Basin Management Center, Koshi

Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Environment Department of Forests and Soil Conservation Basin Management Center, Koshi

Gaighat, Udayapur, Nepal 2078

Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

FOREWORDS

Landslide is one of the main natural disasters in Nepal, responsible for huge social and economic losses for mountain populations. The annual loss of lives and property due to landslides is significantly high in Nepal. Landslide Inventory is an important tool for disaster management, basic data collection and their management. The landslide Inventory provide required knowledge of landslide occurence pattern, condition of certain region, which is useful for the community in planning, mitigating, and avoiding the danger.

Landslides are the results of various causative factors affecting slope instability at a specific location. The first step generally is to map individual landslides and subsequently digitize them for the purpose of a landslide inventory.

In this regard, preparation of the landslide inventory database is utmost desirable component. Further the preparation of landslide hazard mapping with the help of identified landslides is very much helpful to prepare management plan of the affected area. The Landslide hazard analysis and mapping cope to provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land-use planning.

In this context, the Basin Management center, Koshi under the Department of Forests and Soil Conservation (DoFSC), Babarmahal, Kathmandu has planned to carry out the preparation of landslide inventory at distric level.

Since there is an inadequate documentation on landslides, this Landslide Inventory and Mapping is hoped to be a milestone for further documentation in larger scale in the Basin level. I would like to thank all the concerned local communities, organizations, individuals, and the BMC Koshi team for their tremendous support in preparation of this report. The Suman Multi Consultants is highly appreciated for timely accomplishment of this report.

Uddhaw Bahadur Ghimire Senior Watershed Management Officer Basin Management Center, Koshi Udayapur, Gaighat, Nepal

ii Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

amsl : Average Means Sea Level BEONC : Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care CEONC : Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care CBS : Central Bureau of Statistics DEM : Digital Elevation Model DRCN : District Road Core Network EPI : Expanded Programme on Immunization FCHV : Female Community Health Volunteer GIS : Geographic Information System GoN : Government of Nepal GPS : Global Positioning System ha : Hectares ICIMOD : International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Km : Kilometer Km2 : Square Kilometer LRMP : Land Resource Mapping Project LU/LC : Land Use/ Land Cover m : Meter MSL : Mean Sea Level NTC : Nepal Tele Communication RS : Remote Sensing Sq. Km. : Square Kilometer VRCN : Village Road Core Network

III Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORDS ...... II

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... III

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... IV

LIST OF FIGURES ...... VI

LIST OF TABLES ...... VIII

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Objectives of the study ...... 2 1.3 Scope of the Study ...... 3 1.4 Limitation of the study ...... 3

2. STUDY METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2.1 Archive study ...... 5 2.2 Image interpretation ...... 5 2.3 Categorization ...... 5 2.4 Monitoring and facilitation ...... 5

3. GENERAL FEATURE OF THE STUDY AREA DISTRICT ...... 6 3.1 Location ...... 6 3.2 Topography and Physiography ...... 6 3.3 Elevation ...... 8 3.4 Slope and Slope Aspect ...... 9 3.5 Drainage Network ...... 10 3.6 Watershed ...... 11 3.7 Land Use ...... 12 3.8 Road Network ...... 13 3.9 Forest Resource ...... 13 3.10 Water Resource ...... 14 3.11 Geology ...... 14 3.12 Socio-economic Setting ...... 15

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3.12.1 Federal Constituency, Local Level and Population ...... 15 3.12.2 Cast/Ethnicity and Religion ...... 16 3.12.3 Settlement distribution and Household Pattern ...... 16 3.12.4 Literacy ...... 17 3.12.5 Energy Source ...... 18 3.12.6 Lighting Source ...... 18 3.12.7 Drinking Water and Sanitation ...... 19 3.12.8 Health Facility and Services ...... 20 3.12.9 Financial Institution ...... 21

