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Ocean Energy Roger H Ocean Energy Roger H. Charlier · Charles W. Finkl Ocean Energy Tide and Tidal Power 123 Dr. Roger. H. Charlier Dr. Charles W. Finkl av. du Congo 2 Coastal Planning & Engineering, Inc. 1050 Bruxelles 2481 NW. Boca Raton Blvd. Belgium Boca Raron FL 33431 [email protected] USA cfi[email protected] ISBN: 978-3-540-77931-5 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-77932-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-77932-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008929624 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com Contents List of Illustrations ................................................. ix 1 Poseidon to the Rescue: Mining the Sea for Energy—A Sustainable Extraction ..................................................... 1 1.1 Energy From The Ocean . ............................... 1 1.1.1 TidalPower......................................... 2 1.1.2 MarineWinds....................................... 4 1.1.3 WavePower ........................................ 8 1.1.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion . .................... 13 1.1.5 MarineBiomassConversion........................... 14 1.1.6 MarineCurrents..................................... 14 1.1.7 TidalCurrents....................................... 15 1.1.8 SalinityGradients.................................... 16 1.2 Hydrogen Power . .......................................... 17 1.3 Conclusion . .......................................... 17 1.3.1 EnvironmentObjections .............................. 18 1.3.2 Bacteria............................................ 18 2 Medieval Engineering that Lasted ................................ 29 2.1 Introduction . .......................................... 29 2.2 Tide Mills, Economics, Industry and Development . ............. 30 2.3 HistoricalDevelopment..................................... 31 2.3.1 TheMiddleAges.................................... 31 2.3.2 From 1492 to the End of the 18th Century . ............. 32 2.4 Location of Tide Mills ...................................... 33 2.4.1 Spain . .......................................... 34 2.4.2 France . .......................................... 35 2.4.3 Portugal............................................ 36 2.4.4 British Isles . ...................................... 36 2.4.5 NorthernEurope..................................... 37 2.4.6 TheFarEast........................................ 37 2.4.7 TheAmericas....................................... 37 v vi Contents 2.5 DistributionFactors......................................... 38 2.6 Mills and Their Environment . ............................... 39 2.6.1 Dikes.............................................. 40 2.6.2 Entrance Sluice Gates . ............................... 40 2.6.3 Ponds . .......................................... 41 2.6.4 ExitGates.......................................... 42 2.6.5 Wheels . .......................................... 42 2.6.6 TheMill............................................ 43 2.7 Renaissance of the Tide Mill? . ............................... 45 2.8 APreservation-WorthyHeritage.............................. 46 2.9 Conclusion . .......................................... 47 3 The Riddle of the Tides ......................................... 65 3.1 WhatisaTide?............................................ 65 3.2 Types of Tides . .......................................... 65 3.3 TideandTidalCurrent...................................... 67 3.4 Tide Generation . .......................................... 67 3.4.1 Power Generation . ............................... 68 3.5 Range and Amplitude . ...................................... 70 3.6 TransmissionandStorage.................................... 71 3.7 TidesandHarmonicAnalysis ................................ 72 3.7.1 Smoothing.......................................... 73 3.7.2 Auto-Correlation .................................... 73 3.7.3 Moving Averages . ............................... 73 3.7.4 Auto-Regression..................................... 74 3.7.5 FourierAnalysis..................................... 75 4 Dreams and Realities ........................................... 79 4.1 Dreams................................................... 79 4.1.1 The Severn River and Other British Plants . ............. 79 4.1.2 Japan . .......................................... 81 4.1.3 South Asia, Egypt . ............................... 81 4.1.4 Down Under . ...................................... 81 4.1.5 MuchPower,NoUsers............................... 82 4.1.6 India............................................... 82 4.2 Realities . ................................................. 83 4.2.1 The Rance River Plant . ............................... 83 4.2.2 TheKislayaBayPlant(Russia)........................ 84 4.2.3 Annapolis-Royal Pilot Plant (Canada) . ............. 85 4.2.4 A Hundred Chinese Plants. ........................... 85 5 The Anatomy of the Rance River TPP ............................103 5.1 Introduction . ..........................................103 5.2 Ancestors and Forerunners . ...............................104 5.3 Tide Mills Bow Out on the Rance . ...........................105 Contents vii 5.3.1 The Rance River Plant . ...............................106 5.3.2 OtherAnniversaries..................................108 5.3.3 The Anatomy of the Rance River Plant . .............109 5.4 The Rance: First and Last of Its Kind? . ....................110 5.4.1 ThePastandtheFuture...............................112 5.4.2 Changes at the Rance TPP . ...........................112 5.4.3 Discussion..........................................113 6 Harnessing the Tides in America .................................119 6.1 The Quoddy and Fundy Affairs ...............................119 6.2 TheUnitedStatesandTidalPower............................119 6.2.1 The Passamaquoddy Site . ...........................122 6.2.2 TheU.S.andtheU.K.................................122 6.3 Argentina—The San JoseTidalPowerPlant....................123´ 7 Improvements, Adjustments, Developments .......................125 7.1 Taiwan...................................................125 7.2 Gorlov’sBarrier............................................125 7.3 Japan . .................................................126 7.4 Russia....................................................126 7.5 China ....................................................127 7.6 GreatBritain ..............................................127 7.7 USA.....................................................128 7.8 Norwegian-DutchSeaandRiverMixtoMakePower ............128 7.8.1 Co-Generation ......................................129 7.9 Some New Ideas . ..........................................129 7.9.1 Tidal DelayR .......................................129 7.9.2 Where Do “Things” Stand? . ...........................131 7.10 Tapping Channel Tides ......................................131 7.11Turbines..................................................133 7.12Re-Timing,Self-Timing.....................................134 7.13 Climate Alteration and Energy Shortage . ....................134 7.14 Innovations and New Thoughts ...............................135 7.15 Public Acceptance . ......................................137 7.16 New Technologies . ......................................137 7.17Wrap-up..................................................138 7.17.1 DoestheCEOGetaPass?.............................138 8 Current from Tidal Current .....................................141 8.1 Introduction . ..........................................141 8.2 TidalCurrent..............................................142 8.3 EnergyPotential ...........................................143 8.3.1 Regional Potential . ...............................144 8.4 Geographical Distribution of Promising Sites . .............144 8.5 Proposed Schemes . ......................................145 viii Contents 8.6 Glance at the Past and Look into the Future .....................145 8.6.1 The Modest Forerunners . ...........................146 8.6.2 The Contemporary Scene . ...........................146 8.7 CurrentDevelopments ......................................149 8.7.1 Seaflow and Optcurrent ...............................149 8.7.2 Stingray............................................150 8.7.3 Vlieland and the Electricite´ de France . .............151 8.7.4 IntheArctic........................................151 9 Environment and Economics ....................................153 9.1 TidalPowerandtheEnvironment.............................153 9.2 Economics . ..........................................157 Annexes ...........................................................161 Annex I: General Bibliography
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