleutherodactylus spp.), the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes cederstroemi) and the fish hook water flea (Cercopagis pengoi) from the Ponto-Caspian region of Russia, Chinese mitten crab {Eriochir sinensis), and a crocodilian from South America (Caiman crocodilius). Origins The origins of different non-native taxonomic groups vary. For example, most of the introduced fishes in the US are native species transplanted outside of their native range. By contrast, most of the introduced reptiles hail from South America and Asia. These patterns also vary by geography; with some states having high proportions of foreign introductions and others being dominated by native transplants. Pathways Just as origins differ by taxonomic group and geography, so does the strength of various pathways. While some states are heavily influenced by stocking of non-native species — others are more influenced by aquaculture escapes, bait releases, canal connections, or pet releases. Introductions of food species appear to be a growing segment of aquatic introductions. These can include species raised in aquaculture facilities that escape, and animals released by immigrants seeking to establish new pop ulations in this country. Recent introductions in this category include shrimps (Paeneus monodon, Littopaneus vannamel), Japanese shore crab (Geothelphusa dehanni), snakeheads (Channa spp.), and possibly Asian swamp eels (Monopterus alba).
Spatial patterns The US will be discussed by regions and examples of introduced aquatic organisms, methods of introduction, and status of populations will be given.
NOTES
9 Synergistic Impacts of Multiple Invasions: Are Aquatic Ecosystems Experiencing "Invasional Meltdown"?
Anthony Ricciardi McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada Tel: 514-398-4086 Ext. 4089 Fax: 514-398-3185 Email: [email protected]
Contrary to the hypothesis that ecosystems become more resistant to invasion as they accumulate species, the apparent rate of invasion in many lakes and estuaries has risen exponentially over the past century. This trend has been attributed to increasing inoculation pressure and search effort. However, another contributing cause may be facilita tion among introduced species. A review of invasions in the Great Lakes indicates that direct positive interactions (mutualism and commensalism) among introduced species are more common than purely negative interactions (com petition and amensalism). There is also an increasing number of cases of facilitative exploitation (in which an introduced species aids the establishment of a co-evolved predator or parasite) and indirect commensalism (such as when one invader suppresses the predators or competitors of another invader). Facilitative interactions may not only promote the establishment and persistence of introduced species, but also produce unanticipated synergisms—in which the joint impact of two or more interacting species is greater than the sum of the impacts of species acting separately. Examples of this phenomenon are found in a broad range of aquatic ecosystems including the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, the Baltic Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. These observations support the Simberloff-Von Holle "invasional meltdown" model, which predicts that frequent species introductions will generate a positive feedback cycle of invasion—an accelerating accumulation of invaders and their synergistic impacts. The model implies that ecosystems subjected to sustained inoculation pressure will become increasingly unstable and difficult to manage; therefore, vector controls that achieve even a partial reduction of inoculation pressure could yield major benefits.
NOTES
10 United States Infrastructure to Address Invasive Species
Lori Williams, Executive Director National Invasive Species Council, 1951 Constitution Ave. NW, Suite 320, South Building, Washington, DC 20240 USA Tel: 202-208-6336 Fax: 202-208-1526 Email: [email protected]
Cathleen I. Short, Assistant Director Fisheries and Habitat Conservation, US Fish & Wildlife Service, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240 USA Tel: 202-208-6394 Fax: 202-208-4674 Email: [email protected]
The introduction and spread of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species is an emerging global problem. As economic and ecological impacts continue to grow, federal, state and provincial governments are establishing policies and infrastructure to combat the increasing rate of invasions and their accompanying impacts. The United States Congress enacted the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 to respond to the presence of zebra mussels and other nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species in US waters. The Act established an Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force to coordinate national, interagency activities intended to limit introductions and respond to subsequent economic and environmental impacts. In 1996, the Act was reauthorized and amended as the National Invasive Species Act. The focus expanded at that time to include emphasis in areas outside of the Great Lakes, required development of voluntary national ballast water management guidelines, expanded the regional panels, and other activities. Over the past 10 years, the ANS Task Force activities have included: development and implementation of publicly reviewed control programs for Eurasian ruffe and the brown tree snake; ongoing development of control programs for the Chinese mitten crab and the green crab; coordination in the development of State/lnterstate Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans; coordination with the Coast Guard in the development of its Ballast Water Management Plan; a review of intentional introductions of aquatic nuisance species; development of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Program and coordination of actions implemented by individual agencies; and coordination in the development of regional panels. Executive Order 13112 on Invasive Species was signed in response to a letter from over 500 scientists and land managers who wrote to the President expressing their concern about the lack of an overall coordinated federal response to the accelerating problems caused by terrestrial and aquatic invasive species. The Order established a high-level federal Council, a citizens advisory committee and called for the drafting of a federal action plan to address invasive species issues. This Plan was finalized in January 2001 and calls for a series of coordinated actions in the areas of leadership and coordination, prevention, early detection and rapid response, international coop eration, research, information management and education and outreach. International cooperation and coordination is especially important in the areas of information management, prevention and research. By providing a general blueprint, the Plan should assist in prioritizing and focusing federal efforts to deal with invasive species impacts. This talk will provide a brief overview of the efforts that have been undertaken within the US government to address invasive species issues on a holistic level through the implementation of the Invasive Species Management Plan. The discussion will also highlight the benefit of increased coordination among federal agencies to address invasive species issues as a result of the Executive Order. The talk will also outline the activities of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force to specifically address prevention and control of aquatic invasive species.
NOTES
il Scientists As Advocates for Invasive Species Policy
Phyllis N. Windle Union of Concerned Scientists, 1707 H Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20006 USA Tel: 202-223-6133 Fax: 202-223-6162 Email: [email protected]
Ever since Charles Elton published "The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants" in 1958, scientists have been the most vocal and influential messengers regarding the risks of invasive species. Recent advances in public policy are largely attributable to scientists' involvement. For example, federal officials acknowledge that the letter to Vice President Gore from more than 500 scientists, agricultural officials, and resource managers led to President Clinton's 1999 Executive Order. Another sign-on letter, in 1998, spelled out the dangers of Caulerpa taxifolia to US waters and ensured that the alga was quickly added to the list of weeds barred from import.
In these efforts, experts on aquatic invaders join a long line of scientists who have stepped into advocacy roles. My employer, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), was founded by physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to press for arms control. Environmental scientists started The Nature Conservancy and Environmental Defense. An increasingly savvy (and expensive) science lobby monitors threats to university research funding and delivers major budget increases every year for the National Institutes of Health.
These groups influence policymakers using a number of tools: giving awards or wining and dining their allies; recruiting celebrities to pack events; building coalitions to stretch their influence; testifying in state legislatures and on Capitol Hill; briefing officials at all levels; and when all else fails — filing lawsuits. Working with the media is another key method. Writing letters-to-the-editor and op-ed pieces; issuing press releases as new issues emerge; and speaking with reporters all guarantee a wider audience for any issue.
Experts on invasives species have used many of these techniques effectively. For example, the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force is one type of coalition, as is the new Environmental Working Group on Invasive Species. Letters to the President from Republican Senators and Representatives were part of our strategy at UCS to demonstrate Republican support for a National Invasive Species Council created by Democrats.
However, new invaders cross our borders daily while we play catch-up with those that entered a hundred years ago. From this standpoint, our efforts to improve policy are still too little and too late. We need better vector man agement. We need tougher screening for intentional imports. And we need new tools to shape the economics of global commerce.
We can expect a great deal of our federal officials as we attempt to fill these needs. But they cannot be lobbyists. Likewise, we should expect far more from the environmental community. But it will never be perceived as impartial. Thus the participation of experts such as yourselves is absolutely crucial. No one can speak as effectively for our aquatic ecosystems and our native species. I urge you to adopt more of the tools of successful advocates and to use them more often. I invite you to join us in bringing your expertise to the people with the power to change policy. And I ask you to begin this week.
NOTES
12 Silent Invaders: Strategies for Developing and Implementing a Federal/State System for Addressing Biological Invaders Without a Constituency in the United States and Elsewhere
Randy G. Westbrooks US Geological Survey, 233 Border Belt Drive, Whiteville, NC 28472 USA Tel: 910-648-6762 Fax: 910-648-6763 Email: [email protected]
Introduction In 1974, the passage of the Federal Noxious Weed Act (FNWA) [now superceded by the Plant Protection Act of 2000 (PPA)] was heralded as a triumph in the US war on weeds. Over the past 25 years, the law has provided effective authority to prohibit the introduction of listed taxa. In theory, the FNWA/PPA, should also provide clear authority for preventing the establishment and spread of listed taxa. However, in reality, funding proposals for noxious weeds and other environmental pests often lose out in competition with agricultural crop pests. Such was the case during 1999 when a federal funding proposal for the listed aquatic weed giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell) was tabled in favor of more pressing crop protection programs. The reason that the crop protection system falls short in protecting the biological resources of the United States is that funding proposals for environmental invaders such as giant salvinia usually lack one or more of the key components of successful crop protection programs like foot and mouth disease or Mediterranean fruitfly (Ceratitis capitatis). These include, 1) Federal/State Regulatory Authority for Exclusion/Eradication; 2) Congressional/State Funding; 3) Lead Agency Interest and Commitment; and 4) Support of Affected/Regulated Industries. Unlike public welfare statutes such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act that provide largely independent regulatory authority for preventing chemical pollution, crop protection statutes such as the Plant Protection Act were designed to protect agricultural indus tries from high profile foreign pests and are typically carried out (in cooperation with) (for the good of) affected industries. Since there is no organized constituency to insist that invasive plants and other new natural areas invaders be addressed like any other crop pest, they have been and will continue to be largely ignored under the current federal/state crop protection system. By the time that giant salvinia becomes a devastating crop pest (choking irrigation ditches, clogging irrigation pipes, burning out irrigation pumps) and thus triggers a traditional crop protection response, the cost (both economically and environmentally) will be astronomical. In the mean time, the plant will continue to spread throughout the southern tier of states. In such cases where the potential impacts can be demonstrated, protecting the environment (e.g., waterfowl habitat) and the public good (potential impacts on human health) must take precedence over short term economic benefits that might be gained from the commercial sale of such invasive species. Biological Protection: A Public Welfare Issue that Needs to be Addressed In order to effectively address new environmental invaders that have no obvious political constituency, we need to develop a science based Biological Protection System for preventing the establishment and spread of invasive species in natural areas of the United States. As envisioned, the primary components of the proposed Biological Protection System would include: 1) National Coordination: A lead agency or commission to coordinate an interagency response to a new invader 2) Federal / State Funding A National Trust Fund for Invasive Species (similar to the EPA Super Fund) State, local, and private funding when necessary 3) Lead Agency Interest and Commitment A focus on biological protection issues Appropriate expertise and administrative support 4) National Early Warning and Rapid Response System for New Invasive Species National Early Detection Network Local, State, and Regional Interagency Partnerships to provide rapid assessment and rapid response to new invaders. 13 Primary Responsibility for the Proposed Biological Protection System Two options for setting up the proposed system are to make it the responsibility of a single lead agency, or to set it up as an independent Commission under the National Invasive Species Council. In either case, it would be the job of the agency or the commission to select local projects (much like the EPA selects Super Fund Sites) and to work with appropriate state and local officials to implement them. The primary work of the lead agency or commission would be to coordinate on the ground activities by local, state, and regional partner groups. A National Trust Fund for Invasive Species. One Possible Funding Mechanism for the Proposed Biological Protection System The most logical mechanism for funding BPS projects is to set up a National Trust Fund for Invasive Species that is similar to the EPA Super Fund. Under this funding approach, and depending on the site in question, the lead agency, under the direction of a Board of Directors, would provide funding for project implementation at the local level by appropriate local, state, and/or federal officials.
Summary New invasive species that pose a threat to the biological resources of the United States lack an organized con stituency and are generally ignored until eradication becomes too expensive or impractical. Giant salvinia, a recent arrival from Brazil, which occurs at over 30 sites in 10 states, is a prime example. In order to protect the biological resources of the United States from foreign invasive species, a Biological Protection System is proposed. Such a system would provide a coordinated interagency framework for addressing all types of new invasive species at the local, state, regional, and national level.
NOTES "Many Hands Make Light Work" - The Solution to Biological Pollution Scott Smith Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, WA 98501 USA Tel: 360-902-2724 Fax: 360-902-2158 Email: [email protected]
Aquatic invasive species do not respect political boundaries. Our global society is increasingly mobile. People and goods are being moved all over the globe faster and more frequently than ever before. New introductions are occurring more frequently and will continue to do so without the implementation of more effective management practices. The source of new introductions can be classified into two general categories: intentional and unintentional. Both need to be addressed proactively rather than reactively. No one group has the resources to adequately address this problem. We must coordinate our efforts on a state, regional, national and international level, if we are to achieve meaningful solutions. The reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act is a great opportunity to build capacity, clarify roles, and implement new programs that can improve our success through a coordinated effort.
NOTES
Poster Session Abstracts Water Filtration Plant Avoidance Using the Surface Water Protection System
Raym ond A. Bauer Eco Boom, Inc., 10 Center Drive, Stonington, CT 06378-2627 USA Tel: 860-460-7754 Fax: 516-869-0408 Email: [email protected]
The Surface Water Protection System1 (SWPS) boom provides a means for reservoirs and reservoir systems to meet the Surface Water Treatment Rule2 (SWTR) and the Criteria for Filtration Avoidance and thereby avoid the huge expense of constructing filtration plants.
The boom is effective in capturing and eliminating organic and inorganic compounds entering a reservoir or other body of water with storm water discharge from various sources. The SWPS includes a full water column filter curtain, supported by a floating boom, anchored to the contour of the waterbed floor. It greatly reduces coliform and turbidity in the body of water it is designed to protect. The boom surrounds a storm water discharge point. During a wet weather flow, all water entering the water body at the discharge point must pass through the filter curtain.
A SWPS boom is similar to a boom2 installed by Eco Boom, Inc. in a reservoir in December 1998, which has enabled the water authority to meet the SWTR for the years 1999 and 2000. This boom was installed to create an enclosure about two-three by five feet (storm drains). Almost immediately after installation it was subjected to a rain event of 12 inches in a 24-hour period. The boom handled the contamination carried by this storm water discharge admirably. The coliform and turbidity in the reservoir were reduced to acceptable levels immediately after this twelve- inch rain event. The turbidity in the reservoir at the intake was .03 NTU, while the turbidity within the sediment basin was estimated to be greater than 20.0 NTU.
Prior to this reservoir boom installation, a boom4 had been installed to filter storm water run-off emptying into a body of salt water. Tests for coliform and turbidity were taken periodically after rain events at outgoing tides. This experimental installation showed that contaminated storm water run-off could be effectively filtered to substantially reduce coliform and turbidity in a body of water to be protected.
At the reservoir installation, the boom defined a sedimentation basin, which receives storm water discharges carrying particulate matter from the two discharge drains. It is sized to handle the flow from a 25-year storm. The pre viously mentioned 12-inch rain event was probably greater than a 50-year storm.
After this and subsequent rain events, it was observed that the water inside the boom was turbid and opaque, while the reservoir water outside of the boom was crystal clear. Several days later the water inside the boom was also crystal clear.
The most logical explanation for these observed phenomena is that the microorganisms carried into the defined sedimentation basin on organic particles multiply and biodegrade the organic particles, which are blocked by the filter curtain. The microorganisms consume and biodegrade the organic material trapped by the filter curtain and ulti mately perish as the organic matter is consumed. This does not occur naturally in large bodies of water due to the lack of microbial density.5
When there is no discharge into the sedimentation basin, the water is calm except for possible wind induced wave motion. Following a rain event, colloids will be in suspension. It is theorized these minute particles will have Brownian motion due to thermal variations. The colloids will collide and coagulate with increase in mass, and aggregate. The resultant aggregations fall out of the water column and become sediment. It Is believed that the aggregates flocculate. Sediment will not pass through the boom.
Inspection of the filter curtains after rain events indicates that the filter curtain is self-cleaning. This is consistent with the conclusion that organic matter carried by storm water discharge is biodegraded in the sedimentation basin by an
18 increase in concentration of microorganisms due to increase in organic matter. The theory of flocculation stated imme diately above is also consistent with the clarity of the water in the sedimentation basin a few days following a rain event.
The SWPS has wide applications for use in water bodies to avoid the construction of filtration plants or the upgrading of existing filtration facilities. The boom at the test reservoir has been in place for over two years and is still performing satisfactorily. Based on the experience with the prior installation mentioned above, it is expected to have a useful life of at least three years.
The SWPS is an alternative to filtration plants, which can save many millions of dollars. The installation at the test reservoir has resulted in the reservoir authority avoiding an estimated expenditure of $25 million for the construction of a filtration plant. The estimated cost of replacement of the existing boom is less than $150 000.00.
The SWPS has potential applications in other fresh water bodies adaptable for use as drinking water. It is still an experimental technology and it poses some questions yet to be answered, such as:
1) What is the threshold of microbial density in a given body of water that must be reached for biodegradation of organic material to occur?
2) Would the boom be helpful if placed across the intakes to water withdrawal points for drinking water to control zebra mussels? The filter curtain will prevent the passage of particles substantially above 20 microns. Most zebra mussels are above 20 microns.
3) Where can the boom be used in third world countries where pollution of drinking water is ever present?
These and other questions can be answered only by the installations of the SWPS for specific purposes and further testing of the results obtained.
The SWPS is a new and still experimental technology. However, it appears to have the potential to reshape the existing treatment of water for drinking purposes and in many cases avoid the necessity for chemical treatment of water, primarily chlorine, as now occurs at filtration plants, for domestic usage.
Chlorination by-products in water were first discovered in 1974, and epidemiologic assessment of cancer risk started shortly thereafter. The by-product mixture results from Interaction of chlorine with naturally occurring humic and fulvic acids from decomposed plant matter, and other organic chemicals. Formation occurs in the treatment plant and usually continues in the distribution system. There is evidence that these by-products may be carcinogenic and increase the risk of miscarriage.
Dr. Will King of Queen's University, Kingston; Ontario has been reported as stating "The key to minimizing the risk to public health is to control the production of the chlorinated products in the first place. One of the best ways Is to minimize the amount of organic material in water through filtration - thereby giving chlorine less opportunity to create nasty byproducts". It thus appears that a SWPS may be quite useful as a pre-filtration system in reducing the coliform and turbidity before a filtration plant, assuming that a conventional filtration plant is mandated.
1 Patent pending
2 Simply stated, the SWTR requires 1) fecal and total coliform shall not exceed 20 colonies per 100 ml, 2) turbidity shall not exceed 5.0 NTU and 3) the SWTR is violated if 1) and 2) are not met 90% of the time in any six month period. 3 Boom purchased from Gunderboom, Inc., which aided in installation. 4 Boom purchased from Gunderboom, Inc.
5 See McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th Edition
19 Establishment of the Green Mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus 1758), (Mollusca: Mytilidae) on the West Coast of Florida
Amy 1. Benson and James D. Williams US Geological Survey, Florida Caribbean Science Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA Tel: 352-378-8181 Ext. 306 Fax: 352-378-4956 Email: [email protected]
Dan C. Marelli Academic Diving Program, Florida State University, 036 Montgomery, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2310 USA
Marc E. Frischer and Jean M. Danforth Skidway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 USA
In 1999, the green mussel, Perna viridis, was first observed in Tampa Bay, Florida. This is the first reported occur rence of this Indo-Pacific marine bivalve in North America. The mussels found in Tampa Bay were confirmed to be P. viridis based on both morphological and genetic characteristics. Since the initial discovery, surveys in Tampa Bay and on the west coast of Florida have documented the growth, recruitment, and range expansion of P. viridis. From November 1999 to July 2000, the mean shell length of a Tampa Bay population increased from 49.02 mm to 94.07 mm, an increase of 97%. Populations of P. viridis are successfully reproducing in Tampa Bay. Recruitment was observed on sampling plates in May and continued through July 2000. The full extent of mussel colonization is not clear, but mussels were found outside Tampa Bay in St. Petersburg south to Venice, Florida. Based on these studies it is evident that P. viridis has successfully Invaded Tampa Bay and the west coast of Florida. The long-term impact of P. viridis on native communities off the west coast of Florida cannot be predicted at this time.
NOTES
20 Evaluating a Volunteer-based Sampling Program to Detect Bythotrephes in Ontario Waters
Stephanie Boudreau Biology Department, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J1P3 Canada Tel: 416-736-2100 Ext. 20035 Tax: 416-736-5989 Email: [email protected]
Francine MacDonald Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters, Box 2800, Peterborough, ON K9J 8L5 Canada
Norman D. Yan Biology Department, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J1P3 Canada
As an increasing number of aquatic nuisance species (ANS) are introduced to the Great Lakes basin, North America's inland waters are under increasing threat from the spread of these organisms. The enormous scope of this problem, combined with dwindling government budgets, has increased the need for the public to assist in efforts to track the spread of ANS in the inland lakes of Ontario, Canada. In 1998, the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters (OFAH) established a volunteer-based province-wide monitoring program for zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes) in partnership with several other non-governmental and governmental agencies. Since then, they have sampled zooplankton in almost 150 inland Ontario lakes, discovering Bythotrephes in 11 lakes. In order to establish the effectiveness of this sampling program for Bythotrephes, we needed to determine the probability that the volunteers will collect Bythotrephes if they are present in the water column of the lake at the time of sampling. We reasoned that this probability would be a function of the average abundance and spatial distri bution of Bythotrephes and the effort expended to collect them (i.e., number of replicates) and volume of lake-water sieved in each replicate. We sampled several invaded lakes to quantify the influence of these four parameters and con structed a multiple logistic regression model to determine the probability of the volunteers detecting the spiny water flea if it is present.
NOTES An Evaluation of the Use of Combined Ozonation and Electrolytic Chlorination as a Safe and Effective Method for Treatment of Invasive Species in Ballast Water
Michael A. Champ Advanced Technology Research Project (ATRP) Corporation, P.O. Box 2439, Falls Church, Virginia 22042-3934 USA Tel: 703-237-0505 Fax: 703-241-1278 Email: [email protected]
Joseph Gargas WAT.E.R. Inc., 6316 Wisteria La., Apollo Beach, FL 33572 USA
Robert Murphy Applied Ozone Technologies, Inc, 1441 Jumana Loop Apollo Beach, FL 33572 USA
US Patent No. 6,277,288 has been issued as a combined ozonation and electrolytic method for use as a water purification system for aquatic systems (swimming pools, spa and fountains). It is a very effective technology, which is simple to operate, low in maintenance, and highly reliable. The system is composed of a small ozone generator (that produces less than 3 grams per hour), a (optional) vortex separator (US Patent 6,149,825) for initial separation of par ticulates; and a (optional) adsorption filter, a patented ozone contact/dissolution chamber (US Patent 6207,064 B1) and a electrolytic cell system. The marriage of the science of ozonation and electrolysis along with the ability to dissolve ozone into water produces a unique hybrid oxidant/bacterialstatic/disinfectant. This disinfectant is very stable in sea water, but has a short toxic half life when exposed to organic matter and is acutely toxic when exposed to marine invertebrates and single cell organisms.
NOTES Comparison of Filtration Capacity of Dreissena polymorpha in Freshwater and Brackish Habitats Christiane Fenske Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut and Museum J.S. Bachstr. 11-12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany Tel: 49-383-486-4260 Fax: 49-383-486-4252 Email: [email protected]
Despite a large number of publications on Dreissena polymorpha in fresh water, little is known about their physi ological performance in brackish habitats. This poster presents results achieved in field experiments that were carried out in the Szczecin Lagoon (German/Polish border) at an average salinity of 1 ppt. Various parameters, such as chloro phyll-3, total organic carbon, and suspended matter were used to estimate the filtration rate of zebra mussels. The amounts of processed water (10-22 ml/mussel/h) lie at the lower end of the scale compared to fresh water zebra mussels. Yet by covering approximately 20% of the ground they have a substantial impact on the ecosystem.
NOTES
23 Promoting Community Stewardship on Exotic Aquatics Through Youth Participation
Douglas A. Jensen University of Minnesota Sea Grant Program, 2305 E. 5th Street, Duluth, MN 55812-1445 USA Tel: 218-726 8712 Fax: 218-726-6556 Email: djensenWd.umn.edu
Robin G. Goettel lllinois-lndiana Sea Grant Program, University of Illinois, 65 Mumford Hall, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Pam Borne Blanchard Louisiana Sea Grant Program, Louisiana State University, Sea Grant Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Helen M. Domske New York Sea Grant Institute, SUNY at Buffalo, 204 Jarvis Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4400 USA
Rosanne 1/1/. Fortner
Ohio Sea Grant Program, Ohio State University. 59 Ramseyer Hall, 29 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus OH 43210-1077 USA
Nancy J. Lerner Washington Sea Grant Program, 3716 Brooklyn Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington 98105 USA
Invasive exotic aquatic species are impacting waterways throughout North America. Zebra mussels, nutria, Eurasian watermilfoil, green crab, and purple loosestrife are invading. These species are causing serious ecological and socio-economic impacts from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans - and lakes and rivers in between, where they clog water intake pipes, choke waterways, destroy wetlands and bayous, and cause permanent damage to natural ecosystems.
Geographic themes like origin, distribution, movement, consequences, and solutions lend themselves to teaching and learning about exotic aquatics. Teaching tools are needed so that educators seeking information on exotic aquatics can integrate these themes into their geography and social studies lessons. Exotic Aquatics on the Move is a National Sea Grant Program education project developed to teach educators, their students, and people in the their communities about aquatic species. Four Sea Grant-sponsored workshops were held for teachers and non-formal educators in Indiana, Louisiana, New York and Washington in 2000. Members of Geographic Alliances in several states served as advisors to the project to ensure that workshop content aligned with National Geography Education Standards. Teachers attending each workshop later facilitated development of community stewardship projects by students (grades 6-12) in their schools and communities (and developed lesson plans for use in classrooms). Fourteen new community stewardship projects were student-created and delivered aimed at helping prevent the spread of exotic aquatic species, with messages that reached thousands.
This poster showcases student community stewardship in Indiana, Louisiana, and New York. Project materials will be displayed such as: posters for learning centers and marinas, presentations by upper grade students to lower grades, an aquatic exotics underwater simulation, a purple loosestrife play in Spanish, a rap song on sea lamprey, a letter writing-campaign to pet stores requesting pet exchange programs, and short stories emphasizing the devastating impacts of exotic aquatics. For more information on this project, visit the Exotic Aquatics on the Move Web site at http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/EXOTICSP/.
Funding for this project was provided by a grant from the U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration to the National Sea Grant College Program through an appropriation by Congress based on the National Invasive Species Act of 1996.
24 Light-induced Leaf Senescence in Hydrilla verticillata, a Submerged Aquatic Weed
Rup Kumar Kar Visva Bharati University, Department of Botany Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India Tel: 91-0-3463-54061 Email: [email protected]
Hydrilla verticillata is one of the important aquatic invasive species which, being a submerged plant, possesses a unique habitat where light is attenuated both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Senescence, a pervasive process occurring in the last developmental phase of a plant or plant organ, is regulated by light. Although light has been reported to have a delaying effect on senescence of most of the plants, it accelerates chlorophyll loss (one cardinal event of senescence) in the case of leaf senescence of hydrilla. Quantitative study of the effect of light shows that when daily duration of light exceeds 12 h, such loss occurs; while shorter duration somewhat arrests chlorophyll loss. Also, light-induced chlorophyll loss is intensity-dependent indicating that the loss is not simply regulated photoperiodically; although such loss is accelerated by red light and retarded by far red as well as blue light. Studies on peroxide metab olism indicates that higher accumulation of peroxides and free radicals is responsible for light-induced chlorophyll loss as revealed from increasing H2O 2 level along with decline in catalase and increase in SOD and peroxidase activity during senescence. However, leachate study for sugar content and specific conductivity shows that loss of membrane integrity is retarded by light.
NOTES Zebra Mussel Control Efforts on the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway Minnesota and Wisconsin
Byron N. Karns National Park Service, St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, P.O. Box 708, St. Croix Falls, Wl 54024 USA Tel: 715-483-3284 Ext. 616 Fax: 715-483-3288 Email: [email protected]
In 1992, zebra mussels were discovered in the Mississippi River as it flows through Minneapolis. Downstream lies the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, a unit of the National Park System. Renowned for its recreational and biolog ical resources, the St. Croix River is nationally significant for its richness and abundance of freshwater mussels (-40 species). With the greatest diversity of unionids in the Upper Mississippi watershed, the Riverway will be severely impacted by a zebra mussel infestation.
Since that discovery of zebra mussels on the Mississippi River, the National Park Service has led an interagency task force (US Fish and Wildlife Service, Minnesota/Wisconsin Departments of Natural Resources, MN/WI Boundary Area Commission, Minnesota Sea Grant, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, St. Croix Marina Association, and others) designed to halt or slow the spread of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) into the St. Croix Riverway. The prevention efforts include education and information, access management, monitoring, planning for remediation and research. A new element for the task force this year has been the formation of an agency-staffed SCUBA dive team to monitor the river from under the surface. With the creation of a dive team staffed with members of the National Park Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service, the river can be surveyed by trained biologists and experts, all of whom sit on the task force. Thus, monitoring conclusions and recommendations can be made with a unique degree of first-hand information.
The creation of a St. Croix dive team could not have come at a more critical time in the history of the zebra mussels on the Riverway. Zebra mussels have been found attached to a small number of boats in the St. Croix since 1995 and individual mussels have been discovered scattered in small numbers on substrate along the lower 25 miles of river. While these animals have had an individual presence on the river for a number of years, a reproducing pop ulation has never been discovered in the St. Croix River. Unfortunately, that changed during the summer of 2000.
That year, for the first time, zebra mussel reproduction has been located within the lower 16 miles (or so) of the river. The source of reproduction has yet to be pinpointed, but the resulting settlement of juvenile mussels is very dis turbing, if not unexpected. Armed with the unfortunate knowledge that the mussels have arrived, the task force is beginning the painful chore of creating recommendations for policy makers and agency managers. The river may indeed be at a juncture in its ecological history. What actions are taken may be critical to the plants and animals that call the river home and a recreating public that enjoys the many wonderful aspects of this nationally protected waterway. The management issues surrounding zebra mussels are complex and may be controversial. This presenta tion will focus on the multi-agency actions designed for 2001 and beyond.
NOTES
26 Phylogeography of Mississippi River Populations of Zebra Mussels
Richard F. Lance Analytical Services, Inc. at Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA Tel: 601-634-3971 Fax: 601-634-2839 Email: [email protected]
Edward J. Perkins and Jonny W. Byrnes US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA
Curt L. Elderkin Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA
We analyzed population genetic structure in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) collected from 6 sites along the Mississippi River drainage (Baton Rouge, LA to Lake Pepin, W l). For these analyses we implemented an Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique that provided a large number of polymorphic genetic markers, similar to a DNA fingerprint. These analyses revealed a greater degree of interpopulation genetic divergence than had previously been observed in allozyme studies of the same populations. However, there were few obvious phylogeo- graphic patterns, such as restriction of particular phylogenetic lineages to particular geographic locales, exhibited by the data. Nonetheless, the level of genetic polymorphism and interpopulation differences within zebra mussels may prove useful in improving our understanding and management of the zebra mussel invasion. Analyses of the AFLP data generated by our research are ongoing, while future projects have been planned to further the use of genetic infor mation in studies of zebra mussel population dynamics
NOTES
27 Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife in Michigan: Establishment, Impacts and Nontarget Effects of Galerucella calmariensis
Douglas A. Landis and Donald C. Sebolt Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University Room 334 Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, Ml 48824 USA Tel: 517-353-1829 Fax: 517-353-5598 Email: [email protected]
Michael J. Klepinger Michigan Sea Grant College Program, Michigan State University Room 334 Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, Ml 48824 USA
Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla (Coleóptera: Chrysomelidae) were first introduced into Michigan in 1994 for biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). G. calmariensis has become established at 100% of the 23 release locations monitored in this study and has persisted for up to six years, while G. pusilla has apparently failed to establish. Large populations of G. calmariensis have developed and spread up to 10 km from the 1994 release sites. Measurement of plant communities at these sites in 2000 showed that mean L. salicaria stem height has been reduced from 73-85%, and percent cover from 61-95% as compared to 1995 levels. At four out of five monitored sites, nontarget plant species richness has increased significantly during the same timeframe. Of the 19 sites monitored for
one to three years (i.e., 1997-1999 releases), two have generated 6 . calmariensis populations resulting in severe dam age to L. salicaria. At one site, G. calmariensis completely prevented flowering of L. salicaria within a 200 m radius of the release site. In another, L. salicaria was completely absent from seven of the nine quadrats where it originally occurred. Where still present, the average number of stems had fallen from 35.8 to 0.3 per m2. Earlier predictions that Galerucella beetles would likely require 3-5 years to show impacts on L. salicaria are confirmed by these studies.
Ninety-nine species of nontarget plants have been identified and monitored for potential impacts in sites with high G. calmariensis populations and extensive L. salicaria defoliation. Transient nontarget feeding by teneral adult G. cal mariensis has been observed on two species, Potentilla anserina and Cornus stolonifera. Neither eggs nor larvae have been detected on any nontarget species in the field, indicating that G. calmariensis remains highly host-specific to L. salicaria.
The successful establishment, spread and impacts of G. calmariensis indicate the critical need for additional research on its role in the restoration of desirable plant communities in areas formerly dominated by L. salicaria. The need to monitor potential nontarget effects is also discussed.
NOTES
28 An Evaluation of the Potential Impacts of the Chinese Mitten Crab on the Benthic Community in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay
Cindy Messer and Karen Gehrts Department of Water Resources, Environmental Services Office, 3251 S Street, Sacramento CA 95816-7017 USA Tel: 916-227-7545 Fax: 916-227-7554 Email: [email protected]
The objective of this study is to examine the potential impacts of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, on the benthic invertebrate community in the upper San Francisco Estuary, This portion of the Estuary includes Suisun Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It is assumed that the mitten crab is a "top-down" predator much like the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, has proven to be in coastal embayments between San Francisco Bay and Bodega Bay. Benthic invertebrates comprise a large part of the aquatic food web in the Estuary and adverse changes in abundance and composition of these organisms could severely impact the health of this system. In the first year of this study (April-November 2000) we tested otter (bottom) trawling as a method for collecting crabs in the field and used these data to detect crab presence at selected sites within the Estuary. Using distribution and collection method ology data from our study as well as others, we will initiate the second phase of this study in spring 2001. This phase entails the use of enclosures in the field to examine direct impacts of the mitten crab on benthos. Site selection for the enclosures was based on the availability of long-term benthic data (1975 through present), on evidence of crab presence and on representation of different habitat types within the Estuary. Four sites have been selected and include, one site on the Sacramento River (Collinsville), one on the San Joaquin River (Twitchell Island), the third site is located in a shallow tract of flooded land (Sherman Island) in the interior of the Delta, and the fourth site is in Suisun Bay, which is a shallow, brackish water embayment located just east of the Carquinez Strait. The enclosure study will be conducted from March through December 2001. This time period should allow us to see differences in the inverte brate community before, during, and after the settlement of juvenile crabs for the 2001 season; it should also allow for a rough comparison with historical data for these sites. Juvenile crabs will be collected using "crab condos", col lection devices consisting of groups of nine 1.5 inch PVC pipes cut to 6-inch lengths and held together in a mesh/PVC frame. These "condos" simulate burrows and have so far proven to be the most reliable method for collection of crabs in this region. Crabs collected in the condos will be placed into 1 m x 1 m by 8 inch enclosures comprised of a PVC frame covered with 6 mm plastic mesh. Eight enclosures will be placed at each site. Four enclosures will be stocked with crabs and the other four will serve as controls. Benthic samples will be taken from inside and outside of the enclo sures using a coring device. Identification of benthic organisms down to species level and enumeration of all species will be conducted. Differences in the number of species and overall abundance should indicate impacts associated with mitten crabs. Enclosures will be left in the field for approximately one full week (seven days) each month. Crab condos will also be left out during this time period to further determine presence of crabs at the sample site.
NOTES
29 Comparative Direct Effect of a Nonindigenous Cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum) on Reproductive Success of Native Cyprinodon
June B. Mire Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA Tel: 504-280-6319 Email: [email protected]
Stacey Byers McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
The Rio Grande cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum) was introduced into drainage canals in the New Orleans area in the early 1990s, and has since spread throughout the canal system south of Lake Pontchartrain. Native to north eastern Mexico and the lower Rio Grande, this cichlid can tolerate low temperature and dissolved oxygen, as well as high salinity. Although the invasive nature of the Rio Grande cichlid is well documented, and circumstantial evidence suggests it displaced native fishes in the canals, little is known about the direct effects of the cichlid on any native fishes. We compared the reproductive success of the native Cyprinodon variegatus in the presence and absence of young of the year Rio Grande cichlids. Four female and three male adult Cyprinodon were placed in 10 pools outdoors and allowed to spawn freely. Nine young of the year Rio Grande cichlids were added to half of the pools. Fish were matched for size among controls and treatments. After 6 weeks, all fish were recovered and preserved. Adult Cyprinodon and all cichlids were measured, and Cyprinodon fry were counted. A strong direct negative effect of the cichlid on reproductive success of Cyprinodon was shown. None of the five treatment pools yielded fry. It's no surprise that a large piscivorous fish limits the reproductive success of a smaller fish in a confined space. A nonindigenous species is a true nuisance species only if its adverse effects are more severe than those of a native fish of the same trophic guild. Results of ongoing experiments using a native centrarchid, Lepomis macrochirus, as a control for native predator-prey interactions will also be discussed.
NOTES
30 The National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse and Searchable Electronic Database
Charles R. O'Neill, Jr. and Diane Oleson National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse, Morgan II, State University College, Brockport, N Y 14420 USA Tel: 716-395-2638 Fax: 716-395-2466 Email: [email protected]
Stakeholders interested in the introduction, spread, potential impacts, and control of aquatic nuisance, non- indigenous, and invasive species require timely, reliable scientific information and fast, easy access to published research pertaining to such organisms. Since August 1990, they have been able to obtain such information from Sea Grant's Zebra Mussel Information Clearinghouse. For seven years, the Clearinghouse was 'just1' a zebra mussel Clearinghouse, with North America's most extensive technical library of published research, "grey literature,” and other relevant documentation pertaining to all facets of the zebra mussel issue. That was then, this is now.
The Clearinghouse has undergone extensive and exciting changes since mid-1997, resulting in the name change to the "National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse.” The mission of the Clearinghouse is: to facilitate and coor dinate aquatic nuisance, nonindigenous, and invasive species information sharing among researchers throughout North America and worldwide; to provide continuity to the timely dissemination of findings of aquatic nuisance, non indigenous, and invasive species research projects; and to facilitate aquatic nuisance, nonindigenous, and invasive species prevention and control technology transfer between researchers and stakeholder audiences. The Clearinghouse serves as a major link between the research community and a wide array of university, government agency, industrial, and special interest stakeholders. The Clearinghouse also plays a high-profile role as a primary nexus for identifying completed, current, and proposed aquatic nuisance, nonindigenous, and invasive species research activities and for linking researchers with similar interests.
The Clearinghouse now addresses both marine and freshwater aquatic nuisance, nonindigenous, and invasive species throughout the Gulf of Maine, Northern Atlantic, Mid-Atlantic, Southern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Central and Northern California, Pacific Northwest, and Great Lakes regions, and North American inland river and lacustrine systems. The Clearinghouse has added to its library and searchable database, including the following organisms: zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis), the Amur River Corbula (Potamocorbula amurensis), the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), the Asian mussel (Musculista senhousia), the Atlantic green crab (Carcinus maenas), the blue mussel {Mytilus edulis), the blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), the brown mussel (Pema perna), the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), the dark false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophaeata), the Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), the fishhook water flea (Cercopagispengoi), the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), the green lipped mussel (.Perna viridis), gribbles (Limnoria spp.), the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortune!), the round and tube-nose gobies (Neogobius melanostomus and Proterorhinus marmoratus), the New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), the rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), shipworms (Teredo navalis), Sphaeroma quoyanum, the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes cederstroemi), the Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis), and the veined Rapa whelk (Rapana venosa), as well as biological macrofouling, aquatic exotic organism, and invasive species policy issues.
All of the information in the Clearinghouse is accessible to any researcher, agency, industry, utility, student, or other individual or group having need of the information via electronic mail, fax, toll- or toll-free telephone, written requests, or visits to the Clearinghouse. A new, keyword outline and full text searchable electronic database of the Clearinghouse's Technical Library Bibliography is now available on the Clearinghouse's revamped, user-friendly World Wide Web home page. Citations include: author(s), title, document source and date, an annotation, whether the document is a journal article or other type of publication, document length, the language in which the document is written, whether the document is available on interlibrary loan from the Clearinghouse or direct from some other source, and the copying/mailing fee if the document is available from the Clearinghouse. Most documents are available directly from the Clearinghouse on interlibrary loan and can be ordered via a convenient on-line “shopping basket." The World Wide Web address for the database is: http://cce.cornell.edu/aquaticinvaders/. The web site also
31 contains a series of detailed maps charting the range expansion of the zebra mussel and the quagga mussel in North America since 1989, as well as information on a number of other informational and educational materials available from the Clearinghouse and numerous "hot links" to other aquatic nuisance, nonindigenous, and invasive species web sites.