4. LANDSLIDE INVENTORY OF FEDERAL CONSTITUENCY 2 ...... 22 4.1 Landslide Inventory ...... 22 4.1.1 Landslide distribution in different local level ...... 22 4.1.2 Landslide distribution in watershed ...... 24 4.1.3 Distribution of Larger Landslide ...... 25 4.1.4 Landslide distribution in different elevation class ...... 26 4.1.5 Landslide distribution in different slope class ...... 27 4.1.6 Landslide distribution in different slope aspect class ...... 28 4.1.7 Landslide distribution in different geology class ...... 29 4.1.8 Landslide distribution in different physiography region ...... 30 4.1.9 Landslide distribution in different land use class ...... 31 4.1.10 Landslide distribution at proximity to river/stream ...... 32 4.1.11 Landslide distribution at proximity to road ...... 33

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 35 5.1 Conclusion ...... 35 5.2 Recommendation ...... 35

REFERENCES ...... 36

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Study methodology ...... 4 Figure 2: Location map of Udayapur district ...... 6 Figure 3: Physiography region within Udayapur district ...... 7 Figure 4: DEM of Udayapur district ...... 7 Figure 5: Distribution of differtent elevation classes within Udayapur district ...... 8 Figure 6: Arial coverage of slope within Udayapur district ...... 9 Figure 7: Slope aspect within Udayapur district ...... 10 Figure 8: Drainage network within Udayapur district ...... 11 Figure 9: Watershed within Udayapur district ...... 11 Figure 10: Landuse map of Udayapur district...... 12 Figure 11: Road network within the Udayapru district ...... 13 Figure 12: Geological condition within the Udayapru district...... 14 Figure 13: Federal Constituency and local level within the Udayapru district ...... 15 Figure 14: Settlement distribution within Udayapur district...... 17 Figure 15: Location map of federal constituency 2 of Udayapur district ...... 22 Figure 16: Landslide distribution within local level of federal constituency 2 of Udayapur district ...... 23 Figure 17: Landslide distribution (%) within local level of federal constituency 2...... 24 Figure 18: Landslide distribution within watersheds of federal constitiuency 2 ...... 24 Figure 19: Distribution of larger landslide within federal constituency 2 ...... 25 Figure 20: Distribution of landslide in different elevation classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 26 Figure 21: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different elevation classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 27 Figure 22: Distribution of landslide in different slope classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 27 Figure 23: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different slope classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 28 Figure 24: Distribution of landslide in different slope aspet within federal constituency 2...... 28 Figure 25: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different slope aspect within federal constituency 2 ...... 29 Figure 26: Distribution of landslide in different geology classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 29

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Figure 27: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different geology classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 30 Figure 28: Landslide distribution in different physiography regions within federal constituency 2 ...... 30 Figure 29: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different physiography regions within federal constituency 2 ...... 31 Figure 30: Distribution of landslide in different land use classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 31 Figure 31: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different land use classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 32 Figure 32: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different proximity to drainage within federal constituency 2 ...... 32 Figure 33: Distribution of landslide in different proximity to drainage classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 33 Figure 34: Distribution of landslide in different proximity to road classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 33 Figure 35: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different proximity to road classes within federal constituency 2 ...... 34

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: coverage by different elevation classes within Udayapur district ...... 8 Table 2: Arial coverage of different slope classes within Udayapur district ...... 9 Table 3: Slope aspect within Udayapur district ...... 10 Table 4: Watershed within Udayapur district ...... 12 Table 5: Coverage of different land use classes within Udayapur district ...... 12 Table 6: Road network within Udayapur district ...... 13 Table 7: Distribution of different geology class within Udayapur district ...... 15 Table 8: Local level and population distribution within Udayapur district ...... 16 Table 9: Local level wise litertacy within Udayapur district ...... 17 Table 10: Distribution of schools within Udayapur district ...... 18 Table 11: Fuel used for cooking within Udayapur district ...... 18 Table 12: Fuel used for lighting within Udayapur district ...... 19 Table 13: Source for drinking water within Udayapur district ...... 19 Table 14: household by toilet facility within Udayapur district ...... 20 Table 15: Health facility and services within Udayapur district ...... 20 Table 16: Different types of cooperative within Udayapur district ...... 21 Table 17: Distribution of landslides in Local level under federal constituency 2 of Udayapur district ...... 23 Table 18: Landslide occurence within watersheds of federal constituency 2 ...... 25 Table 19: Distribution of larger landslide at local level of federal constituency 2 ...... 25 Table 20: Distribution of landslides in different elevation classes of federal constituency 2 ...... 26

VIII Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nepal is a landlocked Himalayan country with an area of 1,47,516 Km2. The mean width is about 193 Km. In such a short stretch the altitude of place varies from 59 m (Kechanakalan of Jhapa District) to 8,848.86 m (Mt. Everest) MSL, South to North in different geological and geographical set-up. The total population of Nepal is 2,64,94,504 including male 1,29,27,431 and female population is 1,36,93,378 (CBS, 2013).

