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Tidal Energy Harvesting engineeringcivil.co m http://www.engineeringcivil.com/tidal-energy-harvesting.html Tidal Energy Harvesting By Prof. A. R. Ghode, Mr.Kukkar Paresh K. Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner Abstract Tidal Energy or tidal power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water mass due to tides. Two types of tidal energy can be extracted: kinetic energy of current between ebbing and surging tides and potential energy of currents between high and low tides. The f ormal method – generating energy f rom tidal current – is considered much more f easible today than building ocean-based dams or barrages, and many coastal sites worldwide are being examined f or their suitability to produce tidal energy. Tidal power is reliable predictable (unlike wind energy and solar power). 1.0 INTRODUCTION As a brief introduction, I would like to explain my interests in studying Tidal Power as a means f or generating reliable, carbon-f ree electricity. It’s a plain f act that we are in a world where almost 80 percent of the demanding energy is f urnished by sources such as natural gas, coal, or oil, which are quickly being depleted as well as being environmentally unf riendly. We have also developed some destructive processes such as the nuclear power plants, which would also be a sword of Damocles of all human beings. Luckily, we have already realized the importance of making an enormous change in our way of lif e and our way of using the energy, so looking f or renewable resources to substitute current ones is much urgent f or us. Tidal power is classif ied as a renewable energy source, because tides are caused by the orbital mechanics of the solar system and are considered inexhaustible within a human timef rame. Energy f rom tidal power is also a f orm of pollution f ree energy, which has a lot of potential. Though these potentials have not been f ully realized yet, we can’t deny the advantage of such kind of a renewable energy. This paper gives some basic introductions of tidal power and the basic principle of how tidal generator works, and it also f ocuses on the development of tidal power energy of the world. 1.1 History(Eling Mill) The Eling Mill, located in the south of England, is an excellent demonstration of how tidal mills may have worked over a thousand years ago. Eling Mill is a tidal powered f lour mill and has been f or many centuries. The mill was included in the domes day survey in1086, which took an inventory of owned what throughout the country on England. Originally the Mill was owned by the King because Eling was a royal manor, but King John sold the mill in the early 13th century. Historically, a tide mill was built on the site of a f ormer mill in 1419 by Thomas Millington. Most of the grain that was milled at the site was not locally produced. Of tentimes, grain f rom several hundred miles around the coast was brought to the Mill by ship. At maximum output the mill would have produced f our tons of f lour each day The Mill that currently occupies the site was reconstructed in the 1770s af ter several f loods damaged the millhouse and the dam. It has two separate wheels, each with its own machinery which allows two dif f erent milling operations to occur in the same mill. In 1382, the Mill was purchased by the Bishop of Winchester and was given to Winchester College as a means to f und the college. Winchester College owned the Mill f or over f ive hundred years, until 1975 when the New Forest District Council purchased it. Although the Eling Mill has been rebuilt quite a f ew times, it has basically operated in the same manner f or over 900 years. In the late 1800s, large steam-powered roller mills were built throughout the country to mill imported grain, usually f rom Canada. Many of the tidal mills were f orced to close, and only several of these historic sites remain today. The local governing body, the New Forest District Council, restored the mill and reopened it in 1980. Eling is unique in that it remains a f unctional mill that produces f lour. 1.2 Need of Tidal Energy Aside f rom my f ascination with the Norf olk Tides minor league baseball team, I knew nothing about this renewable source of energy and wanted to discover the science behind it, and the potential of harnessing the crash of the ocean. Both old school and cutting edge, tidal power is always of f ered as an alternative energy source, but is largely ignored in f avor of wind and solar power. However, renewable energies are like Slim-f ast cookies: using less polluting technologies to produce our power does not mean we can over- consume. As a replacement to traditional f ossil f uels, tidal power can make a signif icant contribution on a local and regional scale to the power grid of several countries. Although there are signif icant environmental impacts f rom large-scale tidal schemes, there are also existing environmental impacts f rom coal power plants, oil ref ineries, etc. so I believe we should educate ourselves about the costs and benef its of a wide variety of energy sources. Dif f erent localities will be impacted in unique ways, so what is true f or one community may not be true f or another. We should not let indecision over environmental concerns stagnate possibilities f or cleaner energy, but let it urge us to look f or the best solution available to us at the current level of technology and society. Cooperative and democratic governing structures will enable clear communication between the various stakeholders: f rom citizens to cabinet members, we will be more f lexible and willing to work together not only to create new power schemes, but also to allocate resources more equitably. Every land is surrounded by copious amounts of tidal water. The periodic dif f erential water leveling created by lunar/earth interactions creates a predictable system capable of generating respectable amounts of kinetic energy through artif icial damming. Meanwhile, of f shore, strong underwater currents are potential sources f or copious amounts of energy through the use of ocean f loor turbines. Interestingly, the UK has major advantages in both systems over the US; the waters around the UK have substantially greater tidal dif f erences between low and high tide levels and a variety of cool water channels that house persistent ocean currents. Ironically, at the same time, the US embraces the idea of renewable energy through such systems much more f irmly than the UK. Not to be taken less seriously is the potential f or wave energy to one day be the leader in renewable energy systems in both countries. This document will explore the possibilities of all three energy systems while keeping in mind the relatively dif f erent general attitudes toward each nation’s waterways. 1.3 Objectives 1. Utilize an advanced ocean circulation numerical model (ROMS) to predict tidal currents. 2. Validate the velocities and water levels predicted by the model with available data. 3. Compute the tidal harmonic constituents f or the velocities and water levels. 4. Build a GIS database of the tidal constituents. 5. Develop GIS tools f or dissemination of the data. a. A f ilter based on depth requirements. b. Compute current velocity histograms based on the tidal constituents. c. Compute the available power density (W/m2) based on the velocity histograms. d. Compute the total available power within arrays based on turbine perf ormance parameters. 6. Develop a web based interf ace f or accessing the GIS database and using the GIS tools. 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Turbine Types 2.1.1 Waterwheel Turbines 2.1.1.1 Undershot Wheel Waterwheels were used f rom the invention of the tidal mill until the industrial revolution. The f irst turbine used was the basic undershot waterwheel. This is probably the oldest type of waterwheel dating back over two thousand years. It is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle and it has f lat boards located radially around a rim. It is turned by water f lowing under the wheel and striking the boards. 2.1.1.2 Overshot Wheel The second type of turbine used was an overshot waterwheel. The overshot wheel is much more ef f icient than the undershot wheel. Again, this turbine is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle, but the overshot wheel has buckets mounted around the rim. Water f rom above f lows into the buckets, causing one side of the wheel to be heavier. Gravity then acts on the heavier side causing the wheel to turn. 2.1.1.3 Breast-shot Wheel The third type of turbine used was a breast-shot waterwheel. This type of wheel was developed in the late middle ages and combines the previous two waterwheels. It has buckets on a rim that f ace the opposite direction of the buckets on the overshot wheel. Water then f ills the buckets at the middle of the wheel. Again, gravity acting upon the water in the buckets causes the wheel to turn. 2.1.2 Tidal Steam Turbine These are close in concept to traditional windmills operating under the sea and have the most prototypes currently operating. The turbines f eature a rotor section that is approximately 15 meters in diameter with a gravity base which is slighter larger than this to support the structure.
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