The Federal Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, the US Army Corps of Engineers Zebra Mussel Research Program, the Great Lakes and Western Panels on Aquatic Nuisance Species, the Western Zebra Mussel Task Force, and numerous other federal, state, and international agencies and institutions have utilized the Clearinghouse as a major channel for extending information on zebra mussel, aquatic nuisance, nonindigenous, and invasive species spread, research, and policy initiatives to all interested audiences.
NOTES Reversal of Invasion Persistence of the Crayfish Orconectes rusticus in an East Central Wisconsin Lake
Hans Pearson Silver Lake College, Biology Department, 2406 South Alverno Road, Manitowoc, Wl 54220-9319 USA Tel: 920-686-6113 Fax: 920-684-7084 E-mail: [email protected]
Since its introduction (circa 1960) the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, has become the dominant species in many northern Wisconsin lakes. In this study I document 1) a reversal, i.e., "boom and bust", of the above pattern in an east central Wisconsin lentic system recently invaded by 0. rusticus; and 2) a confirmation of the hypothesis of Simberloff and Dayan that species (here 0. rusticus and 0. virilis) within guilds fluctuate in abundance in such a way that the total biomass or density of the guild remains stable. 0. rusticus has invaded one (Harpt Lake) of fourteen lakes which were initially (1983) sampled for crayfish by trapping. The invasion of Harpt Lake (mono-specific for 0. virilis in 1983) most likely took place in 1984 or 1985; it was found in the lake in 1986 by local fishermen. The lake was sub sequently re-sampled seven times (1986,1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1997 and 1998). Rapid displacement of 0. virilis occurred with the relative abundance (from trap catches) of 0. rusticus reaching 40% in 1986 and 45% in 1990. Its population has subsequently crashed; dropping to 27% (1990), 2% (1992), 5% (1993), and <1% in 1997 and 1998. Population estimates (using the mark-release-recapture method of Schumaker and Eschmeyer) of 0. rusticus and 0. virilis in 1988 and 1990 revealed that while the populations of 0. rusticus and 0. virilis fluctuated in abundance in an approximately reciprocal manner the total biomass or density of the guild remained stable.
NOTES Comparative Morphometries of Mouthparts and Antennae in the Invasive Dikerogammarus villosus and the native Gammarus duebeni (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Dirk Platvoet Zoological Museum Amsterdam, Deptartment of Crustacea, Mauritskade 57, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel: 31-20-5256288 Fax: 31-20-5255402 Email: [email protected]
Jaimle T. A. Dick and David W. Kelly Queen's University of Belfast, School of Biology and Biochemistry Medical and Biological Centre, 97 Lisburn Road,Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland
Morphometric comparisons were made between the Ponto-Caspian invasive Dikerogammarus villosus Sowinsky, and the European native Gammarus duebeni Liljeborg. We recorded a much stronger allometric growth of the mouth- parts and second antennae of the former species, which may explain the predatory nature of this new invader in the Netherlands. The process of attacking prey and the role of the second antennae is described. The future impact of D. villosus on invertebrate fauna is discussed.
NOTES
34 Preliminary Evaluation of the Ecological Effects of Giant Salvinia
David Honnell and Erin Tanski Institute of Applied Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX R. Michael Smart US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility, RR 3, Box 446, Lewisville, TX 75056 USA Tel: 972-436-2215 Fax: 972-436-1402 Email: [email protected]
A preliminary investigation of the ecological effects of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) began in the fall of 1999 and continues to the present. The objective of this study is to document the ecological effects of giant salvinia infes tations on aquatic ecosystems. Replicate ponds have been planted with giant salvinia or native aquatic plant species. As the vegetation develops, resultant changes in the environmental conditions and ecological characteristics of the ponds are being monitored. Water quality assessment includes semi-continuous recording of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Nutrient concentrations, alkalinity, specific metals, and chlorophyll concentrations are also being measured. Light penetration is being measured throughout the water column and the concentrations of nutrients in the sediment and sediment interstitial water are being assessed on a regular basis.
Results to date indicate that giant salvinia rapidly grows to cover the water surface during the summer and fall of the year. This canopy of salvinia blocks light penetration, impedes wind-generated mixing of the water column, and greatly suppresses the entry of atmospheric oxygen, resulting in anaerobic conditions. Giant salvinia ponds are char acterized by reduced levels of oxygen and pH and a much simpler vegetative community in comparison with ponds planted with native species. As a result of its excessive growth rate and the resultant environmental changes associ ated with its growth, giant salvinia has the potential to destroy valuable fish and wildlife habitat.
NOTES Use of Hydroacoustic Survey Techniques to Quantity SAV Changes Following an Upstream Herbicide Injection Treatment in Spring Creek, Lake Seminole, Georgia
Robert M. Stewart US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA Tel: 601-634-2606 Email: [email protected]
Adam S. Way Dyntel Corporation, 3530 Manor Drive, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA
The purpose of this poster presentation is to demonstrate the use of hydroacoustic survey techniques for evalu ating changes in submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) abundance levels following implementation of large-scale control measures. Hydroacoustic survey data used in this demonstration were acquired using the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS) developed by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center. The automated processing algorithm of SAVEWS provided estimates of average water depth, plant height, and midpoint geographical coordinates for discrete linear segments (~ 2 to 5 m) of the surveyed area. The surveys were conducted in the Spring Creek arm of Lake Seminole, Georgia, during May (PRE) and September (POST) 2000, coin ciding with a large-scale injection treatment of the aquatic herbicide, fluridone, applied for control of the exotic, invasive plant species, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. The intent of the injection treatment was to provide control of hydrilla throughout the 15.8 km portion of Spring Creek downstream of the injection site, located just upstream of the Highway 253 bridge.
For both survey periods (PRE and POST), SAVEWS transects were surveyed along the 15.8 km length of the Spring Creek navigation channel, from the Highway 253 bridge to its intersection with the Fish Pond Drain navigation channel. Resulting data sets have been analyzed to determine how far downstream measurable changes in plant abundance (e.g., plant height and plant-height:water-depth ratios) were achieved. These change analyses indicate that significant reductions in mean plant height and in plant-height:water-depth ratios were achieved to a distance of approximately 10 km below the Highway 253 bridge.
NOTES
36 Preliminary Investigations of Low Temperature Limits of Salvinia molesta in the United States
Chetta S. Owens ASI-Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility, RR 3, Box 446, Lewisville, TX 75056 USA
R. Michael Smart US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory, Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility, RR 3, Box 446, Lewisville, TX 75056 USA
Robert M. Stewart US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-2606 Email: [email protected]
Salvinia molesta (Mitchell), or giant salvinia, is a floating aquatic fern, native to southeastern Brazil that currently occurs in all subtropical and tropical regions worldwide. Giant salvinia was discovered in a Houston, TX, schoolyard in 1997, and by 1998 it had been documented in Toledo Bend Reservoir. By year 2000, giant salvinia had been doc umented in 4 reservoirs, 5 riverine systems and 20 ponds throughout eastern and southern Texas. Its occurrence had also been documented in 9 other states. Its most northern documented location in the United States to date is at the Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility (LAERF) in Lewisville, TX (latitude 33°04'45"N, longitude 96° 57'30"W).
At the LAERF, three outdoor research ponds containing giant salvinia have been exposed to two Texas winters (1999-2000, 2000-2001). During these winter periods, preliminary investigations were undertaken to determine low temperature effects on giant salvinia survival. Giant salvinia was found to survive 17 freezing events during the winter of 1999-2000, although a significant reduction in percent survival occurred after a major freezing event that persisted over a four day time period. In a related acute freezing assay conducted with winter acclimated plants, giant salvinia exhibited 100% survival from 48 hour exposures to 0°C (32°F) and -4°C (25°F). Plants survived 24-hour exposures to -16°C (3°F) with minimal mortality; however, heavy mortality resulted from 48-hour exposures to this temperature.
NOTES
37 Faunal and Habitat Comparisons from Under and Outside Canopies of Sargassum muticum
James Asa Strong The Queen's University of Belfast, Portaferry Marine Station, The Strand, Shore Road, Portaferry, Northern Ireland Tel: 44-284-272-6400 Fax: 44-284-272-8992 Email: [email protected]
Sargassum muticum, an invasive brown alga from the Oriental Pacific coastline, was accidentally introduced into Strangford Lough (Special Area of Conservation in Northern Ireland) in 1995.
Within the Lough, S. muticum is particularly prevalent in soft sediment areas where adult plants grow on embedded loose rock and shells. This substrate is abundant within Strangford Lough, suggesting that S. muticum consolidation will continue and that cumulative habitat modification could be significant, especially for the sediment's infauna.
Multivariate analysis of nested infaunal sampled from under and outside several sargassum canopies revealed a 15% reduction in diversity under a canopy. Furthermore, abundance-biomass curves (/c-dominance/cumulative biomass curves) indicated a significant shift from K to r-selected species. Grain size analysis revealed no significant dif ference between under and outside these canopies.
This trend is in contrast to diversity patterns under ecologically similar, native sargassum species in Brazil and local Zostera marina. This community shift can be attributed to environmental changes mediated by the novel presence of a canopy in the summer months; environmental data are discussed to support this explanation. Comparisons with areas colonised in 1973 on the south coast of England will determine the longevity of this impact.
NOTES
38 Diet of the Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario, Canada
Ana Carolina Taraborelli WFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Department Zoologia Invertebrados Paseo del bosque s/n, La Plata 1900, Argentina Tel/Fax: 54-221-457-7304 Email: [email protected]
Ted Schaner Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, RR#4 Picton, ON KOK 2TO Canada
Stomach contents of round gobies ranging between 5.3 and 17.7 mm were examined. Small gobies (<8.0cm) consumed mainly diptera larvae, and zooplankton, and lesser quantities of other aquatic insects and zebra mussels. Larger gobies consumed mostly zebra mussels. There was a direct relationship between the size of the gobies and the sizes of zebra mussels in their diet, but even the largest of the gobies that we examined selected strongly for smaller zebra mussels.
NOTES Evaluation of Sampling Methods for the Chinese Mitten Crab
Tanya Veldhuizen California Department of Water Resources, Environmental Services Office, 3251 S Street, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA Tel: 916-227-2553 Fax: 916-227-7554 Email: [email protected]
Cindy Messer Department of Water Resources, Environmental Services Office, 3251 S Street, Sacramento CA 95816-7017 USA
Deborah A. Rudnick University of California at Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
The recent arrival of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) to the San Francisco Estuary has raised serious concerns about the potential of this species to negatively impact the economy and ecology of the region. E. sinensis is considered an aquatic nuisance species based on its impacts in Europe and California, so there is great interest in documenting the extent of impacts in the established population and in developing early detection and monitoring programs in neighboring states. For both of these purposes, effective sampling methods are required. However, the complex lifecycle and widespread distribution of the mitten crab provides a challenge for monitoring. The mitten crab uses marine, brackish and freshwater habitats throughout its life, including shallow streams, deep river channels, and bays, and seeks shelter in burrows, aquatic vegetation, rocks, and debris.
We tested several traditional crustacean sampling methods, such as beam trawl, otter trawl, ring net, and baited traps, and nontraditional methods, such as hook-and-line, snare trap, and block net enclosure with depletion seining. We also developed new methods specifically designed for E. sinensis, including artificial substrate traps and burrow density censuses. Trawling was limited to nonvegetated habitats. Analysis of trawl data and comparison to other census techniques suggests that trawling does not provide an accurate representation of the abundance of the pop ulation. Baited traps met with little success, either because crabs were not attracted to the bait or because they could enter and exit the traps despite modifications used to increase retention. Controlled seining experiments used with a known or estimated number of crabs were ineffective in capturing crabs. Block net enclosure with depletion seining was effective in shallow habitats. Traps that offered an artificial shelter were shown to be highly effective in collecting mitten crabs in a variety of habitat types. Several temporal intervals of setting artificial shelter traps were tested, indi cating that a minimum of two weeks provided a sufficient set time. Two weighting patterns were implemented to test whether traps opening to the side or the top were more effective; data indicate side-opened traps are slightly more efficient in collecting crabs. Visual counts of burrows were employed as a method of estimating juvenile crab abundance and were shown to be accurate estimations when compared against excavations to determine true occupancy. However, counts may only be representative of true abundance in habitats where other forms of shelter, which would provide an alternative to burrow creation, are not abundant; such as rocky banks and aquatic vegeta tion. Researchers should consider our findings when designing future investigations or detection and monitoring programs for E. sinensis. NOTES
40 Pulsed Acoustic and Electric Field Methods for Control of Biofouling in Seawater Piping and Cooling Systems
Marianne Walch, Robert A. Brizzolara, David J. Nordham and Scott M. Hoover Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Code 645, 9500 MacArthur Blvd., West Bethesda, MD 20817-5700 USA Tel: 301-227-5160 Fax: 301-227-4814 Email: [email protected]
Michael S. Mazzola and Evan Burnett Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
Robert Stark and Karl H. Schoenbach Old Dominion University, 231 Kaufman Hall, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA
Two approaches to using pulsed electrical power technologies for non-polluting control of biofouling in seawater piping were investigated in field tests at the NSWCCD Marine Corrosion Test Facility in Dania, Florida. The test bed consisted of a series of 5/8-inch titanium tubes through which seawater from the Port Everglades shipping channel was pumped at 1.8 ft se c1. In the first approach, an external, strap-on device was used to generate pulsed acoustic shock waves every 10 seconds in the pipe wall. In the second, a pulsed electric field (PEF) system generated 20 Hz electrical fields in the water. Both devices significantly reduced biofouling rates, compared to untreated controls, over the entire length of the 15- to 20-foot titanium tubes used in the tests. Biofouling inhibition was comparable to that observed in an identical tube treated with 200 ppb of chlorine for 2 hours per day, followed by an 8-ft se c1 flush for 15 minutes. Both methods show promise as cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to biocides for pro tection of piping and cooling systems.
NOTES Economic Impact of Biofouling Control of an Exotic Bivalve, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, in the Harbour of Antwerp, Belgium
Annick Verween University of Gent, Institute of Zoology, Marine Biology Section, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: 32-9-264-5252 Fax: 32-9-264-5344 Email: [email protected]
Any surface exposed to untreated water provides an opportunity for the settlement and subsequent growth of organisms. The cooling water conduits of a power station provides an ideal habitat for such species. Given these perfect conditions, settlement occurs readily and growth can be rapid until it begins to interfere with the operational systems and finally leads to their failure. This phenomenon is known as biofouling.
Worldwide, mussels cause serious problems in cooling water conduits. Because of the great economical damage caused by these fouling-organisms, biocides are being used to control them. To use these chemicals properly, knowledge of the lifecycle of these organisms is indispensable and monitoring is necessary. Environmental factors (temperature, salinity and oxygen) also affect the lifecycle of mussels. The relationship between these factors and the life stages can allow a prediction of the recruitment success.
Using the Scheldt water as cooling water, a lot of companies in the harbour of Antwerp have problems with fouling organisms. Because of the intermediate salinity of the water, freshwater organisms as well as brackish and marine organisms can cause fouling in the conduits. In this research, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, the brackish water mussel, is used as a model species for the study of biofouling control. The problems and possible solutions will be examined at the site of BASF, Antwerp.
The objective of the project is to achieve an efficient and rational use of biocides to control biofouling caused by M. leucophaeata and as such minimize their harm in the environment and in the cooling water conduits.
Knowledge about the population dynamics of M. leucophaeata will be used to develop an 'early warning system' to use biocides at the right time (= the fouling organisms most vulnerable stage).
Experimental research will test the influences of environmental parameters on the lifecycle of M. leucophaeata, possibly simplifying the prediction of, or reducing the recruitment success, of M. leucophaeata.
A model, integrating all results of the study, will allow 1) biocide doses that correspond to the expected recruit ment success, and 2) possibly, reduce the recruitment success of M. leucophaeata by manipulation of the relevant environmental factors of the incoming cooling water.
At the moment, to guarantee an optimization of the industrial installations, an over-measure of biocides is dosed throughout the whole year. An early warning system will allow a more efficient dose of the biocides, steering towards an enormous economic saving. Because of the non-specific toxicity of the biocides, the ecological significance of this project is also obvious. NOTES
42 Identification of Spatial Breeding Limitations in Effecting Invasions: Local Variation in Egg Capsule Morphology and Larval Viability in the Invading Predatory Marine Gastropod, Rapana venosa
Catherine Ware, Juliana M. Harding and Roger Mann School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA Tel: 804-684-7305 Fax: 804-684-7045 Email: [email protected]
Invading species face a number of challenges in receptor environments if they are to become established members of the new ecosystem. Distribution data of adult life history stages reflect presence of available prey (in the case of invading predators) within the physical tolerance of the invading species; however, the functional reproduc tive range of the invader may be only a subset of the range occupied. It is critical to identify the functional reproductive range early in an invasion if control measures are to be effective in limiting range expansion or preferably eliminating the invader. The invading predatory marine gastropod Rapana venosa was first described from the Chesapeake Bay in 1998. Over 1200 adult specimens have been collected since that time, with the vast majority limited to a small section of the southern Chesapeake Bay. Evidence of reproduction in this receptor environment includes collection of egg masses from the field, population demographics consistent with multiple year classes, and successful culture of larval forms through metamorphosis at local temperatures and salinities from egg masses originating from field collected adults. Rapana lays mats of eggs with 50-300 egg cases per mat. Each case may contain 200-400 eggs. Extensive studies of egg mass morphometries, egg number per egg case, and viability of eggs within each case, were affected for both temporal and spatial dines within the known adult population in order to examine the option that successful reproduction was limited to a subset of the area from which adults have been collected. This analysis was then sup plemented with spatial data describing density of breeding adults to estimate the spatial limitation of functional breeding in the lower Chesapeake Bay.
NOTES
43 Risk Assessment: Dispersal Probability Index for Colonization of the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, into Kansas Lakes
Dustin Wilgers and K. Charles Hunter Department of Biology, Southwestern College, 100 College St., Winfield, KS 67156 USA Eugene A. Young Natural Science Division, Cowley County Community College, 125 S. 2nd St., Arkansas City, KS 67005 USA Tel: 620-441-5331 Fax: 620-441-5350 Email: [email protected]
The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), poses a serious threat to the lakes and waterways of Kansas. They have spread rapidly through the US from their point of infestation, the Great Lakes region, and now occur in most of the eastern US. The spread has been aided by human and natural means. They have certain environmental requirements for successful colonization. Water chemistry can be used to assess the risk potential for colonization. Environmental variables with identified critical ranges include pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, hardness, calcium, and con ductivity. During the summer of 2000, 35 lakes, including reservoirs, state fishing lakes, and municipal lakes were tested for each variable. With few exceptions most of the variables tested fell within the high or high-moderate colo nization potential. Boating survey data also is incorporated from the same lakes to identify possible routes for transmission. Data support that Kansas is very vulnerable to zebra mussel colonization.
NOTES
44 100th Meridian Initiative: A Report on Boating and Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) Surveys in Kansas, 1999-2000
Dustin Wilgers, Eugene A. Young, K. Charles Hunter, Maren Harding and Penny Zahs Department of Biology, Southwestern College, WO College St., Winfield, KS 67156 USA Tel: 620-441-5331 Fax: 620-441-5350 Email: [email protected]
Here we summarize data collected from boating surveys conducted in Kansas during the summers of 1999 and 2000. A total of 709 boaters were surveyed during the summers of 1999 and 2000 (352 in 1999, 357 in 2000). Most boaters were from Kansas and the surrounding states of Oklahoma, Nebraska and Missouri, with others coming from as far as Louisiana, Florida, New Mexico, North Carolina, Wyoming and Wisconsin. Almost 60% of Kansas' resident boaters traveled within the state, while the other 40% visited out of state water bodies. States most frequently visited by resident boaters were Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. No zebra mussels or other aquatic nuisance species were observed at checkpoints.
NOTES Reducing the Risk of Introduction and Damage of Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Through Outreach and Education
Edwin Grosholz and Erin M. Williams University of California, Davis, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA Tel: 530-752-3419 Fax: 530-752-3350 E-mail: [email protected]
Introduced non-native species in coastal habitats cost the United States billions of dollars every year. The most effective strategy, either from the point of view of minimizing costs or maximizing ecosystem health is to prevent intro ductions from the start. It is this goal, preventing future introductions of aquatic non-native species in California's San Francisco Bay-Delta that is at the heart of the "Reducing the Introduction and Damage of Aquatic Nonindigenous Species" (RIDNIS) project. One part of our project is to facilitate communication and education among industry members, agencies and academia about the current damage caused by aquatic non-native invasive species in the San Francisco Bay-Delta as well as future risks associated with the importation, sale, and distribution of live exotic plants and animals. Target industries include aquarium and pet dealers, aquatic plant dealers, landscape and aquascape con tractors, nursery owners, live seafood importers, aquaculturists, live bait dealers and others involved in the importation, sales, and distribution of live plants and animals. These industries deal with hundreds of non-native species that have the potential to become pest species in the Bay-Delta ecosystem. A second part of our project is to educate the consumers of live plants and animals about the risks posed by introduced aquatic species. To reach consumers we need industry cooperation to distribute educational materials concerning the disposal of unwanted plants or animals. Project outcomes include 1) hosting workshops in the region to gather industry input in the development of new methods to reduce introductions; 2) developing a full-color brochure highlighting pest species of concern, impacts of non-native species on native taxa, pathways of dispersal, and methods for preventing dispersal; 3) producing a video to provide information about the mechanisms of aquatic non-native species introductions as well as management solutions specific to the target industries; and 4) a project website (http://www.ridnis.ucdavis.edu) highlighting non-native invasive species in the San Francisco Bay-Delta, pathways of potential introduction, and tips for preventing new intro ductions. The RIDNIS project is funded by the CALFED Bay-Delta program.
NOTES
46 Eradication of a New Zebra Mussel Infestation in Lake George, NY: A Potentially Successful Integrated Approach
John Wimbush, Paul A. Vescio, Brian R. McGrath, Andrew S. Hansen, D. Bryce King, Sharon Danielsen and Sandra A. Nierzwicki-Bauer Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 5060 Lakeshore Drive, Bolton Landing, NY 12814 USA Tel: 518-644-3541 Fax: 518-644-3640 Email: [email protected]
Marc E. Frischer Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 USA
Zandy Gabriels Town of Bolton, Bolton Landing, NY 12814 USA
Joseph W. Zarzynski and Bob Benway Bateaux Below, Inc., Wilton, NY 12831 USA
Since 1995 we have been evaluating the risk of zebra mussel infestation of Lake George, NY. Lake George is a recreationally important glacial lake located in the southeastern corner of the Adirondack Park. From 1995 through the summer of 2000 zebra mussel veligers were observed in three of the six study years in the lake, but adult popu lations were not observed. Results from mathematical modeling and laboratory studies suggested that veliger settlement in Lake George was limited primarily by calcium and secondarily by pH. The average calcium content of Lake George water is 10.68 mg/l and pH is 7.56. Laboratory bioassays indicate that adult mussels grow well in Lake George water, but that veligers will not survive and settle unless calcium concentrations are artificially elevated. However, in December of 1999, a small population of adult zebra mussels was discovered in the southern portion of the lake. The zebra mussels were found adjacent to a public marina in an area that had recently been influenced by a construction project. It is possible that this project contributed to elevated local calcium concentrations. Further, at this location a culvert drains groundwater and storm water run-off containing elevated calcium levels, 49.3 mg/l on 12/29/99. A survey of the infestation site indicated a mussel population of approximately 20 000 animals that was limited to a relatively small area (ca. 15 000 square feet). The distribution of mussels was patchy, with highest pop ulation densities occurring approximately 50 feet from the culvert in the flow path of the prevailing current, where high calcium concentrations were found. In this area there was a gradient of calcium concentrations from the shore (average: 12.13 mg/l) to 60 feet offshore (average: 11.06 mg/l). Based on the size of the largest mussels and the general size distribution, it seems likely that infestation occurred in 1998 or 1999.
Beginning in April 2000 when the ice melted, an intensive mussel removal program was initiated. Mussels were systematically removed via hand harvesting by SCUBA divers. Approximately 350 hours of diving were required to remove an estimated 97% of the mussels over a 9-month period. An important component of this mitigation effort was the incorporation of volunteer help. Monitoring for veligers, settled recruits, and adults through the summer and fall of 2000 suggests that spawning at this site did not occur in 2000.
The results of this study suggest that current statistical models and laboratory bioassays correctly indicated the calcium limitation for zebra mussels in Lake George, confirming that these approaches are reliable for predicting infes tation risks. Furthermore, the apparent success of the removal process suggests that in certain cases it may be possible to prevent the establishment of zebra mussel populations when infestations are discovered early. To our knowledge this is the first well-documented report of the successful eradication of a zebra mussel population in a water body.
47 Marine Biosecurity in New Zealand
Debra Wotton and Chris O'Brien Ministry of Fisheries, POBox 1020, Wellington, New Zealand Tel: 64-4-470-2595 Fax: 64-4-470-2669 Email: [email protected]
New Zealand is an isolated island nation with a high level of endemic biodiversity. New Zealanders take biose curity - protecting their country from the adverse affects of non-indigenous species - extremely seriously. The Ministry of Fisheries (MFish) is responsible for managing marine biosecurity in New Zealand. Over the next five years MFish is undertaking a comprehensive programme of research and capacity building to enhance New Zealand's marine biose curity, including improving knowledge of invasive species and their vectors, developing border controls and compliance regimes, undertaking surveillance and developing incursion response procedures.
New Zealand has mandatory controls on the discharge of ballast water from other countries through an Import Health Standard (IHS). Under the IHS, foreign ballast water can only be discharged into New Zealand waters if it has been exchanged on the high seas or is fresh water (other options may become available in the future as techniques for treating ballast water are developed). New Zealand is currently undertaking research to identity suitable mid-ocean exchange areas that are free from coastal influence.
Many undesirable species have the potential to be introduced to New Zealand attached to vessel hulls. MFish is developing controls to prevent the introduction and subsequent translocation of non-indigenous hull fouling organisms, including controls on fouled hulls at the border and regulation of hull cleaning practices. Research will be undertaken to identify significant hull fouling risks in order to focus management efforts.
New Zealand is implementing a national surveillance programme to detect incursions of non-indigenous marine species. Regular surveillance will be undertaken in high-risk points of entry to New Zealand (ports and marinas), with additional surveillance in nearby areas that are at risk of invasion.
MFish is developing a range of tools to use to respond to incursions of undesirable non-indigenous marine organisms. These may include physical, chemical, and biological control methods, in addition to the development of incursion response plans and improving response capability. MFish is identifying and developing risk profiles for non- indigenous species that may arrive in New Zealand to optimise border controls and surveillance, and to assist with incursion response plans. Marine biosecurity is an international issue that requires a collaborative approach. The New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries is closely involved in international initiatives and is keen to collaborate with other countries to manage marine biosecurity risks.
NOTES
48 Tuesday, February 26
Concurrent Session B
Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts on Industries Session Chair: Alfred M. Beeton, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 8:30 Introduction Speaker to be confirmed. 8:50 Shipping’s Response to the Various State and Provincial Ballast Water Initiatives Georges H. Robichon, Senior Vice-president and General Counsel, Fednav Limited 9:10 Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species on Electric Power Utilities Kent Zammit, Electric Power Research Institute 9:30 Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species on Drinking Water Utilities John DeKam, Bay City Water Treatment Plant 9:50 Break 10:20 The Great Lakes Fishing Industry and the Changing Ecosystem Robert Lange, Chairman, Council of Lake Committees, Great Lakes Fishery Commission 10:40 Invasive Species and Implications for Fisheries Sustainability in the Gulf of Mexico Ronald R. Lukens, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 11:00 Recreational Activities: A Perspective on Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts JaySherwin, Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters 11:20 Aquaculture and the Aquatic Nuisance Species Issue: A United States Perspective James McVey, National Sea Grant Office 11:40 How Codes of Conduct May Prevent the Next Introduction N. Marshall Meyers, Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council 12:00 Luncheon
49 Shipping's Response to the Various State and Provincial Ballast Water Initiatives in the Great Lakes
Georges H. Robichon Senior Vice-President and General Counsel, Fednav Limited Suite 3500, WOO de La Gauchitiere 1/1/., Montreal, QC H3B 4W5 Canada Tel: 514-878-6608 Fax: 514-878-6687 Email: [email protected]
On February 1, 2000, the Great Lakes shipping industry, including owners and operators of ocean and domestic vessels, was confronted by Bill SB 955, introduced in the Michigan Senate by Senator Ken Sikkema. A number of Great Lakes states and provinces were spurred on to introduce similar Bills. Had these Bills become law as introduced and their constitutional validity upheld, shipping in the Great Lakes would have effectively been killed as the Bills required that ships' ballast be sterilized. Unfortunately, these Bills prompted a divided response from domestic and ocean shipping.
Fifteen months later on May 15, 2001, the Michigan Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs, chaired by Senator Sikkema, adopted a "radically different," to quote Senator Sikkema, Bill SB 152, which rep resented the culmination of a concerted effort on the part of industry and state legislators to better understand each other's concerns and address each other's issues in a way that responded to ocean shipping's insistence on a regional approach to the ANS problem without unilateral state regulation. While initially divided, the Great Lakes shipping industry came together and supported Bill SB 152, encom passing, as it does, the ballast management practices currently in effect for both domestic and ocean vessels in the Great Lakes and the scheduled testing of certain on board treatment technologies on ocean vessels trading to the Great Lakes during the summer and fall of 2001. Fednav Limited, an active participant in the discussions with state legislators and regulators in Michigan that led to the adoption of Bill SB 152, offered to make available one of its newly built Seaway-sized bulk carriers during the summer and fall of 2001 to allow the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, with hopefully the participa tion of US and Canadian federal authorities, to test the effectiveness, safety, and environmental impact of two on board treatment technologies. Fednav, the largest owner and operator of ocean vessels trading to the Great Lakes, virtually all of whose vessels enter the Great Lakes with no ballast on board (NOBOB), believes that the implementation of ballast management practices, as a supplement to the current NISA requirements for ships trading into the Great Lakes, may be an effective way, at least in the near term, of addressing the NOBOB issue. Fednav also believes that while concern has been expressed, at national and international levels, that it may be premature to seek on board treatment solutions in the absence of a recognized (international) standard, it is, nevertheless, incumbent on the shipping industry to make test platforms available to the relevant authorities for on board testing in order to advance the fight against ANS.
NOTES
50 Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species on Electric Power Utilities Kent D. Zammit Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, P.O. Box 10412, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395 USA Tel: 650-855-2437 Fax: 650-855-2619 Email: [email protected]
Electric power utilities are the largest users of surface water for the purposes of process cooling. There are two basic types of cooling systems employed. The most common design is the "once through", where water is taken in on one side of the facility, used and then returned to the water body from which it came. The second most common system uses "closed loop" cooling, where the same water is recycled through the condenser after it has been cooled in cooling towers, lagoons or heat exchangers. In addition to cooling, secondary uses of water in electric power plants include fire protection systems, non-potable plant wash water, and as feed to the in-house potable water plant. When power generation facilities are designed, the cooling systems are configured based on the available cooling water resources. For example on the Great Lakes, vast quantities of cool water were available, so most plants have once through cooling systems using fresh water. In coastal areas, power plants will use sea water either directly or to cool the closed loop. In inland areas where water is scarce, cooling towers are frequently used.
Once built, the power plants are expected to produce electricity for at least 40 years. Much can happen during this time. Environmental rules and regulations change, composition of species present in the cooling water may change, and new species may arrive. Occasionally such changes are not compatible with the original design of the facility and massive retrofits are required in order to keep the facility functioning. The best example of such an event is the arrival of zebra mussels to the Great Lakes. None of the electric power plants were designed to cope with this species. Millions of dollars were spent in retrofits, additional maintenance, and the use of chemicals. Plants that did not control the mussels well experienced serious losses in revenue due to lost production. During the summer of 1998 several power generating facilities on the Great Lakes experienced significant power losses due to biofouling of cooling water circuits. One unit of a coal fired station on Lake Erie lost 55 335 MW hours between June and September 1998. Prices for electricity fluctuate between $20 and $100 per megawatt-hour, therefore this lost production was equiva lent to between $1.1 and $5.5 million. Also in 1998, a nuclear plant on the south shore of Lake Ontario recorded losses of 70 200 MW hours of power due to biofouling, at an estimated cost of $1.48 M to $7.0 M.
The zebra mussel is probably the best known aquatic invading species to cause problems for the electric power industry. However there are others, already on the continent, with which the industry also has to cope, including species such as the Asian clam, mitten crab, invasive aquatic weeds and various slime-forming organisms. Our concern is that even more aquatic invaders may reach this continent and inflict additional economic hardship on the electric power utility industry, either directly or by changing the characteristics of the environment in which we operate.
NOTES Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species on Drinking Water Utilities
John A DeKam Bay City Water Treatment Plant, 2691 N. Euclid Road, Bay City, Ml 48706 USA Tel: 517-686-8300 Ext. 202 Fax: 517-686-6963 Email: [email protected]
Since the arrival of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes in the early 1990s, and their subsequent spread through the eastern half of the US and Canada, hundreds of drinking water utilities have been significantly impacted by the mussels' propensity to attach to and clog water intake pipes. In the early years several utilities actually had interrup tions to their water supply. For most, the zebra mussel has just become another costly headache to deal with. As a result of a flurry of research and the active dissemination of information through this annual international conference, as well as an effective communication network in the drinking water community, most utilities have learned to control the problem. But pipe clogging is only one of the problems. Many utilities have experienced significantly increased offensive tastes and odors and other problems, resulting indirectly from the zebra mussels. From the customer's perspective, the tastes and odors are a greater problem than the cost of keeping the pipes clear. Environmental concerns and regula tory concerns have also been an impediment to effective control in some cases. Zebra mussels may be only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to invasive species concerns for drinking water utilities. New aquatic plant and animal species are continually being introduced in the US. In some areas of the country they cause greater problems than zebra mussels, and sadly, the control of these species may be nearly impossible at any cost. This presentation will discuss the direct and indirect impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water utilities, and the variety of methods used to control them. An overview of a number of other current and potential aquatic invasive species will be discussed.
NOTES
52 The Great Lakes Fishing Industry and the Changing Ecosystem
Robert E. Lange Chairman, Council of Lake Committees, Great Lakes Fishery Commission c/o New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, NY 12233-4753 USA Tel: 518-402-8889 Email: [email protected]
Great Lakes fish communities, and the fisheries they support, have undergone dramatic changes over the last 150 years due to overfishing, environmental degradation, and interactions with invasive species. Progress in regulating fishery harvest and improvements in water quality have enabled the rehabilitation of some native fish species; however, interactions with invasive species have been exacerbated by the recent spate of introductions via ballast water dis charges. Invasive species may have a direct effect on fisheries by preying upon or competing with native fish, or indirectly by altering food webs that support fish communities. The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a jawless marine fish that attacks large fish by sucking body fluids, entered the Great Lakes through canals and decimated lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) fisheries as sea lampreys spread throughout the lakes. Unlike most invasive species, sea lamprey populations may be successfully controlled because their life cycle includes spawning and larval stages in which their larvae are concentrated in specific habitats accessible to human intervention. However, the sea lamprey management program carried out by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, although largely successful, costs the governments of the United States and Canada over US$12 million annually. Indications of the indirect effects of invasive species like zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) on fish communi ties are only now emerging, but they may be more insidious and ultimately more harmful than the effects of the sea lamprey. In areas of Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Michigan, the proliferation of dreissenid mussels has been followed by dramatic declines in populations of Diporeia hoyi, a native benthic amphipod that is an important food resource for Great Lakes fish; although the linkage is not yet clearly understood. Disturbing declines in growth, condition and recruitment of native whitefish have been observed following declines in Diporeia abundance. Great Lakes fisheries managers are concerned that progress toward rehabilitating Great Lakes fish communities may be arrested by these and other alterations of Great Lakes food webs caused by invasive species.
NOTES
53 Invasive Species and Implications for Fisheries Sustainability in the Gulf of Mexico
Harriet M. Perry The University of Southern Mississippi, Center for Fisheries Research and Development Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Ocean Springs, MS 39566-7000 USA
Ronald Lukens Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, PO Box 726, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA Tel: 228-875-5912 Fax: 228-875-6604 Email: [email protected]
Herman F. Kumpf National Marine Fisheries Service, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, Panama City, FL 32408 USA
W. Monty Graham Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL 36528 USA
Thomas D. Mcllwain National Marine Fisheries Service, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA
Blooms of the filter-feeding sea jellies, Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) and Phyllorhiza punctata (von Lendenfeld 1884), occurred in coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico in the summer of 2000. Phyllorhiza punctata, a scyphomedusa native to the Indo-Pacific and introduced to the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in the 1960s, was initially sighted in Alabama coastal waters in mid-May 2000 with westward propagation to Mississippi and eastern Louisiana in June and July. These scyphomedusae may have been transported from the Caribbean into the Gulf of Mexico via the Loop Current. Large populations of the native moon jelly, A. aurita, peaked in abundance following the initial invasion of P. punctata. Immediate effects on area fisheries included clogging of shrimp nets with resultant gear damage and a decrease in trawling effort in areas where sea jellies were most numerous. Because P. punctata and A. aurita are voracious filter feeders and their temporal and spatial distributions were coincident with the occurrence of the larvae and eggs of commercially and recreationally important fish and shellfish species, their potential to impact Gulf fisheries could be sig nificant. With the exclusion of Alaska, approximately one-third of the total annual domestic fisheries yield comes from the Gulf of Mexico, thus the economic implications to the Gulf and the Nation are of great concern.
NOTES Recreational Activities: A Perspective on Aquatic Invasive Species Impacts
Jay Sherwin and Beth MacKay Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters, Box 2800, 4601 Guthrie Drive, Peterborough, O/V K9J 8L5 Canada Tel: 705-748-6324 Fax: 705-748-9577 Email:[email protected]
With the discovery of the zebra mussel in Lake St. Clair, there has been a growing interest by government and nongovernment agencies, as well as the public, to identify potential impacts to recreational water activities caused by zebra mussels. Similarly, it has become apparent that the presence of other introduced aquatic organisms has the potential to impact recreational water use. Documented and perceived impacts to recreational fishing, SCUBA diving, swimming, waterfowl hunting, boating and other leisure time activities will be discussed.
NOTES Aquaculture and Nonindigenous Species: A United States Perspective James McVey National Sea Grant Office, 1315 East-West Highway, SSMC-3, 11th Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA Tel: 301-713-2451 Ext. 160 Fax: 301-713-0799 Email:[email protected]
Robert R. Stickney Texas Sea Grant College Program 2700 Earl Rudder Freeway South, Suite 1800, College Station TX 77845 USA
The issue of aquatic nuisance species, or nonindigenous species that result from aquaculture operations, or that have impact on aquaculture operations will be discussed. A general review of past and present introductions of non native species due to aquaculture activities will be provided for both fresh and saltwater species. Another issue related to nonindigenous species is the use of hatchery-produced animals that may or may not have a different genetic com position from the natural stocks from which they were derived. Finally, one of the big issues in this area is the possible future use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) for aquaculture. All of the above issues will be discussed as well as an overview of the NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative and how NOAA Aquaculture will deal with the issue of aquatic nuisance species.
NOTES How Codes of Conduct May Prevent the Next Introduction
N. Marshall Meyers Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council, 1220 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA Tel: 202-452-1525 Fax: 202-293-4377 Email: [email protected]
Globalization, changing trade patterns, and increased industry awareness of the negative impacts of certain invasive alien species have led to the utilization of voluntary Codes of Conduct preventing adverse introductions. Industries dependent on wildlife, captive bred or wild-harvested, have a vested interest in protecting and managing environmental resources. Minimizing risks and preventing introductions of invasive species require far more than funding screening and risk assessments or passing more laws and regulations. Industry involvement, including public awareness and outreach initiatives, is essential for minimizing future negative impacts. Industry members are best positioned to respond to such problems at their source. Practicing good stewardship facilitates their business as well as fosters compliance with sound environmental practices. Environmentally aware industries recognize that adoption of codes of conduct reinforce existing legislation, establish business guidelines, and establish an industry ethic. Codes of Conduct come in various forms and permutations. They are traditionally general in nature and typically proactive. Supplementing such codes with Best Management Practices, however, overcomes criticism that voluntary codes fail to provide sufficient guidance on "how to" maintain appropriate industry standards. Best Management Practices, while sometimes regulatory in nature, can be customized to fit the characteristics of an industry's activities. A well- designed program should contain minimum standards, employee training, monitoring/verification, and enforceability. The overall goals of such a program are to provide: 1) industry with uniform minimum standards for preventing the introduction of invasive species: and 2) members and the environmental community with the tools necessary to implement such programs. A recent pet industry initiative combining Codes of Conduct and Best Management Practices (including standard operating procedures) offers an unprecedented example, which can serve as a model for preventing unwanted invasive species. Such an approach addresses not only industry needs, but also different stakeholder concerns.