Nepal is characterized by sources of many small to large size rivers, which flow from North to South. It is stated that there are over 6,000 rivers and their total length exceeds more than 45,000 Km out of which 1,000 are more than 10 Km long; 100 are more than 160 Km. long. Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali are major river systems of the country.

The water induced disaster event like landslides and floods are common phenomena in Nepal. More than 80% area of Nepal is covered by hills and mountains which are most prone to landslide disasters such as slope failure, debris flow, mass movement and various erosion and sedimentation processes. Nepal's geo-ecological set-up experiences mass wasting, landslide and soil erosion in the hills and mountain areas, and sedimentation in the plain areas. Most of these disaster events occurs during the monsoon season which constantly damages and losses of infrastructure, public property, agriculture land, cattle and livestocks, and taking lives of human being. Unregulated land use practices and human interventions in the upland have further deteriorated the watershed thereby causing floods and sediment deposition along the downstream.

The diverse physiological and fragile geological set-up coupled with ecological, meteorological and demographic factors in this set-up are contributing vulnerability to water induced disasters incluging flood and landslide. Major factors contributing to disasters are rapid population growth, slow economic development, a high degree of environmental degradation, fragility of the land mass and highly elevated mounting slopes.

Floods and landslides are often interrelated in Nepal. Some landslides are triggered by river bank erosion, and some flash floods are aggravated by landslides in the areas adjoining river banks. Both these phenomena occur during the monsoon season. Disastrous flash floods usually occur in Nepal when landslides or debris block a river for several hours and the water is then released suddenly, inundating areas downstream.

Moreover, the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 caused additional occurence of landslides in the country. There are significant number of landslides occur each year. Landslides frequently occur in the monsoon season following an earthquake. Both natural factors (including

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steep slopes, undercutting of riverbanks by rivers, weathered, fractured and weak rocks in the mountains, high rainfall and seismic activities) and anthropogenic factors (intensive deforestation, improper agriculture and irrigation practices, overgrazing on the slopes, quarrying for construction materials, and construction of infrastructure beyond the bearing capacities of the hill slopes) contribute to the high incidence of landslides. Thus, the hilly and mountainous regions of Nepal are strongly susceptible to landslides. Thus, the landslide counts as major disaster event of Nepal as country is suffering with enormous losses of life and property and infrastructures and even affecting the national development every year.

In this context, the Basin Manageent center, Koshi under the Department of Forests and Soil Conservation (DoFSC), Babarmahal, Kathmandu has planned to carry out the preparation of landslide inventory at distric level. For this reason, BMC, Koshi planned to prepare landslide inventory at Federal Constituency level 2 of Udayapur district, in its annual program of this fiscal year 2077/078.

Landslide inventory maps show the landslide locations with the dimensions and geographical extent of each landslide. These maps are the basis for assessing landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk. They are essential for developing models to predict landslide on the basis of past phenomena. If these are not sufficiently available more emphasis should be given on expert assessment and evaluation. Therefore, we need to know where landslides happened in the past and also the relationship between landslides and the causal factors. Landslide inventories are also used to validate landslide susceptibility/hazard maps and to prepare landslide risk maps.

1.2 Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study was to prepare landslide inventory database of Federal Constituency 2 of Udayapur district. The specific objectives were as follows:

• To extract all landslides from freely available high-resolution images and Google earth images • To prepare a landslide polygon inventory map

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• To prepare geo-database of landslides at Municipality/Rural municipality and ward level • To prepare geo-database of landslides at different bio-physical feature • To prepare the final report with respect to landslides descriptions of the study area.

