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Eesti Põlevkivi Energeetilise Kasutamise Parima Võimaliku Tehnika Uuring

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Eesti Põlevkivi Energeetilise Kasutamise Parima Võimaliku Tehnika Uuring Töö nr ENE1602 Eesti põlevkivi energeetilise kasutamise parima võimaliku tehnika uuring Projekti rahastas SA Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskus Projekt 10088. Uurimistöö „Eesti põlevkiviõli tööstusest lähtuvate põlevkivigaaside põletamise parima võimaliku tehnika kirjeldus“. Tallinn 2016 Meie oskused on Teie edu !™ Keskkonnaministeerium ÅF-Consulting AS Narva mnt 7a Akadeemia tee 21/3 15172 Tallinn 12618 Tallinn Tel. 626 2802 Tel. 605 3150 www.envir.ee www.estivo.ee Eesti põlevkivi energeetilise kasutamise parima võimaliku tehnika uuring Sisukord Sisukord ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Eessõna ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Kasutatud lühendid .................................................................................................................... 9 Mõisted .................................................................................................................................... 11 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 13 1. Põlevkivil põhineva tööstuse ülevaade ............................................................................ 16 1.1. Eesti põlevkivi energeetilise kasutamise lühikronoloogia ........................................ 16 1.2. Põlevkivi varud, kaevandamise mahud, tehnoloogiad ja kvaliteet ........................... 18 1.3. Põlevkivienergeetika majanduslik olukord ............................................................... 19 1.4. Põlevkivienergeetika peamised keskkonnaaspektid.................................................. 21 1.4.1. Õhkuheited ......................................................................................................... 22 1.4.2. Veekasutus, reovesi ja heitvesi .......................................................................... 24 1.4.3. Jäätmeteke .......................................................................................................... 24 1.4.4. Pinnase ja põhjavee reostus ............................................................................... 25 1.4.5. Müra ................................................................................................................... 25 2. Energia tootmise protsessid ............................................................................................. 26 2.1. Üldteave põletusviisidest........................................................................................... 26 2.1.1. Tahkekütuste põletamise meetodid, tehnoloogilised protsessid, tehnoloogiad ja tehnilised lahendused ............................................................................................... 26 2.1.1.1. Kihtpõletamise katlad ................................................................................. 28 2.1.1.2. Tolmpõletamise katlad ............................................................................... 30 2.1.2. Tahkekütustel töötavad elektrijaamad ja katlad ............................................. 33 2.1.3. Põlevkivi põletavate elektrijaamade ja katelde erilisus.................................. 34 2.1.4. Gaaskütuste põletamise meetodid, tehnoloogilised protsessid, tehnoloogiad ja tehnilised lahendused ................................................................................................... 35 2.1.4.1. Põlevkivigaaside põletamine Eestis............................................................ 37 2.2. Tootmissisendid ........................................................................................................ 38 2.2.1. Põlevkivi elektrijaamades kasutatavate kütuste kvalitatiivsed näitajad ............. 39 2.2.2. Põlevkivi elektrijaamades kasutatavad kütuste tehnilised näitajad ................... 48 2.2.3. Sisendvesi .......................................................................................................... 55 2.2.4. Personal .............................................................................................................. 58 2.3. Kütuste ning kemikaalide mahalaadimine, ladustamine ning käitlemine ................. 58 3. Tehnikad heite ning jäätmetekke ja ressursside tarbimise vähendamiseks ..................... 59 3.1. Sissejuhatus ............................................................................................................... 59 2 Eesti põlevkivi energeetilise kasutamise parima võimaliku tehnika uuring [2, 66] 3.2. Keskkonnajuhtimise standardtekst .................................................................... 59 [1, 2] 3.3. Üldteave omaseire korralduse kohta .................................................................. 63 3.4. Üldteave kasutatud tehnikate kirjeldusest heite vähendamiseks välisõhku, vette ning jäätmetekke vähendamiseks ................................................................................................. 64 3.4.1. Õhkuheited ......................................................................................................... 64 3.4.2. Heide vette ......................................................................................................... 76 3.4.3. Jäätmed .............................................................................................................. 77 4. Põlevkivi ja põlevkivi uttegaaside põletamisprotsesside tootmisparameetrite ning tekkiva heite iseloomustus ....................................................................................................... 78 4.1. Tahkekütuste põletamine........................................................................................... 78 4.1.1. Tolmpõletamine ................................................................................................. 78 4.1.1.1. Soojusvõimsusega alla 50 MWth elektrijaamad ......................................... 78 4.1.1.2. Soojusvõimsusega 50–300 MWth elektrijaamad ........................................ 83 4.1.1.3. Soojusvõimsusega üle 300 MWth elektrijaamad ........................................ 89 4.1.2. Kihtpõletamine ................................................................................................... 99 4.1.2.1. Soojusvõimsusega üle 300 MWth elektrijaamad ........................................ 99 4.2. Gaaskütuste põletamine........................................................................................... 101 4.2.1. Kamberpõletamine ........................................................................................... 101 4.3. Projektipartnerite kasutatavad omaseire süsteemi kirjeldused ................................ 105 4.3.1. Eesti Elektrijaam .............................................................................................. 105 4.3.2. VKG ................................................................................................................. 106 4.3.3. Kiviõli Keemiatööstuse OÜ soojuselektrijaam ................................................ 106 5. Tehnikad kaalutlemiseks PVT tuvastamisel .................................................................. 108 5.1. Korralduslikud meetmed ......................................................................................... 109 5.2. Ülevaade põlevkivi energeetilisel kasutamisel tekkivate heidete vähendamise tehnilistest lahendustest ..................................................................................................... 114 5.3. Võimalikud lahendused saaste kontrollimiseks ja energia efektiivsemaks kasutamiseks ...................................................................................................................... 116 5.3.1. Energiaefektiivsus ............................................................................................ 116 5.3.2. Õhkuheite vähendamine sekundaarmeetmetega .............................................. 118 5.3.2.1. Meetmed NOx saastetaseme alandamiseks ............................................... 119 5.3.2.2. Tahkete osakeste ja raskmetallide heite vähendamiseks puhastusseadmete kasutamine ................................................................................................................. 121 5.3.2.3 Süsinikoksiidi õhkuheite vähendamine.......................................................... 123 5.3.2.4 SOx heite vähendamiseks puhastusseadmete kasutamine .............................. 124 5.3.2.5 Vesinikkloriid ja vesinikfluoriid .................................................................... 126 5.3.3. Veekasutus ja heide vette ................................................................................. 127 3 Eesti põlevkivi energeetilise kasutamise parima võimaliku tehnika uuring 6. Kujunemisjärgus olev tehnika........................................................................................ 131 6.1. Tolmpõletuses huvipakkuvad tehnoloogiad ............................................................ 131 6.1.1. Põlevkivi madaltemperatuuriline tolmpõletamine (laepõletid) ....................... 131 6.1.2. Põlevkivi tolmpõletus vedelšlakkärastusega.................................................... 132 6.2. Keevkihtpõletuse huvipakkuvad tehnoloogiad ....................................................... 132 6.2.1. Põlevkivi keevkihtpõletus statsionaarses keevkihis ülerõhul .......................... 132 6.2.2. Põlevkivi gaasistamine statsionaarses keevkihis ülerõhul ............................... 133 6.3. Põlevkivigaasi põletamise
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