NOTES
1:10pm to 2:50pm Tuesday, February 26, Early Afternoon
Concurrent Session A
Zebra Mussel Control Technologies Session Chair: Charles R. O'Neill, Jr., New York Sea Grant 1:10 Management and Costs of Zebra Mussels at Ontario Power Generation: 10 Years Later Paul Wiancko, Ontario Power Generation 1:30 The Integrated Approach to Controlling Zebra Mussels Kelly Peterson, Aquatic Sciences Inc. 1:50 A Field Study to Determine the Effect of a Pulse-power Electric Field on Planktonic Stage Dreissenid Mussels A. Garry Smythe, Beak Consultants Inc. 2:10 Use of Ultraviolet Radiation for Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation Stanley B. Pickles, Bruce Power 2:30 The Use of Continuous Ozone for Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation David Ebsary, Ontario Power Generation 2:50 Break
59 Management and Costs of Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation: 10 Years Later
Paul Wiancko and Gerry McKenna Ontario Power Generation, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6 Canada Tel: 416-592-7493 Fax: 416-592-2466 Email: [email protected]
Ontario Power Generation (OPG), formerly Ontario Hydro, has been struggling with the management of zebra mussel at its Great Lakes fossil-fuelled, nuclear and hydro-electric generating stations since mussels first appeared in Lake Erie at the Nanticoke Station in 1989. By 1992, OPG had spent $17M to install chlorine injection systems at four of its fossil-fuelled stations, three nuclear facilities and two large hydro-electric stations. Also about the same time, OPG began a 10 year program of researching alternative technologies to reduce its use of chlorine.
From the 21 original concepts researched, at a cost of close to $8M, only four pilot projects still remain — ozone (continuous and intermittent), fine pore filtration and UV technology. Funding for these pilots is budgeted at $10M.
Today, many of the stations' chlorine systems are in serious need of repair and upgrading and some stations are challenged to maintain the systems during the zebra mussel season, which generally runs from June to November.
This presentation will discuss many of the changes that OPG's stations have undergone to expand zebra mussel protection programs, improve performance of treatment systems and optimize chlorine usage. The cost of ongoing maintenance, operations and capital improvements will also be outlined.
To better manage zebra mussel concerns, OPG has developed a number of procedures to monitor for various stages of mussels in and around the stations, and for the engineering/operational control of treatment systems. Sites are required to produce annual "Health Reports" of their treatment processes and the effectiveness of treatments. Resulting actions and improvement requirements are tracked through to completion prior to the following zebra mussel season.
NOTES
60 The Integrated Approach to Controlling Zebra Mussels
Kelly Peterson and Darlene Suddard Aquatic Sciences Inc., 250 Martindale Road, St Catharines, ON L2R 7R8 Canada Tel: 905-641-0941 Fax: 905-641-01825 Email: [email protected]
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) have now been present in North American waters for over a decade. Mussels continue to be a serious biofouling problem for a number of industries in the fresh waters of the North American Eastern Seaboard. The mussels firmly attach to virtually any solid substrate and reach high densities in a short period. If uncontrolled, infestation results in restricted water flow, reduced heat transfer and increased corrosion under attachment sites.
Currently there are several methods available to raw water users for detecting and controlling mussel infesta tions. One method that is gaining popularity, due to its cost effectiveness, is the integrated approach to controlling zebra mussels.
The integrated approach involves monitoring the mussel infestation levels on a seasonal basis in a facility, and implementing a control strategy once total infestation levels have reached a pre-determined threshold. Aquatic Sciences Inc. (ASI) has used this method successfully at a variety of facilities where in-plant settlement densities, monitored through use of a biobox, are allowed to reach approximately 500/m2. If settlement densities reach that level in a given season, then a control program would be implemented the following season.
One of ASI's clients, located on the Bay of Quinte, has chosen the integrated approach to controlling mussels in their facility. This industry treated their system for mussel infestation in 1998, and monitored infestation levels in 1999. By late September, it was evident that this facility had experienced a significant amount of settlement, with settled larval densities exceeding 2800/m2 in the in-plant locations. However, as the water temperature in this area was below 15°C, it was determined it would be too expensive to treat the system in 1999. Personnel from the facility decided to schedule an early fall treatment in 2000, which would eradicate larvae that settled during both the 1999 and 2000 seasons.
Allowing mussel settlement to reach a moderate level prior to implementing a treatment program is a cost- effective method of dealing with mussel infestation. The cost of a yearly mussel monitoring program is generally a fraction of the cost of a yearly chemical treatment program. The facility that implemented a control program in 1998, at a cost of $30 000, implemented the monitoring program in 1999 at a nominal cost of only $5000. In total, if this facility conducted a chemical treatment each year for three years, the cost of controlling mussels would exceed $90 000. Instead, through an integrated program, this facility will spend only $70 000 over the same time period.
As mussel densities are cyclic in nature, this facility may not have to conduct a treatment every other year. Results from their monitoring program will determine when the next treatment program needs to be implemented.
Within a raw water system, settlement densities below 100/m2 can be considered low. Moderate settlement densities would be 100 to 500/m2, with 500 to 2000/m2 considered moderately high and settlement densities greater than 2000/m2 considered high. Once cumulative densities exceed 500/m2, it would be recommended that a treatment strategy be implemented, to ensure that all raw water lines remain free from infestation.
NOTES
61 A Field Study to Determine the Effect of a Pulse-power Electric Field on Planktonic Stage Dreissenid Mussels
A. Garry Smythe and Cameron L. Lange Beak Consultants Incorporated, 140 Rotech Drive, Lancaster, NY 14086-9755 USA Tel: 716-759-1200 Fax: 716-759-1489 Email: [email protected]
Since the mid-1990s the authors, along with other contributors have conducted several studies using cost effective pulsed energy, primarily pulsed electric fields. The studies were designed to determine the efficacy of this technology as a control for dreissenid mussel fouling (e.g., the zebra and quagga mussels). The study completed in 2000 was a variation of a study conducted in 1999 where, because of failed equipment and/or conditions at the Louisiana field site, no useful test data were collected. Secondary technical information gathered in the 1999 study did, however, guide preparation of the study plan for 2000. The ensuing plan was less ambitious, addressed the problems encountered in 1999, and was designed to provide data for possible future efforts. The main objective of the relatively long-term 1999 study was to determine if the electric field would affect mussel settlement rates (and confirm previous data), while in 2000 it was to determine if the system would affect the behavior or survival of earlier life-stage planktonic mussels (veliger through plantigrade). A secondary objective for 2000 was to determine if the re engineered electrical system components would endure under field conditions for the period of the study. Bipolar pulses of five microseconds were applied at several pulse rates to raw Mississippi River water flowing through the treatment leg of the test stand. Electric-field strength was approximately + or - 5kV/cm. Treatment and control samples were analyzed on site immediately after each paired test run. Induced mortality was indicated in all tests in 2000. Also, the electrical system ran as designed by the manufacturer and no failures occurred. Detailed procedures and results will be provided. This study was co-funded by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, the Tennessee Valley Authority, Entergy, and Ontario Hydro (now Ontario Power Generation).
NOTES Use of Ultraviolet Radiation for Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation
Stanley B. Pickles and Victor S. Chow Bruce Power, PO Box 4000, Tiverton, ON NOG 2T0 Canada Tel: 519-361-2673 Fax: 519-361-4998 Email: [email protected]
Bimal Gandhi Wardrop Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ONM5G 1X6 Canada
Tom Prescott Cantech Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6 Canada
UV, generated by both low and medium pressure lamps, has been shown to be capable of zebra mussel settle ment prevention in several studies. Further, UV may have the added benefit of controlling bacteria responsible for biofouling (slime formation) plaguing many heat exchangers. Following more than four years of laboratory and field studies by both Ontario Power Generation as well as other agencies, a full-scale pilot project was initiated at the Bruce Nuclear Power Plant.
The pilot plant installation selected was a medium pressure UV based system, which was placed in a pump channel from which Lake Ontario water is drawn for plant common services. It is anticipated that the UV system will replace the use of chlorine in this portion of service water.
The UV system operated for the latter part of the year 2000 and all of the year 2001 zebra mussel seasons. This paper will present the details of the installation, data collected on the efficacy of the system as well as some of the operational challenges encountered.
NOTES
63 The Use of Continuous Ozone for Zebra Mussel Control at Ontario Power Generation
David Ebsary and Victor S. Chow Ontario Power Generation, P.O. Box 4000, Tiverton, ON NOG 2T0
Bimal Gandhi Wardrop Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6 Canada
Tom Prescott Cantech Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6 Canada
In Canada, chlorine received exemption from the Federal Pesticide Act in 1989 and became the only approved chemical for the treatment of zebra mussels under the Ontario Water Resources Act. The exemption was granted by the federal and provincial governments in response to an emergency situation and was intended to be a temporary measure. Ontario Power Generation (OPG) is developing alternatives. Ozone is one chemical alternative undergoing full-scale pilot evaluation by OPG.
Ozone is a well-known disinfectant and has been used for the control of water born pathogens for over one hundred years. The use of ozone for zebra mussel control has been demonstrated in several studies. As a chemical, it is considered to be more environmentally benign than most of the other oxidants, chlorine in particular. OPG installed a full-scale pilot to demonstrate the use of ozone in the service water system at Lennox generating station; an oil/gas fired generating station on Lake Ontario. The system operated for the latter part of the year 2000 and all of the year 2001 zebra mussel seasons.
This paper will present the details of the installation, data collected on the efficacy of the system as well as some of the operational issues surrounding the safe and efficient use of ozone at a power station.
NOTES
64 1:10pm to 2:50pm Tuesday, February 26, Early Afternoon
Concurrent Session B
Ecological Impacts of Aquatic Invaders Session Chair: Sandra M. Keppner, US Fish & Wildlife Service 1:10 The Top 40 Ecological and Distributional Features of the Most Widespread Invaders of the World’s Estuaries Paul W. Fofonoff, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 1:30 Impacts of Nonindigenous Aquatic Invasive Species on the Lake Erie Ecosystem Madeline J. Austen, Environment Canada 1:50 Distribution, Fecundity, Genetics and Invasion Routes of Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) (Crustacea: Cladocera) - a New Exotic Zooplankter in the Great Lakes Basin Joseph C. Makarewicz, State University of New York 2:10 Reductions in Zooplankton Biodiversity Following the Invasion of Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada by the Spiny Waterflea, Bythotrephes Norman Yan, York University 2:30 Ecosystem Impacts of Recent Invasions in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence: Predictions and Early Observations Andrea Locke, Department of Fisheries and Oceans 2:50 Break
65 The Top 40 Ecological and Distributional Features of the Most Widespread Invaders of the World's Estuaries
Paul W. Fofonoff, Gregory M. Ruiz, Anson H. Hines, A. Whitman Miller and Brian Steves Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO. Box 28, Edgewater MD 21037 USA Tel: 410-443-2200 Ext. 2337 Fax: 443-482-2380 Email: [email protected]
Biological invasions are resulting in a homogenization of the world's biota. A notable feature of this process is that a small number of invaders appear to have been extraordinarily successful in colonizing many different regions of the world. In the course of constructing a global database on estuarine biological invasions, we have examined surveys of biological invaders in estuaries and coastal regions around the world. We have characterized and ranked species of inver tebrates, algae, and fishes according to the number of International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) standard biogeographic regions that they have invaded. We have then compared distributional patterns, life-history features, and ecological impacts of the "top 40" most widespread marine-estuarine invaders. Preliminary analyses indicate that these species are taxonomically diverse, and come from many different parts of the globe. A substantial proportion of these invaders have been so widely distributed by human activities that their regions of origin are unknown. "Top 40 invaders" also embody a broad spectrum of life-history features. They vary greatly in their vectors of transport and in the occurrence, type, and severity of reported ecological impacts. However, in comparisons of these species, some patterns are emerging, which may be useful in the understanding of global biological invasions.
NOTES
66 Impacts of Nonindigenous Aquatic Invasive Species on the Lake Erie Ecosystem
Madeline J. Austen and Sandra George Environment Canada, Restoration Programs Division, 867 Lakeshore Rd„ Burlington, ON L7R 4A6 Canada Tel: 905-336-4476 Fax: 905-336-6272 Email: [email protected]
Tim Johnson Lake Erie Management Unit, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 659 Exeter Rd, London, ON N6E 1L3 Canada
Jan J.H. Ciborowski, Lynda D. Corkum, Hugh J. Maclsaac Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
Janice Metcalfe-Smith Aquatic Ecosystem Impacts Research Branch, National Water Research Institute P.O. Box 5050, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6 Canada
Don Schloesser Coastal and Wetland Ecology Branch, Coastal and Wetland Ecology Section, USGS Great Lakes Science Center 1451 Green Rd, Ann Arbor, Ml 48105-2807 USA
Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the invasion of nonindigenous species with a cascade effect being noted through various trophic levels. The Great Lakes Basin provides a good example of this vulnerability. It has been invaded by more than 140 known exotic species and this is only a fraction of the actual number of exotic species established in these systems. These species represent various trophic levels, and each lake has or is experiencing adverse side effects as a result of these species invasions. The switch from soil ballast to liquid ballast used on ships entering the Great Lakes system in the late 1800s has resulted in a corresponding increase in the relative and absolute importance of nonindigenous fish, invertebrate and phytoplankton species compared to plants and insects in the Great Lakes Basin.
Aquatic Invasive Species of Concern in Lake Erie and Management Implications Lake Erie, the smallest Great Lake by volume, has been subjected to a large number of species invasions. Due to its geographical location and differentiated basin morphometry, thermal regimes, chemistry and productivity, Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to species invasions. It has three basins which vary dramatically in depth (from an average of 7.4 m in the western basin to 25 m in the eastern basin), with the western basin being more turbid, nutrient-rich and productive than the central or eastern basins. A minimum of 29 nonindigenous, invasive species in the Great Lakes Basin were first documented in Lake Erie. Several of these species (e.g., zebra mussel, quagga mussel, the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus, and Eurasian watermilfoil) have had discernible impacts on the lake's ecology. As a result, several keystone species (e.g., native unionid mussels) are absent or nearly extirpated from Lake Erie.
Nonindigenous native species, together with habitat destruction, commercial overfishing, and fluctuating levels of nutrient enrichment, have resulted in significant changes to the Lake Erie ecosystem. Zebra mussels, like many other aquatic invasive species, have been found to impair beneficial uses in the Great Lakes. Fourteen beneficial use impair ments are listed in Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Five beneficial uses are impaired in Lake Erie, partially as a result of nonindigenous species invasions:
• degradation of phytoplankton/zooplankton populations (zebra and quagga mussel grazing, high planktivory, etc.)
• degradation of aesthetics (excessive zebra mussels on shoreline areas)
• degradation of fish populations (loss of native species and forage fish availability)
• loss of fish habitat (carp, purple loosestrife, phragmites)
• degraded wildlife populations and loss of wildlife habitat
67 The assessment of beneficial use impairments is one of the main focus areas of Lakewide Management Plans (LaMP) established for each of the Great Lakes. The Lake Erie LaMP has adopted an ecosystem approach to work towards restoring the lake and has identified exotic species as one of the key problems impairing Lake Erie ecosys tems. The nonindigenous species that are of most concern in Lake Erie include: Dreissenid mussels (zebra and quagga), round goby, spiny water flea, phragmites, sea lamprey, Eurasian watermilfoil, and purple loosestrife. This paper will give an overview of nonindigenous invasive species in Lake Erie, regions of the Lake affected or at risk of invasion, impacts on native species, ecosystem impacts, research and monitoring needs, and management plans/policies relevant to aquatic species invasions in Lake Erie. Zebra mussel biofouling has decimated native unionid communities in Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie while quagga mussels are affecting the ecology of the eastern basin. Dreissenid mussels are known to increase water clarity, reduce phytoplankton and zooplankton numbers/biomass, and alter the nature of hard and soft substrates in many aquatic systems, including Lake Erie. Analyses of the diversity and composition of freshwater mussel communities in the lower Great Lakes Basin has revealed a pattern of species losses and changing community composition throughout the Basin, particularly in the formerly species-rich Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair drainages. Coastal wetland areas, such as Metzger's Marsh (a diked wetland), and tributaries in the Lake Erie watershed now act as "refuges" for many species of native unionids. Tributaries such as the Sydenham River in Ontario, harbour a large diversity and abundance of native mussels. In the Sydenham River, thirty-four species of freshwater mussels have been found, including three species which are rare (i.e., have been designated as endangered, threatened or vulnerable) in Canada. The rarest mussel species known from the Sydenham is the northern riffleshell (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) which is found nowhere else in Canada and is globally rare. The recent invasion of the zebra mussel in the Great Lakes has resulted in "catastrophic declines of native mussels in infested waters, and severely contracted the range of the northern rif fleshell in Canada". There is concern about the introduction of zebra mussels into dams and reservoirs along river systems which might greatly increase the likelihood of zebra mussels successfully colonizing tributaries. Native unionid species occurring in the Canadian waters of the lower Great Lakes drainage basin were ranked by their vulnerability to zebra mussels. Linder this ranking scheme, nine out of 35 native unionids were ranked as highly vulnerable to zebra mussels. Species most at risk from impact of zebra mussels occur mainly in the Great Lakes themselves or in the lower reaches of the larger tributaries, while headwater species are less likely to cohabit with zebra mussels throughout most of their ranges. While native unionids are declining in Lake Erie, other benthic invertebrates such as mayflies (Hexagenia Hmbata) are rebounding. Benthic data collected in the western basin of Lake Erie from 1999 and 2000 indicates that mayflies and dreissenids do not co-occur very often and are less vulnerable to direct effects from zebra mussels. Possible expla nations for this habitat separation and the recent mayfly nymph recolonization of sediments in western Lake Erie will be discussed. Updates on population distributions and the status of Echinogammarus, Bythotrephes longimanus (formerly known as B. cederstroemi), Cercopagis, round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and some other exotic fishes in Lake Erie will be discussed. These species pose threats to the Lake Erie ecosystem for a variety of reasons including competition with fish (e.g., Bythotrephes which competes with young-of-the-year yellow perch for zooplankton), transfer of contaminants (e.g., PCBs) through the food web (zebra mussels, round gobies), habitat alterations, and adverse effects on native species. As an example of the increasing impact of exotic species on Lake Erie, nonindige nous species now comprise 75% of the commercial fish catch in Lake Erie. Other changes in species composition and trophic level composition based on commercial fish harvest data from Lake Erie will be summarized.
NOTES
68 Distribution, Fecundity, Genetics and Invasion Routes of Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) (Crustacea: Cladocera) - a New Exotic Zooplankter in the Great Lakes Basin
Joseph C. Makarewicz Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420 USA Tel: 716-395-5747 Fax: 716-395-5969 Email:[email protected] Hugh J. Maclsaac and Igor A. Grigorovich Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
Cercopagis, a waterflea native to the Ponto-Caspian region, was discovered during 1998 in Lake Ontario. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis suggests that Baltic Sea populations are the source of Cercopagis populations in Lake Ontario. Two distinctive forms of cercopagids, identified as Cercopagis pengoi and C. ossiani using taxonomic keys, were observed to co-occur in Lake Ontario. C. ossiani was the predominant form in western Lake Ontario in mid- June of 1999 but was then replaced by C. pengoi-like animals over the rest of the season. The mitochondrial DNA analyses revealed that the two forms were genetically identical at the ND5 gene. This result strongly suggests that C. ossiani and C. pengoi are morphologically distinctive forms of a single species. In 1999 Cercopagis appeared in offshore waters at a temperature of 16.7°C, and reached a maximum abundance of 1759 individuals/m3 (average abundance =281 individuals/m3, average biomass = 3.6 mg/m3). Lakewide, in August, Cercopagis biomass was lowest at nearshore and embayment sites and highest at offshore sites. Body length of parthenogenetic females was lower at nearshore (1.16 mm) and embayment (1.19 mm) sites relative to offshore (1.32 mm) ones. Maximal clutch size of parthenogenetic females was 24 embryos per individual during summer 1999. The potential of this species to invade and migrate quickly to new areas is great. In August 1998, Cercopagis was observed in the St. Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay. During 1999, we confirmed Cercopagis presence in five New York Finger Lakes and Cross Lake, as well as in Lake Michigan.
NOTES
69 Reductions in Zooplankton Biodiversity Following the Invasion of Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada by the Spiny Water Flea, Bythotrephes
Norman D. Yan York University, Biology Department,, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada Tel: 416-736-2100 Ext. 22936 Fax: 416-736-5989 Email: [email protected]
Robert Girard Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Box 39, Dorset, ON POA 1E0 Canada
Dee Geiling Limnoservices Inc., RR#4, Lansdowne, ON LOE 1L0 Canada
Francine MacDonald Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters Invading Species Awareness Program Box 2800, Peterborough, ON K9J 8L5 Canada
It is usually difficult to assess the impacts of freshwater invaders on the biodiversity of aquatic communities because we rarely can treat the invasion like a planned experiment. In other words we rarely have pre- and post invasion data on both the invaded and reference lakes, we rarely know exactly when the invasion occurred, and we usually cannot separate the impacts of the invasion from other contemporaneous stresses. Here we report that the species richness (average numbers of taxa per standard count) of the crustacean zooplankton community of Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada has declined by 20% since the invasion by the spiny water flea, Bythotrephes. This decline was not observed in seven neighboring un-invaded (i.e., reference) lakes sampled in the same way over the same 20-year period (1980-1999). Indeed richness increased in two of the reference lakes, highlighting the significance of the Harp Lake decline. The richness of the crustacean zooplankton community of Harp Lake is now atypical of non-acidic, Canadian Shield lakes of similar size. Averaged over the ice-free season, crustacean richness was lower than in 20 un invaded lakes that were sampled monthly for one field season. Bythotrephes is spreading rapidly on the Canadian Shield. As of 2000 it had been recorded in 35 inland lakes in Ontario. The possibility of large-scale reductions in zoo plankton species richness attributable to the invader should now be considered. To predict if Bythotrephes might result in such large-scale reductions we must establish 1) how many lakes will provide the invader with suitable habitat; 2) how rapidly and by what routes it will spread; and 3) whether the declines in richness observed in Harp Lake are a predictable consequence of the invasion.
NOTES Ecosystem Impacts of Recent Invasions in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence: Predictions and Early Observations
Andrea Locke and J. Mark Hanson Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O, Box 5030, Moncton, NB, E lC 9B6 Canada Tel: 506-851-6248 Fax: 506-851-2079 Email: [email protected]
Karla M. Ellis and Gregory J. Klassen University of New Brunswick, Department of Biology, PO Box 5050, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada
David Garbary St. Francis Xavier University, Biology Department PO Box 5000, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5 Canada
Within the past decade three exotic species have established populations in nearshore waters of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The alga Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides, first detected in 1996, has become widespread throughout coastal waters and estuaries. The European green crab Carcinus maenas, detected in 1995, is restricted to the eastern half of the Gulf but is spreading steadily westward. The clubbed tunicate Styela clava is found only in south eastern Prince Edward Island, where it was first recorded in 1998. A population explosion of this tunicate in 2001 resulted in the closure of bivalve harvests in affected estuaries. The establishment of these species has important impli cations for the community ecology of all coastal waters in the southern Gulf. It has already affected shellfish aquaculture and may be linked to local die-offs of eelgrass Zostera marina.
NOTES
Tuesday, February 26, Early Afternoon 1:10pm to 2:50pm
Concurrent Session C
Raising Awareness of Aquatic Invasive Species Session Chair: Shawn Alam, US Fish & Wildlife Service 1:10 Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans: Benefit-Cost Analysis John F. Christmas, George Mason University 1:30 Blocking Westward Spread of Zebra Mussels Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife Service 1:50 Public Aquarium and Marine Science Center Exhibits: An Untapped Venue for Aquatic invasive Species Education Paul Heimowitz, Oregon Sea Grant 2:10 Employing the 4-H Youth Network to Help Control Purple Loosestrife Natalie Carroll, Purdue University 2:30 Aquatic Nuisance Species Response in the Pacific Northwest Stephen Phillips, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission 2:50 Break
73 Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans: Benefit-Cost Analysis
John F. Christmas George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. Fairfax, VA 22030 USA Tel: 410-974-3677 Fax: 410-974-2680 Email: [email protected]
Daniel Terlizzi Maryland Sea Grant Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 E. Pratt St. Baltimore, MD 21202 USA
Congressional concern about exotic species has been a matter of trying to determine, "whose responsibility it is to ensure the economic and ecological integrity of the nation in response to potential and actual threats from exotic species" (CRS 1999). In response to such concerns, the federal government has developed economic incen tives for the development and implementation of Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans by both state and regional jurisdictions.
The Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 authorized and provided guidance for the development of state aquatic nuisance species (ANS) management plans. The amendments to this Act provided by the 1996 National Invasive Species Act authorized interstate plans (Peoples 1998). The management plans require that each state or region identify the activities for which technical, enforcement, or financial assistance is needed to eliminate or reduce environmental, public health, and safety risks associated with ANS (Peoples 1998).
Although many states and interstate organizations have focused on specific ANS problems, few have developed plans comprehensive enough for adoption as ANS management plans. By 1996, three states had submitted plans for Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (ANSTF) approval and funding by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (Ohio, New York, and Michigan). By early 1998, another 14 states and five interstate groups had prepared plans for approval by the ANSTF. Presently six states and two regions have approved ANS management plans. The purpose of this paper is to examine the benefits and costs associated with the development and implementation of ANS management plans.
NOTES
74 Blocking Westward Spread of Zebra Mussels
Bob Pitman US Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, PO Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA Tel: 505-248-6471 Fax: 505-248-6845 Email: [email protected]
Douglas A. Jensen University of Minnesota Sea Grant Program, 2305 E. 5th St., Duluth, MN 55812-1445 USA
Overland transport of recreational boats by owners and commercial haulers along Interstate and other highways has been identified as the most likely vector for spread of zebra mussels to the west. Several western states have doc umented over the past few years 37 boats with attached zebra mussels, some which were still alive. Recognizing this as a potential threat, the 100th Meridian Initiative, a multi-agency effort of 17 western states and provinces, responded by conducting on the ground efforts to block the westward spread of zebra mussels through public awareness and voluntary watercraft inspection activities. Agencies and programs across the nation have developed a variety of outreach tools specifically designed to raise public awareness aimed to prevent the spread of zebra mussels and other aquatic nuisance species. However, no tool has been developed and implemented that effectively reaches boaters and commercial haulers moving potentially con taminated boats, sailboats, and yachts along major east-west highways. At a 100th Meridian Organizational Meeting in 1997, Minnesota Sea Grant identified low power radio (units called Traveler Information Systems) broadcasts as a viable and cost-effective tool that could potentially reach millions of people moving along major highways. Based on this proposal, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) successfully installed such a system in northeast Oklahoma in 2001 as a pilot project. Several messages produced by the Service broadcast responsible boater ethics, prevention messages, and that motorists are encouraged to stop by a voluntary boat inspection and an information kiosk at the next rest area. This presentation will discuss the application of the low power radio system in broadcasting 100th Meridian zebra mussel prevention messages, the coordination efforts needed among several agencies for its installa tion, and its evaluation.
NOTES Public Aquarium and Marine Science Center Exhibits: An Untapped Venue for AIS Education
Paul Heimowitz, David Secord, John Rupp, Bill Hanshumaker and Jon Luke Oregon State University, Extension Sea Grant, 200 Warner-Milne Road, Oregon City, OR 97045 USA Tel: 503-722-6718 Fax: 503-655-8636 Email: [email protected]
From zebra mussels to Caulerpa taxifolia, aquatic invasive species (AIS) are emerging as a major international envi ronmental threat. Recent scientific reports list invasive species as a leading cause of species endangerment and attribute billions of dollars in costs annually to the problem. Invasive species management programs continually emphasize the importance of public education given the multiple pathways of species introductions. As a result, a variety of web pages, videos, fact sheets, workshops, and other educational tools have emerged from many organi zations. However, despite obvious subject matter and audience connections, permanent or traveling exhibits at public aquariums and marine science centers generally have not addressed AIS as a major theme. Several factors may con tribute to this discrepancy. Although aquatic invasions are well known in some regions (e.g„ Great Lakes, San Francisco Bay), this issue has only recently captured national attention. Aquariums may find difficulty in reconciling the public attraction toward displays of living plants and animals with concerns over secure containment of live specimens of invasive species. Facilities may also struggle with the challenge of meshing an AIS exhibit with other permanent exhibits that may emphasize non-native aquatic species (e.g„ tropical reef fish). The fact that public aquariums and marine science centers can serve as a pathway of AIS introduction may be reason alone that they should participate in AIS education efforts. Other benefits of AIS exhibits at these facilities include access to a large "captive" audience interested in aquatic organisms, the opportunity to present AIS information within a broader learning environment about aquatic ecosystems, and the potential to integrate exhibits with other educational programs (e.g., docent presentations).
The Pacific Northwest Marine Invasive Species Team, a partnership between the Oregon and Washington Sea Grant programs, has launched an effort to develop aquatic invasive species exhibits at the Hatfield Marine Science Visitor Center in Newport, Oregon and the Point Defiance Aquarium in Tacoma, Washington. Both exhibits will present general information on biological invasions and examples of non-native aquatic species that occur in the Pacific Northwest and other regions. Other topics include introduction pathways, AIS impacts, and prevention/control opportunities. The exhibits aim to increase public awareness, stimulate critical thinking about the role of non-native species, and influence visitor behavior relative to certain pathways (e.g., disposal of live bait) and AIS detection/reporting. Initial design efforts reflect several potential exhibit scales, ranging from a set of small displays that fit existing available space to a large modular exhibit that could occupy major traveling/permanent exhibit halls at other facilities. At any scale, the exhibits feature interactive components such as games about global AIS movement or hands-on demonstrations of ballast water exchange. The involvement of Oregon State University and the University of Washington allows for the participation of undergraduate and graduate students in exhibit research and develop ment activities. Through partnerships with other educational facilities and agencies, successful results from small-scale AIS exhibits at these two Pacific Northwest sites may lead to replication and expansion at many more venues on a national scale.
NOTES
76 Employing the 4-H Youth Network to Help Control Purple Loosestrife
Natalie Carroll Purdue University, 4-H Youth Development Department 1161 Agricultural Administration Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1161 USA Tel: 765-494-8433 Fax: 765-496-1152 Email: [email protected]
A novel approach to enlisting youth volunteers to help with the control of purple loosestrife has been success fully instituted. Nonformal curriculum, Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife, was created for youth interested in this project and working under adult guidance. The curriculum was pilot-tested in three states with 4-H youth groups. The 4-H youth, their leaders, extension educators, and technical experts evaluated the curriculum. Their feedback was used to change and improve the curriculum.
The curriculum was adapted from two excellent classroom teaching resources, "The Purple Loosestrife Project Cooperator's Handbook" (D. Chapman, et al.) and "Biodiversity, Wetlands, and Biological Control: Information and Activities for Young Scientists; Purple Loosestrife: A Case Study, Teacher Training Manual" (M.R. Jeffords, et al.). A youth manual containing ten "learn by doing" activities was developed for the high school aged audience. A leader's guide containing the same activities with the correct (or suggested) answers, background information, additional resources, and suggestions for working with high school aged youth was also created.
Pilot Testing Draft curriculum was generally presented at a training workshop for volunteer 4-H leaders. The workshop included an overview of the problems caused by the invasive species (particularly purple loosestrife), possible control methods, and an introduction to the curriculum. The 4-H leaders used the youth manual and leader's guide in their club meetings with 4-H youth in a number of different ways. Two 4-H leaders used the manuals with existing 4-H clubs (an Entomology and a Soil & Water Conservation club). They did the activities as an add-on to their existing programming. Another leader, a former high school teacher and new to 4-H, started a new project group that focused only on biological control of purple loosestrife. This leader sparked the interest of the local media and had three write ups (with pictures) in the local papers. The youth manual and leader's guide were also used in a summer camp setting with youth ranging in age from upper elementary through middle school and by a parent working at home with her daughter. These leaders reported a high level of youth interest and involvement and in all but one club the youth developed educational displays for their county fairs.
Curriculum Evaluation The leaders, extension educators, and youth provided feedback both formally and informally about the useful ness of the manuals, the training workshop, and support they had during the pilot-test phase of the project. Technical experts (Sea Grant and the Natural History Survey) also reviewed the draft manuals and provided feedback. In two cases 4-H leaders who did not attend the training workshop used the manuals. One of these leaders made sugges tions for making the manuals more complete for use by adults unable to attend a workshop. All feedback was used to make improvements to the curriculum. The final curriculum will be submitted to National 4-H for juried review. If accepted by National 4-H the curriculum will be promoted to 4-H members and leaders nationwide.
Conclusion The linkage of Sea Grant program experts and the Cooperative Extension system of county educators, 4-H volunteer leaders, and youth offered a unique approach to creating new curriculum. Technical and youth develop ment expertise was valuable in the creation, pilot testing, evaluation, and updating the curriculum materials. The collaboration worked very well in producing a high quality, nonformal curriculum for high school aged youth. The adults and youth involved in the project were very interested and highly motivated to complete the project because they were able to make a noticeable impact locally.
77 Aquatic Nuisance Species Response in the Pacific Northwest
Stephen Phillips Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, 45 SE 82nd Drive, Suite 100, Gladstone OR 97207 USA Tel: 503-650-5400 Fax: 503-650-5426 Email: [email protected]
Mark Sytsma Center for Lakes and Reservoirs, Portland State University, Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751 USA
Ryon Edwards ESR, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland OR 97207-0751 USA
In 1999, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), recognizing the potential impact to its operations, funded the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission (PSMFC) and Portland State University to conduct an aquatic nuisance species (ANS) prevention program for the Columbia River Basin (CRB). Concerns are that as they spread westward across the continental United States, zebra mussels pose a serious economic and ecological threat to the CRB's multiple uses such as agricultural, navigation, boating, fishing, industrial, and hydroelectric operations. The program is also focusing on the Chinese mitten crab, which has caused problems in the San Francisco Bay Delta.
It is well recognized that immediate measures are needed to slow the westward movement of zebra mussels. Therefore, the PSMFC/BPA program is implementing preventative actions for keeping ANS out of the Columbia River Basin. In 2000, programmatic actions included creating and distributing PEST ALERT! posters to state agency (e.g„ law enforcement, transportation) field stations. Also with BPA and United Service Fish Wildlife Service funding, two technicians worked in the field on ANS outreach.
In 2000, one technician conducted recreational watercraft surveys and inspections at boat ramps and marinas in Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. Funding for this work was provided by the USFWS' Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program (Wallop-Breaux). We used 100th Meridian Initiative survey protocol developed by the University of Texas at Arlington. Questions asked of boaters included — purpose of trip, type of vessel, previous launch sites, des tination, and knowledge of ANS. We also handed out state-specific ANS education and prevention materials.
Data from the surveys at our sampling stations in the Summer of 2000 show little traffic of recreational water craft from zebra mussel-infested states to the lakes and reservoirs of the CRB. A variance in our results came from Fort Peck Reservoir (Montana). During two days of sampling at this site, we found that 45 percent of the boats originated from zebra mussel states. However, at Fort Peck, this higher percentage was attributable to a walleye tournament (In- Fishermen Professional Walleye Trail) occurring during the sampling period. The good news is that many tournaments, including In-Fishermen, inform their participants of the ANS danger. Also, tournament participants often take measures to keep their boats and trailers clean.
The majority of boaters we interviewed were not aware of zebra mussels. This finding is of obvious concern and efforts are needed to increase zebra mussel awareness in the West. It is interesting to note that in Montana, where there is an active Eurasian watermilfoil educational campaign, the majority of those interviewed were aware of this nuisance aquatic plant.
In 2000, another technician conducted mitten crab outreach in the lower Columbia River. Outreach activities included posting mitten crab posters ("Wanted Dead or Alive"). In September of 2000, a crayfish fisherman saw the "wanted" poster and called to report a potential mitten crab caught in the Willamette River near Portland, Oregon. In 2001, "crab condos" and baited crayfish traps have been deployed in the Lower Columbia River (up to Stevenson, Washington). No crabs had been found through June 15, 2001.
In 2001, recreational watercraft inspections are being conducted in Oregon, Washington (with funding from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife), Idaho and Montana. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks is undertaking the Montana surveys.
78 1:10pm to 2:50pm Tuesday, February 26, Early Afternoon
Concurrent Session D
Biology and Ecology of New Marine Invaders Session Chair: Jim Bunch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans 1:10 Do Changes in Body Size Accompany Invasions of Introduced Marine and Estuarine Species? Edwin D. Crosholz, University of California Davis 1:30 Demography, Ecology and Impacts of the Chinese Mitten Crab, A Recent Arrival to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Ecosystem 5. Kim Webb, US Fish & Wildlife Service 1:50 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Chinese Mitten Crab in the Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta Tanya Veldhuizen, California Department of Water Resources 2:10 Early Life History Tactics of Veined Rapa Whelks (Rapana venosa) in Chesapeake Bay: Blueprint for a Successful Bioinvasion by Stealth Juliana M. Harding, Virginia institute of Marine Sciences 2:30 Estimation of Dispersal and Establishment Range for the Predatory Marine Gastropod Rapana venosa on the US East Coast Roger Mann, College of William and Mary 2:50 Break
79 Do Changes in Body Size Accompany Invasions of Introduced Marine and Estuarine Species?
Edwin D. Grosholz University of California, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA Tel: 530-752-9151 Fax: 530-752-3350 Email: [email protected]
Gregory M. Ruiz Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA
One of the key questions for invasion biologists is what features may allow introduced species to be successful in the newly invaded range. Changes in the body size of invaders in the invade range relative to the new range may strongly affect their ecological performance. For species like the introduced European green crab and other predatory crustaceans, increased body size may affect access to shelled prey, interactions with other guild members, and repro ductive output. Our recent work has shown that many populations of the green crab and other marine and estuarine invaders show significant increases in body size in the introduced range relative to the native range. Using both recent field collections as well as literature-based estimates, we found that for several invaders, body size is significantly larger in the introduced range relative to the native range, while other invaders remain unchanged in the new range. The factors that may be responsible for increased body size in the introduced range are discussed.
NOTES Demography, Ecology and Impacts of the Chinese Mitten Crab, a Recent Arrival to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Ecosystem
Deborah A. Rudnick and Vincent H. Resh University of California at Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
S. Kim Webb US Fish & Wildlife Service, 4001 N. Wilson Way, Stockton, CA 95205 USA Tel: 209-946-6400 Fax: 209-946-6355 Email: [email protected]
The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is a species of serious ecological and economic concern in its new home in the San Francisco Bay-Delta ecosystem. The life history and behavior of the Chinese mitten crab characterize this species as an ideal invader and help explain its success in its new environment in its new home in the Bay and Delta. First discovered in 1992 in San Francisco Bay, the mitten crab population quickly became abundant and nearly ubiquitous throughout several hundred square miles of fresh and estuarine systems of the Bay and Delta. Our labora tory has initiated research to monitor the Bay-Delta population of the Chinese mitten crab and to examine its numerous ecological and economic impacts in this region. Population monitoring indicates that the mitten crab pop ulation exploded following its arrival, as indicated by rapid spread throughout Bay and Delta freshwater tributaries, rising capture rates of adults trawled from the Bay, and South Bay mitten crab burrow densities growing three-fold between 1995 and 1998. Recently, population growth appears to have slowed in some parts of the mitten crab's range; this trend may be similar to the boom-bust cycles of the crab in other ranges into which it has been introduced. Burrows constructed by juvenile crabs are extremely dense, up to 40 burrows/m2, in the tidally influenced portions of freshwater streams in South San Francisco Bay. Burrows range from 0.1 to 0.6 m in length, are highly interconnected, and are associated with high rates of sediment removal, predisposing streambanks to slumping and erosion. The mitten crab has negatively impacted recreational fisheries by bait-stealing, and has interfered with some commercial fishing efforts. In particular, interference with commercially valuable crayfish species may be a concern because of the similar dietary and habitat needs of these organisms. Trophic research indicates that the crab is omnivorous and pre dominantly uses autochthonous sources of food in freshwater habitats, including algae and benthic macroinvertebrates. By quantifying the severity of impacts by the Chinese mitten crab in the Bay-Delta ecosystem, this research can be used to prioritize impacts for mitigation and control and provide predictive information about impacts of invasion by this species into other ecosystems, such as Oregon's Columbia River.
NOTES Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Chinese Mitten Crab in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
Tanya Veldhuizen and Lenny Grimaldo California Department of Water Resources, Environmental Services Office, 3251 S Street, Sacramento, CA 95816 USA Tel: 916-227-2553 Fax: 916-227-7554 Email: [email protected]
The catadromous Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is native to coastal rivers and estuaries in China and Korea and is also established in Europe and California. This species is considered an aquatic nuisance species based on its impacts in Europe and California. First collected in south San Francisco Bay in 1992, E. sinensis rapidly expanded in distribution and abundance. The current distribution in California is the San Francisco Estuary and the lower eleva- tional reaches of the watershed. Juvenile E. sinensis rear in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which is the eastern portion of the San Francisco Estuary where the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River join to form a large, tidally influenced, fresh water wetland. We conducted two independent investigations to determine the habitat use patterns of the £ sinensis in this region of the Estuary.