1.3 Scope of the Study

The following were the specific scope of the work: ➢ Digitization of landslide of the study area on freely available image ➢ Preparation of the landslide inventory usiging GIS tool with highlighting administrative loction ➢ Collection of basic spatial layers and prepare inventory of bio-physical features to the study area ➢ Preparation of the basic thematic layers at study area level ➢ Development of the landslide relationship with prepared different thematic layer ➢ Collecion and prepare of socio-economic data of study area district ➢ Submission of the final report to the BMC, Koshi with enhancing of provided suggestions and comments.

1.4 Limitation of the study

Present study was basically focused on extraction of the landslides from satellite imageries with very limited field verifications. All landslides could not be identified on the images, especially the smaller one.

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2. STUDY METHODOLOGY

The following methodology of the proposed work was suggested (Figure 1). The the major steps were as below:

• Pre-field Study • Field verification • Post-field Activities

Pre-Field Study

Collection & Review of Relevant Literature, Collection, Study & Analysis of Maps, and Data on the study area landslide degitization

Prepare for field work

Field Verification Field visit at selected sites to verify the landslides identified on the image

Post-field Study

Data compilation, analysis and interpretation

Draft Report

Share report with Client and rectify as needed

Final Report

Figure 1: Study methodology

The activities carried out during various stages to lead towards achieving the objectives of the study are briefly summarized below:

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2.1 Archive study

The literature review, available topographic maps, satellite imageries, aerial photographs, geological maps, and other relevant maps were studied with reference to the landslide. In addition, the landslide database of MoHA was also considered for past disastrous events.

2.2 Image interpretation

The landslides were identified and digitized on the Google image. Geological map prepared by the Department of Mines and Geology was converted into GIS format, which was useful to relate occurred landslide with the geology of the area. Likewise, land-use map as appeared on the digital topographic map was basis for describing landslide occurrence with respect to the land-use condition in an area. Similarly, it was also attemped to develop landslide relationship with physiographic region, proximity to road, proximity to drainage, slope, and slope aspect.

The relevant data were compiled to develop landslide inventory database in GIS. This was the most important task of the present assignment. The landslide inventory database consists of information of landslides including spatial location, area, district name, local level name, and ward number.

2.3 Categorization

The landslides extracted from Google Earth image was categorized into three classes in terms of area including of < 1 ha, 1-2 ha, and equal to 2 ha and above.

In addition, the landslide distribution in different local level was also analyzed by crossing the landslide inventory thematic layer. This provided information about landslide prone area for prepare of action to control on the occurrence of landslide.

2.4 Monitoring and facilitation

In order to smooth functioning of the project activities leading to successful completion, we proposed BMC, Koshi to designate a focal person (Monitoring Officer) for monitoring and facilitation of the overall works and regularly tracking the progress to provide reporting to the BMC, Koshi.

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3. GENERAL FEATURE OF THE STUDY AREA DISTRICT

3.1 Location

Udayapur District is one of the 14 districts of Province No. 1 of Eastern Nepal (Figure 2). The district covers an area of 2,300.34 Km2. Geographically Udayapur district lies between 26039’0’’N to 2701’10’’N and 8600’9’’E to 8701’0’’E with extending from East to West. The Koshi River in the East of the district separates it from Sunsari District, Sunkoshi River in the North draws a borderline which separates it from Bhojpur and Khotang. The district is neighbouring with Saptari and Siraha in the South, and Sindhuli and Dhanusha in the West.

Figure 2: Location map of Udayapur district 3.2 Topography and Physiography

Udayapur district incorporates Middle Mountain, Siwalik and Tarai physiography region (Figure 3). It is surrounded by Mahabharat hills from north and Siwalik from south, whereas both hills meet together by west which forms the region a valley Udayapur valley. In addition, the Trijuga valley in Udayapur district represents the Doon Valley within the Siwalik region. The lower belt of the district lies in the Tarai region. About 51% area of

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the district is covered by Siwalik region, 39% area is covered by Middle Mountain, and about10% area is coverd by Tarai region. The altitude of the district is varying from 88m to 2343m amsl with average 571m. The upper northern ridges are more elevated than other part of the district (Figure 4).