In the first study, we examined the spatial and temporal distributions of fishes and invertebrates in shallow water (2 m or less) habitats of the Delta between April 1998 and July 1999. Sampling was conducted using an enclosure with depletion seining. Mitten crabs were most abundant during the summer when water temperatures were high and outflow was low. We also found mitten crabs were significantly associated with dense submerged aquatic vege tation (SAV) within wetlands, suggesting that dense SAV provides important refuge and rearing habitat for mitten crabs during their residence in the Delta.
In the second study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distributions of E. sinensis among a variety of subtidal habitat types found in the Delta. The subtidal habitats sampled included: 1) shallow (0 to 2 m) areas with SAV adjacent to natural banks; 2) shallow areas without SAV adjacent to natural banks; 3) shallow areas adjacent to banks reinforced with rocks; 4) mid-depth (2.5 to 5 m) areas; and 5) deep (5 m and over) areas. An artificial substrate collector, referred to as a "crab condo," was used to sample for mitten crabs. The "crab condo" consists of 12 verti cally orientated plastic tubes (2 inch diameter ABS pipe) clustered in a honeycomb fashion, secured in a crate with black plastic netting covering the sides and bottom. Sampling occurred July 2000 through June 2001. Preliminary results (based on data collected July 2000 to December 2000) indicate juvenile mitten crabs are present in all sampled habitats. Mitten crabs are most abundant in the fall, with peak abundance occurring in October. Juvenile crabs were more abundant in shallow areas with SAV adjacent to natural banks. They were least abundant in shallow areas adjacent to banks reinforced with rocks and in shallow areas with no SAV.
Although two different types of sampling gear were used in the two studies, both sets of data show compli mentary results. Juvenile £ sinensis are most abundant in summer and fall months and are strongly associated with shallow water habitats with SAV. Researchers should consider these findings when designing future investigations for £ sinensis.
NOTES
82 Early Life History Tactics of Veined Rapa Whelks (Rapana venosa) in Chesapeake Bay: Blueprint for a Successful Bioinvasion by Stealth
Juliana M. Harding and Roger Mann School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA Tel 804-684-7360 Fax: 804-684-7045 Email: [email protected]
Veined rapa whelks (Rapana venosa), predatory gastropods reaching shell lengths in excess of 150 mm, were dis covered in the Chesapeake Bay in 1998. Adult rapa whelks are voracious consumers of commercially valuable shellfish including oysters and hard clams. Rapa whelks larger than 100 mm in shell length are regularly reported as by-catch by commercial fishermen in the lower Chesapeake, are more than two years of age, and are reproductively active. The most probable method for introduction of this species into the Chesapeake is via ballast water transport of planktonic larval forms much as zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were introduced into the Great Lakes in the early 1990s. However, little is known about the biology, ecology, and impacts of rapa whelk early life history stages on local benthic communities. Ongoing culture and laboratory experiments with rapa whelk veliger larvae and recently settled juveniles indicate that there is considerable plasticity in development time of egg masses and duration of the plank tonic larval stage. Rapa whelk veligers display little substrate specificity at settlement and settle successfully on a wide range of locally available attached macrofauna including bryozoans and barnacles. Once settled onto hard substrates, young rapa whelks are generalist predators and consume large numbers of barnacles, mussels, oyster spat, and small oysters with whelks reaching shell lengths in excess of 40 mm within six months post-settlement. These extremely fast growth rates combined with the rapa whelk's cryptic coloration, nocturnal habits, and preference for oysters as both food and habitat, offer serious cause for concern particularly in light of ongoing oyster restoration efforts in the lower Chesapeake. Evidence suggests that rapa whelks occupy shallow hard substrate habitats until reaching shell lengths in excess of 70 mm and then migrate into deeper habitats with sand or mud substrates where they forage on infaunal bivalves including soft clams (Mya sp.) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). By the time whelks are large enough to appear as by-catch in the commercial clam or crab dredge fisheries, they have been reproductively active for at least one season and have consumed oysters, soft clams, and hard clams.
NOTES
83 Estimation of Dispersal and Establishment Range for the Predatory Marine Gastropod Rapana venosa on the US East Coast
Roger Mann and Juliana M. Harding School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary, PO Box 1346Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA Tel: 804-684-7360 Fax: 804-684-7045 Email: [email protected]
The lack of quantitative data on environmental tolerances of early life history stages complicates estimation of both dispersal rates and establishment ranges for invading species in receptor environments. This is particularly evident in review of species with pelagic larval life history phases, which effect most, if not all, of the dispersal at the timeframe of a single generation. We present tolerance data for all stages of the ontogenetic larval development of the invading predatory gastropod Rapana venosa with respect to salinity — a physical variable which, we argue, dominates potential dispersal (= invasion) range of the species into the estuaries of the Atlantic coast of the United States.
Salinity tolerance is then examined in conjunction with temperature, which dictates both periodicity of adult egg laying and larval development rate, and extant nearshore and estuarine current data, to estimate rates of dispersal and range expansion from the current invading epicenter in the southern Chesapeake Bay. All larval stages exhibit 48 hr tolerance to salinities as low as 15 ppt with minimal mortality. Below this value survival grades to no survival at less than 10 ppt. This tolerance is greater than of the adults of the large native predatory gastropods of the genera Busycon and Busycotypus with which, we predict, Rapana will compete directly for space and prey. Counter clockwise, gyre like circulation within the Chesapeake Bay will, we predict, distribute larvae northward along the bay side of the DelMarVa peninsula, and eventually to the lower sections of all the major subestuaries of the western shore of the bay. The discovery in summer 2000 of small (60 mm as opposed to adult specimens of >160 mm maximum dimension) Rapana along the northerly leg of this gyre adds weight to the predicted dispersal route. Dispersal onto and along the coastal shelf outside of the bay mouth may be influenced by both northward and southward flowing residual current depending on depth, wind conditions, and time within the known egg laying period of the invader in the southern Chesapeake Bay. Establishment over a period of decades from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras by natural dispersal is con sidered a high probability. This timeframe may, however, be considerably reduced by passive dispersal of larval forms in ballast water during intra-coastal maritime trade.
NOTES
84 3:20pm to 5:00pm Tuesday, February 26, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session A
Zebra Mussel Control Technologies Session Chair: Robert Hester, Ontario Power Generation 3:20 Effectiveness of Two New Anti-fouling Coatings Against Zebra Mussels Yves deLafontaine, Environment Canada, St Lawrence Centre 3:40 Can Intermittent Chlorination Really Control Mussel Fouling in Industrial Cooling Water Systems? Sanjeevi Rajagopal, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands 4:00 Use of Intermittent Ozone for Zebra Mussel Control in an Industrial Setting Taka Ogawa, Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc. 4:20 Small-pore, Self-cleaning Filter for Zebra Mussel Control on a Large Volume System TBD, Ontario Power Generation 4:40 Electric-bubble Method for Controlling Zebra Mussels at Water Intakes Ralph E. Baddour, University of Western Ontario
85 Conclusions from Pressure Pulse Technology Demonstration Projects Within the Lake Champlain Basin of New York State
Douglas R. Ferris Zebra-Tech, LLC, PO Box 226, Willsboro, NY 12996 USA Tel: 518-572-3036 Fax: 518-963-7490 Email: [email protected]
G ary E. Frenia Georgia-Pacific Corporation
G ary A. M olinski Village of Rouses Point
Eric J. Schwencke, Earth Science Engineering, PC.
In 1994 an alternative, non-chemical zebra mussel control method, known now as pulsed power technology, was introduced into the Lake Champlain region of New York State and Vermont. Since that time not less than six demon stration projects involving this technology have been initiated within the Champlain Valley. Two of the six demonstration projects are ongoing at Georgia-Pacific's Plattsburgh Tissue Mill and the Village of Rouses Points Municipal Water Plant. The Village of Rouses Point is host to the only hard-piped (drywell) usage of this technology in the world. The purpose of this study is to summarize and present the results and observations on the apparent efficacy of this technology at these two locations since their respective activation in 1997 and 1999, and provide lessons learned for other facility owner/operators considering the implementation of this control method. This method utilizes an underwater energy source to direct periodic pressure waves at predetermined voltage levels and discharge rates into the water intake pipe to disable and kill veligers while inhibiting attachment by settler stage and adult zebra mussels. The method is offered as an alternative to zero tolerance technologies for protection of intake piping, in conjunction with downstream chemical injection to protect pumps and distribution piping.
Creative combinations of monitoring techniques were required to evaluate and document the levels and fluctu ations of the zebra mussel infestation at each location. The creative combinations were needed since neither location had a redundant intake pipe to serve as a control. Both facilities are full-scale municipal/industrial operating systems and water supply loss due to zebra mussel infestation is not an option. The Owners of each facility are anxious to determine whether or not the pressure pulse technology is viable or should be replaced by conventional technology.
NOTES Can Intermittent Chlorination Really Control Mussel Fouling in Industrial Cooling Water Systems?
Sanjeevi Rajagopal and Gerard van der Velde University of Nijmegen, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands Tel: 31-24-365 2364 Fax: 31-24-365 2134 Email: [email protected]
Henk A. Jenner KEMA Power Generation and Sustainables, PO Box 9035, 6800 ET Arnhem, The Netherlands
Mussel control in cooling water systems is generally achieved by means of chlorination. Chlorine is applied con tinuously or intermittently, depending on cost and discharge criteria. In this paper, we examined whether mussels will be able to survive intermittent chlorination because of their ability to close their valves during periods of chlorination. Experiments were carried out using three common species of mussels namely, freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), brackish water mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad) and marine mussel, M. edulis (L.). The mussels were subjected to continuous and intermittent exposure (four hours chlorination and four hours no chlorination) at chlorine concentrations varying from 1 to 3 mg/l-1 and their responses (lethal and sublethal) were compared to that of control mussels. In addition, we monitored shell valve activity of M. leucophaeata and D. polymorpha using a mussel monitor. Data clearly indicate that mussels shut their valves as soon as chlorine is detected in the environment and open only after chlorine dosing is stopped. However, under continuous chlorination mussels are constrained to keep the valves shut. The mussels subjected to continuous chlorination at 1 mg/H showed 100% mortality after 588 hours (D. poly morpha) to 1104 hours (M. leucophaeata), while those subjected to intermittent chlorination showed very little or no mortality during the same period. The data conclusively prove that intermittent chlorination as practiced in several power stations is unlikely to control biofouling if mussels are the dominant fouling organisms.
NOTES
87 Use of Intermittent Ozone for Zebra Mussel Control in an Industrial Setting
Stanley B. Pickles Bruce Power, PO Box 4000, Tiverton, O N NOG 2T0 Canada Tel: 519-361-2673 Fax: 519-361-4998 Email: [email protected]
Taka O gaw a Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc., 512 Keystone Drive, Wallendale, PA 15086 USA
Tom Prescott Cantech Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, O N M 5 G 1X6 Canada
This abstract was not available at the time of printing.
NOTES Small-pore, Self-cleaning Filter for Zebra Mussel Control on a Large Volume System
Rick Ballard and Victor S. Chow Ontario Power Generation, Box 2000, Nanticoke, ON NOA 1LO Canada Tel: 519-587-2201 Ext. 3703 Fax: 519-587-3127 Email: [email protected]
Bimal Gandhi Wardrop Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6 Canada
Tom Prescott Cantech Engineering, c/o 700 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6 Canada
The concept of filtration as means of controlling ingress of zebra mussels into various small systems has been well demonstrated over the past several years. It was important to determine if this concept can be applied to full-size service water systems in Ontario Power Generation facilities. A high-flow, small-pore filter was installed on the discharge side of a service water pump at Nanticoke generating station; a coal fired station on the north shore of Lake Erie. The filter operated during the year 2000 zebra mussel season.
The filter unit was designed to fit into the existing space in the pump house. It handles a flow of up to 12 000 USGPM and it is certified to ASME standards. The flow into the filter is pre-strained by the existing 250 micron strainer and 1 /4-inch mesh travelling screens. The filter internal screen mesh excludes all particles greater than 40 m. An automatic backwash feature is provided by the filter system.
This paper will describe the operational experience gained from the filter installation and operation. Evaluation of the efficacy of zebra mussel removal will be given.
NOTES Electric-bubble Method for Controlling Zebra Mussels at Water Intakes
Ralph E. Baddour University of Western Ontario, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, London, ON N6A 5B9 Canada Tel: 519-661-2111 Ext. 88340 Fax: 519-661-3779 Email: [email protected]
This work is concerned with an electric-bubble method, which was developed to minimize the blockage of water intake by zebra mussels. The development of this method was motivated by the growing concerns and health hazards associated with the usage of chlorine and other biocides to control zebra mussels.
The electric-bubble approach to control zebra mussels relies on a pulsating alternating electric current and a screen of bubbles deployed at the inlet water intakes. The physical principles behind this method address the mecha nisms by which zebra mussels are entrained into water intakes from their veliger to adult stages.
This presentation will discuss hydraulic/electric design and power consumption issues as well as the results of experiments, which were conducted to document the effect of electric currents on zebra mussels. The results were obtained from dynamic tests in water channels and videotaped static tests in chambers and under the microscope.
NOTES
90 3:20pm to 5:00pm Tuesday; February 26, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session B
Ecological Impacts of Aquatic Invaders Session Chair: Alfred F. Cofrancesco, Jr, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 3:20 Buckle Your Seatbelts for More Ruffe Takeoffs: Implications from the Rise of the Ruffe Population in the St. Louis River, Lake Superior Michael H. Hoff, US Geological Survey 3:40 Potential Interactions Between Eurasian Ruffe and Round Gobies in the Great Lakes: Prey and Habitat Preferences Candice R. Bauer, University of Notre Dame 4:00 Plant Responses to Herbivory Affect Exotic Abundance: Links Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems Joseph K. Bailey, Northern Arizona University 4:20 Demography and Reproduction of Maryland Nutria: Baseline Data Needs for Population Control Mark H. Sherfy, US Fish & Wildlife Service
91 Buckle Your Seatbelts for More Ruffe Takeoffs: Implications from the Rise of the Ruffe Population in the St. Louis River, Lake Superior
Michael H. Hoff, Lori M. Evrard and Owen T. Gorman US Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Superior Biological Station 2800 Lake Shore Drive East, Ashland, Wl 54806 USA Tel: 715-682-6163 Fax: 715-682-6511 Email: [email protected]
The ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) is a percid fish species that is native to Eurasia. The best available information indicates that ruffe were introduced into North America at the Duluth, Minnesota Harbor in about 1982 by ballast water discharge from a transoceanic vessel, although the presence of the species went undetected until 1987. Previously published studies showed that the ruffe can be a nuisance species after invasion, so we studied the seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) densities of ruffe to document changes in the population that colonized the lower St. Louis River (LSLR), which empties into the Duluth Harbor, during 1989-2000. The spawning population was estimated annually in spring, whereas the mean total population was calculated as the average of the seasonal estimates, and the young-of-the-year (YOY) population was estimated in fall. The spawning population increased from 3/ha in 1989 to 21/ha in 1990, when ruffe became one of the most abundant species in the LSLR. By 1992, the spawning popu lation had increased to 79/ha, and the population reached its peak of 187/ha in 1997. After reaching its peak, the spawning population decreased sharply to 37/ha in 1998, then increased again to over 69/ha during 1999 and 2000. The total population also increased sharply from 1989 to 1990, when it rose from 6/ha to 86/ha. After a decline to 66/ha in 1991, the population rose the next four years until it reached 195/ha in 1995. After a one-year decline to 168/ha, the total population increased to its peak of 227/ha in 1997. Since then, the total population has fluctuated between 67/ha and 129/ha. The YOY population was only 4/ha in 1989, but in 1990 the population of 109/ha was the highest recorded during the study. Since then, the YOY population has averaged 33/ha. Although the total annual mortality rate of adults during the study has been more than 65%, strong year classes and high recruitment rates of those year classes to adulthood has allowed ruffe to remain at densities higher than any other fish species in LSLR waters >0.1 m. Growth of ruffe to ages 1-3 was negatively correlated with total population densities, so intraspecific competition is occurring. A Ricker stock-recruit relationship showed that the ascending limb of the curve increased sharply between 0 and 2 adults/ha, and that the optimal density of spawning adults was only about 2/ha. Ruffe have colonized Lake Superior bays and tributaries north to Thunder Bay, and east to the Ontonagon River. In 1995, ruffe were also found to have colonized the Thunder Bay River in northern Lake Huron. Colonization of other Great Lakes and the Mississippi drainage is probable, which caused the Ruffe Task Force of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to conclude that the ruffe is a serious threat to North American fishery resources. Our study of the LSLR population showed that the population can expand quickly as the result of sharp increases in recruitment with even small increases in stock size below 2 adults/ha. Because recruitment increased sharply at low stock sizes, and because the ruffe in the LSLR matured at age 1 (males) and age 2 (females), the species has the potential to quickly become the most abundant fish in a system. In the LSLR, ruffe became the most abundant species in less than a decade. Actions taken by the Ruffe Control Committee of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force helped slow the spread of ruffe, but management agencies should be prepared for quick expansions of ruffe populations after colonization. NOTES
92 Potential Interactions Between Eurasian Ruffe and Round Gobies in the Great Lakes: Prey and Habitat Preferences.
Candice R. Bauer and Gary A. Lamberti University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46656-0369 USA Tel: 219-631-0580 Email: goy. 1 @nd. edu
Martin B. Berg Loyola University Chicago, Department of Biology, 6525 N. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626 USA
The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America have been subject to numerous human-mediated species invasions since European settlement, including the recent Eurasian aquatic invaders Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus). These fishes have the potential to significantly impact nearshore benthic communities due to their locally high abundances and preferences for benthic invertebrate prey. Ruffe and gobies may also compete with native fish for food and habitat. Native fishes that have shown recent population fluctuations, like the commercially important yellow perch (Perea flavescens), may be adversely affected by increased competition for benthic resources with these exotic fishes.
While the relationship between yellow perch and ruffe has received recent attention, little is known about inter actions between ruffe and gobies. Our hypothesis was that ruffe and gobies would consume similar benthic invertebrate prey, but gobies would also prey on exotic zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). In laboratory aquaria, both gobies and ruffe preferred soft-bodied taxa (such as mayflies, amphipods, and chironomid larvae), and avoided hard-bodied taxa (such as cased caddisflies, crayfish, snails, and Asiatic clams). Zebra mussel consumption was highest in the treatments that contained gobies. We also compared these laboratory results with the gut contents of fish collected from Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. Consistent with laboratory results, ruffe collected from Lake Superior preferred soft-bodied taxa, primarily chironomids, uncased caddisflies, and mayflies. Gobies from southern Lake Michigan consumed primarily amphipods, isopods, and zebra mussels.
We also hypothesized that ruffe would prefer to use sand habitat while gobies would prefer cobble habitats because both species commonly are found in these habitats in the Great Lakes. However, habitat preferences of ruffe and gobies in simulated lake environments (1 -m2 laboratory tanks) suggest that both ruffe and gobies prefer to inhabit cobble and macrophyte habitats at all times, and venture onto sand only in the dark. Both ruffe and gobies were more active in the dark, and thus may be using the cobble and macrophytes during the day as refuge from potential predators.
Finally, we investigated potential competition between ruffe and gobies for invertebrate food resources in the simulated lake environments. Growth rates of ruffe and gobies were similar when held in either intraspecific (2 ruffe or 2 gobies) or interspecific pairings (1 ruffe plus 1 goby). However, in an invasion scenario where fish densities were doubled while invertebrate resources were held constant, ruffe growth declined to near zero while goby growth remained constant. Thus, if food is limiting, ruffe may be unable to invade areas with established goby populations. Information regarding the interactions between ruffe and gobies may help to predict their future ranges and impacts in the Great Lakes. Complex interactions among native and exotic fishes may result as distributions of ruffe, gobies, and yellow perch converge in the Great Lakes.
NOTES
93 Plant Responses to Herbivory Affect Exotic Abundance: Links Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems
Joseph K. Bailey, Jennifer A. Schweitzer and Thomas G. Whitham, Northern Arizona University, Department of Biology, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Studies, 315 West Dale Street, Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA Tel: 928-779-0601 Fax: 928-523-7500 Email: [email protected]
Preference by herbivores for particular plant species can result in dynamic changes to the plant community, ecosystem structure and properties. Changes in plant communities can also affect the dependent animal community. We examined how herbivory by beaver in a managed system alters the dominant plant community and thus, can affect stream macroinvertebrates through litter inputs. First, we observationally and experimentally show that beaver have a strong preference for native cottonwoods over exotics such as Russian olive and salt cedar. Beaver can remove up to 90% of cottonwoods from a beach within one year. After beaver herbivory, exotics are twice as abundant when associated with cottonwoods that do not clone than when associated with cottonwoods that do clone. Second, due to the disproportionate preference of beaver for native cottonwoods, we examined how a successful invasion may affect the aquatic macroinvertebrates that are dependent on leaf litter as a food source. Using in-stream leaf packs, faster decomposition of salt cedar litter was associated with a two-fold decrease in macroinvertebrate richness and a four-fold decrease in abundance, relative to native Fremont cottonwood. Community composition also differed between the leaf-types through time. These studies show how herbivore preference and plant associations can affect exotics differently. They also demonstrate that successful terrestrial invasions can affect aquatic communities and perhaps higher trophic levels.
NOTES
94 Demography and Reproduction of Maryland Nutria: Baseline Data Needs for Population Control Mark H. Sherfy US Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral Cochrane Drive, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA Tel: 410-573-4556 Fax: 410-224-2781 Email: [email protected]
Dixie L. Bounds, Sherry L. Daugherty, Karrie R. McGowan and T. Brian Eyler US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Maryland Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1120 Trigg Hall, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA
Theodore A. Mollet University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA
Nutria are an invasive exotic mammal first introduced to the United States in the late 19th century. A population was established in Dorchester County, Maryland through escapes and releases from an experimental fur production facility in the 1940s. Nutria are currently established in 15 states nationwide, and most of these populations are stable or increasing. Nutria cause significant damage to native wetland habitats by feeding on roots and rhizomes of 3-square bulrush, a dominant species of Maryland marshes. This activity compromises the integrity of root mats, facilitating erosion and permanent loss of valuable habitats.
The Marsh Restoration/Nutria Control Partnership, a coalition of 24 federal, state, and private organizations, conceived a three-year pilot program to address applied information needs for nutria management. The project's objectives are to 1) document demographic and reproductive responses of nutria to intensive harvest; 2) develop efficient methods for nutria eradication; 3) determine the most effective approach to restoring degraded marsh habitat; and 4) educate the public about wetland values and impacts of aquatic invasive species. The project has been Congressionally authorized and has received financial support from the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the US Department of Agriculture, and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. Results of the study are expected to be applicable to control programs throughout the North American range of nutria.
A crew of nine trappers, one supervisory trapper, and two graduate students initiated field studies of nutria demographics, movement patterns, reproductive physiology, and health in September 2000. As of December 2000, approximately 900 animals had been marked in over 25 000 trap-nights. Preliminary evaluation of mark-recapture data show densities to range from about 0.5-2.0 animals per ha. Radio collars have been deployed on 80 animals. Monitoring of these animals has shown several substantial movements (3-7 miles) along river channels. Future mon itoring will quantify seasonal movement patterns and probabilities to aid in selecting the appropriate scale for eradication trapping. Necropsies on 60 animals during autumn 2000 provided qualitative evidence for reproductive synchrony among females. For example, 10 out of 11 females trapped from November 28-December 2 were pregnant, and 9 of these were in the embryonic phase of gestation.
During 2001, monthly estimates of population density, mean movement distance, pregnancy rate, and overall animal health will be collected on six 150 ha areas. Upon completion of this baseline data set, intensive harvest will be implemented on three of these areas. Monitoring of demographic and physiological parameters will continue during the harvest phase to assess biological responses of nutria to harvest. Our paper will include a summary of these parameters from the January-June 2001 sampling period. NOTES
95
3:20pm to 5:00pm Tuesday, February 26, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session C
Evaluating Effectiveness of Education and Outreach Session Chair: Dorn Carlson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3:20 Angler Knowledge, Behavior and Risk for Spreading Aquatic Nuisance Species Based on Surveys of Five Great Lakes States Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Sea Grant 3:40 Measuring Effectiveness of ANS Boater Awareness in Five States Using a Model Survey Douglas A. Jensen, Minnesota Sea Grant 4:00 Results from Kansas Bettina Proctor, US Fish & Wildlife Service 4:20 Results from Vermont Michael W. Hauser, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation 4:40 Results from Ohio Karen Ricker, Ohio Sea Grant 5:00 Results from California 5. Kim Webb, US Fish & Wildlife Service
97 Angler Knowledge, Behavior, and Risk for Spreading Aquatic Nuisance Species Based on Surveys in Five Great Lake States
Douglas A. Jensen and Jeffrey L. Gunderson University of Minnesota Sea Grant Program, 2305 E. 5th St., Duluth, MN 55812-1445 USA Tel: 218-726-8106 Fax: 218-726- 218-6556 Email: djensenWd.umn.edu
Michael R. Klepinger Michigan Sea Grant Program, Michigan State University, 334 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Ml 48824-1222 USA
Patrice M. Charlebois and Kristin Tepas lllinois-lndiana Sea Grant Program, Lake Michigan Biological Station, Illinois Natural History Survey 400 17th St., Zion, IL 60099 USA
Ronald E. Kinnunen Michigan Sea Grant Program, 702 Chippewa Sq„ Marquette, Ml 49855 USA
Fred L. Snyder Ohio Sea Grant Program, Camp Perry, Bldg. 3, Rm. 12, Port Clinton, OH 43452 USA
Bait buckets are identified as a vector for the spread of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and other aquatic nuisance species (ANS). These aquatic invaders can potentially spread via bait buckets when retail bait is contaminated or when anglers reuse bait buckets that come into contact with contaminated lake or river water. A related part of our study examined ANS contamination of bait sold at retail shops (see abstract by Snyder et al.).
To assess angler knowledge, behavior, and risk for spreading ANS, a survey was delivered to over 1000 anglers at water accesses and sport shows in 1998-99 across Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Results show that while angler ANS awareness is relatively high (ranged 60% to 97% across the states), nearly 50% of anglers using live bait dump their leftover bait in the water after fishing, which can pose a risk for ANS spread. Results averaged across the five states also show that anglers who used live bait frequently tow their bait bucket beside their boat or place it in a live well (filled with lake or river water) while fishing (nearly 60%). Anglers failed to recognize that this behavior could contaminate bait bucket water. If used again, this water is a potential mechanism for the spread of zebra mussels, spiny waterfleas (Bythotrephes cederstroemi), and other small planktonic species or life stages. Almost 1 in 5 anglers re-used live bait on 3.2 different lakes or rivers. When anglers were asked, "Suppose that ANS are spreading by live minnow use, do you think that an effort should be made to ensure that minnows are ANS-free?" — over 80% agreed. Results also showed that 85% of anglers surveyed would choose ANS-free bait over non-certified bait if made available. About 90% of all anglers were willing to spend more for certified bait, with over half willing to spend $0.50 to $1.00 or more per dozen.
Survey results show that while anglers represent a risk for spreading ANS, based on how they use live bait, they are also willing to be part of the solution. Like ANS boater education, ANS angler education can make a difference if it is consistent, uniform, and effectively delivered. This presentation will describe survey results from each state and will discuss new outreach materials, including bait bucket stickers and bait shop posters, designed to promote angler education across the Great Lakes region.
Funding for this project was provided by a grant from the US National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration to the National Sea Grant College Program through an appropriation by Congress based on the National Invasive Species Act of 1996.
98 Measuring Effectiveness of ANS Boater Awareness in Five States Using a Model Survey
Douglas A. Jensen and Jeffrey L. Gunderson University of Minnesota Sea Grant Program, 2305 E. 5th St. Duluth, MN 55812-1445 USA Tel: 218-726-8106 Fax: 218-726-6556 Email: [email protected]
Jay Rendall and Michelle Bratager Minnesota DNR Exotic Species Program, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155 USA
Bettina Proctor US Fish & Wildlife Service-Region 6, PO Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 USA
Michael Hauser Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, 103 S. Main St., Waterbury, VT 05671 USA
Karen Ricker Ohio Sea Grant Program, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212 USA
S. Kim Webb US Fish & Wildlife Service-Region 1, 4001 Wilson Way, Stockton, CA 95205 USA
Jodi Cassell University of California Sea Grant Program, 300 Piedmont Ave., San Bruno, CA 94066 USA
Overland transport of recreational boats poses significant risks for spreading harmful aquatic nuisance species (ANS) to our nation's marine and fresh waters. With over 12.7 million registered boats in the US, this represents one of the most significant pathways for ANS spread. As such, boater education is the key to the success for preventing and slowing the spread of ANS. Although ANS education programs are being delivered, few comprehensive evaluations of the effective ness of these efforts have been conducted.
A symposium hosted by the Great Lakes Panel on ANS identified evaluation as "essential in assessing effectiveness, in identifying gaps and needs, and in general, ensuring that limited resources are being used in an efficient and cost effective manner." Concurrently, the Western Regional Panel on ANS and participants of the 100th Meridian Initiative also recommended conducting boater surveys for program evaluation in their regions. While many states recognize the need, few are able to devote the time, effort, and expense necessary to develop and conduct comprehensive surveys. Most state agencies are under considerable fiscal constraints that prohibit developing evaluative efforts, even if they are deemed important.
To address these issues, Minnesota Sea Grant led an effort to develop a survey tool to measure boater attitudes and behavior in five fresh water and marine states (MN, OH, KS, CA, and VT). These states were chosen because they have a range of boater education efforts and a variety of ANS infestations. This survey was also developed as a model that could be adapted or adopted for use by any state, provincial agency, or regional task force. It was developed as part of a col laborative effort by ANS experts in each state surveyed, and was administered by the University of Minnesota Center for Survey Research. In fall-winter 2000, the full survey was mailed to 4000 randomly selected registered boaters in the five states. Results of this survey will provide: 1) a comparison of data to a similar survey conducted in MN and OH in 1993; 2) comparison to another survey conducted in CA in 1996; and 3) KS and VT with baseline data in 2000 to allow for future comparisons of changes in boater awareness and behavior.
This presentation will discuss survey results based on general boater knowledge and attitudes, changes in behavior, where they learned about ANS, and their relative risk of transport to uninfested waters among the five states. Comparisons to previous survey results, as well as the utility of the survey, will also be discussed by presenters representing each state.
Funding for this project was provided by a grant from the US National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration to the National Sea Grant College Program through an appropriation by Congress based on the National Invasive Species Act of 1996.
99
3:20pm to 5:00pm Tuesday, February 26, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session D
Positive Applications of Some Alien Species Session Chair: Russell G. Kreis, Jr, US Environmental Protection Agency 3:20 Asian Freshwater Clams (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as Biological Indicators of Contamination with Human Waterborne Pathogens Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Johns Hopkins University 3:40 Beneficial Cleanup of Radionuclide Residuals from Water Bodies: Removal of Radioactive 99 Technicium from the Water Column by the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Robert E. Baier, State University o f New York at Buffalo 4:00 Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as Bioindicators of Organotins Contamination and Toxicological Effects Yves deLafontaine, Environm ent Canada, St Lawrence Centre
101 Asian Freshwater Clams (Corbicula fluminea) and Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as Biological Indicators of Contamination with Human Waterborne Pathogens Thaddeus K. Graczyk Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA Tel: 410-614-4984 Fax: 410-955-0105 Email: [email protected]
D. Bruce Conn Berry College Martha Berry Highway, Mount Berry, GA 30149 USA
Ronald Fayer US Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Blvd., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA
David J. Marcogliese and Yves de Lafontaine Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 M cGill Street, 7th Floor, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7 Canada
Alexandre J. Da Silva and Norman J. Pieniazek Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), accidentally introduced into North America, became established in many freshwater habitats. Other molluscan shellfish have been shown to harbor environmentally derived microorganisms as a result of filtering large volumes of water. Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis are zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites transmitted via water and previously found in oysters, cockles, and mussels. In the present study oocysts of C. parvum were identified in feral zebra mussels from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. Approximately 67 oocysts per ml of hemolymph and 129 per gram of soft tissue of zebra mussels were recovered. The pathogen retention rates measured under laboratory conditions for Asian freshwater clams were 1.9 x 105 oocysts of C. parvum /24 hr and 0.6 x 105 G. duodenalis cysts/24 hr per clam. Asian freshwater clams and zebra mussels can recover and concentrate in their tissue human waterborne pathogens and therefore can be used for sanitary assessment of water quality.
Supported by the Maryland Sea Grant (R/F-88), US Environmental Protection Agency (R824995), and The Center for A Livable Future, Johns Hopkins University (H040-951 -0180).
NOTES
102 Beneficial Cleanup of Radionuclide Residuals from Water Bodies: Removal of Radioactive 99 Technicium from the Water Column by the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Robert E. Baier and Thomas P. Diggins Industry/University Center for Biosurfaces - SUNY at Buffalo, Room 7 70 Parker Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA Tel: 716-829-3560 Fax: 716-835-4872 Email: baier @buffalo.edu
Jennifer Stevens, Ryan Fletcher and Robert Ackerhalt Department of Nuclear Medicine - SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
It is generally held that 99% of the cost of hazardous substance cleanup is associated with the last 1 % of pollu tants suspended in water. Particular difficulties are associated with removal of pollutants adsorbed to suspended matter, especially if the pollutant is a radioactive substance. Zebra mussels can do this job effectively and inexpensively, using direct pump-and-treat (biofilter) techniques with collection and volume/mass reduction of mussels and pseu dofeces sediments for long term storage of the bioconcentrated radionuclides. This is a report of preliminary laboratory experiments done in anticipation of applying these techniques to cleanup of residual radionuclides in Chernobyl-con taminated lakes in Belarus, as a follow up to field studies in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine on zebra mussel infestation control. The ability of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) to remove and bioaccumulate the short-lived radioisotope 99 Technicium was evaluated during 1 h trials in 200 ml static vessels. During each experiment four glass beakers con taining individual 15 mm mussels were tested simultaneously with four mussel-free controls (for settling). Test water (ambient water from the Black Rock Canal, Buffalo, NY, at 15°C) was spiked with 99Tc associated with four different particle sizes: fully dissolved Tc04-, and adsorbed to sulfur colloid (<1 pm), overboiled sulfur colloid (>1 pm), and multi-agglutinated albumin (MAA) spheres (-20 pm). Mussels had little effect on dissolved or fine colloidal Tc, but removed significant activity associated with overboiled colloid and MAA particles. Mussels reduced water column activity in these 200 ml beakers by 12-33% during 1 h; the equivalent of 24-67 ml/h/mussel cleared of activity. Individual mussels accumulated between 300 pCi and 1.1 mCi of activity from water containing 12-18 pCi/ml. Typically 60-80% of activity accumulated in mussel viscera, with the rest associated with the shell. Concentration factors from water to whole mussels (dry weight basis) ranged from 130-340, and from water to mussel viscera (dry wieght), 800-2400. These results demonstrate an impressive ability for zebra mussels to remove particle-adsorbed radionuclides from the water column, suggesting their potential application in remediation. Collection and drying of the mussels and pseudofeces in which contaminants are bioconcentrated, reduces the final weight to 30% of the original wet weight, and pulverization reduces the final volume to 10% of the original volume. The dry "concentrate powder", mixed 90% to 10% gypsum powder and water-saturated, cures to rigid "concrete logs" suitable for storage in geologic repositories.
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103 Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as Bioindicators of Organotins Contamination and Toxicological Effects
Yves de Lafontaine Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7 Canada Tel: 514-496-5025 Fax: 514-496-7398 Email: [email protected]
Lidia Regoli and Hing Man Chan Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (CINE) and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
Igor Mikaelian Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6 Canada
Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) are toxic agents that have been released in aquatic ecosystems through the use of antifouling paints and which can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. In order to assess the biomonitor potential of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) for TBT and other organotins contamination, the objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to determine the relationship between levels of organotins in sediments and zebra mussels, and 2) examine the histopathological condition of zebra mussel tissues. Samples were collected at 16 sites in the St. Lawrence River in July 1996 and July 1998. TBT levels in zebra mussels were between <1 to 1078 ng Sn g 1 wet weight, with the highest value found in the Quebec City marina. Concentrations were also high in other marinas and harbours but decreased sharply to background levels just outside the marinas. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between TBT in sediments and in mussels. Gonadal activity of zebra mussels varied largely between sites, and was negatively associated to TBT levels in mussel tissue. We conclude that zebra mussels can offer a very good potential to act as a reliable bioindicator of TBT bioavailability in freshwater ecosystems.
NOTES 8:30am to 9:50am Wednesday, February 27, Early Morning
Concurrent Session A
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Session Chair: LCDR Mary Pat McKeown, US Coast Guard 8:30 Welcome and Introduction RADM Paul Pluta, Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety & Environmental Protection, US Coast Guard 8:50 Canadian Regulatory Initiatives for Ballast Water Management Bud Streeter, Director General, Transport Canada Marine Safety 9:10 Ballast Water Management at the Global Level, an Update on IMO Activities Adnan Awad, International Maritime Organization, Africa 9:30 Regulation of Ballast Water Discharges to Prevent Introduction of Aquatic Invasive Species: Checking the Map Before Continuing Down the Road Lisa A. Brautigam, McElroy Law Firm PLLC 9:50 Break
105 Welcome and Introduction
RADM Paul Pluta, Assistant Commandant for Marine Safety & Environmental Protection US Coast Guard, 2100 Second Street, SW, Washington, DC 20593-0001 USA
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106 Canadian Regulatory Initiatives for Ballast Water Management
Bud Streeter Director General, Transport Canada Marine 330 Sparks Street, n th Floor, Place de Ville, Tower C, Ottawa, ON K1A 0N8 Canada Tel: 613-998-0610 Fax: 613-954-1032 Email: [email protected]
The responsibility for ballast water management for ships entering Canadian waters has been entrusted to Transport Canada Marine Safety. Traditionally, and in legal terms, clean ballast water not containing oil or chemicals has been considered safe to pump into Canadian waters. Only with the wake-up call of the zebra mussel and the ruffe unin tentionally introduced into the Great Lakes, has attention been paid to the possibility of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in ballast water. Canada has been a leader both domestically and internationally in the issue of ships as a vector of aquatic invasive species. Canada brought in guidelines with respect to ballast water exchange in 1989 for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. The regulatory regime has remained voluntary since that time due to a number a factors. Specifically, safety concerns over the most obvious ballast management technique (ballast exchange) remained unresolved — especially for the larger vessels. Technical alternatives had still not been identified if ships could not or did not exchange their ballast, and the effectiveness of the procedure had still not been proven to protect the receiving environment. From a basic legal point of view there had been a lack of existing legislative authority.
Over the last 12 years, research has been conducted as to the effectiveness, safety and alternatives to ballast water exchange and the statutory authority to replace the Canadian guidelines with regulations has been provided by an amendment to the Canada Shipping Act. Most recently, after significant stakeholder consultation, Ballast Water Management Guidelines, based on the experience of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence program, have been extended across the country. It is expected that domestic regulations — specific to the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence system, and consistent with the regulatory regime of the United States — will be in place by 2002. They will also need to be con sistent with the ecosystem approach, be based on sound science, and be safe, effective and achievable. It is anticipated that the International Ballast Water Management regime — currently being debated at IMO — will be brought into domestic legislation once finalized, hopefully by 2003.
Transport Canada Marine Safety has committed resources and expertise to the issue and is working with industry, stakeholders and the science community to prevent future aquatic invasive species introductions by ships.
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107 Ballast Water Management at the Global Level - An Update on IMO Activities
Adrian Awad and Steve Raaymakers International Maritime Organization, c/o Department of Environmental Affairs Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, Cape Town, South Africa Tel: 27-21-402-3365 Fax: 27-21-421-5302 Email: [email protected]
The introduction of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens to new environments, including via ships' ballast water, has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. It is estimated that a foreign marine species is introduced to a new environment somewhere in the world every nine weeks. Human health, ecological and economic impacts can be severe.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been working on this issue for over ten years. The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) formed a Ballast Water Working Group in 1990 and in 1997, the first set of guidelines elaborated in 1993 were improved and adopted as assembly resolution A.868(20).
While the 1997 guidelines have provided a sound basis for the management and control of ballast water, the MEPC has also been actively working on the creation of an international convention for the regulation of ballast water. The development of this convention is now reaching the point where it appears that a diplomatic conference to adopt it could be held within three years, which would be a major breakthrough in dealing with this problem.
In anticipation of the new convention, IMO, with funding provided by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), has initiated the Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast), to assist developing countries to implement the existing IMO guidelines and to prepare for the new ballast water convention.
Under both the existing IMO guidelines and the new convention, ballast water exchange at sea remains the main management measure for reducing the risk of transfer of harmful aquatic organisms. It is widely recognized that ballast water exchange has many limitations, including serious safety concerns that limit its applicability, and the fact that translocation of species can still occur even when a vessel has undertaken full ballast exchange. It is therefore extremely important that alternative, more effective ballast water treatment methods are developed as soon as possible. To facil itate the development of alternative methods, it is vital that internationally agreed upon and approved standards for the evaluation and approval of new ballast water treatment systems are developed and agreed upon as soon as possible.
Ballast water transfers and invasive marine species are one of the most serious environmental challenges facing the global shipping industry. The IMO Secretariat is working to ensure the development and effective implementation of a uniform, standardized, global ballast water management regime. This paper outlines IMO's activities in this area.
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108 Regulation of Ballast Water Discharges to Prevent Introduction of Aquatic Invasive Species: Checking the Map Before Continuing Down the Road
Lisa A. Brautigam McElroy Law Firm, PLLC, 700 Fifth Avenue, Suite 5850, Seattle, 1NA 98104-5058 USA Tel: 206-654-4160 Fax: 206-654-4161 Email: [email protected]
Efforts to control aquatic invasive species (AIS) through ballast water are traveling down several different roads in the United States and around the world. Recent efforts offer a variety of potential regulatory solutions, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Legal, scientific, policy, and industry experts all agree that a solution to the problems created by AIS introductions through ballast water is required, and fast. However, the complexity of the problem and different opinions on how to reach a regulatory solution for the AIS problem has led to a myriad of regulatory actions and proposals, which are each separately being pursued while incurring costs in resources and time. My analysis focuses on the varied regulatory approaches and solution-seeking efforts, and the key elements that must be considered in evalu ating these approaches. My analysis and presentation will conclude with recommendations for where resources would be best used to develop a regulatory scheme, optimizing the results and limiting revisions to that scheme.
The various paths taken in developing a regulatory solution are generally differentiated by the scope of applica tion of those efforts, ranging from individual occurrences, mainly through litigation, to an international scheme currently being worked on by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Each approach has absolute strengths, and absolute weaknesses.
A recent lawsuit in California is the key example of the individual occurrence approach, where environmental organizations are challenging the approval of the dredging project in the Port of Oakland based upon current envi ronmental laws, such as the Endangered Species Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. These efforts attack the AIS problem on a case-by-case basis, and on a local level.
States within the United States, such as California and Washington, have also initiated legislative action to regulate ballast water discharges and dictate treatment procedures for ships entering these ports. These actions direct their attention to each individual state's waters, and provide a slightly broader scope than the individual occurrence actions.
Nationally, efforts are focusing on existing federal regulations to either be strengthened, or made directly applic able to ballast water discharges where they traditionally have not been applied to ballast water discharges. Groups are currently attempting to force federal agencies to implement regulation of ballast water discharges through current environmental laws, including the Clean Water Act. A key example is the efforts of groups to force the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate ballast water discharges under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination (NPDES) program. The groups have filed a petition with the EPA, and are awaiting a response. These efforts address the AIS problem on a national scope, but may be limited in their breadth of regulation of the entire AIS problem itself. In addition, efforts are underway to reauthorize the National Invasive Species Act (NISA) to provide a more compre hensive, mandatory, national regulatory scheme. This action would be of national scope, and provide a uniform approach to the AIS problem throughout ports in the United States.
Internationally, the efforts are varied in scope. The regional treaty approach will provide an area wide treatment of the AIS problem. At the same time, nations are involved with efforts within the IMO to provide an international treaty to address AIS introduction through ballast water discharges to strengthen the existing guidelines promulgated by the IMO.
All of the regulatory approaches and solution-seeking efforts must be carefully considered to ensure an efficient use of resources in developing regulation to address AIS introductions from ballast water discharges. First, the approaches must take into consideration whether the resulting regulatory scheme will be consistent with existing laws and treaties, and, in the case of individual states within the United States, not pre-empted by federal laws. Each effort must also be examined as to whether it provides a comprehensive approach to addressing the problem balanced with
109 the costs of implementation. Each effort must also be examined as to whether it serves the urgency of addressing AIS introductions through ballast water discharges, and whether it can continue to address that urgency with the currently available technology for treatment of AIS in ballast water. And finally, the effect on international trade, and current international trade obligations, must be examined for each effort. Analysis of the effect on international trade includes analysis of effects of movement of goods, uniformity, and whether the proposals will be cost prohibitive for the shipping industry.
My analysis will look at each category of effort I have set forth above, and how they exceed or fall short of providing the optimum solution with regards to the considerations I have set forth. The overall analysis will provide conclusions that the best use of resources in developing a regulatory scheme to address AIS in ballast water discharges will fall in a renewed effort to efficiently develop an international scheme, either regional in scope or through the IMO, providing a time sensitive, comprehensive approach, while attempting to limit the need for revisions to that scheme.
NOTES
no 8:30am to 9:50am Wednesday, February 27, Early Morning
Concurrent Session B
Zebra Mussel Control Technologies Session Chair: Richard F. Green, Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation
8:3 0 A Study to Determine the Precision of Biobox Mussel Fouling Estimates by Comparison to Direct Pipe Inspections with Borescope Type Technology A. Garry Smythe, Beak Consultants, Inc. 8:50 Winter Lake Drawdown as a Strategy for Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Control: Results of Pilot Studies in Minnesota and Pennsylvania James L Grazio, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
9:10 Potential of North American Molluscivors to Control Dreissenid Mussels James P. Kirk, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 9 :3 0 Conclusions from Pressure Pulse Technology Demonstration Projects Within the Lake Champlain Basin of New York State Douglas R. Ferris, USFM/Zebra- Tech
9:5 0 Break
111 A Study to Determine the Precision of Biobox Mussel Fouling Estimates by Comparison to Direct Pipe Inspections with Borescope Type Technology
A. Garry Smythe and Cameron L. Lange Beak Consultants, Buffalo, NY, 140 Rotech Drive, Lancaster, NY 14086-9755 USA Tel: 716-759-1200 Fax: 716-759-1489 Email: [email protected]
Rhonda S. Kratzer Entergy Operations Incorporated, PO. Box 2951, T-EP-16, Beaumont, TX 77704 USA
Kent D. Zammit Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, P.O. Box 10412, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395 USA
Monitoring the densities of early life-stage dreissenid mussels with plankton nets, and determination of the byssate mussel settlement rates using plate systems, have been used in academic and industrial studies in North America for over a decade. Settlement densities are typically determined using what is commonly called a side-stream plate sampler or biobox to which a continuous, low flow of water is directed; the water drawn from a small tap in one or more legs of the facility's raw water system. Through 1997 Entergy had monitored the densities of both the plank tonic life-stage and settlement-stage mussels at several of its facilities in Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana. However, by 1998 most Entergy facilities had abandoned the planktonic collections and were relying solely on biobox data. These data generally were assumed to provide the best representation of mussel fouling inside raw water piping. Although the side stream monitor had historically been relied on to provide a warning for fouling levels that poten tially could shut down a facility, there were no studies that had gauged the relationship, if any, between mussel densities in a biobox and fouling densities in adjacent pipes. The authors were concerned about this lack of data and In 1992-93 attempted to compare biobox data to direct in-pipe inspection via borescope and related technology. They were thwarted in the effort due to the state-of-the-art of borescopes and related fiber-optics/video-miniaturiza- tion, and cost of these technologies. However, by 1998 the technology was more cost effective, visual resolution had improved, and mode of operation and recording data was more efficient. Environmental personnel at Entergy were also concerned that a relationship between biobox data and in-pipe fouling had never been determined and autho rized a Tailored Collaboration (TC) study through EPRI to evaluate the usefulness of biobox density data. In the TC effort, biobox data were compared to direct observation of fouling inside adjacent service water pipes using fiber- optic/miniaturized camera technology that has begun to replace the older borescope technology. The study was completed in the fall of 2000 at an Entergy fossil plant on the Mississippi River. Initial, infield evaluation indicated a good correlation between mussel density in pipes and nearby bioboxes. Details of the study, an evaluation of the in pipe observation technology, and final analysis of plate and videotape data will be presented.
NOTES
112 Winter Lake Drawdown as a Strategy for Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Control: Results of Pilot Studies in Minnesota and Pennsylvania
James L. Grazio Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 230 Chestnut St., Meadville, PA 16335 USA Tel: 814-332-6677 Fax: 814-332-6121 Email: [email protected]
Gary Montz Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Ecological Services 500 Lafayette Road, Box 25, St. Paul, MN 55155 USA
Winter drawdown of impounded lakes has been suggested as a potential zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) control strategy that warrants further investigation. We evaluated this control method on two impounded lakes recently invaded by zebra mussels — Lake Zumbro in southeastern Minnesota and Edinboro Lake in northwestern Pennsylvania. Lake Zumbro is a 263 ha impoundment of the Zumbro River which serves as a reservoir for hydropower generation, recreational boating, and fishing. Edinboro Lake, by contrast, is a 97 ha glacial kettle lake augmented by a 2.5 m high dam on its outlet. Although the ecology of these lakes differs significantly, population surveys of Lake Zumbro by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Edinboro Lake by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection revealed that first-year zebra mussels were fairly evenly distributed upon suitable substrate in the littoral zones of both lakes. After consulting with local scientists, government officials, and resource managers, both states independently decided to initiate 1.5 m winter lake drawdowns for the purpose of zebra mussel control. Both lake surfaces froze during the drawdown period. Lake Zumbro was held at its target drawdown depth for over 10 days while Edinboro Lake was held at the target depth for 7 days. Preliminary qualitative follow-up investigations of Lake Zumbro suggest that near total zebra mussel mortality occurred in the dewatered zone of the lake. A quanti tative survey of Edinboro Lake, however, revealed that the majority of mussels in water deeper than 0.75 m survived the drawdown. Peak zebra mussel density in Edinboro Lake shifted from 290 nv2 at 0.75 m depth before the drawdown to 90 n r2 at 1.4 m depth after the drawdown. The results of the two drawdowns and their implications for zebra mussel control are discussed.
NOTES
113 Potential of North American Molluscivors to Control Dreissenid Mussels
James P. Kirk, K. Jack Killgore and Larry G. Sanders Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Lab, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-3060 Fax: 601-634-2398 Email: [email protected]
A number of North American fish consume zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). We have initiated a new study, under the auspices of the Corps of Engineers Zebra Mussel Research Program, to evaluate the potential of molluscivors (fish that consume mussels) to reduce or control zebra and quagga mussels (D. bugenis). Beginning in fiscal year 2001, studies will be jointly conducted with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) in the Lake Winnebago system, i.e., Lakes Winnebago, Poygan, and Big Butte des Mortes. Zebra mussels have recently established and the lakes are populated by a number of potential molluscivors including lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), channel catfish (Ictaluruspunctatus), bourbot (Lota lota), redear sunfish (Lepomis microlo- phus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), trout perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), and yellow perch (Perea flavescens). Molluscivors will be sampled by electrofishing, netting, and trawling. The relative abundance of zebra mussels will be measured system-wide. The response of molluscivors to differing levels of zebra mussel infestation will be evaluated by measures of community structure, abundance, condition, and growth. Age structure and bioenergetic models will be utilized to better understand the potential of molluscivors for controlling zebra mussels. These data will be compared to an extensive collection of historical data in the Lake Winnebago system to evaluate temporal trends. Studies, such as this one, will provide important insights into the role of molluscivors and changes in fish communities in response to zebra mussel invasion.
NOTES
114 Effectiveness of Two New Anti-fouling Coatings Against Zebra Mussels
Wes de Lafontaine and Georges Costan Environment Canada, Centre Saint-Laurent,, 105 McGill St., Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7 Canada Tel: 514-496-5025 Fax: 514-496-7398 E-mail: [email protected]
Michel DeBlois M.D. Technologies, 1257 chemin Royal, Saint-Laurent, Ile d'Orléans, QC Canada
In situ experiments were conducted to test the anti-fouling effectiveness of two new coatings against zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and to investigate confounding factors causing experimental variability. The two coatings were a chitin-based coating and a soft polymer coating (MDTM-100). Multi-plate samplers consisting of three 15 x 15 cm plates treated with the coatings and control untreated samplers were immersed at two sites in the St. Lawrence River and removed after 3-1/2 months and after 1 year. The effect of substrate roughness and orienta tion of the samplers was also tested. Chitin was not effective as an anti-fouling agent, but the M DTM-100 coating did reduce colonization of zebra mussels by 81-98% after 3-1/2 months and by 86-88% after 1 year. The MDTM-100 treated plates were also relatively free of other fouling organisms, suggesting that the anti-adhesive property of the MDTM-100 would be effective against a large variety of freshwater organisms. Plate orientation, light exposure and colonization by sponges strongly influenced zebra mussel abundance and are considered confounding factors affecting the control experimental units during in situ experiments. The experimental approach when designing in situ studies to test the effectiveness of anti-fouling products is discussed with respect to the definition and threshold level of the desired effectiveness.
NOTES
115
8:30am to 9:50am Wednesday, February 27, Early Morning
Concurrent Session C
Zebra Mussel Biology and Ecology Session Chair: Henry A. Vanderploeg, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NOAA 8:30 Genetic Variability and Phylogeographic Patterns of a Nonindigenous Species Invasion: A Comparison of Exotic Versus Native Zebra and Quagga Mussel Populations Carol A. Stepien, Great Lakes Environmental Genetics Laboratory 8:50 The Association Between Zebra Mussels and Aquatic Plants in the Shannon River System, Ireland Frances Lucy, Institute of Technology, Ireland 9:10 Metapopulation Dynamics, Larval Mortality, and Recruitment in the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): Potential for Control in Large River Systems Dianna K. Padilla, State University of New York 9:30 Transport and Trapping Zebra Mussel Larvae in the Illinois and Hudson Rivers Chris Rehmann, University of Illinois 9:50 Break
117 Genetic Variability and Phylogeographic Patterns of a Nonindigenous Species Invasion: A Comparison of Exotic Versus Native Zebra And Quagga Mussel Populations
Carol A. Stepien, Clifford D. Taylor and Kora A, Dabrowska Great Lakes Environmental Genetics Laboratory, Cleveland State University MC-219, 1899 East 22nd Street, Cleveland, OH 44114-4435 USA Tel: 216-523-7311 Fax: 216-687-5323 Email: [email protected]
There have been few investigations of the number of founding sources and amount of genetic variability that lead to a successful nonindigenous species invasion, although genetic diversity is believed to play a central role. In the present study, population genetic structure, diversity, and divergence patterns were analyzed for the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (N=280 samples and 63 putative RAPDs randomly amplified polymorphic DNA gene loci) and the quagga mussel D. bugensis (N=136 and 52 loci) from ten nonindigenous North American and six Eurasian sampling sites, representing their present-day ranges. We are also developing a baseline data set from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences. Results showed that exotic populations of zebra and quagga mussels had surprisingly high genetic variability, similar to those in the Eurasian populations, suggesting large numbers of founding individuals and consistent with the hypothesis of multiple colonizations. Patterns of genetic relationships indicate that the North American populations of D. polymorpha likely were founded by multiple source populations from northwestern and northcentral Europe, but not from southcentral or eastern Europe. Sampling areas within North America also were sig nificantly divergent, having levels of gene flow and migration about twice those separating long-established Eurasian populations. Samples of D. bugensis in Lakes Erie and Ontario were significantly different, with the former being more closely related to a native population from the Dnieper River, Ukraine. No evidence for a founder effect was discerned for either species.
NOTES
118 The Association Between Zebra Mussels and Aquatic Plants in the Shannon River System, Ireland
Frances Lucy and Monica Sullivan School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland Tel: 35-3-71-55355 Fax: 35-3-71-46802 Email: [email protected]
It is believed that the zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha) first arrived in Ireland in the year 1994, and was intro duced into the southern end of the Shannon river system. The Shannon is Ireland's largest river, 344 km in length, flowing from the north of the country southwards, with a number of associated lakes providing 258 km of cruising waterway. Zebra mussel populations were initially found at the southern end of the Shannon but are currently also found in the northern parts of the catchment. There was a rapid expansion of zebra mussels in 1999, with densities at standard stations of > 2500m2. One stoney site, however, had densities up to 148 000m2 in 1999 and 132 000m2 in 2000.
The association between zebra mussels and aquatic plants is being researched as part of a project on the impact of nutrients on zebra mussel populations in Lough Key, one of the Shannon lakes. This is funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency as part of the National Development Plan 2000-2006. Data from other Shannon lakes have been collected independently. This paper seeks to expand the information provided in posters at the 10th conference in Toronto in 2000.
The plants are divided into two main categories, reed-bed systems and other aquatic species.
Reed-bed systems: Reed-beds are found throughout the Shannon system and extend outwards from many of the shores and islands. The two dominant plant species found are the common reed (Phragmites australis) and the common club rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris), both perennial plants with extensive rhizome systems. Zebra mussels use both plants as a substrate for settling. The survey established that in areas of dense reed beds only the outer metre proved suitable for zebra mussel settlement, probably due to a baffling effect. Numbers of zebra mussels varied between reed-beds. Greater numbers of zebra mussels occur on the older stems of Phragmites (previous year's growth) than on new growth of this species or Schoenoplectus. Zebra mussel numbers were also high on exposed rhizoids. Further video survey work should indicate the extent of zebra mussels remaining attached to old stems or rhizomes during winter months when growth dies back.
Other aquatic plants: In addition to Phragmites and Schoenoplectus, zebra mussels are also found on the submerged surfaces of other plant species. These include stoneworts (Chara species), horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile), water-lily (Nuphar lútea), water milfoil (Myriophyllum), Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis), pondweeds ( Potamogetón species) and ivy-leaved duckweed (Lemna trisulca). Large numbers of zebra mussels were found attached to these plants, many of which were important settlement areas for juveniles e.g„ the submerged leaves of water-lilies. Zebra mussels were also found dispersing in deep lake areas, entangled in floating mats of blanket weed (Cladophora). In the latter months of the year most aquatic plants die off and float away. This may be providing a dispersal mechanism for zebra mussels.
Hard substrates and unionids are the focus of many of the research papers on zebra mussels. This presentation seeks to address the important role played by aquatic plants as a natural alternative for zebra mussel settlement.
NOTES
119 Metapopulation Dynamics, Larval Mortality, and Recruitment in the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): Potential for Control in Large River Systems
D ianna K. Padilla Department of Ecology and Evolution, SUNY, Stony Brook, Room 678 Life Sciences, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245 USA Tel: 631-632-7434 Fax: 631-632-7626 Email: [email protected]
Daniel 1/1/ Schneider Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois, 607 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
Chris R. Rehmann Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois 2527 Hydrosystems Laboratory, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
James A. Stoeckel Center for Aquatic Ecology, Illinois Natural History Survey, P.O. Box 590, Havana, IL 62644 USA
Richard E. Sparks Water Resources Center, University of Illinois, P.O. Box 590, Urbana, IL 62644-0590 USA
Zebra mussels are one of the few freshwater mussel species to possess a truly planktonic larva. In Midwestern river systems, with strong, unidirectional flow, dependence upon planktonic larvae for recruitment may make zebra mussels amenable to control on an ecosystem-wide level. Zebra mussel populations in a given section of a river are strongly dependent upon a reliable flux of larval recruits produced by upriver populations. If this upriver source of larvae is eliminated or greatly reduced, downriver populations of adult mussels should begin to die back or disappear entirely. However, in tidal rivers with oscillating current direction, larvae may slosh back and forth in the same section of the river and recruit back to the same populations that produced them. In this scenario, riverine populations may exhibit self-recruitment and not be as amenable to control via upriver dispersal barriers.
Using a Lagrangian approach to studying the zebra mussel in the connected waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, we have tracked cohorts of larvae as they move from Lake Michigan and downstream in the Illinois River, and measured growth and mortality rates that take into account advection and dispersion. Contrary to usual popula tion models of constant mortality, we find mortality to be stage/age dependent. We have also conducted laboratory studies that measured daily mortality rates as larvae develop from spawn to settlement. Results have confirmed that there are stage-specific windows of increased mortality, especially at the transition between the D-stage and Umbonal- stage, independent of food availability. Field studies in both the Illinois and Hudson Rivers have also examined the relationship between larval flux and settlement, and post-recruitment growth and mortality. These data, coupled with additional information on larval abundance, larval delivery, settlement, recruitment, adult growth, fecundity and mortality will allow for the development of a metapopulation model for the zebra mussel.
Preliminary analyses suggest that zebra mussels in the Illinois River may be controlled by limiting dispersal of larvae from Lake Michigan. We contrast these results with parallel data on larval abundance, settlement and recruit ment in the Hudson River, an estuarine river, where the oscillatory flow has the potential to retain larvae in the system. The relative ease of larval identification, and the ability to track larval cohorts as they drift downriver in North American river systems may offer a unique opportunity to develop ecosystem wide control strategies for invasive species, while at the same time advancing metapopulation theories originally developed in marine systems. NOTES
120 Transport and Trapping of Zebra Mussel Larvae in the Illinois and Hudson Rivers
Chris R. Rehmann, Lisa M. Leach, Meredith L. Carr and Patrick R. Jackson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 2527 Hydrosystems Laboratory, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA Tel: 217-333-9077 Fax: 217-333-0687 Email: [email protected]
James A. Stoeckel Center for Aquatic Ecology, Illinois Natural History Survey, P.O. Box 590, Havana, IL 62644 USA
Dianna K. Padilla Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook Room 678 Life Sciences, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245 USA
Daniel W. Schneider Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 607 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
The spread and establishment of zebra mussel populations in rivers depend on the details of the physical transport. In particular, an important parameter affecting predictions of mussel spread and the design of control schemes is the likelihood of local larval recruitment. In the Illinois River, the current mainly carries larvae downstream, but mussels may be able to establish local populations in areas with low flow or "dead zones", like backwater lakes and areas behind locks and dams. In the Hudson River, which has significant tidal effects over much of its length, larvae may simply oscillate around the spot where they were spawned.
For the Illinois River we developed a model that combines the physical transport processes with the biology of the zebra mussel. Growth, mortality, and settlement rates are taken from field observations, described in a companion paper by Padilla et al. Advection and longitudinal dispersion are estimated from dye studies conducted by the US Geological Survey, while the effect of dead zones is represented with a simple exchange model. For various river dis charges and larval cohort properties the combined model predicts settlement patterns, including the location, spread, peak abundance, and total mass. It also allows the effect of the backwater lakes and locks and dams on the spatial population structure to be assessed.
For the Hudson River we conducted a dye tracking experiment in a small reach just north of Poughkeepsie, NY to measure dispersion parameters and assess the importance of side embayments on the retention of zebra mussel larvae. We examined the exchange between the main channel and a small embayment near the injection site by measuring the fraction of the total dye mass in the embayment as a function of time. Nearly half of the dye was trapped initially, but inflow from a creek due to a severe thunderstorm quickly flushed much of the dye out of the embayment. These results suggest that side embayments can trap significant amounts of zebra mussel larvae spawned near the shore and that while the small tributaries may have a minor effect on the flow in the main channel, they can affect zebra mussel populations dramatically.
NOTES
121
8:30am to 9:50am Wednesday, February 27, Early Morning
Concurrent Session D
Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Session Chair: John W. Barko, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 8:30 An Ecological Approach to Management of Invasive Aquatic Plants R. Michael Smart, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 8:50 Factors influencing Propagule Production and Success in Submersed Aquatic Plants: An Overview Dwilette G. McFarland, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 9:10 Hydrellia pakistanae and H. balciunasi - Insect Biological Control Agents of Hydrilla: Boon or Bust??? Michael J. Grodowitz, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 9:30 Partnering to Develop an Endemic Fungal Pathogen as a Bioherbicide for Management of Hydrilla verticillata Judy Shearer, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 9:50 Break
123 An Ecological Approach to Management of Invasive Aquatic Plants
R. Michael Smart US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility, RR 3, Box 446, Lewisville, TX 75056 USA Tel: 972-436-2215 Fax: 972-436-1402 Email: [email protected]
Historically, there have been two common approaches to dealing with invasive submersed aquatic plants - the "do nothing" approach and the "nuke 'em" approach. In the former, lake managers ignore the invading species, hoping that it will either not cause extensive problems, or that it will go away on its own. In the latter approach, managers often tried to wipe out all aquatic vegetation in a misguided attempt to rid themselves of any offenders. Both these approaches are seriously flawed and almost never produce desirable results. Today, lake managers need to think and act holistically - managing the aquatic plants within an ecosystem context, using management strategies that are based on the principles of plant ecology with sustainable, ecologically-sound goals.
Known, international weedy species, such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), giant salvinia (Salvinia moiesta), and waterhyacinth (Eichornnia crassipes), need to be dealt with promptly as these "world-class weeds" cause problems wherever they occur. Taking a "wait and see attitude" with new invaders only delays the inevitable, contributes to the severity of the problem, and, by removing eradication as an option, may make continued, annual management actions necessary. It is much easier (and cheaper) to avoid future problems through diligent monitoring and prompt eradication of known offenders as soon as they occur.
When managers do take action they need to do so with realistic expectations and clearly defined goals. Different stakeholders will have differing, often contradictory, opinions on the objectives of management action. Some lakefront property owners would prefer a sandy beach or a bulkheaded shoreline — completely free of any vegetation. Some sportsmen might go to the other extreme — desiring a high level of vegetative cover, perhaps even favoring the weedy species and opposing any and all management intervention. Lake managers generally must manage their waters to suit a diversity of interests. Because of these conflicting interests, and because many bodies of water are publicly owned, managers should strive to minimize costs and maximize long-term benefits to society. A holistic, ecosystem- based approach offers the best hope for achieving these objectives.
In addition to being defensible from a scientific standpoint, an ecological approach to aquatic plant management offers hope of sustainability, embraces the principles of integrated pest plant management, maximizes societal benefits and minimizes long-term costs. Details of the approach will be discussed.
NOTES
124 Factors Influencing Propagule Production and Success in Submersed Aquatic Plants: An Overview Dwilette G. McFarland US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-3615 Email: [email protected]
Investigations of the ecology of submersed aquatic plants historically have focused on factors affecting plant growth and morphological development. Yet, the survival and recurrence of submersed plants in nature depends on their abilities to reproduce successfully under various conditions. Due to the apparent infrequency of submersed plant sexual reproduction, except for certain species of aquatic annuals, studies of population dispersal and reestablishment have largely dealt with requirements for vegetative (i.e., asexual) propagation. In exotic nuisance species, such as Hydrilla verticillata, whose excessive growth causes serious water use and water quality problems, proliferation can occur rapidly in aquatic systems through the production of a variety of vegetative propagules (e.g., tubers, turions, fragments, rhizomes and stolons). An understanding of factors promoting the regrowth and spread of submersed species is important to the development of practices to modify species abundance and composition of submersed plant communities. This presentation will summarize the results of ecological studies designed to characterize propagule production and early stages of growth relative to environmental variables (i.e., light, temperature, sediment nutrients, burial depth, water chemistry, and others). Data from laboratory and field studies will be presented based on observations of propagules of native and nonnative species (including Vallisneria americana, Myriophyllum spicatum, and biotypes of H. verticillata). Progress of ongoing propagule research will be discussed, along with areas in submersed plant reproduction needing further study.
NOTES
125 Hydrellia pakistanae and H. balciunasi- Insect Biological Control Agents of Hydrilla: Boon or Bust????
M ichael J. G rodow itz US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-2972 Fax: 601-634-2398 Email: [email protected]
Of the four insect species released for hydrilla biocontrol only the two leaf-mining flies have established and exhibited large range extensions since their first release in 1987. While monitoring has been minimal across the country, fly populations have typically remained below levels thought to be damaging. In fact, most operational personnel and many researchers have dismissed the flies as being non-effective. Recently, modest to large increases in fly populations followed by hydrilla declines have occurred at several Texas, Georgia, and Florida sites including Lake Seminole, Coleto Creek Reservoir, and Sheldon Reservoir. Impact to hydrilla propagules has also been observed where lower numbers of tubers (-40% ) were observed at sites on Lake Seminole impacted by fly feeding. In addition, long-term experimentation has indicated that even modest levels of fly damage can significantly reduce hydrilla biomass (-50% ) and tuber numbers (-25%) apparently by reducing photosynthesis which leads to decreases in plant vigor and production. While more detailed field and laboratory evaluations are needed, these agents apparently have the potential to suppress hydrilla populations based on both field and laboratory/greenhouse experimentation. However, a complex of factors can influence their effectiveness including plant nutrition and pupal parasitism. Further applied and foundational research is needed to bolster the hydrilla biocontrol program including overseas surveys to identify new agents and implementation of release programs. Based on field surveys, the release of flies into an area increases the likelihood of fly impact since actual release sites have 7-fold higher fly numbers and asso ciated damage than non-release sites.
NOTES
126 Partnering to Develop an Endemic Fungal Pathogen as a Bioherbicide for Management of Hydrilla verticillata
Judy F. Shearer US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA Tel: 601-634-2516 Fax: 601-634-2398 Email: [email protected]
Mark A. Jackson US Department of Agriculture, ARS/NCAUR, 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604 USA
The endemic fungal pathogen Mycoleptodiscus terrestris is undergoing assessment for potential development as a bioherbicide for management of Hydrilla verticillata. The process is a combined effort between the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), and SePro Inc. Critical to the success of the project from a research standpoint will be the development of fermentation and formulation methods. Between June and October 2000, a cooperative research effort between the ERDC and NCAUR focused on the feasibility of mass-producing M. terrestris in liquid culture. Important in the strategy was to determine the nutritional requirements of the organism. Benchmarks for success were based on whether the fungus could be produced at relatively low cost in a medium that yielded high numbers of viable propagules that were amenable to drying. A series of experiments examined the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on fungal growth, propagule formation and type, viability, and biocontrol efficacy. The initial results indicate that liquid culture methods can be developed for M. terrestris that yield a dried product that is both viable and efficacious. Future development efforts will utilize the expertise of each of the cooperators. NCAUR will focus on optimizing fermentation and formu lation methods, ERDC on laboratory and field bioassays, and SePro on product patent and registration issues.
NOTES
127
10:20am to 12:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Morning
Concurrent Session A
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Session Chair. Christopher J. Wiley, Transport Canada 10:20 How Will New Regulations on Ballast Management Impact the Operation off a Worldwide Fleet of Ro-Ro and Car Carriers? Knut R. Samuelsen, Wallenius Wilhemsen Lines, Norway 10:40 The Potential tor the Implementation off the IMO Antifouling Convention (Banning TBT-Based Marine Paints) to Promote the Introduction off Invasive Species Michael A. Champ, Advanced Technology Research Project Corporation 11:00 Addressing the Transport of Pathogens in Ships’ Ballast Water: A Methodology Hugh H. Welsh, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 11:20 A Vision of Progress for Ballast Water Management Scott Smith, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 11:40 Ballast Water Management Policy Statement off the Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species Philip B. Moy, Wisconsin Sea Grant 12:00 Luncheon 12:45 Luncheon Address Admiral James Loy, Commandant, US Coast Guard
129 How Will New Regulations on Ballast Management Impact the Operation of a Worldwide Fleet of Ro-Ro and Car Carriers?
Knut R. Samuelsen Wallenius Wilhemsen Lines, Standveien 20, PO Box 33, No-1324 Lysaker, Norway Tel: 47-6-758-4688 Fax: 47-6-758-4151 Email: [email protected]
Wallenius Wilhelmsen Lines was established in 1999 as a result of a merger between Wallenius in Sweden and Wilhelmsen Lines in Norway. The company is one of the world's largest operators of specialised ro-ro and car carriers. The company operates a fleet of about 65 vessels engaged in a network of worldwide operation. The company has a clear commitment to keep a high environmental focus on its business. The company is certified in accordance with the ISO 14001 standard and environmental management is a natural part of its business.
It is estimated that more than 10 000 million tonnes of ballast water is transported by ships every year and ballast water has been recognised as a danger for transplant of aquatic species. The various requirements for environmental protection have driven the development of regional and national requirements beyond the current IMO guidelines. Special national requirements are also a result of the time consuming process for international regulation implemen tation through IMO.
The shipping company has to comply with the national and international regulations when operating in waters within the jurisdiction of the country. A global shipping company may have difficulties in complying with all the different national and regional regulations. One reason can be that equipment or procedures for ballast cleaning approved in one area would not be approved in a different area. A challenge for the shipping companies is also to be constantly updated on the various local regulations. From a shipping company point of view, one set of international regulations through IMO is recommended.
There are currently few pieces of equipment or systems for ballast water treatment available for the shipping industry. Items to be considered are ballast water capacity, space for fitting the equipment, power consumption, corrosion problems etc.
Therefore, most used and proven procedures today are based on deep-sea ballast water exchange. This can be done by replacing the "polluted" ballast water at once and refilling with new ballast water or removing the "polluted" water by flow through. A third method is to replace the "polluted" water constantly. The various methods are not "risk free" due to vessel strength and stability etc. Wallenius Wilhelmsen has long experience with ballast exchange since operating in Australian waters for many years.
NOTES
130 The Potential for the Implementation of the IMO Antifouling Convention (Banning TBT-Based Marine Paints) to Promote the Introduction of Invasive Species
Michael A. Champ Advanced Technology Research Project Corporation, P.O. Box 2439, Falls Church, VA 22042-3934 USA Tel: 703-237-0505 Fax: 703-241-1278 Email: [email protected]
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) on October 5, 2001 adopted the Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships to produce a global ban on the use of organotins in antifouling paints. The Convention has been drafted to enter into force 12 months after 25 states, representing 25% of the world's fleet, ratify its terms. The IMO has also urged ships to comply with the pre-set date of January 1, 2003 as the target date for banning the application of organotin-based antifoulants, with total removal or overcoating of organotin based-paints by January 1, 2008.
Several significant aspects of the regulatory discussion of "harmful antifouling paints" should not be forgotten: 1) Many of the "regulated" nations have achieved extensive improvement of water quality in ports and harbors (through Clean Water Acts), which promotes the introduction and survival of invasive species in these waters; 2) Only one highly specialized marine antifouling alternative to Tributyltin-based (TBT) antifouling paints has been approved in the US by the US Environmental Protection Agency; the VOC levels are above current regulatory levels and in the past such reviews have taken up to years to complete; 3) Studies in Ireland and Germany have found that the use of TBT has greatly reduced the threat and risk of introduction of invasive (exotic) marine species in foreign waters; and 4) A biofouled ship can transport on its bottom almost two million marine organisms which is significant when compared to the small numbers transported in ballast water and the ease of treatment of "contained" organisms in ballast water.
Alternatives to TBT are available, but not proven and accepted on a global basis. Unfortunately with less than one year remaining before implementation of the IMO ban, a "comparable" alternative to TBT that has been accepted in the marketplace is not presently available. Over the 5-year implementation period of the Treaty, the hope is that com parable alternatives to TBT will become available and accepted in the marketplace. If not, the environmental costs to nations from implementing this Treaty without comparable alternatives might be in the billions of dollars from massive introductions of invasive species.
NOTES
131 Addressing the Transport of Pathogens in Ships' Ballast Water: A Methodology
Gloria A. Casale Fellow, American Teachers of Preventive Medicine, 5402 El Camino, Columbia, MD 21044-1101 USA Tel: 301-964-4710 Email: [email protected]
Hugh H. Welsh Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, One World Trade Center, 67 East, New York, NY 10048 USA
A number of ballast water management plans have been promulgated but none have set forth a methodology for a systematic, scientific solution to the problem. There is well-established evidence that among the non-indigenous species that are being transported in ballast water are pathogenic organisms. We propose to identify and suggest a methodology that will first quantify the problem so we may ultimately develop workable solutions.
It has only been a few years since scientific evidence of the presence of pathogenic organisms, those that produce disease in plants or animals, has been validated. Moreover, a recent study released by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center confirms earlier research and further indicates that the current guidelines requesting the voluntary at sea exchange do not eliminate pathogenic viruses and bacteria in ballast water. This research is an essential first step to adequately define the nature and extent of the problem.
Currently, much scientific study is being done to identify and quantify the various invasive species and effective mechanisms that will decrease the numbers of pathogens and invasive macro species in ballast.
Only after these steps have been accomplished, can acceptable and reasonable standards be established. Ensuing regulations will encourage the development and application of cost effective technological solutions.
We believe that by using the correct methodology the nature and extent of the problem can be determined, the appropriate standards developed and codified and an enforcement process set in place. Only then will an environment encouraging the development of scientifically sound technology emerge.
NOTES
132 A Vision of Progress for Ballast Water Management
Scott Smith Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, WA 98501 USA Tel: 360-902-2724 Fax: 360-902-2158 Email: [email protected]
Ballast water management is a complicated issue and the implementation of effective programs has been slow. Our knowledge is increasing and our vision is becoming clearer. State, national and international efforts are beginning to mature. Washington State is in the process of implementing a ballast water management program that improves reporting, verifies exchange, implements an interim approval process for ballast water treatment technologies, and mandates treatment, if exchange cannot be adequately conducted. Regional coordination efforts are underway on the west coast to increase the effectiveness of ballast water research. The United States Geological Service is working toward the development of a research facility for invasive species ecology and ballast water treatment on Marrowstone Island, WA. The reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act (NISA) is an important opportunity to improve ballast management and increase consistency among state and federal programs. NISA should clarify state and federal roles, and synchronize authorities. A mandatory national program is needed with regional and state participation.
NOTES
133 Ballast Water Management Policy Statement of the Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species
Philip B. Moy University of Wisconsin Sea Grant, 705 Viebahn Street, Manitowoc, Wl 54220 USA Tel: 920-683-4697 Ext. 2021 Fax: 920-683-4776 Email: [email protected]
Katherine Glassner-Shwayder Great Lakes Commission, 400 Fourth Street, Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 USA
Chartered under US federal law, the Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species is responsible for advancing aquatic nuisance species (ANS) prevention and control efforts in the Great Lakes-St, Lawrence region. The Great Lakes Panel recognizes that ballast water from ocean-going commercial vessels is a primary vector for the introduction of ANS to the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system. Organisms discharged with ballast water from ocean-going commercial vessels are a threat to the integrity of the ecosystem and many water-dependent sectors of the economy. Mid-ocean ballast exchange may effectively eliminate stenohaline organisms but euryhaline organisms or resting eggs and cysts can survive not only in exchanged ballast water but also in the sediment and residual water in vessels claiming no ballast on board (NOBOBs).
Concerns for the effectiveness of current regulations/guidelines exist as discoveries of new ANS occur in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system and established populations continue to spread between lakes. To address these concerns, the Panel convened a committee in the spring of 2000 to develop a policy statement on ballast water management for the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region. The committee included representatives from state/provincial resource management and environmental quality agencies, federal agencies, maritime industry, tribal authorities, environmental groups and other non-governmental organizations from US and Canada. Committee representatives held a wide range of vested interests in the outcome of the policy statement, posing significant challenges in its con ception and development.
At the outset of this project, committee members identified major themes to be addressed, working together to strike a balance in the structure and content of the policy statement. The first of these themes calls for the estab lishment of criteria to advance the development of ballast water management practices and treatment technologies that eliminate future introductions and intrasystem transfer of ANS. Secondly, a coordinated ballast management program must be developed for the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region and applied to all commercial vessels consistently. Thirdly, additional research needs are identified in areas of ballast management practices and treatment technologies, management of NOBOBs, funding and coordination, environmental and economic impacts, and health risks posed to humans, fish and wildlife. Committee members with expertise in the respective areas prepared sections of the policy statement, each containing an issue description, findings of the Panel and a list of recommended actions.
The policy statement was drafted in the fall of 2000 and was subject to several reviews by the Panel member ship. A challenge in the conception and development of the policy statement was to reach consensus among the various stakeholders which often meant seeking the narrow strip of common ground among all those involved. The policy statement was finalized in spring of 2001 at which point dissemination has been initiated.
The policy statement provides strategic guidance to those in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region working on the various aspects of the ballast water management issue and in the reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act in the US Congress.