Figure 3: Physiography region within Udayapur district

Figure 4: DEM of Udayapur district

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3.3 Elevation

The aerial coverage by the various elevation classes has been analyzed and it was observed that only 0.51% of the total district area is covered by high elevation class (2000- 2383m) while the maximum area (55.63%) is covered by the elevation class of 88-500m followed by elevation class of 500-1000m(27.33%), elevation class 1000-1500m (12.21%), and elevation class 1500-2000m (4.32%) (Figure 5, Table 1). The upper North- East ridges of Rautamai Rural Municipality, Southern ridges of Sunkoshi Rural Municipality, middle and lower South-West region of Tapli Rural Municipality, and Upper North-West area of Udayapurgadhi Rual Municipality are found to be highly elevated than other parts of the district.

Figure 5: Distribution of differtent elevation classes within Udayapur district

Table 1: coverage by different elevation classes within Udayapur district Elevation Class (m) Area (Km2) Area (%) 88-500 1279.67 55.63 500-1000 628.65 27.33 1000-1500 280.84 12.21 1500-2000 99.46 4.32 2000-2383 11.72 0.51

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3.4 Slope and Slope Aspect

The topography of Udayapur district is dominantly steep terrain. Most of the upper regions are found to be steepness slope (Figure 6). The aerial coverage of various classes of the slope was analyzed and found that about 31.41% area is covered by steep slope, around 23.48% area is covered by gently sloping, 18.79% area is coverd by moderately steep slope, 17.46% area is covered by very steep slope and 8.86 % area of the district is covered by level/nearly level slope (Table 2).

Figure 6: Arial coverage of slope within Udayapur district

Table 2: Arial coverage of different slope classes within Udayapur district Slope Class Slope (%) Area (%) Level/Nearly Level 0-3 8.86 Gently Sloping 3-15, 23.48 Moderately Steep 15-30 18.79 Steep 30-60 31.41 Very Steep Above 60 17.46

The slope aspect of the district is more or less equal in all direction. However, the majority of middle part of the district area is mostly south facing (Figure 7). There is an exit of flat area (1.43%) which is found in many parts of the district. Around 25.99% area of the district is north facing slope flowed by east facing slope (24.35%), west facing slope (27%), south facing slope (24.30%), and around 23.93% west facing slope aspect (Table 3).

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Figure 7: Slope aspect within Udayapur district Table 3: Slope aspect within Udayapur district Slope Aspect Area (%) Flat 1.43 North 25.99 East 24.35 South 24.30 West 23.93

3.5 Drainage Network

Udayapur district drains with enormous river and streams. The major river within the district is Sunkhoshi River which flows through the Northern border of the district from West to East, Kamala River which flows through the South-West border of the district from North to South, Saptakoshi River which flows through the North-East border of the district form North to South, Triyuga River, Tawa Khola, Baidyanath Khola, Kakur Khola, Bahadur Khola, Surung Khola, Yari Khola, Rasuwa Khola, Rakuli Khoal, and Adheri Khola. The Sunkoshi River and the Triyuga River are the river system of Saptakoshi River. Likewise, Bahadur Khola, Sorung Khola, Yari Khola, Rasuwa Khola, Rakuli Khola, and Adheri Khoa are the river system of Sunkhoshi River. Similarly, Kukur Khola, and Baidhyanath Khola are river system of Tawa Khola, and Tawa Khola is river system of Kamala River (Figure 8). Apart from these River systems, there are numbers of minor river/streams that flow from the Southern region of the district.

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Figure 8: Drainage network within Udayapur district

3.6 Watershed

Udayapur district has mainly four watersheds including of Trijuga-Koshi, Balan-Khando, Kamala, and Lower Sunkoshi (Figure 9). Trijuga-Koshi is largest watershed within the district which covers about 43.06% area followed by Lower Sunkoshi watershed (28.57%), Kamala watershed (21.64%), and Balan-Khando watershed which covers about 6.73% area of the district (Table 4).