1B4 10:20am to 12:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Morning
Concurrent Session B
Emerging Technologies for Aquatic Invasive Species Control Andrew C. Miller, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 10:20 A Genetic Technology for the Potential Eradication of Round Gobies, Lampreys and Zebra M ussels from the Great Lakes Ronald Thresher, CSIRO, Australia 1 0 :4 0 Biological Control of Zebra M ussels with Pseudomonas fluorescens: An Overview Daniel P. Molloy, New York State Museum 11:00 Zebra Mussel Control with Pseudomonas fluorescens: A Small Scale Facility Test Alexander Karatayev, Stephen F. Austin University 11:20 Evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Protect Unionids from Zebra Mussel Infestation Lyubov Burlakova, Stephen F. Austin University 11:40 Specific Amplification of the 18S rRNA Gene as a Method to Detect Zebra Mussel (Drelssena polymorpha) Larvae in Plankton Samples Marc E. Frischer, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 12:00 Luncheon
135 A Genetic Technology for the Potential Eradication of Round Gobies, Lampreys and Possibly Even Zebra Mussels from the Great Lakes
Ronald Thresher, Peter Grewe, Jawahar Patil and Lyn Hinds CSIRO Marine Laboratory, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia Tel: 61-3-62325378 Fax: 61-3-62325485 Email: [email protected]
For many, if not most aquatic invasive species, it has proven difficult to find effective physical, chemical or even biological control options, once the invasive species are well established and widely distributed. Response options for well established species are usually limited to minimizing impacts on high value sites or industries, often by means of expensive annual or more frequent treatments. In 1997, CSIRO began a program to develop a biotechnology solution for such problem species. We have assessed the genetic feasibility, likely impacts and practicality of a number of tech niques. One particularly promising technique we have now proved genetically feasible in laboratory trials on fish. Population models indicate that this technique could lead to the complete eradication of a pest species within a rela tively few generations, depending upon stocking rates and design elements of the genetic construct. The genes targeted are part of a family that is common to a wide range of animals, including apparently all fish species, so that the technique can be used for the safe and practical control of a number of problem species, including round gobies, carp, mosquitofish and lampreys. The targeted gene has also been reported in molluscs, which suggests that with minor modification the technology could also be used to control, and possibly eradicate zebra mussels in the Great Lakes over a realistic time frame.
NOTES Biological Control of Zebra Mussels with Pseudomonas fluorescens: An Overview
Daniel P. Molloy, Denis A. Mayer, Alexander Y. Karatayev, Lyubov E. Burlakova and Michael J. Gaylo New York State Museum, Field Research Laboratory, 51 Fish Hatchery Road, Cambridge, NY 12816 USA Tel: 518-677-8245 Fax: 518-677-5236 Email: [email protected]
Recent progress in the development of bacterial strain CL0145A as a zebra mussel biocontrol agent is reviewed. Strain CL0145A is a North American isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens, a ubiquitous, soil-water, Gram-negative bacterium, and a US patent for its use for dreissena control has recently been issued.
All zebra mussel sizes tested to date (=4-30 mm long) appear equally susceptible to kill by strain CL0145A, and high mussel kill is achievable at all temperatures examined (range, 5-27°C). As is typical of other zebra mussel control agents, percent mussel kill is directly correlated with water temperature and mussels die more slowly in colder waters, e.g„ it takes over a month for all mortality to occur at 5°C versus within one week at 27°C.
Pseudomonas fluorescens is not a parasitic species, and histological analysis indicates that mussels die from a biotoxin associated with strain CL0145A cells, not from infection. Zebra mussel kill is not statistically different whether mussels are exposed to either live or dead bacterial cells, thus providing further and conclusive evidence that mussel death is not a result of infectious disease. Future commercial products based on this microbe could, therefore, contain only dead cells, further reducing environmental concerns.
When zebra mussels ingest large numbers of strain CL0145A cells, the biotoxin specifically destroys their digestive gland tissues. Because the biotoxin is heat labile (i.e., 50°C for 30 min. eliminates toxicity), it is suspected to be a protein, and experimentation to confirm this is underway. Time-growth studies indicate that the biotoxin is a secondary metabolite produced during stationary phase of bacterial culturing, and lysozyme trials suggest that it is associated with the bacterial cell wall. Cold temperature storage of bacterial cells (<-15°C) is currently used to preserve biotoxin activity. Static growth culturing currently produces cells of the highest toxicity, but shaking culturing methods must be developed in order to proceed to large-scale fermentation production.
Very small-scale trials, designed to simulate flow-trough conditions, have been conducted in temporarily-installed pipes within a hydropower facility, and they have confirmed that exposure to bacterial cells for two days at 23°C achieves high mussel kill. Even though evidence of nontarget safety to fish, protozoan, and bivalve species has been previously demonstrated in laboratory trials, far more testing is needed to define any adverse nontarget effects. Current experiments are focusing on comprehensive trials to further confirm safety to unionid bivalves.
NOTES
137 Zebra Mussel Control with Pseudomonas fluorescens: A Small Scale Facility Test
Alexander Y. Karatayev, and Lyubov E. Burlakova Stephen F. Austin State University, Department of Biology, Box 13003 - SFA Station, Nacogdoches TX 75962-3003 USA Tel: 936-468-5195 Fax: 936-468-2056 Email: [email protected]
Daniel P. Molloy, Denise A. Mayer and Michael J. Gaylo New York State Museum, Field Research Laboratory, 51 Fish Hatchery Road, Cambridge, NY 12816 USA
Strain CL0145A of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens was used to control Dreissena polymorpha in experi mental pipes at a hydropower plant on the Mohawk River in Crescent, New York. Zebra mussels were exposed to bacteria in service water (21-23°C) for two days under aerated conditions and then held for additional 10 days under flow-through conditions. To test whether bacterial viability was essential to achieve mussel mortality, trials were conducted in separate pipes with either live or dead bacterial cells. All treatments had six replicates and were conducted at 300 parts per million (dry bacterial mass) with 25 mussels per pipe. Two types of controls were used: untreated pipes and pipes treated with either live or dead cells of a nontoxic P. fluorescens strain (CL0239). Mean ±SD mortality in experimental pipes treated with the live cells of toxic strain CL0145A was 94.0±4.2% and did not differ significantly from mussel mortality (81.3±13.8%) in pipes treated with dead cells of this same toxic strain. In contrast, mean mussel mortality in pipes treated with nontoxic strain CL0239 were significantly lower irrespective of whether they were treated with live (6.0±4.9%) or dead (5.3±4.1%) cells. Mean mortality of zebra mussels kept in untreated pipes was 4.0±4.3%. Since dead cells of strain CL0145A were equally as toxic as live cells, these trials provided further evidence that strain CL0145A of P. fluorescens kills due to a biotoxin rather than infection. These experiments also confirmed that the high toxicity observed in strain CL0145A is not present in all strains of P. fluorescens.
NOTES Evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Protect Unionids from Zebra Mussel Infestation
Lyubov E. Burlakova and Alexander Y. Karatayev Stephen F. Austin State University, Department of Biology, Box 13003 - SFA Station, Nacogdoches TX 75962-3003 USA Tel: 936-468-5195 Fax: 936-468-2056 Email: [email protected]
Daniel P. Molloy, Denise A. Mayer and Michael J. Gaylo New York State Museum, Field Research Laboratory, 51 Fish Hatchery Road, Cambridge, NY 12816 USA
The goal of this project is the development of an environmentally-safe, biological control method using biotoxins that are associated with strain CL0145A of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Although primarily developed for control of zebra mussels within infested infrastructures, this project is currently evaluating whether resource managers could also use these bacteria against zebra mussel populations to mitigate their adverse impacts on unionid mussels. Laboratory trials to date funded by the US Department of Energy and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation have demonstrated significant nontarget safety. Dosages which produced high zebra mussel mortality (i.e., 76-100%) resulted in no mortality attributable to the bacterial treatments in all nontargets tested, including the free-living ciliate Colpidium colpoda, YOY brown trout (Salmo trutta), YOY bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), and the following six species of unionid mussels: Elliptio complanata, Lampsilis radiata, Lasmigona compressa, Pyganodon grandis, and Strophitus undulatus. Recent funding from the US Fish & Wildlife Service is supporting more comprehensive laboratory and field trials with unionid species to determine if this bacterial strain could be used by resource managers. A primary objective of this project is to determine if bacterial treatments in open waters could be effective in protecting healthy unionids from recently settled zebra mussels. This question is being addressed in laboratory experiments in which unionids are being exposed to a standardized bacterial treatment regime designed to kill small (1-5 mm) zebra mussels. The results of these trials with unionids will be presented.
NOTES
139 Specific Amplification of the 18S rRNA Gene as a Method to Detect Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Larvae in Plankton Samples
Marc. E. Frischer and Joanna Murray Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 USA Tel: 912-598-2308 Fax: 912-598-2310 Email: [email protected]
Andrew S. Hansen, Jane A. Wyllie, John Wimbush and Sandra A. Nierzwicki-Bauer Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 5060 Lakeshore Drive, Bolton Landing, NY 12814 USA
An important issue in the management of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) populations is early, rapid, and accurate detection of the planktonic larvae (veligers) of the zebra mussel. In this study a dreissena-specific 18S ribosomal RNA gene targeted oligonucleotide Polymerase Chain Reaction primer (ZEB-715a) was developed and compared with cross-polarized microscopy as a means to specifically detect zebra mussel veligers in plankton samples. The design of the dreissena-specific primer was facilitated by sequencing nearly the complete 18S rRNA gene from the zebra mussel and three other closely related freshwater Veneroids including the quagga mussel (D. bugensis), the dark false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophaeata), and the Asian freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea). The specificity of the primer for the zebra mussel was empirically tested by using the primer as a direct probe in a blot hybridization format and a single veliger in a plankton sample could be detected by PCR. Cross-polarized light microscopy and the PCR technique were used to identify the presence of zebra mussel larvae in plankton samples that were collected from a variety of natural and industrial water sources. Detection results (presence or absence) were generally consistent between the two methods. A long-term goal of this work is the application of molecular technology to the development of a field device for the routine detection and quantification of zebra mussel veligers.
NOTES
140 10:20am to 12:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Morning
Concurrent Session C
Zebra Mussel Biology and Ecology Session Chair: Henk A Jenner, Kema Power Generation and Sustainables 10:20 Changes in Western Basin, Lake Erie Dreissenid Populations: Where Have All the Mussels Gone? Ann M. Stoeckmann, Penn State University Worthington Scranton 10:40 The Ecological Impact of the Introduction of the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, Into Lough Erne, County Fermanagh, Ireland Caitriona Maguire, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland 11:00 The Role of Food Quality on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Behavior and Seasonal Feeding: Comparisons of Saginaw Bay, Lake Erie and Laboratory Cultures of Algae Henry A. Vanderploeg, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NOAA 12:00 Luncheon
141 Changes in Western Basin, Lake Erie Dreissenid Populations: Where Have All the Mussels Gone?
Ann M. Stoeckmann and Joe Loveless Penn State University Worthington Scranton, 120 Ridge View Dr., Dunmore, PA 18512 USA Tel: 570-963-2529 Fax: 570-963-2535 Email:[email protected]
The dreissenid population in the western basin of Lake Erie is changing in both the species that is dominant and in population density. Quagga mussels, initially found primarily in deeper, cooler waters are slowly replacing zebra mussels in much of their range including the shallow, warm western basin of Lake Erie. In addition to the species replacement, mussel populations of both species in the western basin are being depleted by goby predation. In this study, we examine changes in the mussel population near Ohio State University's field station F.T. Stone Laboratory, on South Bass Island, western Lake Erie. To examine change in mussel population over time, we compared population densities, species composition, length-frequency distributions, and biomass of mussels from May and August, 1998 and 2000. Mussels on rocks were collected by SCUBA from about 5 m depth. We removed the mussels from a 64 cm2 area of three rocks, sorted them by species, measured lengths, and selected a size range of each species for soft tissue dry mass (n= 25/species). To estimate the impact of gobies on mussel length-frequency distributions and population density, we suspended settling plates, protected from goby predation by cages. We centered six, 8x12 mm plexiglass plates inside four hardware cloth cages and suspended the cages on two lines at 0.5 m and 1.0 m above the bottom. The lines were placed in the water in mid-May and retrieved mid-August, 2000. A second set were put out at the end of April, 2001 and retrieved in August, 2001. After the cages were retrieved, we removed settled mussels from the plates, separated the species, and measured lengths. The length-frequency of the settlers will be compared to the mussels on the lake bottom to estimate the impact of mortality and goby predation on the local population. Preliminary data analysis shows a 22% decline in mussel density since 1998. However, total mussel biomass increased. The increase in biomass can be attributed to increased presence of the larger quagga mussels in the pop ulation. In 1998, zebra mussels predominated at 72% of the population whereas, in 2000, the majority of the population (81%) was quaggas. Settling mussels would have contributed about 30 000 mussels /m2 to the 2000 density. Settlers ranged between <1-11 mm with the highest proportion between 5-10 mm. The benthic population ranged from 3-28 mm, the majority were 15-20 mm, and mussels <5 mm represented only 3% of the population.
Decreased density and the basic absence of the settling size class in the benthic population can be attributed to some form of mortality, the most probable cause being goby predation. Depletion of the settlers will likely have severe ramifications to mussel recruitment, future densities, and persistence of mussel populations in goby infested waters. Predictions of future prospects for mussel populations will be discussed.
NOTES
142 The Ecological Impact of the Introduction of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) Into Lough Erne, County Fermanagh, Ireland Caitriona M. Maguire School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Aquatic Systems Group Queens University of Belfast, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX Ireland Tel: 44-28-9-025-5497 Fax: 44-28-9-038-2244 Email: [email protected]
Dreissena polymorpha is a recent introduction to the Irish fauna. Zebra mussels were first documented in Ireland in Lough Derg in 1997. The rapid colonisation of the Shannon system probably resulted from an initial introduction into the lower Shannon in 1994. The first reports of zebra mussels in the Erne system were of mussels attached to boat hulls. An initial survey indicated that zebra mussel settlement probably occurred in small numbers in Lower Lough Erne in 1996. This presentation describes the first results of a project that aimed to look at the ecological impact of the zebra mussel introduction in the Erne system. The invasion and early population dynamics of the zebra mussel were studied using veliger, juvenile and adult mussel sampling programmes. The impacts of zebra mussels on biotic and abiotic aspects of the system were investigated. These aspects included major nutrients, water clarity, total chlorophyll levels, phytoplankton community composition and populations of the native unionid Anodonta sp. A series of dredge surveys covering the range of substrates in the Erne system was carried out at 30 sites throughout Upper and Lower Lough Erne every six months from June 1998 to June 2000 to monitor changes in the zebra mussel and Anodonta pop ulations. A remotely operated vehicle was used to monitor bedrock areas. Water samples were taken every two weeks from January 1999 to December 2000. Results to date show there was a rapid spread of zebra mussels and a sub stantial increase in their density and biomass between June 1998 and June 2000. Water quality data showed a marked increase in water clarity with an associated decrease in chlorophyll a levels in the summer of 2000. Changes also occurred to long term trends of some nutrient concentrations. There was rapid colonisation of the Anodonta popula tion with a corresponding downward trend in density and condition of the Anodonta and an increase in mortality. Current work on the impact on phytoplankton populations will also be presented.
NOTES
143 The Role of Food Quality on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Behavior and Seasonal Feeding: Comparisons of Saginaw Bay, Lake Erie, and Laboratory Cultures of Algae
Henry A. Vanderploeg Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NOAA, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 USA Tel: 734-741-2284 Fax: 734-741-2055 Email: [email protected]]
Zebra mussel selective feeding affects phytoplankton composition and this composition in turn affects zebra mussel filtering rate. Filtering rates can be depressed when cyanobacteria dominate and when flagellates and crypto- phytes are rare. This is not just an effect of taxonomic grouping since many laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria are readily ingested. Direct observation of zebra mussel behavior has been required to obtain these insights.
NOTES
144 70:20am to 12:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Morning
Concurrent Session D
Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Session Chair: John W. Barko, US Arm y Engineer Research & Development Center 10:20 Biology and Evaluation of Cricotopus lebetis (Diptera: Chironomidae) as a Potential Biological Control Agent of the Aquatic Weed Hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) in Florida James P. Cuda, University of Florida 1 0 :4 0 Selective Control of Invasive Submersed Plants Kurt D. Getsinger, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 11:00 Use of Plant Assay Techniques to Screen for Tolerance and to Improve Selection of Fluridone Use Rates Michael D. Netherland, SePRO Corporation 11:20 The Potential for Managing Salvinia molesta with an Insect Biological Control Agent Alfred F. Cofrancesco, Jr, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 11:40 Management of Giant Salvinia Using Herbicides Linda Nelson, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 12:00 Luncheon
145 Biology and Evaluation of Cricotopus lebetis (Diptera: Chironomidae) as a Potential Biological Control Agent of the Aquatic Weed Hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae), in Florida
James P. Cuda, Byron R. Coon and Yen M. Dao Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 USA Tel: 352-392-1901 Fax: 352-392-0190 Email:[email protected]
Ted D. Center USD A, ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, 3205 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
From March 1997 to May 2000, field and laboratory studies were conducted on a midge whose larvae mine the apical meristems of hydrilla, Flydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. This midge, recently identified as Cricotopus lebetis Sublette, was first discovered in 1992 stunting the growth of hydrilla plants in the Crystal River watershed located in Citrus County, Florida, USA. This hydrilla-attacking midge was not recognized as a distinct species in Florida prior to this study. It is conceivable C. lebetis was unkown to Florida prior to 1985 because it was not listed in previous surveys as one of the insects that was damaging hydrilla in the early 1980s. Field observations demonstrated that developing larvae severely injured or killed the plant's growing tips, preventing new hydrilla stems from reaching the surface of the water column. This type of damage is desirable for managing hydrilla infestations because it could eliminate most of the adverse effects caused by the formation of the dense surface mats, including changes in biodiversity, water chemistry, circulation and temperature. Under controlled and protected experimental conditions, the tip mining m idge C. lebetis altered the growth habit of hydrilla by interfering with the plant's surface placement of biomass. The results of the laboratory experiments, combined with the intensive field surveys conducted during this study, support the anecdotal evidence that C. lebetis stunts the growth of hydrilla and changes the architecture of the plant. By exper imentally demonstrating C. lebetis is capable of suppressing hydrilla shoot growth, its potential as a biological control agent of hydrilla was confirmed.
NOTES
146 Selective Control of Invasive Submersed Plants
Kurt D. Getsinger US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 38190-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-2498 Fax: 601-634-2617 Email: [email protected]
Invasive submersed plants such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L), curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogetón crispus L) and hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata [L.f.] Royle) infest many of the Nation's waterways. Once these weedy species out-compete native vegetation they dominate submersed plant communities, substantially degrading water quality, disrupting water exchange and flow patterns, interfering with water use, recreation, and navigation, and impacting fish and wildlife habitat. Perhaps the greatest ecological damage associated with the uncontrolled growth of such species is the ensuing reduction in biodiversity that can occur in the affected aquatic systems. Investigators at the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) have been developing and evalu ating the use of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved herbicides and growth regulators to improve the control of invasive submersed plants, while minimizing impacts on the non-target native plant community. Many of these applied research efforts are being conducted at ERDC facilities (controlled environment chambers, green houses, outdoor mesocosms, raceways, and ponds) specifically designed for herbicide concentration and exposure time (CET) studies against aquatic plants. The most promising technology developed from results of small-scale CET evaluations is verified in a variety of water bodies throughout the US. Sponsors and cooperators on these efforts have included the Corps of Engineers' Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, the Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, other federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. Results from small-scale studies have been used to successfully implement low-dose and species-selective herbicide application strategies in waterways of over 15 states. By using near-threshold levels of herbicides, effective control of Eurasian watermilfoil, curly-leaf pondweed and hydrilla has been demonstrated in reservoirs, rivers, lakes, and canals, while maintaining healthy and diverse native plant communities in the year of treatment and beyond. In addition, these selective techniques minimize the amount of pesticide applied to water bodies (up to 10 times less than allowed under label guidelines), and reduce the cost of chemical treatments.
NOTES
147 Use of Plant Assay Techniques to Screen for Tolerance and to Improve Selection of Fluridone Use Rates
Michael D. Netherland and Steve D. Cockreham SePRO Corporation, 11550 N. Meridian St., Suite 600, Carmel, IN 46033 USA Tel: 317-580-8288 Fax: 317-580-8280 Email: [email protected] LeAnn Glomski Purdue University, 1155 Lilly Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
The herbicide Sonar (active ingredient fluridone) is a valuable tool for selectively controlling exotic aquatic plants such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and egeria (Egeria densa). Recent evidence from Florida suggests that prior use history of fluridone may result in a differential response of hydrilla to subsequent treatments. While some lake managers have suspected increased tolerance, quantitative lab oratory evidence now substantiates a differential susceptibility of hydrilla to fluridone in several aquatic systems in the state of Florida. The ability of a clonal aquatic plant to develop tolerance to herbicides was unexpected and is a sig nificant new development in aquatic plant management. Moreover, recent sampling of Eurasian watermilfoil in the northern United States suggests that natural population variation may also play a role in differing plant response to low rate fluridone treatments. A plant assay originally developed for research purposes has been modified and proven to be an excellent predictive tool for quantifying the response of hydrilla, Eurasian watermilfoil, egeria, and various native plants to fluridone exposure. This assay called the PlanTEST™ can be used proactively to screen for populations with increased tolerance and to determine the level of fluridone necessary to elicit a phytotoxic response for a target population. Data have been collected for various plant species in over 200 sites within the United States.
NOTES
148 The Potential for Managing Salvinia molesta with an Insect Biological Control Agent Alfred F. Cofrancesco, Jr. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 38190-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-3182 Fax: 601-634-2389 Email: [email protected]
Salvinia molesta Mitchell is a free-floating aquatic fern native to South America that has caused significant problems in Australia, Asia and Africa dating back to the early 1900s. Recently, S. molesta has invaded the United States and now infests waterbodies in 27 freshwater drainage systems in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Arizona, California and Hawaii. Australian researchers began searching for biological control agents for S. molesta in the early 1960s. A number of potential agents were identified, however, only the weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae significantly damaged the vast mats of vegetation produced by this plant. The weevil was first released in Lake Mondarra, Australia on a 400 ha infestation of S. molesta. Within a 12-month period the infestation was reduced to 1% of its former size. A similar impact was reported from releases of the weevil in the Sepic River during September 1982. The weevil population developed slowly but by August 1985 the 250 km2 S. molesta infes tation had been reduced to 2 km2 with the weevils destroying 2 million tons of plant material. Similar impacts to populations of S. molesta have been reported from many other locations in Australia, Asia and Africa.
Since no impact was documented on the 40 selected plant species already tested, researchers in the United States need only complete host specificity testing on key native North American plants to ensure the safety of the agent. If these tests show that C. salviniae will not attack native plant species, the agent in all likelihood will be approved for release as a management tool against S. molesta.
NOIES
149 Management of Giant Salvinia Using Herbicides
Linda S. Nelson US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 38190-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-2656 Fax: 601-634-2617 Email: [email protected]
Researchers at the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) are developing techniques for improving the control of floating and emergent invasive aquatic plants using herbicides and growth regulators. These applied research projects are conducted using in-house mesocosm and ponds facilities, and at various field sites (e.g., Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Texas). Species evaluated have included the floating plants waterhy- acinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) and American frogbit (Limnobium spongia [Bose] Steud), and the emergent plants purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.), common reed (Phragmites australis [Cav.] Tren. ex Steud), and alliga- torweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides [Mart.] Griseb.). Sponsors and cooperators on these projects have included the Corps of Engineers' Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, the Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, other federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. Recently, efforts have been undertaken to develop chemical strategies for managing a new invasive threat to US waterways, giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell). Giant salvinia is a free-floating aquatic fern native to South America that is considered one of the world's worst weeds due to its prolific growth habit, effective means of distribution, and difficulty to control. Current information on the use of herbicides to manage this exotic weed is limited. In 1999 and 2000, outdoor mesocosm studies were conducted at the ERDC Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility in Texas to assess the efficacy of several aquatic herbicides against giant salvinia. Products evaluated included the herbicides Rodeo (glyphosate), Clearigate and Komeen (chelated coppers), Reward (diquat), Aquathol K and Hydrothol 191 (endothall formulations), and Arsenal (imazapyr), and organosilicone and nonionic surfactants. Herbicide combinations were also evaluated. Rate of appli cation and surfactant use varied with treatment. Diquat and glyphosate were the most effective treatments, controlling 95 to 100% of the plants in these small-scale trials. While results from these studies showed that biomass of giant salvinia can be significantly reduced using certain herbicides, field verification of these findings should be undertaken. Future evaluations should focus on the timing of treatment with respect to the growth stage of giant salvinia, and comparison of application techniques, such as surface spray vs. subsurface injection, single vs. sequen tial treatments, and spray volumes.
NOTES
150 1:30pm to 2:50pm Wednesday, February 27, Early Afternoon
Concurrent Session A
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Session Chair: LCDR Mary Pat McKeown, US Coast Guard 1:30 Predicting Invasion Success: Deriving Standards for Ballast Water from Theoretical Models John M. Drake, University of Notre Dame 1:50 Overview and Taxonomic Assessment of Live Invertebrates in Residual Ballast Water and Sediment of NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes Thomas W. Therriault, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research 2:10 Identification of Live Invertebrates in Residual Ballast Water of NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes Colin D.A. van Overdijk, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research 2:30 Assessment of Invasion Risk Posed by Invertebrate Resting Eggs in Residal Ballast Sediments in NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes Sarah A. Bandoni, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research
2:50 Break
151 Predicting Invasion Success: Deriving Standards for Ballast Water from Theoretical Models
John M. Drake and David M. Lodge Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, P.O. Box 369, Notre Dame, IN 46545 USA Tel: 219-631-4153 Fax: 219-631-7413 Email: [email protected]
Greg Dwyer and Kevin L.S. Drury University of Chicago, Department of Ecology and Evolution, 1101 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637 USA
Ballast water releases have been implicated in hundreds of aquatic species invasions, incurring high economic costs and generating substantial environmental concern. With increasing global trade, the rate of ballast mediated invasion is anticipated to accelerate, recommending this vector for close scrutiny and risk assessment. Despite the potential threats posed by these releases, little is known about the number of propagules that are introduced and how this relates to the probability of invasion success. Yet this basic knowledge is indispensable in the development of robust and scientifically defensible standards for ballast water release. It is well known that small populations — such as those introduced in ballast water releases — are subject to severe fluctuations and the possibility of extirpation due to demographic and environmental stochasticity. Consistent with empirical observations, theory predicts that some inoculating populations will subsist and others will fail. This theory has been formalized in a literature known as pop ulation viability analysis (PVA), and moderately well studied techniques for conducting PVA exist. Additionally, PVA has a history of use in conservation biology as a tool to estimate extinction risk for rare species under various scenarios. Thus, this theory can be used to evaluate the relative risk of different management alternatives. We propose that employing PVA to model the invasion of exotic species, a novel application, meets the goals of managers and policy makers by quantifying risk in a mathematically rigorous fashion. Here I present the results from an exploratory inves tigation for the Great Lakes invasive fish, Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus).
We estimated the required parameters, mean and variation for age-specific survival and age-specific fecundity, from data in the literature. Possible population trajectories for these values were simulated to derive the probability of invasion under various inoculation scenarios. Analytic solutions are also known, and can be employed where sufficient data exist. Furthermore, we present a heuristic model that incorporates Allee effects, a phenomenon where popula tions decline at very low densities. In all of these cases, the outcome of our models is a curve representing the relative probability of invasion given a specified inoculation of propagules. Additional statistics of interest include mean time to extinction and probability of extinction by an arbitrary, specified time. We note in particular two applications of this approach. First, in combination with estimates of the impact of exotic species, our method constitutes a formal risk assessment as recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Second, as technologies are developed to control the release of ballast water introductions (i.e., methods of killing or removing species in ballast tanks), guidelines for technology evaluation will be required. Our method lends itself to the development of "effluent" standards for biological pollution similar to standards currently existing for chemical contamination. We conclude that in the absence of Allee effects the risk of invasion is high, even for very small populations. NOTES
152 Overview and Taxonomic Assessment of Live Invertebrates in Residual Ballast Sediment of NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes
Thomas IN. Therriault, Hugh J. Maclsaac and Helene Limen University of Windsor, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada Tel: 519-253-3000 Ext. 2734 Fax: 519-971-3616 Email: [email protected]
David F. Reid NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, Ml 48105-1593 USA
The Great Lakes have been successfully Invaded by at least 162 nonindigenous species (NIS), many of which arrived via ship ballast water. Approximately 90% of ships arriving in the Great Lakes from foreign ports declare no ballast on board (NOBOB) status. These ships carry residual water and sediment in eemptyi tanks that may provide refuge for live organisms and their resting stages (i.e. ephippia, statoblasts, cysts, resting eggs, etc.). Their ballasting and deballasting operations present an opportunity for NIS or their resting stages to be discharged into the Great Lakes. Given the current dominance of the NOBOB shipping mode, residuals in NOBOB ships may pose a major risk of new NIS invasions.
During 2001, we initiated a large-scale sampling program to identity potential invertebrate invaders in NOBOB ships entering the Great Lakes. We collected residual water and sediment samples from ballast tanks of >20 transoceanic vessels. Here, we report preliminary findings of living invertebrates collected from residual ballast sediment. Salinity ranged from 0 to 44 ppt ini 6 ballast tanks processed to date, indicative of freshwater to hypersaline conditions. Overall, richness ranged between 1 and 39 species but did not vary with salinity. Also, there was no dif ference in taxonomic dominance between fresh, marine or brackish water ballast tanks. In all tanks, nematodes dominated in residual sediment samples, with 48 identified species. Other dominant taxa included 17 species of harpacticoid copepods, 8 species of cyclopoid copepods, 4 cladoceran species, and 3 rotifer species. These results, while tentative, indicate that NOBOB vessel sediment supports living invertebrate NIS that may pose a risk to the Great Lakes.
We thank the Great Lakes Protection Fund, US Coast Guard and the shipping industry for their support on this project.
NOTES Identification of Live Invertebrates on Residual Ballast Water of NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes
Colin D.A. van Overdijk, Sarah A. Bandoni and Hugh J. Maclsaac University of Windsor, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada Tel: 519-253-3000 Fax: 519-971-3616 Email: van1 [email protected]
The Laurentian Great Lakes have been invaded by at least 162 known nonindigenous species (NIS). Discharge of 'contaminated' ballast water by transoceanic vessels has been the predominant vector of NIS introductions to the Great Lakes over the past 42 years.
Most (-90% ) of the vessels ballasting in the Great Lakes arrive from foreign fresh- and salt-water ports and declare no ballast on board (NOBOB) status, yet they may contain live organisms in unpumpable residual water within their ballast tanks. The conditions within these tanks, though not ideal, may be able to sustain individuals for long periods of time. We report preliminary findings of live organisms found in NOBOB vessels and have identified many individ uals from the phylum Rotifera, as well different life stages from harpacticoid, calanoid and cyclopoid copepods. Although not as abundant as smaller-bodied zooplankton, larger-bodied taxa including Gammarus amphipods and cancroid crabs were also found alive in residual ballast water. These findings illustrate that NOBOB vessels entering the Great Lakes harbour living invertebrate taxa.
NOTES
154 Assessment of Invasion Risk Posed by Invertebrate Resting Eggs in Residual Ballast Sediments in NOBOB Vessels Entering the Great Lakes
Sarah A. Bandoni and Hugh J. Maclsaac Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada Tel: 519-253-3000 ext. 2734 Fax: 519-971-3616 Email: [email protected]
Historically, the major source of nonindigenous species introductions to the Great Lakes has been ballast water of transoceanic ships. Ballast water, and associated sediments, are taken up by ships that are not fully laden with cargo to increase stability. If ballast from foreign waters is discharged, flora and fauna can be introduced to the Great Lakes. This phenomenon has been well studied, resulting in ballast exchange regulations where freshwater ballast must be exchanged for open ocean water to reduce the threat of invaders. These regulations are excellent in theory, however the Great Lakes are still being invaded by nonindigenous species. Likely this is due to the fact that the regulations apply to a small percentage of ships, as 75-95 % enter the Great Lakes fully laden with cargo in no ballast on board status (NOBOB). Current regulations do not apply to NOBOB ships as they are considered to have "empty" ballast water tanks. However, ships cannot completely empty their ballast tanks due to structural limitations, and are always carrying residual amounts (as much as 200 000 L) of ballast. When a ship ballasts, it stirs up the sediment in the surrounding harbour area, which is also taken up in the ballast water. In the manner that water can never be fully deballasted, neither can the sediments. In fact, these sediments build up in sheltered areas of the tanks acting as a refuge for aquatic organisms and their associated dormant stages. Many zoo plankton species have a life history stage termed as the "resting egg", a fertilized embryo enclosed in a protective case that lies in a dormant state, often withstanding drying or freezing, until environmental conditions become suitable for the continuation of development. These eggs are a means for survival of the stresses brought to aquatic systems during drought and/or winter. This stage is also a vital mechanism enabling invertebrates to invade new habitats, as the resting egg can survive a broader range of transportation methods, including the harsh environment of a ballast tank. To determine the possibility that NOBOB sediments act as a vector for nonindigenous species entering the Great Lakes as resting eggs, we investigate the density and viability of invertebrate resting eggs within residual sediments in the first comprehensive study of "ballast tank resting egg invaders" anywhere in the world. We hypothesize that the uptake of Great Lakes water, combined with the residual water and sediment, can act as a stimulus to hatch resting stages found in the ballast tanks. Ships that deballast while in transit can deposit these hatched individuals, or viable resting eggs, directly into the Great Lakes, thereby posing a threat to the natural ecosystem. To quantify the propagule pressure posed by invertebrate resting eggs, we initiated a large-scale sampling program to collect residual ballast from the tanks of transoceanic vessels arriving in the Great Lakes. Resting egg densities and viability were determined through two types of replicated hatching experiments. Here, we report pre liminary findings from hatching experiments, providing the first evidence that residual sediments can indeed carry viable invertebrate resting eggs. This research will lead to a better understanding of species' invasions and the effec tiveness of current ballast management practices.
NOTES
155
1:30pm to 2:50pm Wednesday, February 27, Early Afternoon
Concurrent Session B
Screening and Risk Assessment for New Invaders Session Chair: Anthony Ricciardi, McGill University 1:30 Quantitative Approaches for Modeling Biological Invasions: Bringing Rigor to Risk Assessment Ladd E. Johnson, Laval University 1:50 Predicting Future Fish Invaders in the Great Lakes - Methods and Application of Species Screening Cynthia 5. Kolar, University of Notre Dame 2:10 An Assessment of the Invasive Potential of Cordgrass, Spartina anglica , in Australia John Weiss, Keith Turnbull Research institute, Australia 2:30 Responding to the Brown Tree Snake Threat to Continental United States Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife Service 2:50 Break
157 Quantitative Approaches for Modeling Biological Invasions: Bringing Rigor to Risk Assessment
Ladd E. Johnson Laval University, Department of Biology, Laval QC G1K 7P4 Canada Tel: 418-656-2131 Ext. 2266 Fax: 418-656-2339 Email: [email protected]
Anthony Ricciardi McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
James T. Carlton Willliams College, P.O. Box 6000, 75 Greenmanville Ave., Mystic CT 06355 USA
With the increasing emphasis on preventing invasions, attention has focused on the pathways and vectors by which invasions occur. Given the number of potential ways that introductions can occur, effective management of the associated risks requires us to move beyond the simple listing of potential mechanisms to a more quantitative deter mination of which vectors and which pathways represent the greatest danger. Once such determinations have been made, targeted mechanisms can then be examined in greater detail. As invasions consist of a series of events, these steps can be examined quantitatively to determine key points at which intervention is most likely to be effective. This approach will be illustrated using the secondary spread of zebra mussels in North America, both to compare different dispersal vectors (waterfowl vs. recreational boating) and, through the use of a simple probabilistic model, estimate the magnitude of the effects of the mechanisms associated with recreational boating. Application of this approach to other areas of interest (e.g„ ballast water management) is also possible. It can provide an objective evaluation of different ballast water management options, including evaluation of different areas designated for ballast water discharge.
NOTES Predicting Future Fish Invaders in The Great Lakes - Methods and Application of Species Screening
Cynthia S. Kolar and David M. Lodge Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, P.O. Box 369, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA Tel: 219-631-4153 Fax: 219-631-7413 Email: [email protected]
Nonindigenous fishes continue to colonize and prosper in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The past two decades have brought Eurasian ruffe, round gobies, tubenose gobies, blueback herring, rudd, and the fourspine stickleback to at least portions of the Great Lakes via different pathways; including ballast water, bait buckets, and canals. Since most species introduced outside their native range fail to become established, these six fishes represent only a small pro portion of the fishes that have been released into the Great Lakes during this period. If resource managers could predict which fishes are likely to become established in the Great Lakes, based on their similarity to previously successfully col onizing fishes, specific policies and management practices could be developed to reduce the probability of high risk species (those with a high probability of establishment) ever being introduced.
We developed statistical models using discriminant analysis and categorical and regression tree analysis to differ entiate fishes introduced successfully from those that failed to become established in the Great Lakes. Models were based on life history characteristics. We then used these models to predict species likely to become established in the Great Lakes via a number of different pathways. For instance, the Ponto-Caspian basin in Eurasia has been the donor region for a number of recent fish introductions via ballast water. Using our statistical models, we identified the Ponto- Caspian fish species most similar in life history characteristics to species that have previously established in the Great Lakes. Knowing the identity and location of these high risk fishes allows the development of specific management practices to minimize their introduction into the Great Lakes. For instance, some ports may not harbor any high risk fishes. Hence, these ports would pose little threat for the importation of fishes. Others may be more problematic, harboring a number of high risk fishes. In these ports, perhaps water filtration or toxicant treatment of ballast water would be warranted when larval fishes of high risk species peak in abundance. Additionally, knowing the identity of high risk fishes will certainly help target surveillance and monitoring efforts.
Similarly, we employ our models using life history characteristics of fishes potentially introduced in and around the Great Lakes through other pathways, including potential aquaculture species, bait species, and species attractive for stocking. Our goal was to predict which species are likely to become established in the Great Lakes. We use similar models (based on which fishes found in the Mississippi River basin have become established in Lake Michigan through canals in Chicago, Illinois) to predict which fishes, if they enter the Mississippi River system (such as the black carp), are likely to become established in Lake Michigan.
Our models, and similar models that could be developed for other taxa and ecosystems, are potentially powerful tools that resource managers could add to their tool chest for combating the release and spread of nonindigenous aquatic species.
NOTES
159 An Assessment of the Invasive Potential of Cord Grass, Spartina anglica, in Australia
John Weiss, Linda laconis and Eligio Bruzzese Keith Turnbull Research Institute110 Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment, PO Box 48, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia Tel: 61-3-9785 0106 Fax: 61-3-9785 2007 E-mail: [email protected] Paul Hedge Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, GPOBox 192B, Hobart 7001 Australia
Cord grass (Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard) was intentionally introduced to Australia in the late 1920s from England largely for the purpose of converting mudflats into pasture for cattle grazing, as well as for its value in land reclamation and erosion control. Attempts were made to establish rice grass in all Australian states, however many failed. Infestations of S. anglica have successfully established in Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia. The largest infestations now occur in the Tamar River (415 ha) and the Rubicon estuary (120 ha) in Tasmania, and Anderson Inlet (150 ha) in Victoria. Spartina is thought to have the potential to colonise numerous soft sediment habitats (mudflats, sandflats, saltmarsh, mangroves and intertidal seagrass habitats) in all Australian estuaries, lagoons and inlets with latitudes greater than 32° south. It is estimated that S. anglica currently inhabits less than 1% of its potential range in Australia. The CLIMATE® computer program was used to predict potential distribution in Australia. Using the localities where a species occurs overseas and within Australia, the potential climatic range of any species can be overlaid upon Australia's climatic regions. Sixteen climatic parameters, grouped into rainfall or temperature, are used to determine potential distribution of a plant species. Aquatic species are obviously less influenced by rainfall than temperature para meters and thus in predicting the climatic range of spartina, the rainfall parameters were excluded. As aquatic temperatures are more moderate with fewer extremes than air temperature, climatic predictions of aquatic plant species, relying only on temperature, are less precise and have the potential to overestimate the potential range. Potential distribution maps based on climatic parameters can be linked with susceptible land use, broad vegeta tion types or wetlands GIS overlays. Using the "NRE Wetland 1994" GIS database for Victoria, (includes Permanent saline, Saltworks, Semi saline, Intertidal flats, Hyper saline lakes, Salt flats, Mangroves, Saltpan, Salt meadows, Sea rush), a map was produced which more accurately illustrates the potential distribution of spartina in Victoria. It indicates that S. anglica has the potential to spread to any suitable intertidal, saline, mudflats or mangrove swamps along the Victorian coastline and presumably elsewhere in temperate southern Australia. Some inland saline lakes and water bodies could also be at risk where favorable climatic conditions occur.
NOTES
160 Responding to the Brown Tree Snake Threat to Continental United States
Bob Pitman US Fish & Wildlife Service, Region 2, PO Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA Tel: 505-248-6471 Fax: 505-248-6845 Email: [email protected]
Brown tree snakes, Bioga irregularis, are native to eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and the northern coastal areas of eastern Australia. First documented on Guam in the 1950s, they were probably introduced to this formerly snakeless ecosystem by ship traffic following World War II. Guam provided an abundant supply of prey, including lizards, introduced rodents, shrews, and birds. This and other favorable conditions fueled a dramatic popu lation increase during the next four decades. However, by the mid 1980s this aggressive nocturnal predator had caused the once abundant terrestrial vertebrate fauna to collapse and 17 species to disappear completely. As the brown tree snake population increased on Guam, so did the risk that this invasive would spread to other locations. Their habit of seeking daytime refuge in cargo, airframes, containers and other secretive locations compli cated efforts to limit their spread. Multiple pathways were available for them to leave Guam as passive stowaways. Recognition of the importance of preventing their spread to islands such as Hawaii, prompted Congress to add this invasive species to the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (NANPCA, 16 U.S.C. 4701-4741) which provided funding for control. A multi-agency Brown Tree Snake Control Committee was formed, a Coordinator designated and Draft Control Plan completed in the early 1990s. Since 1993 the US Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services has worked with others to limit spread from Guam by interdicting brown tree snakes at ports, cargo centers and airports. One significant pathway for spread is the shipment of household goods of servicemen returning from Guam. A brown tree snake was collected from military household goods shipped to Corpus Christi, Texas, in the early 1990s. Fish and Wildlife Service Law Enforcement Officers confiscated brown tree snakes from a pet trade shipment in 1998. In response to these threats a workshop was hosted by the US Fish & Wildlife Service in Houston, TX, June, 2000. This expansion of preventative controls to the US helped identity actions which would reduce the threat of spread to, and establishment on, the mainland. This presentation describes the products of that conference and the challenges to building proactive responses to a threat within agencies and organizations funded to respond to problems rather than prevent problems.
NOTES
161
1:30pm to 2:50pm Wednesday, February 27, Early Afternoon
Concurrent Session C
Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Session Chair: John W. Barko, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 1:30 Biotic Invaders of Euryale ferox Salisb. - A Valuable Aquaphyte Growing in the Wetlands of North Bihar, India Ram K. Mishra L.N. Mithila University, India 1:50 Salvinia molesta: A National Control Effort Bob Pitman, US Fish & Wildlife Service 2:10 The Purple Loosestrife Project at Michigan State University: Classroom and Field Results Michael Klepinger, Michigan Sea Grant College Program 2:3 0 Organizing an Effort to Fight Purple Loosestrife Invading the Denver, Colorado Area David Weber, Colorado Division of Wildlife 2:50 Break
163 Biotic Invaders of Euryale ferox Salisb. - A Valuable Aquaphyte Growing in the Wetlands of North Bihar, India
Ram K. Mishra and Vidyanath Jha L.N. Mithila University, Darbhanga 846004, India Tel: 91-62-72-20550 Fax: 91-62-72-22025 Email: [email protected]
Euryale ferox Salisb. (gorgan nut) is a major aquaphyte growing in the water bodies of north Bihar. It is highly valued for its nutritive properties and provides a basis to the livelihood of the fishing community in this area.
The plant growth is adversely affected by alien weeds like Eichhornia crassipes and Monocharia sp„ which create a major hindrance to the extension of its growth area. Algal blooms also contribute to this hindrance.
Besides the weeds, two fungi viz. Alternaría alternata and Doassansiopsis euryaleae attack this macrophyte during early and late stages respectively.
Amongst the insects, aphids (Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae) swarm over the leaves during its early stage in Februay-March. The case worms (Elophila crisonalis and Elophila depunctalis) infest the leaves during March-April. Larvae of Donada sp. infest the root in its mature stage during April-August. Besides the three major insect pests, the plant faces the onslaught of a beetle ( Galerucella birmanica) during March-June, a thrips (Frankliniella intonsa) during April-June, and Chironomus larvae during the entire plant growth period (December-August).
The paper takes into account the weeds, fungi and insects as major biotic deterrents invading E. ferox plants growing in the water bodies of north Bihar, India.
NOTES Salvinia molesta - A National Control Effort
Bob P itm a n US Fish & Wildlife Service, Region 2, PO Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA Tel: 505-248-6471 Fax: 505-248-6845 Email: [email protected]
Giant salvinia, Salvinia molesta, is a highly invasive aquatic fern native to South America. Under ideal conditions floating mats of giant salvinia are capable of doubling in size every 7 to 10 days. Dense surface mats are created, destroying water quality and aquatic habitats, restricting water flow for irrigation and municipal water use, and elim inating most recreational activities. Giant salvinia has significantly impacted human activities, economies and aquatic resources in countries like Australia, South Africa and New Guinea. Dr. David Mitchell described this new species of salvinia in 1972. He appropriately selected the species name, molesta, to fittingly describe what this invasive can do to new aquatic habitats.
After seeing this plant being distributed for aquarium use during a 1972 visit to the US, Dr. Mitchell warned of its potential for aquatic devastation. Although S. molesta has been on the Noxious Weed list for 20 years, several estab lished populations were found in Texas in 1998. Collaborative control efforts include herbicide applications, education to prevent spread to new lakes and rivers, and the sharing of information. Since 1998, giant salvinia has been dis covered in North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Arizona and California. Eradication was possible in only a few contained locations. Agencies, organizations and stakeholders formed regional panels or task forces to control this invasive species and minimize impacts. A National Giant Salvinia Conference was held in March 2001 to coordinate national control actions, develop public awareness, and incorporate stakeholder groups. Keynote speakers, Drs. David Mitchell and Peter Room, shared worldwide expertise in controlling giant salvinia. The present status of the national control effort will be described.
NOTES The Purple Loosestrife Project at Michigan State University: Classroom and Field Results
Michael J. Klepinger Michigan Sea Grant College Program Michigan State University, 334 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Ml 48824-1222 USA Tel: 517-353-5508 Fax: 517-353-6496 Email: [email protected]
Douglas A. Landis Michigan State University, Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems 334 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Ml 48824-1222 USA
The Purple Loosestrife Project at Michigan State University integrates educational and natural resource manage ment goals in a biological control initiative. Indicators of success in the Project include adoption of classroom exercises by K-12 as well as control of invasive loosestrife populations in Michigan wetlands. This presentation will report levels of success on both fronts during the first four years of the Project.
More than 150 Michigan teachers have conducted classroom experiments with purple loosestrife and its imported natural enemies. Project survey results indicate that 74% of respondents using the Project classroom activity sets feel that the experiments are helping them meet state educational objectives. Teachers indicate a high level of satisfaction with the quality of the instructional materials in terms of their educational value and in terms of the practical guidance they provide in rearing beetle colonies (mean ratings 1.48 and 1.56 respectively; 1=high and 5=low). Students and teachers raise potted loosestrife plants on the classroom windowsill and nearly 70% of these experiments result in the field release of beetle colonies, although measuring colony establishment after release has been difficult. Extending their classroom work to the community, the majority of respondents (70%) report that they have shared their experience with local news media. Many students and teachers have submitted extensive portfolios to Project coordinators, including color photographs, district-wide invasion surveys, and beetle colony evaluation reports from adopted wetlands.
European Chrysomelid beetles were first introduced into Michigan in 1994 for biological control of purple looses trife (Lythrum salicaria). Galerucella calmariensis has become established at 100% of the 23 research/release locations monitored in this study and have persisted for up to six years. Large populations of G. calmariensis have developed and spread up to 10 km from some sites. Of the 19 sites monitored for one to three years (1997-1999 releases), two have generated G. calmariensis populations resulting in severe damage to L. salicaria. Earlier predictions that Galerucella beetles would likely require 3-5 years to show field impacts on L. salicaria are confirmed by these studies.
NOTES
166 Organizing an Effort to Fight Purple Loosestrife Invading the Denver, Colorado Area
David Weber Colorado Division of Wildlife, 6060 Broadway, Denver, CO 80216 USA Tel: 303-291-7231 Fax: 303-291-7114 Email: [email protected]
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is an invasive wetland plant that was introduced to North America from Europe in the early 1800s. It has become a widespread problem in New England, the Midwest, and many other parts of the United States because it outcompetes native marsh plants, degrading wildlife habitat and reducing plant diversity.
Purple loosestrife was first discovered growing in Colorado in 1990 in the City of Boulder, and two years later in the nearby Denver metropolitan area. Since then, loosestrife was found at many other locations in the vicinity — growing in ditches, on lake margins, in marshes, and on stream banks. It invaded from landscape or garden plantings of ornamental purple loosestrife. On July 1, 2000 sale of purple loosestrife seeds or plants became illegal in Colorado.
Sixteen agencies and organizations, under the leadership of the Colorado Division of Wildlife, have been coop eratively battling purple loosestrife in the metro area since 1992. The strategy has been for public agencies to control loosestrife on their own lands, with the Division of Wildlife taking responsibility for control on private lands with the landowners permission. Most control has been by backpack spraying with the herbicide Rodeo, but in some cases hand pulling or the herbicide 2,4-D have been used. Mature seed heads are cut, bagged, and hauled away. At three sites purple loosestrife biological control insects have been released and successfully become established.
This strategy has been effective and very good headway has been made in stopping the spread of purple looses trife and reducing its density in places it does occur. In 1999, it could not be found at 31 locations where it was formerly present. Numbers of loosestrife plants have been drastically reduced at the vast majority of infestation sites. Less than 100 plants are present at about 70% of the known locations. No populations are spreading out of control. All sites are monitored each summer and control work done yearly.
Extensive public education on the threat of purple loosestrife has been done, including brochures, newspaper articles, field tours, slide presentations, and posting of signs. Many sightings are reported annually by the public.
Because purple loosestrife seeds remain viable for many years in the soil, and new seedlings emerge each summer, it will be necessary to maintain the control effort for many years. Total eradication from the entire metro area is probably not possible, but we are confident that further spread will be stopped and the plant can be eradicated at many individual sites. We believe that this is one of the more successful cooperative weed management efforts ever attempted in North America. Purple loosestrife is controllable if detected early!
NOTES
167
3:20pm to 5:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session A
Ships as a Vector for Invasive Species Transfer Session Chair: Christopher J. Wiley, Transport Canada 3:20 Ozone, Seawater and Aquatic Nonindigenous Species: Testing a Full-Scale Ozone Ballast Water Treatment System on an American Oil Tanker William J. Cooper, University of North Carolina at Wilmington 3:40 A Shipboard Trial for Ballast Water Treatment Options (Voraxial Separator, UV Irradiation, Natural Product Biocide) David A. Wright, University of Maryland 4:00 Remotely-operated Vehicles for Monitoring and Treatment of Nonindigenous Fouling Species Dana C. Lynn, Naval Surface Warfare Center 4:20 Minimizing Exotic Species Introductions from Ballast Tank Biofilms Robert E. Baier, State University of New York at Buffalo 4:40 A Natural Product Biocide for Ballast Water Treatment David A. Wright, University of Maryland 5:00 Monitoring the Effectiveness of Biocides Rolf A. Deininger, University of Michigan
169 Ozone, Seawater and Aquatic Nonindigenous Species: Testing a Full-Scale Ozone Ballast Water Treatment System on an American Oil Tanker
William J. Cooper University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Department of Chemistry and Center for Marine Science 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409 USA Tel: 910-962-2387 Email: [email protected]
Paul A. Dinnel Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center for Marine Science, 1900 Shannon Point Road, Anacortes, AK 98221 USA
Robert W. Gensemer ENSR International, 4303 West LaPoint Avenue, Ft. Collins, CO 80521 USA
Russell P. Herwig University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, 3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105-6715 USA
Joel A. Kopp Petrotechnical Resources Alaska, 310 K Street, Suite 407, Anchorage, AK 99510 USA
Gregory M. Ruiz Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21307-0028 USA
Gary Sonnevil US Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai Fishery Resource Office, PO Box 1670, Kenai, AK 99611 USA
William A. Stubblefield ENSR International, 4303 West LaPoint Avenue, Ft. Collins, CO 80521 USA
Ewout VanderWende BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., PO Box 196612, 900 E. Benson Boulevard, Anchorage, AK 99519-6612 USA
Ballast water transported by ships is recognized as an important vector for the transfer and introduction of aquatic organisms between coastal ecosystems around the world. Ballast water exchange, or mid-ocean exchange, is currently the only management strategy available for ships to reduce the quantities of non-indige- nous coastal plankton in ballast water. Ballast water exchange is generally viewed as a temporary "stop-gap" measure to reduce the risk of invasions because it is not always possible to safely conduct an exchange, it poses risks to the structure and safety of vessels (especially in heavy seas), and even when performed, ballast exchange still leaves a residual of coastal organisms. Efforts thus are now underway to develop and implement technological alternatives to ballast water exchange. This study represents the first of what is hoped will be several experimental phases designed to study ozone as a potential ballast water treatment alternative. Specifically, we hope to provide a full evaluation of the efficacy of the prototype Nutech-03 ozone system that is currently installed on the T/V Tonsina to treat the water in its ballast tanks. The Tonsina is an 869-foot, double-hull, American-flag oil tanker. The goal of this present (Phase 1) study was to conduct a field-scale test of the operation and effectiveness of this ballast water treatment system for removal of a wide range of coastal marine biota, and to conduct ballast water exchange experiments using ballast tanks that had been filled at the same time and place as those used in the ozone experiments in order to obtain a direct comparison between the effectiveness of exchange and ozonation. While preliminary studies suggested that the Tonsina's prototype ozonation system was quite effective on bacteria, its performance with respect to higher organisms at the field scale was untested before we undertook this study.
170 The specific objectives of the study were:
• Evaluate the chemical and biological quality of ballast water in the treated vs. control ballast water tanks over 5-hour and 10-hour ozonation periods.
• Compare effectiveness of ozone-induced reductions in organism abundance and diversity to the currently proposed benchmark/standard of ballast water exchange.
• Evaluate the potential toxicity (via ozone and its byproducts) of post-treatment ballast water prior to discharge using whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests.
While not all the data from the results of this effort have been compiled, initial results obtained during three experiments on the Tonsina during autumn 2001 suggest that the ozone system kills greater than 99.9% of bacteria after five hours of ozonation, and over 90% of zooplankton after ten hours. Ozone distribution throughout the ballast tank used for testing was uneven, leading to varying rates of effectiveness depending on location in the tank. Toxicity of the ozonated seawater was very low and shouldn't pose any problems for immediate discharge.
NOTES A Shipboard Trial for Ballast Water Treatment Options (Voraxial Separator, UV Irradiation, Natural Product Biocide)
D avid A. Wright and Rodger Dawson University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA Tel: 410-326-7240 Fax: 410-326-7210 Email: [email protected]
Richard Fredericks and Jeffrey Miner Maritime Solutions Inc., 17 Battery PL, Suite 913, New York NY 10004 USA
We report on shipboard trials of three ballast water treatment technologies tested in combination and separately aboard the Seabee vessel "Cape May" (37 000 MT), owned by the US Maritime Administration. The ship is part of the US reserve fleet and is berthed in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland. Primary ballast water treatment was provided by an 8" voraxial separator (EVTN) designed to remove particulate material from the ballast water stream by centrifugation. Secondary treatment was provided either by a natural product biocide, SEAKLEEN, (Vitamar Inc.) or an ultraviolet reactor (Aquionics Inc.) designed to deliver a dose of at least 100 mW sec cm2 at the design flow rate of the three ships' ballast water pumps (1500 gal min-1 each).
Sampling ports between treatment systems enabled measurement of the immediate effects of each technology on entrained biota. The efficacy of the primary (voraxial separation) treatment was determined through laser particle counting and microscopic examination of zooplankton numbers in treated versus control (untreated) ballast water samples collected concomitantly or sequentially. Following final treatment, water was stored in ballast tanks for periods varying from 12-48 hours to determine latent effects of secondary treatment(s) on organisms. Live/dead counts were made of natural zooplankton. Bacterial assemblage growth was assessed by acridine orange epifluorescence after a 12-hour incubation period. Treatment effects on phytoplankton assemblages were assessed in terms of growth potential as measured by chlorophyll a fluorescence and mean cell doubling rate following supplementary irradiation under fluorescent light. Ballast water was also analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS to determine the time course of chemical biocide degradation. Effluent toxicity testing was also employed to document biocide potency over time using a Deltatox analyzer and the luminescent Vibrio fischeri bacterium.
NOTES
172 Remotely-operated Vehicles for Monitoring and Treatment of Nonindigenous Fouling Species
Da na C. Lynn, Elizabeth G. Haslbeck, Eric R. Holm and Gerard S. Bohlander Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division 9500 MacArthur Boulevard, Bldg. 60, Room 330, West Bethesda, M D 20817-5700 USA Tel: 301-227-4493 Fax: 301-227-4814 Email: [email protected]
Ships transport nonindigenous species in their ballast water, and as a component of the fouling community on their hull or piping systems. Current regulatory efforts concentrate primarily on the control of invasions arising from the discharge of organisms with ballast water. As treatment methods become more effective and widespread, transfer of aquatic invaders via ballast water will likely become less frequent. Introductions from the hull fouling community, however, may become more important as restrictions are placed on toxic leachates from antifouling coatings. A better understanding of the fouling community present on ship hulls is necessary in order to predict and control invasions due to this vector.
The US Navy has been studying antifouling and anticorrosive coatings, corrosion, and hull husbandry for over 50 years, in the interest of operating their vessels as safely and efficiently as possible. As part of this task, Navy research efforts have focused on developing protocols and technologies for assessing and maintaining the condition of ship hulls. We present an overview of the Navy's use of remotely-operated vehicles to conduct underwater inspections of hulls and hull systems (including hull and paint condition and incidence of corrosion and fouling), and to carry out in water hull cleanings. Hull cleaning vehicles currently under development have been designed to capture the waste stream for pierside treatment, thus allowing underwater cleaning to be accomplished without the risk of introducing nonindigenous species in the process. These technologies will also be useful in monitoring and controlling fouling on commercial vessels.
NOTES
173 Minimizing Exotic Species Introductions from Ballast Tank Biofilms
Robert E. Baier, Anne E. Meyer and Robert L. Forsberg SU N Y Buffalo, Center for Biosurfaces, Room 110 Parker Hall, Buffalo, N Y 14214 USA Tel: 716-829-3560 Fax: 716-835-4872 Email: baier @buffalo.edu
Norbert Hulsmann Institute for Biology/Zoology, Frie University Berlin, Konigin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Bella Gaiii and Daniela Friedmann National Institute of Oceanography (IOLR), PO Box 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel
Biofilms on ballast tank walls and structural members have hitherto been neglected as sources of exotic species introduction from port to port. Earlier Sea Grant-support investigations of the biophysics of initial Dreissena spp. veliger/pediveliger attachments showed that spontaneously formed microbial biofilms preceded and were excellent hosts for establishment of zebra mussel fouling. Power industry-supported investigations at the same sites showed that surface coatings with methyl-silicone-based elastomers could minimize zebra mussel retention and allow basal biofilms to be more easily removed by hydraulic flows. This report provides documentation of similar findings for biofilms and associated protists on test plates carried in a special Ballast Organic Biofilm (BOB) sampler in a ballast water compart ment of the coal ship HADERA on a transit from Haifa, Israel to Baltimore, Maryland, USA in August 1999. Similar test plates were installed in flow cells within a Portable Biofouling Unit (PBU) aboard the HADERA on the same voyage, using partial substitution of the flow cells with new units/plates concurrent with an open ocean (mid-Atlantic) ballast water exchange, to examine biofiIm/protist contributions from the mid-ocean versus original ballast water sources. The results show that low-surface-energy, methyl-silicone based coatings are associated with less biodiverse biofilms, easier to detach, and supporting fewer species of grazing protists. Mid-ocean ballast water exchange increased the biofilm biodiversity and associated protists for test plates simulating the surfaces of current ballast tank walls/paints, calling into doubt the utility of this procedure unless easy-release coatings are also utilized.
Supported in part by NOAA and New York Sea Grant Project R/EMS-9.
NOIES
174 A Natural Product Biocide for Ballast Water Treatment
David A. Wright and Rodger Dawson University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 USA Tel: 410-326-7240 Fax: 410-326-7210 Email: [email protected]
Steven Cutler Mercer University, Southern School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 300 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341-4155 USA
We have been investigating the efficacy of a new generation of natural product biocides as environmentally friendly, highly economical ballast water treatments. Earlier work on juglone demonstrated a high degree of toxicity to a broad spectrum of aquatic organisms, although its degradation in seawater may be too rapid to be effective against certain organisms. Toxicity is maintained in freshwater over a broad pH range. More recent studies on a pro prietary nutricide, SEAKLEEN®, (Vitamar Inc., patent approved and pending) have demonstrated toxicity to a broad spectrum of marine and freshwater organisms including fish larvae and eggs, planktonic crustaceans including spiny water fleas, bivalve larvae (including zebra mussels), Vibrio bacteria (congeneric with the cholera bacteria) and dinofla- gellates including dinoflagellate cysts where complete chloroplast destruction was recorded within two hours. The partition coefficient of SEAKLEEN®, and related compounds is approximately two, meaning that they will remain in dissolved form in the face of heavy sediment loads. SEAKLEEN®, is toxic to the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumu- losus, thereby demonstrating its efficacy in treating residual sediment in ballast tanks. In marine waters SEAKLEEN®, and related compounds degrade relatively rapidly to non-toxic byproducts, with half-lives of 16-30 hours. It is antic ipated that ballast water discharge will not, therefore, represent a toxic threat to receiving waters. The toxicity of these compounds is related to their mode of action by way of futile redox cycling and cellular oxidation. Toxicity of SEAKLEEN®, to all of the organisms tested was ca. 1 ppm (mg L1), indicating an effective treatment dose around 1-2 g per tonne of ballast water. For most applications, it is anticipated that SEAKLEEN®, would retail at <$0.2 per tonne of ballast water treated. No pretreatment would be required. Dosing equipment would retail at ca. $1600.
NOTES
175 Monitoring the Effectiveness of Biocides
Rolf A. Deininger, JiYoung Lee and Arvil Anchetta The University of Michigan, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health 109 S. Observatory, SPH 1, Room B 156, Ann Arbor, Ml 48109 USA Tel: 734-763-4399 Fax: 734-764-9424 Email: [email protected]
Treatment of ballast water with chlorine or ozone will significantly lower the number of organisms discharged to the receiving water body. It is possible to monitor the concentration of the biocide after treatment and insure no discharge into the waters, but the effectiveness of treatment in terms of destroying the organisms is not known. One technique for measuring the effectiveness is to look for the ATP (adenosine triphospate) of the organisms in the water sample. Filtering a small sample of water (less than 10 ml) lysing the material deposited on the filter, adding luciferine/luciferase, and measuring the light development in a luminometer, will give an indication of the amount of biologically active material present in the sample. This bioluminescence test is not new, but it has been miniaturized recently so that the test is now possible onboard of a ship in less than five minutes. No laboratory is needed, and all of the equipment fits on a clipboard. Experiments with river water from an urban watershed, Detroit River water, and a single test onboard of a freighter, show that the biocidal effectiveness of chlorine and ozone can be monitored in a timely fashion. A continuous ATP monitor exists, but is probably too expensive.
NOTES 3:20pm to 5:00pm Wednesday, February 27, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session B
New Marine and Freshwater Invaders Session Chair: David F. Reid, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3:20 Dikerogammarus villosus, a New Ponto-Caspian Amphipod with High Impact in the Rhine River Gerard van der Velde, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands 3:40 Predatory Impact of a New Freshwater Invader, Dikerogammarus villosus Jaimie T.A. Dick, Queen’s University of Belfast, North Ireland 4:00 The Rio Grande Cichlid (Cichlasona cyanogutlatum) an Invasive Species Established in Southeastern Louisiana Martin T. O’Connell, University of New Orleans 4:20 Abundance and Distribution of the Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) Larvae in a Hydroelectric Power Plant in South America Gustavo Darrigran, Museo de la Plata, Argentina 4:40 Recent Exotic Species Invasions into Central Canadian Lakes Alex Salki, Department of Fisheries and Oceans
177 Dikerogammarus villosus, a New Ponto-Caspian Amphipod in the Rhine River with High Impact Gerard van der Velde University o f Nijmegen, Laboratory o f Aquatic Ecology, Toernooiveld 1, Nijmegen The Netherlands Tel: 31-24-3652621 Fax: 31-24-3652134 Email: [email protected]
Dikerogammarus villosus migrated from the Upper Danube (1992), via the Main-Danube Canal (1993) and the Main (1994) to the Rhine (1995). This actively migratory and euryecious species inhabits large rivers and lakes. It out- competed other gammarids like the ponto-caspian D. haemobaphes, the North American Gammarus tigrinus, a species that has dominated the benthic communities of the Rhine for decades, as well as indigeneous species like Gammarus duebeni. It outcompetes these gammarid species by predation as well as by driving these species out of the stoney habitat. On hard substrates D. villosus now reaches its highest densities and is already an important contributor to dietary biomass of fish. Stable isotope analysis indicates that the species acts at the same trophic level as fishes. D. villosus is therefore suspected to be one of the causes of the decline of the densities of the lithophilous communi ties of the Rhine river.
NOTES
178 Predatory Impact of a New Freshwater Invader, Dikerogammarus villosus
Jaimie T.A. Dick Queen's University of Belfast, School of Biology and Biochemistry, Medical and Biological Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland Tel: 44-28-90272286 Fax: 44-28-90236505 Email: [email protected]
Dirk Platvoet Zoological Museum Amsterdam, Department of Crustacea, Mauritskade 57, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The Ponto-Caspian fresh and brackish water amphipod, Dikerogammarus villosus, is currently invading western Europe, with potential to travel via ballast water to North America. This species has been shown to eliminate native and exotic amphipods in Holland and is implicated in the demise of macroinvertebrate communities in, for example, the River Rhine. We present data from micro- and meso-cosm experiments on the highly aggressive and predatory nature of D. villosus towards a number of macroinvertebrate species of a range of trophic groups. We conclude that D. villosus poses a new threat to fresh and brackish water communities of Europe and North America.
NOTES
179 The Rio Grande Cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum) an Invasive Species Established in Southeastern Louisiana
Gustavo N. Fuentes Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA
Robert C. Cashner Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA
Martin T O'Connell Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA Tel: 504-280-1055 Fax: 504-280-6121 Email: [email protected]
The Rio Grande cichlid, Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum, is native to northeast Mexico and extends into the United States in the Rio Grande drainage. The species has increased its range by accidental or intentional introduction in central Texas and peninsular Florida. In June 1996, a single specimen was taken along the southeastern portion of Lake Pontchartrain, an oligohaline estuary in southeastern Louisiana. Subsequently, between October 1996 and November 1997, seven additional specimens, including both adults and juveniles, were recorded from localities within the city limits of New Orleans and the wetlands area in the southwestern portion of Lake Pontchartrain. At the close of 1997 only eight specimens represented the invader, but these were taken from four localities spanning 48 km along the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. In May 1998 a fish kill in the intricate canal system that connects with the lake yielded several specimens of Rio Grande cichlid. Surveys throughout 1998 revealed that the species was well estab lished in the canal system in the western part (Jefferson and St. Charles parishes) but were rare or absent in the eastern part (Orleans Parish). However, the Rio Grande cichlid has now been documented throughout the canals in the south eastern part of the Greater New Orleans Metropolitan area. Periods of drought and cool winters during 1998-2001 apparently have not impeded further range expansion. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the Rio Grande cichlid poses a substantial threat to the native biota because: 1) they are saline tolerant up to 13 ppt and would therefore be capable of moving into the fish nursery grounds of Lake Pontchartrain; 2) they are fast growing and highly omnivo rous, thus presenting a threat to submersed aquatic vegetation; and 3) they have been shown to negatively affect the reproductive success of important native prey species such as the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegates, (Mire and Byers 2001). Reported here are the results of a two-year study that document the current distribution, density and relative abundance. Analysis of over 400 specimens will be presented to establish age and size at maturity, sex ratios, fecundity, and food habits. Recommendations will also be made for future studies on the biology and ecology of C. cyanoguttatum in a novel habitat.
NOTES
180 Abundance and Distribution of the Golden Mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) Larvae in a Hydroelectric Power Plant in South America
Gustavo Darrigran, Pablo Penchaszadeh, M. Cristina Damborenea and N. Greco Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Departamento Científico Zoología Invertebrados Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Tel/Fax: 54-221-4577304 Email: [email protected]
Following the introduction of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), into Río de la Plata estuary in 1991, this species spread along the Plata Basin upstream at a rate of 240 km/year.
The impact of the golden mussel in South America involves both the human and the natural environments; similar to the impact caused by the invasive species Dreissena polymorpha in the Northern Hemisphere. Larvae and/or juveniles go inside the water systems of drinking water plants, refrigeration systems of industries, and power plants in the human environment; then settle and mature producing macrofouling problems. This is a new problem for South American freshwater systems.
Lifecycle studies are undertaken in a hydroelectric power plant in order to gather basic information to develop promising strategies for prevention and control of L. fortunei. The aim of this contribution is to describe the temporal dynamics and variations of golden mussel larvae in the power plant water system.
Veligers and postveligers were collected between April 1999 and January 2001. The samples were taken from the dam, from the water intake and from the cooling system. Veligers were found from September to May. Veligers first appeared in September, when the temperature was higher than 20'C. They increased to peak densities in the December to March period (ranging from 42.59 to 88.88 larvae/l) and declined during May. Differences in larval densities between the dam and the water intake ducts and cooling pipes were found. Due to structural characteristics of the plant, larvae were recorded for a longer period and with greater densities in the interior of the power plant.
These studies were compared to others about reproductive biology and larval settlement from the same locality.
NOTES
181 Recent Exotic Species Invasions into Central Canadian Lakes
Alex Salki and Bill Franzin Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6 Canada Tel: 204-983-5241 Fax: 204-984-2404 Email: [email protected]
Kazmierz Patalas Emeritus, Freshwater Institute, 15 St. Dunstans Bay, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3H6 Canada
Study of planktonic crustaceans in Canadian lakes during the last 40 years (Patalas, Patalas, Salki 1994) has estab lished current distributional patterns and likely dispersal routes of 84 zooplankton species during the post-Wisconsonian glacial period. Lake regions in mid-central Canada developed the most diverse planktonic com munities on the continent (Patalas 2001) that have remained essentially unaltered until recently. Sediment core analyses and plankton net hauls indicate that within the last decade, Eubosmina coregoni (Baird) entered Lake Winnipeg and became the dominant cladoceran in the northern basin of this large lake. Recent findings in upstream Lake of the Woods suggest that this species entered Lake Winnipeg from eastern drainages and the Laurentian Great lakes where Eubosmina first became established as a Eurasian invader in 1966 (Mills et al. 1993). A second nonindigenous species, rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), was captured for the first time from Lake Winnipeg in 1990 (Stewart et al. 2001) and is now widespread in the lake and downstream throughout the Nelson River system. The simultaneous appearance of £. coregoni and O. mordax in Lake Winnipeg suggest a potential dispersal mechanism that will require corroboration from further studies on co-occurrence. The dominant stature achieved by £. coregoni in Lake Winnipeg reflects the increasingly eutrophic conditions developing in the world's 10th largest lake.
NOTES
182 3:20pm to 5:00pm Wednesday, February 21, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session C
Screening and Risk Assessment for New Invaders Session Chair: Beth MacKay, Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters 3:20 Monitoring Importation of Live Bait Organisms: The First Step in Characterizing Invasion Risk Julie A. Thompson, US Fish & Wildlife Service 3:40 Potential Dispersal of Aquatic Nuisance Species by Live Bait in the Great Lakes Region Fred L Snyder, Ohio Sea Grant 4:00 National Park Service Exotic Plant Management Teams - A Mobile Strike Force Lisa Jameson, National Park Service, Center for Urban Ecology 4:20 Nonindigenous Fish Species of Flanders, Belgium: Actual Status and Development of a Database for Information Management and Exchange Hugo Verreycken, Institute fo r Forestry and Came Management, Belgium 4:40 Invasion Hot Spots of the Laurentian Great Lakes Igor A. Grigorovich, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research
183 Monitoring Importation of Live Bait Organisms: The First Step in Characterizing Invasion Risk
MarkH. Sherfy and Julie A. Thompson US Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral Cochrane Drive, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA Tel: 410-573-4556 Fax: 410-224-2781 Email: [email protected]
Among the many vectors that may cause introductions of aquatic invasive species is use of live bait by anglers. Live bait organisms are commonly shipped from the point of collection or production to retail outlets. Studies addressing this transport of bait have primarily examined interstate trade. However, there is also substantial interna tional trade in live organisms, some of which may be destined for use as live bait. Among the organisms known to be imported for use as bait are dew worms (nightcrawlers) that are primarily produced in Canada, and a marine poly- chaete (Namalycastis sp.) that is imported from Vietnam. Canadian nightcrawlers are ubiquitous in US bait shops, whereas Vietnamese polychaetes are available primarily in the Chesapeake Bay and San Francisco Bay regions. Imported live organisms present three potential sources of invasion: 1) the target species that is intentionally imported; 2) morphologically similar species that are mistakenly collected with the target species; and 3) macroscopic and microscopic organisms that may be associated with the target organism, its gut contents, or packing materials. We have attempted to characterize 1) above by examining historical importation records of the US Customs Service (USCS) and the US Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS). However, the available databases lack taxonomic specificity and sometimes do not distinguish live from nonliving organisms; or provide a meaningful measure of the quantity shipped (e.g., shipment weight). To more accurately characterize bait trade, we conducted a pilot study of invertebrate importation at selected ports of entry nationwide. Sampling was based on four USCS Harmonized Tariff Codes (Live Worms, Bait Other Than Worms, Miscellaneous Invertebrates, and Miscellaneous Fish), and was conducted at eight ports (Blaine [WA], Buffalo [NY], Detroit [Ml], Miami [FL], Los Angeles [CA], New York [NY], San Francisco [CA] and San Ysidro [CA]) for a three- month period (May-July 2001). The sampled population was all shipments within each HTC arriving at each port. Goals of the study were to document source country, destination, taxonomic identification, and quantity shipped for each shipment. Samples were collected from a subset of these shipments for analysis by taxonomic experts to determine the presence of potentially harmful organisms. Our paper will include a data summary from the sampling protocol, as well as specific information on availability of nonnative bait organisms in the Chesapeake and San Francisco Bay regions.
NOTES
184 Potential Dispersal of Aquatic Nuisance Species by Live Bait in the Great Lakes Region
Fred L. Snyder Ohio Sea Grant Program, Camp Perry, Bldg. 3., Port Clinton, OH 43452 USA Tel/Fax: 419-635-1022 Email: [email protected]
Patrice M. Charlebols lllinois-lndiana Sea Grant Program, Illinois Natural History Survey Lake Michigan Biological Station, 400 17th Street, Zion, IL 60099 USA
Jeffrey L. Gunderson and Douglas A. Jensen Minnesota Sea Grant Program, 2305 East Fifth Street Duluth, MN 55812-1445 USA
Michael Klepinger Michigan Sea Grant Program, 334 Natural Resources Bldg., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Ml 48824-1222 USA
Ronald E. Kinnunen Michigan Sea Grant Program, 702 Chippewa Square, Marquette, Ml 49855 USA
Retail live fishing bait, particularly minnows, is widely suspected of transporting aquatic nuisance species (ANS) throughout the Great Lakes region, raising the possibility of introductions through the accidental or intentional dumping of leftover live bait by users. To assess the likelihood of such introductions, the Great Lakes Sea Grant Network purchased minnow samples from retail outlets in Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio, covering the Great Lakes, Hudson and Mississippi Basin watersheds during 1998-2000. Samples were inspected for fish, plant and invertebrate species, specifically examining for any ANS as well as for nontarget species, defined as those not listed by the stores as baitfish species. (A related part of our study examined the risk for ANS spread by anglers based on their attitudes, behavior, and use of live bait — see abstract by Jensen and Klepinger).
No samples contained species listed by the states as ANS, although 18.7% of the 299 samples purchased contained nontarget fish species, exclusive of other bait species sold within the stores that likely were mixed into the tanks. The incidence of nontarget fish species in purchases ranged from 9.0-38.6% depending upon the state, species, and size of minnows purchased.
One Ohio sample contained goldfish ( Carassius auratus), which is listed as an ANS by that state; but is still permitted for sale and likely was present due to in-store mixing of bait. Another store tank observed in Ohio contained alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), which is considered an ANS.
Four of 10 Ohio samples purchased in Lake Erie shoreline counties in 1999 contained western banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus menoma). Classified as a state endangered species, this finding prompted the Ohio Department of Natural Resources to notify 183 bait stores to inspect bait supplies and remove this species. One Michigan sample also contained this species but there it is not listed as endangered.
The presence of nontarget fish species in the samples suggests that screening and sorting of wild-harvested baitfish is incomplete or lacking, leaving the possibility that ANS in baitfish shipments could go unnoticed. Some har vesters view nontarget species as not posing a serious problem and thus ignore them, even when present. Further sampling of bait tanks beyond this limited study might indeed detect the presence of ANS in these shipments. For example, white perch (Morone americana) and threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus), considered to be ANS in some states, have been otherwise observed in batches of wild-harvested minnows from Lake Erie; although they were not present in the study samples. Education of bait harvesters, retail and wholesale dealers and anglers is essential to prevent sportfishing activities from spreading ANS to currently uncontaminated waters.
185 National Park Service Exotic Plant Management Teams - A Mobile Strike Force
Lisa Jameson National Park Service, Center for Urban Ecology, 4598 Macarthur Blvd. NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA Tel: 202-342-1443 Ext. 217 Fax: 202-535-9975 Email: [email protected]
Linda Drees National Park Service, Biological Resource Management Division, 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, CO 80525 USA
Over 2.6 million acres of national parklands are infested by invasive plant species. Therefore, the threat of invasive species has grave implications for the preservation of natural and cultural resources throughout the national park system. A new weapon to combat exotic plant species was launched by the National Park Service in 2000 as part of the Natural Resource Challenge. Called the Exotic Plant Management Team or EPMT, the new capability was modeled after the coordinated rapid response approach used in wildland fire fighting because it is also effective in controlling exotic plants. Each mobile EPMT is comprised of highly trained invasive plant management specialists which serve parks to address management of invasive weeds from identification through control to restoration. This presentation will describe; the EPMT model, EPMT activities, and the accomplishments of the EPMTs.
NOTES
186 Nonindigenous Fish Species of Flanders, Belgium: Actual Status and Development of a Database for Information Management and Exchange
Hugo Verreycken and Dieter Anseeuw Institute for Forestry and Game Management, Fish Stock Division, Duboislaan 14, B-1560 Hoeilaart, Belgium Tel: 32-2-657-03-86 Fax: 32-2-657-96-82 Email: [email protected]
Gerald Louette and Bart Hellemans Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. de Bdriotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Thierry Gaethofs Laboratory for Ichthyology, Royal Museum of Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
During a one-year cooperative study, sponsored by the Government of Flanders, the Institute for Forestry and Game Management and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven are investigating the history, the distribution and the status of nonindigenous fish species in Flanders' freshwater systems. A database, including all information on the presence of non-native fish species in Flanders is under development and, in an accompanying document, the various aspects of fish introductions will be discussed. All data concerning morphological, ecological and ethological characteristics of nonindigenous fish species, as well as their status and distribution in Flanders and their ecological position in the source region and in Flanders, will be collated. The information will constitute a conceptual framework that can be used for policy orientation and further research on the management of fish communities.
Intentional introductions have been undertaken for various purposes such as aquaculture, biological weed control and enhancement of recreational fisheries. Accidental introductions have resulted from aquarium release, baitfish intro ductions and escape from aquaculture facilities. Based on a thorough literature study, 35 species, belonging to nine families, have been introduced in Flanders since 1800. Currently about 14 nonindigenous species, from which seven have become established, are encountered in the surface waters.
A more detailed analysis of the taxonomic status, morpho-phenotype, population genetics and the extent of expansion during the last decade has been done on the recently unintentionally introduced topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva). The focus of its dispersal seems to be in the east (Limburg), where a high concentration of com mercial fish hatcheries and import stations are located. After a period of explosive growth, its expansion seems to be levelling off. Preliminary results from the morphological and genetic analyses indicate that populations across Flanders should be assigned to a single taxon, but display a high phenotypic plasticity.
At the moment, invasive species do not seem to cause major alterations to the functioning of (semi-) natural ecosystems in Belgium, in comparison with other causes that undermine biodiversity (such as habitat loss, fragmen tation and pollution). However, work will be continued on how to assess impacts, and how to design and evaluate control measures.
NOTES
187 Invasion Hotspots of the Laurentian Great Lakes
Igor A. Grigorovlch, Robert I. Colautti and Hugh J. Maclsaac Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada Tel: 519-253-4232 ext. 2734 Fax: 519-971-3616 Email: [email protected]
Since the reconstruction of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959, the Laurentian Great Lakes basin has been colonized by at least 40 nonindigenous species (NIS) of aquatic animals. The Lake Huron-Lake Erie and Lake Erie-Lake Ontario corridors — two areas particularly rich in NIS — may be delineated as invasion hotspots. Eleven and six animal NIS, respectively, have been identified for the first time from these areas. The St Louis River estuary supports at least five NIS, which were discovered for the first time from North America, and therefore represents a third possible hotspot. These three invasion hotspots collectively account for 55% of NIS invasions in the Great Lakes since 1959, including five of seven invasions since 1995. Despite implementation of ballast water management in 1993, transport of ballast water and/or residual materials by commercial ships is the most likely vector for NIS invasions in the late 1990s. Transoceanic shipping facilitates entry of these species, while localized shipping and other commercial activities are responsible for their further spread within the basin. Defining NIS hotspots can be useful for evaluating patterns and trends in occurrence and dispersal of NIS within the Great Lakes basin.
NOTES 3:20pm to 5:00pm Wednesday, February 21, Late Afternoon
Concurrent Session D
Aquatic Plant Assessment and Management Session Chair: John W. Barko, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center 3:20 Control of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina altemiflora): A Comparison Between Various Mechanical and Chemical Control Methods for Efficacy, Cost and Aquatic Toxicity Kim Patten, Washington State University - Long Beach 3:40 Aerenchyma Development in Spartina altemiflora and S. anglica and its Role in Oxygen Transport Brian R. Mari cl e, Washington State University 4:00 The Introduction of Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Into North America: Phenology and Prognosis for Spread Charles W. Boylen, Darrin Freshwater Institute 4:20 The Continuing Spread of the Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) Across the Eastern United States Charles W. Boylen, Darrin Freshwater Institute 4:40 Population Management of Triploid Grass Carp James P. Kirk, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center
189 Control of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora): A Comparison Between Various Mechanical and Chemical Control Methods for Efficacy, Cost and Aquatic Toxicity
Kim Patten Washington State University - Long Beach, 2907 Pioneer Rd„ Long Beach WA 98631 USA Tel/Fax: 360-642-2031 Email: [email protected]
Charles Stenvall US Fish and Wildlife Service, Willapa Wildlife Refuge, 3888 State Rt. 101, llwaco, WA 98631 USA
Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is a noxious weed in estuaries throughout the world. One of the most significant infestations is on the tidal mudflats of Willapa Bay, WA, USA (- 2 to 3 K of solid ha spread out over -14 K+ ha). This infestation is expanding by - 20% per year and continues virtually uncontested, despite State and Federal agencies spending - $0.5 M/year for control. Advances in the development of effective biological, mechanical and chemical control program tools are ongoing. For mechanical control, roto-tilling to 8-12 cm depth during the winter with an amphibious vehicle ($250 K) has provided good efficacy (>90%). The operation is slow 1/4 -1/2 ha/hr. Tilling in the spring was much less effective. Other mechanical control techniques (mowing, ripping, disking) have had mixed success, and innovations in new mechanical control methodology are ongoing. Chemical control programs for the past six years have focused on broadcast applications of glyphosate (Rodeo®). The most success has occurred using the 5% (v/v) rate with 1 % R11 surfactant (v/v) applied at (837 l/ha) spray volume (20 kg ae/ha) by hand from airboats. Best control occurs when applications are made to regrowth of previously mowed spartina. Although providing reasonable control, this methodology is inefficient (1-2 ha/day), cost limiting (~$2300/ha), and is effective only for small clones, the edges of meadows, or meadows which have been previously mowed. On sites where dry times are >24 hours, efficacy was achieved with 8.4 kg ae/ha applied at 93 l/ha. In herbicide screening trials imazapyr (Arsenal®) had the greatest potential. Efficacy data on imazapyr were collected as a function of timing (June through October), spray volume (23, 93 or 465 l/ha), rate (0.84 or 1.68 kg ae/ha) and surfactants (Argidex, Kinetic, Syltac, Dymanic or Hasten). Comparisons were made to the glyphosate (8.4 kg ae/ha) standards. Excellent efficacy (>98% control) with imazapyr (1.68 kg ae/ha) was achieved across all application times. Imazapyr consistently outperformed glyphosate. Under ideal conditions, excellent control was achieved with a low spray volume (23 l/ha) or the lower rate (0.84 kg ae/ha). Several surfactants provided comparable efficacy. Seawater challenge tests were conducted to assess the potential effect of acute exposure of imazapyr (50 to 1600 Fg/I) on the osmoregulatory capabilities of Chinook salmon smolts. There were no effects. Because of its efficacy at low spray volumes, imazapyr has the potential to provide cost effective control (~$600/ha) and to be applied over large areas quickly (>20-100 ha/day). A registra tion process is currently ongoing.
NOTES
190 Aerenchyma Development in Spartina altemiflora and S. anglica and its Role in Oxygen Transport
Brian R. Maricle and Raymond 1/1/. Lee Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Pullman, WA 99164-4236 USA Tel: 509-335-7281 Fax: 509-335-3184 Email: [email protected]
Spartina altemiflora and S. anglica are intertidal cordgrasses that have the capacity to develop extensive aerenchyma systems. Aerenchyma may supply submerged portions of the plant with atmospheric oxygen as well as lower metabolic demands of the plant. These physiological benefits are crucial for growth in hypoxic estuarine regions and therefore help to make introduced Spartina formidable invasive species in West Coast estuaries. This study inves tigated physiological mechanisms that allow S. altemiflora and S. anglica to counter the effects of flooding stress and succeed in estuarine regions. Aerenchyma development was investigated in S. altemiflora and S. anglica maintained in greenhouse experiments under flooded and drained soil conditions. The amount of aerenchyma along the entire length of the root was calculated from digital images of serial root cross-sections using image analysis software. Maximal aerenchyma formation occurred in S. altemiflora following exposure to flooded conditions, while aerenchyma in S. anglica did not increase under the same conditions. Aerenchyma function was investigated by testing individual Spartina plants for their ability to transport oxygen from leaves to roots. Oxygen transport capacities provided infor mation about the plants' oxygen demands and the overall effectiveness of their aerenchyma systems. S. anglica plants were able to transport substantial oxygen to their roots, but oxygen transport was not detected in S. altemiflora plants under the same conditions.
NOTES
191 The Introduction of Giant Hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum, into North America: Phenology and Prognosis for Spread Charles W. Boylen Department of Biology and Darrin Fresh Water institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590 USA Tel: 518-276-8430 Fax: 518-276-2162 Email: [email protected]
Joseph M. Caffrey Central Fisheries Board, Mobhi Boreen, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
Heracleum mantegazzianum, giant hogweed, an exotic species originally from Eurasia has become highly invasive in Western Europe and Ireland. Recently it has been found in North America simultaneously on both sides of the continent, most likely having been introduced deliberately as an ornamental or as a spice. Introduction may also be as baggage, seeds or foodstuffs. The giant hogweed is a biennial or perennial herb capable of growth in excess of 5 m in height. Its preferred habitat is along the banks of rivers and streams, reflecting its dependence on flowing water for long-distance seed dispersal. In Ireland the plant has threatened the ecology of infested river corridors. Dense stands of the plant suppress and ultimately exclude indigenous herbaceous plant species that play an important role in riverbank stabilization. Serious stream bank erosion has been observed in Ireland to occur during periods of heavy rain, resulting in large quantities of soil being washed into the water. The subsequent settling of the fine particulate suspension alters substrate characteristics making conditions more favorable for excessive aquatic plant growth. It has also been observed to clog gravel interstices and render them unsuitable for salmonid spawning. Roadways and adjacent habitats have become a secondary avenue of spread mediated by wind and anthropogenic factors. The estab lishment and spread of this species into North America is of particular concern because of its impact on human health. Exposure to the sap of the giant hogweed causes a skin reaction known as photo-dermatitis or photosensitivity. The sap sensitizes the skin to sunlight resulting in swelling, blisters and eruptions of the affected sites. Poisoning can occur in children playing with the hollow stems. In Ireland H. mantegazzianum was introduced in the late 19th century but has only begun to spread geometrically within the past two decades. With a single mature plant producing upwards to 70 000 seeds, concern in the US will be that the plant will also establish itself gradually and spread unnoticed before populations erupt into major infestations.
NOTES
192 The Continuing Spread of the Water Chestnut ( Trapa natans) Across the Eastern United States
Charles W. Boylen Department of Biology and Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590 USA Tel: 518-276-8430 Fax: 518-276-2162 Email: [email protected]
Barbara A. Methe Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
The water chestnut, Trapa natans, continues its spread down the Eastern United States almost unabated, clogging waterways, lakes and ponds. Introduced as an ornamental in the 1880s in New York and Massachusetts, this invasive floating-leaf species first became a nuisance-level exotic in the 1970s in the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. Spreading through the NYS canal system, it has developed a major infestation in Lake Champlain where current management is just beginning to bring it under control in certain locales. Similarly a rigorous harvesting program has curtailed a recent infestation in the Charles River in Massachusetts. This species is an annual, reproducing and over- wintering exclusively by seed. Because there is little phenological research on this species in North America, we have initiated a study to better understand its life cycle and growth traits. Our work focuses on the growth of this species in two contrasting habitats, one lotic (a freshwater embayment in the Hudson River) and one lentic (a potable water supply reservoir in the watershed). Although overall growth patterns were similar in each habitat, var^iions in measurements of major traits such as number of rosettes, leaves, flowers and seed production were observed. Rosette numbers were greater in the reservoir but the number of flowers per rosette was not significantly different at either location. However, the number of buds, pollinated flowers and seeds were greater per rosette in the river embayment. While seed produc tion values per individual rosette were greater in the embayment, when the greater amount of rosettes over time in the reservoir were accounted for, seed production values were similar (mean values of 312 seeds/m2 in the reservoir versus 286 seeds/m2 in the river. Individual plant biomass values were almost 25% higher in the river embayment than in the reservoir (16.02 g dry weight versus 12.48 g dry weight). The greater number of rosettes per m2 ultimately produced a higher peak value in the reservoir (758 g/ m2 versus 656 g/m2). With a substantial seed bank produced yearly, seeds are readily transported from one habitat to another.
Without an informed public education program, this species will continue to be deliberately or casually intro duced to an ever-widening number of new habitats. A more thorough knowledge of its phenology will guide the development of more realistic approaches of control and to predict its range of spread.
NOTES
193 Population Management of Triploid Grass Carp
James P. Kirk and K. Jack Killgore US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 USA Tel: 601-634-3060 Fax: 601-634-2398 Email: [email protected]
The success of triploid grass carp in managing nuisance aquatic vegetation in large reservoir systems is related to achieving desired stocking densities and not affecting non-target organisms. This study, funded by the Corps of Engineers Aquatic Plant Control Research Program, is designed to enhance the utility of triploid grass carp {Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes) as a management tool. To accomplish this goal, we conducted population assessment and regulation studies in the Santee Cooper reservoirs of South Carolina, telemetry studies in a coastal river to ascertain emigration potential, and are cooperating with private industry to develop a rotenone delivery system for limiting life span. A series of population assessments were made while triploid grass carp decreased hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata [L.f.] Royle) coverage in the Santee Cooper reservoirs from a high of 17 000 hectares in 1994 to remnant stands by 1997. During 1999, annual mortality increased significantly to an annual rate of 39% and we estimated, during 2000, approximately 40 000 triploid grass carp remaining out of 768 500 stocked. The future management objective is to maintain stocking densities that allow submersed aquatic vegetation to increase to about 10% coverage. Twenty-two triploid grass carp (> 90 cm total length) were tagged during 1998 and 1999 with sonic and radio trans mitters and released into the Cooper River, South Carolina to determine their potential to move into estuarine reaches. A total of 121 observations were made, of which, approximately 70% were in stands of hydrilla. Tagged fish made short movements to stands of hydrilla and generally remained there. The average total movement was 14.4 km and no movement into brackish water was detected. This year we have entered into a partnership with private industry to develop small, injectable pellets containing rotenone. These pellets, depending upon the properties of the coating, would release rotenone after a given period of time and limit the lifespan of the fish. If rotenone pellets prove feasible, aquatic plant managers should have more and better stocking options. Taken together, the ability to assess and regulate population densities through population modeling and incremental stocking, control life span, and better understand movements may allow greater opportunity to manage aquatic vegetation in large systems.
NOTES
194 Thursday, February 28 Morning
Plenary Session
Building Consensus for Regional Policy on Aquatic Invasive Species Prevention and Control Session Chair: Sharon Cross, US Fish & Wildlife Service 8:30 The Importance of Regional Consensus Cathleen Short, Co-Chair, ANS Task Force 8:45 Great Lakes Action Plan: A Case Study on Building Consensus for Regional Policy on ANS Prevention and Control Michael Donahue, Great Lakes Commission 9:05 Western Regional Panel Scott Smith, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 9:25 The Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel: Where We Are, Where We Are Going Herman F. Kumpf, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 9:45 Northeast Regional Panel Susan Snow-Cotter, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management 10:00 Break 10:15 Overview of Great Lakes Symposium on NISA Implementation Katherine Glassner-Shwayder, Great Lakes Commission 10:50 Regional Panel Priorities and NISA Reauthorization Needs Facilitated panel discussion. 12:30 Adjourn
195 The Importance of Regional Consensus
Cathleen Short, Assistant Director Fisheries and Habitat Conservation, 1849 C Street, NW, Room 3245, Washington, DC 20240 Tel: 202-208-6394 Fax: 202-208-4674 Email: [email protected]
The United States Congress enacted the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 to respond to the presence of zebra mussels and other nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species in US waters. The Act established an Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force to coordinate national, interagency activities intended to limit introductions and respond to subsequent economic and environmental impacts. Under Section 1203, the Act also outlined regional coordination through the formation of Regional Panels. These Regional Panels are established as committees under the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force and function to establish regional priorities, develop action plans and coordinate regional activities between states, federal agencies, interstate organizations, tribes and non-gov ernmental entities. Four Regional Panels have been established: the Great Lakes Regional Panel, the Western Regional Panel, the Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel and the Northeast Regional Panel. Regional Panels in other areas of the country are in the process of becoming established. The importance of Regional Panels in coordinating activities and building consensus to address prevention and control of aquatic nuisance species will be discussed.
NOTES
196 Great Lakes Action Plan: A Case Study on Building Consensus for Regional Policy on ANS Prevention and Control
M ichael J. Donahue and Katherine Glassner-Shwayder Great Lakes Commission, 400 Fourth Street, Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 USA Tel: 734-665-9135 Fax: 734-665-4370 Email: [email protected]
Concern over biological invasions is mounting as nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species continue to cause eco logical and economic impacts in coastal and inland waters throughout the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region. The Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species, chartered under U.S. federal law, has focused efforts over the past decade in addressing the challenges posed by ANS prevention and control through the development and promotion of regional policy, program and funding priorities and consistency among jurisdictions with regard to laws and programs. Integrating the perspectives of a diverse set of stakeholders has facilitated a healthy, balanced approach to develop ment of model product under the auspices of the Panel as well as strengthening future prospects for implementation. A landmark initiative achieved this past year by the Panel is the Great Lakes Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Aquatic Nuisance Species, providing a regional policy agreement to better facilitate timely, multijurisdic- tional action on ANS prevention and control. This regional agreement, based on consensus of Panel membership, formally recognizes biological pollution as a leading regional concern and pledges the support of the Great Lakes governors and premiers to actively combat the introduction and spread of aquatic invaders. To guide regional pre vention and control efforts, the Action Plan articulates a broad vision and a concise series of goals and principles that are supported by objectives and strategic actions as presented in the plan's addendum. The Action Plan has been signed by the eight Great Lakes governors and two premiers of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region. The Panel has historically implemented a consensus based approach among its diverse group of stakeholders, reflected by model policy, such as A Model Comprehensive State Management Plan for the Prevention and Control of Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species and Model Guidance for Great Lakes Jurisdictions on Legislation, Regulation and Policy for the Prevention and Control of Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species. Recent examples of consensus- based products of the Panel include a Policy Statement on Ballast Water Management and the revised Information/Education Strategy for Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control, both finalized in the spring of this year.
NOTES
197 Western Regional Panel Scott Smith Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, 1NA 98501 USA Tel: 360-902-2724 Fax: 360-902-2158 Email: [email protected]
The National Invasive Species Act (NISA) formed the Western Regional Panel (WRP) in 1996. The panel creates an annual work plan and implements various projects with support from member agencies and US Fish and Wildlife Service. Workshops are being conducted in two western states to facilitate the development of state ANS management plans. A model ANS rapid response plan has been developed. Brochures are being created to describe non-native species threats to the west. A WRP sponsored workshop was recently conducted to build consensus for invasive species screening programs. WRP recommendations for the reauthorization of NISA were submitted to the ANS Task Force. Regional panels are an important link between state and national ANS efforts. Every state should be part of a regional panel and coordination efforts among the panels and the ANS Task Force should be enhanced.
NOTES
198 The Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel: Where We Are, Where Are We Going
Herm an F. K um pf National Marine Fisheries Service, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, Panama City, FL 32408 USA Tel: 850-234-6541 Ext. 203 Fax: 850-235-3559 Email: [email protected]
William D. Holland Gulf of Mexico Program, Bldg. 1103, Room 202, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 USA
Brent W. Ache Battelle, Coastal Resources and Ecosystems Management, 191 East Broad St. Suite 315, Athens, GA 30601 USA
The Gulf of Mexico Program (GMP) is an intergovernmental, community-based program dedicated to managing and protecting resources of the Gulf of Mexico in ways consistent with the economic well-being of the region. One goal of the GMP is to sustain living resources in the Gulf of Mexico. A primary objective to achieve this goal, the GMP will support implementation, by 2009, of voluntary or incentive-based practices and technologies that can prevent new introductions of invasive species, as identified by the five Gulf States.
To support Gulf-wide coordination and communication of invasive species issues, the GMP convened, beginning in 1997, a multi-stakeholder, technical-level Nonindigenous Species Focus Team (NSFT) now titled Invasive Species Focus Team (ISFT). Through 1999, the NSFT primarily focused on two priority issues: Ballast water as a major intro duction pathway and shrimp viruses. NSFT stakeholders sponsored three ballast water workshops, two shrimp virus workshops, and a Gulf of Mexico Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Workshop.
Due to the regional focus of the GMP on invasive species issues, in September 1998, the Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) Task Force invited the Focus Team (FT) to serve as the nucleus of the Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel. The GMP determined that the structure of its Management Committee is ideally suited to serve as the Gulf Panel, by virtue of its broad organizational management representation. In January 2000, the GMP's Policy Review Board approved a res olution to have the Management Committee serve as the Gulf Panel. The FT continues in its present form and provides technical input to the Gulf Panel by formulating technical characterizations, recommending annual program workplan goals, recommending priority projects, and developing a public communication and education program.
In February 2001, the Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel issued its 2000 Annual Report (http://www.gmpo.gov/nonindigenous_species_2000_Annual_Report.pdf). In addition to making recommendations to the ANS Task Force and highlighting successes of the Gulf-region management community, this public information resource describes the invasive aquatic species issue in the Gulf of Mexico region and provides fact sheets on critical invasive aquatic species.
Over the next year, the Gulf Panel and the ISFT will continue issue characterization activities, further investigate ballast water management options for the Gulf region, support at least three invasive species prevention/reduction projects in the Gulf region, and establish a pilot education/outreach program in the State of Mississippi. In addition, considerable effort will be spent supporting the Gulf States in preparing aquatic components of state comprehensive invasive species management plans.
NOTES
199 Northeast Regional Panel
Susan Snow-Cotter Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management, 251 Causeway St., Boston, MA 02114 USA Tel: 978-661-7600 Fax: 978-661-7615 Email: [email protected]
States, Canadian Maritime provinces and stakeholders have been working together since early 2001 to establish a Northeast Regional Panel of the federal Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) Task Force. The Panel, comprised of the states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine, and the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec, will address both freshwater and marine ANS issues. Despite a long history of aquatic invasions, the northeast region has been slow to respond to the increasing threat of invasive species. Only New York state and the Lake Champlain Basin have approved ANS plans — largely in response to zebra mussel problems. Generally speaking, the states and provinces in the region have a sparse patchwork of authorities, funding and capacity to address ANS matters and existing efforts are largely directed at freshwater plant control. Interest in more proactive management of ANS issues in the northeast, has however, expanded in recent years. Panel members view a regional approach to ANS issues as complementary and supportive of individual state and provincial programs. Participants anticipate that by coordinating our efforts we can maximize the time and resources available to manage this threat. It is also envisioned that the Panel will help raise the profile of ANS issues within our states, provinces and federal governments. The Panel members have identified several needs that the Panel could potentially fill including: development of a regional ANS website, development of a regional database that houses research and monitoring data including the spread of individual species of concern, prioritization of research needs, a "library" of existing ANS public outreach materials, standardization of state/provincial ANS legislation, encouragement of regional taxonomic expertise, devel opment of regional ANS response capability and a strong, coordinated regional perspective on ANS issues. While there is clearly significant work for the Panel to take on, in its early years it will strive to establish strong coordination and modest, but beneficial achievements.
NOTES
200 Overview of Great Lakes Symposium on NISA Implementation
Katherine Glassner-Shwayder and Sarah Whitney Great Lakes Commission, 400 Fourth Street, Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 USA Tel: 734-665-9135 Fax: 734-665-4370 Email: [email protected]
In an effort to promote recommendations to support reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act (NISA), the Great Lakes Commission hosted the symposium "Looking Forward, Looking Back: Assessing Aquatic Nuisance Species Prevention and Control" on May 16-17, 2001. This workshop, sponsored in cooperation with the Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species, examined the progress realized under the National Invasive Species Act (NISA) of 1996, and identified gaps and unmet needs with an emphasis on ballast management/no ballast on board issues. Funding for the symposium was provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office.
Through the use of keynote speakers, panel presentations and break-out sessions, symposium participants developed a set of findings and recommendations for consideration during the NISA reauthorization process. The framework for the recommendations follows the categories used for the break-out sessions — institutional framework/implementation, research and monitoring, ballast water and standards, information/education/outreach, and non-ballast prevention and control.
Highlights of the preliminary recommendations include:
• Incorporate measurable goals, objectives and feasible timetables into the legislation and empower regional, state and local entities with the authority and resources needed to implement the legislative goals/mandates established under NISA.
• Require reporting by all ships entering US waters on the source and status of their ballast.
• Transform the ecological surveys from a status report to a trend analysis and use them as a monitoring tool.
• Develop and implement a performance-based ballast water standard, and implementing ballast water exchange verification requirements that are as inclusive as possible, including those vessels with no ballast on board.
• Change the legislative references of "information and education" to "information, education and outreach" (IEO), and clarify the role of IEO efforts in NISA, including developing a list of IEO priorities.
• Provide funding to states for nonindigenous invasive species (NIS) management plan development as well as implementation.
• Create a national rapid response protocol as guidance for states and/or watersheds to use in mobilizing an emergency network equipped to contain new introductions.
• Provide funding for research focused on environmentally sound biological and chemical control options for NIS to expand the "tools" available for use as part of a rapid response contingency plan.
A general recommendation was also made to comprehensively review and update authorization levels and to remove dormant provisions. In addition, specific species names should be removed from the legislation and replaced with the more general term "aquatic nuisance species."
Final results and recommendations will be presented to key regional and national policy makers for consider ation during the NISA reauthorization process. The recommendations are also being shared with other regional entities to help coordinate NISA reauthorization priorities and develop a united front in providing guidance to Congress on this issue.
201 Thursday, February 28 Afternoon and Friday, March 1 Morning
ANS Task Force Meeting Co-chairs: David Evans, NOAA and Cathleen Short, US Fish & Wildlife Service Overview The national ANS Task Force is an intergovern mental organization of the United States that is dedicated to preventing and controlling aquatic nuisance species, and implementing the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (NANPCA, reauthorized as NISA, 1996). The national ANS Task Force oversees the various NANPCA/NISA mandates and the activities of the US federal resource agencies dealing with preventing and controlling aquatic nuisance species. The Task Force is co chaired by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Through regional panels and issue specific committees, the Task Force coordinates govern mental efforts dealing with ANS in the United States with those of the private sector and other North American interests. Task Force member ship consists of 7 federal agency representatives and 11 ex officio members. On February 28th and March 1st, the national ANS Task Force will conduct its meeting imme diately following the International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species. The ANS Task Force has coordinated with conference organizers to hold a special session on the morning of Feb. 28th to provide an overview on building consensus for regional policy on aquatic invasive species prevention and control. Each Regional Panel of the Task Force will offer its perspective on how it has addressed the issue of developing consensus for regional ANS policy. On the afternoon of February 28th and the morning of March 1st, the Task Force will meet to address several important issues including: • the reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act (NISA); • the strategic planning process of the Task Force; • the Caulerpa taxifolia Prevention Plan; • the Management Plan for the Chinese Mitten Crab; • state/interstate Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plans; and • other efforts underway to address aquatic invasive species.
All conference participants are invited to attend the national ANS Task Force meeting.
202 Alphabetical Index of Authors of Presentations and Posters
Ache, Brent W...... 199 de Lafontaine, Yves ...... 115 Gunderson, Jeffrey L...... 97 Ackerhalt, Robert ...... 103 DeBlois, Michel ...... 115 Hansen, Andrew S...... 140 Anchetta, Arvil ...... 176 Deininger, Rolf A...... 176 Hansen, Andrew S...... 47 Anseeuw, Dieter ...... 187 Dekam, John ...... 52 Hanshumaker, Bill ...... 76 Austen, Madeline ...... 67 Dick, Jaimie T.A...... 179 Hanson, J. Mark ...... 71 Awad, Adnan ...... 108 Dick, Jaimie T.A...... 34 Harding, Juliana ...... 43 Baddour, Ralph E...... 90 Diggins, Thomas P...... 103 Harding, Juliana ...... 84 Baier, Robert E...... 174 Dinnel, Paul A...... 170 Harding, Juliana ...... 83 Baier, Robert E...... 103 Domske, Helen ...... 24 Harding, Maren ...... 45 Bailey, Joseph K...... 94 Donahue, Michael J...... 197 Haslbeck, Elizabeth G...... 173 Ballard, Rick R...... 89 Drake, John ...... 152 Hauser, Michael W...... 99 Bandoni, Sarah A...... 155 Drees, Linda R...... 99 Hedge, Paul ...... 160 Bandoni, Sarah A...... 154 Drees, Linda R...... 186 Heimowitz, Paul J...... 76 Bauer, Candice R...... 93 Drury, Kevin L.S...... 152 Hellemans, Bart ...... 187 Bauer, Raymond A...... 18 Dwyer, Greg ...... 152 Herrmann, Hans ...... 8 Benson, Amy J...... 20 Ebsary, David ...... 64 Herwig, Russell P...... 170 Benway, Bob ...... 47 Edwards, Ryon ...... 78 Hicks, Geoffrey ...... 3 Berg, Martin B...... 93 Elderkin, Curt ...... 27 Hinds. Lyn ...... 136 Bohlander, Gerard S...... 173 Ellis, Karla M ...... 71 Hines. Anson H...... 66 Borne Blanchard, Pam ...... 24 Evrard, Lori M ...... 92 Hoff, Michael ...... 92 Boudreau, Stephanie ...... 21 Eyler, T. Brian ...... 95 Holland, Wiliam D...... 199 Bounds, Dixie L...... 95 Fayer, Ronald ...... 102 Holm, Eric ...... 173 Boylen, Charles W...... 192 Fenske, Christiane ...... 23 Honnell, David ...... 35 Boylen, Charles W...... 193 Ferris, Douglas R...... 86 Hoover, Scott M ...... 41 Bratager, Michelle ...... 99 Fletcher, Ryan ...... 103 Hulsmann, Norbert ...... 174 Bräutigam, Lisa A...... 109 Fofonoff, Paul ...... 66 Hunter, K. Charles ...... 44 Brizzolara, Robert A...... 41 Forsberg, Robert L...... 174 Hunter, K. Charles ...... 45 Bruzzese, Eligio ...... 160 Fortner, Roseanne W...... 24 laconis, Linda ...... 160 Burlakova, Lyubov ...... 137 Franzin, William ...... 182 Jackson, Mark A...... 127 Burlakova, Lyubov ...... 138 Fredericks, Richard ...... 172 Jackson, Patrick R...... 121 Burlakova, Lyubov ...... 139 Frenia, Gary E...... 86 Jameson, Lisa ...... 186 Burnett, Evan ...... 41 Friedmann, Daniela ...... 174 Jenner, Henk A...... 87 Byers, Stacey ...... 30 Frischer, Marc E...... 20 Jensen, Douglas A...... 99 Byrnes, Jonny W...... 27 Frischer, Marc E...... 140 Jensen, Douglas A...... 185 Caffrey, Joseph M ...... 192 Frischer, Marc E...... 47 Jensen, Douglas A...... 97 Carlton, James T...... 158 Fuentes, Gustavo ...... 180 Jensen, Douglas A...... 75 Carr, Meredith L...... 121 Fuller, Pam ...... 9 Jensen, Douglas A...... 24 Carroll, Natalie ...... 77 Gabriels, Zandy ...... 47 Jha, Vidyanath ...... 164 Casale, Gloria A...... 132 Gaethofs, Thierry ...... 187 Johnson, Ladd E...... 158 Cashner, Robert ...... 180 Galil, Bella ...... 174 Johnson, Tim B...... 67 Cassell, Jodi L...... 99 Gandhi, Bimal ...... 63 Kar, Rup Kumar ...... 25 Center, Ted ...... 146 Gandhi, Bimal ...... 64 Karatayev, Alexander ...... 137 Champ, Michael A...... 131 Gandhi, Bimal ...... 89 Karatayev, Alexander ...... 138 Champ, Michael A...... 22 Garbary, David ...... 71 Karatayev, Alexander ...... 139 Chan, Hing Man ...... 104 Gargas, Joseph...... 22 Karns, Byron N...... 26 Charlebois, Pat ...... 185 Gaylo, Michael J...... 137 Kelly, David W...... 34 Charlebois, Pat ...... 97 Gaylo, Michael J...... 138 Killgore, K. Jack ...... 114 Chow, Victor S...... 63 Gaylo, Michael J...... 139 Killgore, K. Jack ...... 194 Chow, Victor S...... 64 Gehrts, Karen ...... 29 King, D. Bryce ...... 47 Chow, Victor S...... 89 Geiling, Dee ...... 70 Kinnunen, Ronald E...... 185 Christmas, John F...... 74 Gensemer, Robert W...... 170 Kinnunen, Ronald E...... 97 Ciborowski, Jan J.H...... 67 George, Sandra ...... 67 Kirk, James P...... 114 Cockreham, Steve ...... 148 Getsinger, Kurt D...... 147 Kirk, James P...... 194 Cofrancesco, Jr., Alfred F...... 149 Girard, Robert ...... 70 Klassen, Gregory J...... 71 Colautti, Robert ...... 188 Glassner-Shwayder, Katherine ...... 197 Klepinger, Michael J...... 28 Conn, David B ru c e ...... 102 Glassner-Shwayder, Katherine ...... 134 Klepinger, Michael J...... 185 Coon, Byron R...... 146 Glassner-Shwayder, Katherine ...... 201 Klepinger, Michael J...... 166 Cooper, William J...... 170 Glomski, LeAnn ...... 148 Klepinger, Michael J...... 97 Corkum, Lynda D...... 67 Goettel, Robin ...... 24 Kolar, Cynthia S...... 159 Costan, Georges ...... 115 Gollasch, Stephan ...... 4 Kopp, Joel ...... 170 Cuda, James P...... 146 Gorman, Owen T...... 92 Kratzer, Rhonda ...... 112 Cutler, Steven ...... 175 Graczyk, Thaddeus K...... 102 Kumpf, Herman ...... 54 Da Silva, Alexandre ...... 102 Graham, W. Monty ...... 54 Kumpf, Herman ...... 199 Dabrowska, Kora A...... 118 Grazio, James L...... 113 Lamberti, Gary A...... 93 Damborenea, M. Cristina ...... 181 Greco, N...... 181 Lance, Richard F...... 27 Danforth, Jean M ...... 20 Grewe, Peter ...... 136 Landis, Douglas A...... 28 Danielson, Sharon ...... 47 Grigorovich, Igor A...... 69 Landis, Douglas A...... 166 Dao, Yen M ...... 146 Grigorovich, Igor A...... 188 Lange, Cameron L...... 62 Darrigran, G u stavo ...... 181 Grimaldo, Lenny ...... 82 Lange, Cameron L...... 112 Daugherty, Sherry L...... 95 Grodowitz, Michael J...... 126 Lange, Robert E...... 53 Dawson, Rodger ...... 175 Grosholz, E d w in ...... 80 Leach, Lisa M ...... 121 Dawson, Rodger ...... 172 Grosholz, E d w in ...... 46 Lee, JiYoung ...... 176 de Lafontaine, Yves ...... 102 Gunderson, Jeffrey L...... 99 Lee, Raymond W...... 191 de Lafontaine, Yves ...... 104 Gunderson, Jeffrey L...... 185 Leppakoski, Erkki ...... 4 203 Alphabetical Index of Authors of Presentations and Posters
Lemer, Nancy J...... 24 Panov, Vadim ...... 4 Stark, Robert ...... 41 Limen, Helene ...... 153 Patalas, Kazmierz ...... 182 Stenvall, Charles ...... 190 Locke, Andrea ...... 71 Patil, Jawahar ...... 136 Stepien, Carol A...... 118 Lodge, David M ...... 159 Patten, Kim ...... 190 Stevens, Jennifer ...... 103 Lodge, David M ...... 152 Pearson, Hans P...... 33 Steves, Brian ...... 66 Louette, Gerald ...... 187 Penchaszadeh, Pablo ...... 181 Stewart, Robert M ...... 37 Loveless, Joe ...... 142 Perkins, Edward J...... 27 Stewart, Robert M ...... 36 Lucy, Frances ...... 119 Perry, Harriet M ...... 54 Stickney, Robert R...... 56 Luke, Jon ...... 76 Peterson, Kelly ...... 61 Stoeckel, James A...... 120 Lukens, Ronald R...... 54 Phillips, Stephen ...... 78 Stoeckel, James A...... 121 Lynn, Dana C ...... 173 Pickles, Stanley B...... 63 Stoeckmann, Ann M ...... 142 MacDonald, Francine ...... 21 Pickles, Stanley B...... 88 Streeter, Bud ...... 107 MacDonald, Francine ...... 70 Pieniazek, Norman J...... 102 Strong, James A...... 38 Maclsaac, Hugh J...... 69 Pitman, Bob ...... 75 Stubblefield, William A...... 170 Maclsaac, Hugh J...... 153 Pitman, Bob ...... 161 Suddard, Darlene ...... 61 Maclsaac, Hugh J...... 67 Pitman, Bob ...... 165 Sullivan, Monica ...... 119 Maclsaac, Hugh J...... 155 Platvoet, Dirk ...... 179 Sytsma, M a r k ...... 78 Maclsaac, Hugh J...... 154 Platvoet, Dirk ...... 34 Tanski, Erin ...... 35 Maclsaac, Hugh J...... 188 Pluta, Paul ...... 106 Taraborelli, Ana Carolina ...... 39 MacKay, Beth ...... 55 Prescott, Tom ...... 63 Taylor, Clifford D ...... 118 Maguire, Caitriona ...... 143 Prescott, Tom ...... 64 Tepas, Kristin ...... 97 Makarewicz, Joseph ...... 69 Prescott, Tom ...... 89 Terlizzi, Daniel E...... 74 Mann. Roger ...... 43 Prescott, Tom ...... 88 Therriault, Thomas W...... 153 Mann, Roger ...... 84 Proctor, Bettina ...... 99 Thompson, Julie A ...... 184 Mann, Roger ...... 83 Rajagopal, Sanjeevi ...... 87 Thresher, Ronald E...... 136 Marcogliese, David ...... 102 Regoli, Lidia ...... 104 van der Velde, Gerard ...... 178 Marelli, Dan C ...... 20 Rehmann, Chris R...... 120 van der Velde, Gerard ...... 87 Maricle, Brian R...... 191 Rehmann, Chris R...... 121 van Overdijk, Colin D.A...... 154 Mayer, Denis A ...... 137 Reid, David F...... 153 Vanderploeg, Henry A...... 144 Mayer, Denis A...... 138 Rendall, William J...... 99 VanderWende, Ewout ...... 170 Mayer, Denis A...... 139 Resh, Vincent H...... 81 Veldhuizen, Tanya ...... 82 Mazzola, Michael ...... 41 Ricciardi, Anthony ...... TO Veldhuizen, Tanya ...... 40 McFarland, Dwilette G ...... 125 Ricciardi, Anthony ...... 158 Verreycken, Hugo ...... 187 McGowan, Kerrie R...... 95 Ricker, Karen ...... 99 Verween, Annick A ...... 42 McGrath, Brian R...... 47 Ricker, Karen ...... 99 Vescio, Paul A...... 47 Mcllwain, Thomas D ...... 54 Rinne, John N ...... 96 Vigliano, Pablo H...... 7 McKenna, Gerry ...... 60Robichon, Georges H...... 50 Walch, Marianne ...... 41 McNeeley, Jeffrey A...... 2 Rudnick, Deborah A...... 81 Ware, Catherine ...... 43 McVey, James ...... 56 Rudnick, Deborah A...... 40 Way, Adam S...... 36 Medina, Alvin L...... 96 Ruiz, Gregory M ...... 80 Webb, S. Kim ...... 99 Messer, Cindy ...... 29 Ruiz, Gregory M ...... 66 Webb, S. Kim ...... 81 Messer, Cindy ...... 40 Ruiz, Gregory M ...... 170 Webb, S. Kim ...... 99 Metcalfe-Smith, Janice L...... 67 Rupp, John ...... 76 Weber, David ...... 1 6 7 Methe, Barbara ...... 193 Salki, Alex ...... 182 Weiss, John ...... 160 Meyer, Anne E...... 174 Samuelsen, Knut R...... 130 Welsh, Hugh H...... 132 Meyers, N. Marshall ...... 57 Sanders, Larry ...... 114 Westbrooks, Randy ...... 13 Mikaelian, I g o r ...... 104 Schaner, Ted ...... 39 Whitham, Thomas J...... 94 Miner, Jeffrey G ...... 172 Schloesser, Don W...... 67 Whitman Miller, A...... 66 Mire, June ...... 30 Schneider, Daniel W...... 120 Whitney, Sarah ...... 201 Mishra, Ram K...... 164 Schneider, Daniel W...... 121 Wiancko, Paul ...... 60 Molinski, Gary A...... 86 Schoenbach, Karl H...... 41 Wilgers, Dustin ...... 44 Mollet, Theodore A...... 95 Schweitzer, Jennifer A...... 94 Wilgers, Dustin ...... 45 Molloy, Daniel P...... 137 Schwencke, Eric J...... 86 Williams, Erin M ...... 46 Molloy, Daniel P ...... 138 Sebolt, Donald C ...... 28 Williams, James D...... 20 Molloy, Daniel P ...... 139 Secord, David ...... 76 Williams, Lori ...... 11 Montz, Gary R...... 113 Shearer, Judy ...... 127 Wimbush, John ...... 140 Moy, Philip B...... 134 Sherfy, Mark H...... 95 Wimbush, John ...... 47 Mumba, Musonda ...... 6 Sherfy, Mark H...... 184 Windle, Phyllis ...... 12 Murphy, Robert ...... 22 Sherwin, Jay ...... 55 Wotton, Debra ...... 48 Murray, Joanna ...... 140 Short, Cathleen ...... 11 Wright, David A...... 175 Nelson, Linda S...... 150 Short, Cathleen ...... 196 Wright, David A...... 172 Netherland, Michael D ...... 148 Smart, R. Michael ...... 124 Wyllie, Jane A...... 140 Nierzwicki-Bauer, Sandra A...... 140 Smart, R. Michael ...... 35 Yan, Norman ...... 21 Nierzwicki-Bauer, Sandra A...... 47 Smart, R. Michael ...... 37 Yan, Norman ...... 70 Nordham, David J...... 41 Smith, Scott ...... 15 Young,Eugene ...... 44 O ’Brien, Chris ...... 48 Smith, Scott ...... 133 Young,Eugene ...... 45 O ’Connell, Martin T...... 180 Smith, Scott ...... 198 Zahs, P e n n y ...... 45 Ogawa, Taka ...... 88 Smythe, A. Garry ...... 62 Zammit, Kent D...... 112 Olenin, Sergej ...... 4 Smythe, A. Garry ...... 112 Zammit, Kent D...... 51 Oleson, Diane ...... 31 Snow-Cotter, Susan ...... 200 Zarynski, Jospeh W ...... 47 O'Neill, Jr., Charles R...... 31 Snyder, Fred L...... 185 Owens, Chetta S...... 37 Snyder, Fred L...... 97 Padilla, Dianna K...... 120 Sonnevil, Gary ...... 170 Padilla, Dianna K...... 121 Sparks, Richard E...... 120
204 Acknowledgements
The Conference gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the following organizations: Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Environmental Laboratory US Army Engineer Research W esu ern Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) AREA ROWS? and Development Center ADMINISTRATION Environment Canada Great Lakes Fishery Commission Gulf of Mexico Program ONTARIOruWER GENERATION National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Park Service National Sea Grant College Program EPRI Electric Power Office of Naval Research Research Institute Ontario Power Generation Tennessee Valley Authority, Technology Advancements Transport Canada Marine US Coast Guard US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development US Fish and Wildlife Service Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Western Area Power Administration ÄEPA
Great Lakes Fishery Commission
Fisheries and Oceans M Canada Environment M Canada Transport M Canada
This document was produced with support from the US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division-Duluth, Minnesota and Grosse Ile, Michigan.
205 PRINTED IN USA BY THE US ARMY ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER Environmental Laboratory US Army Engineer Research 3909 Halls Ferry Road and Development Center Vicksburg, M S , 39180-6199 USA
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