Figure 9: Watershed within Udayapur district

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Table 4: Watershed within Udayapur district Watershed Basin Area (km2) Area (%) Trijuga-Koshi Koshi 990.31 43.06 Balan-Khando Chure-Tarai 154.78 6.73 Kamala Independent 497.68 21.64 Lower Sunkhoshi Koshi 657.10 28.57

3.7 Land Use

The land cover map of the province shows that forest and agriculture area are the major land use class within the district where forest occupies about 68.57% area and agriculture area occupies about 24.39% of the total area of the district. Besides there are exits of grass land, shrub land, barren land, built-up, and water body where grass land covers around 2.78%, barren land 2.21%, shrub land 1.14%, and water body and built-up area are less than 1% coverage of the total area of the ditrict (Table 5, Figure 10). Table 5: Coverage of different land use classes within Udayapur district Land Use Class Area (km2) Area (%) Agriculture Area 561.15 24.39 Forest 1577.33 68.57 Shrub Land 26.14 1.14 Grass Land 63.99 2.78 Barren Land 50.94 2.21 Built-up 4.93 0.21 Water Body 15.86 0.69

Figure 10: Landuse map of Udayapur district

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3.8 Road Network

The district has good accessibility of road as many settlements are connected with motorable roads. Gaighat, the district headqurter is connected with Sagarmatha Highway, which connects Udayapur with East-West Highway at Kadmaha and also connects to Khotang district however the road is not paved. The district has coverage of total 782.47 Km road network including strategic road (highway and fedder road) network 243.36 Km, district road core network 397.98Km, and 141.13 Km village road. As of defined types of roads within the district, about 90.77 Km black top road, 119.42 Km graveled road, and 572.28 Km earthen road. In the district, about 210.19 Km road are all weather types while 572.28 Km roads are fair weather types (Table 6, Figure 11) Table 6: Road network within Udayapur district Total Black All Fair New Road Class Unit Gravel Earthen Length Top Weather Weather Construction Strategic Road Km 243.36 89.96 44.4 109 134.36 109 - Network District Road Km 397.98 - 58.22 339.76 58.22 339.76 83.54 Core Network Village Road Km 141.13 0.81 16.8 123.52 17.61 123.52 - Total Km 782.47 90.77 119.42 572.28 210.19 572.28 83.54 (Source: DoLIDAR, 2016)

Figure 11: Road network within the Udayapru district

3.9 Forest Resource

Forest is one of the natural resources of Udayapur district as around most of the area of the district is covered by forest. Due to diverse physiographic and climatic condition, district incorporates mosaics of different forest types and inhabitat for different wildlife. The

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community forest covers an area of 77661.36ha. The distict incorporates small part of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (5.39 km2) which lies in the Tarai region. It comprises extensive mudflats, reed beds, and freshwater marshes in the floodplain of the Saptakoshi River which was designated as a Ramsar site in December 1987. It hosts Nepal's last remaining herd of the wild water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

3.10 Water Resource

Small and large river and ponds are the main source of water within the district however Udayapur district does not possess larger lakes. Sunkoshi River and Saptakoshi River, Triyuga River and Kamala River are the major governing river sources within the district. Other major river soruces are Tawa Khola, Baidhyanath Khola, Bahadur Khola, Sorung Khola, Yari Khola, Adheri Khola, Rasuwa Khola, Rakuli Khola, Kukur Khola, Baruwa Khola, Kanga River, and Dwar Khola. Besides, there are numbers of ponds including Rauta Pokhari, Suke Pokhari, Tapli Pokhari, Jogidaha Chure Forest Pond, Then Pokhari, and Jhilke Pokhari which are key water resources for the the district. All these rivers and ponds have been providing irrigation facilities for agriculture land as well as help to create different micro-climatic condition to support biological diversity.

3.11 Geology

The Uadayapur district has formed with various geological units. The Siwaliks including of Upper Siwakil, Middle Siwalik, and Lower Siwalik are the most covered geological unit in the district which is falls in the middle and majority part of the lower southern belt (Figure 12). The detail of geological unit and coverage within the district is given in (Table 7).

Figure 12: Geological condition within the Udayapru district

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Table 7: Distribution of different geology class within Udayapur district Geology Class Area (km2) Area (%) Granites 234.05 10.17 Sangram Formation 81.50 3.54 Takure Formation 16.20 0.70 Sarung Khola Formation 260.11 11.31 Tawa Khola Formation 223.42 9.71 Udayapur Formation 15.37 0.67 Shiprin Khola Formation 37.19 1.62 Lakharpata Formation 12.28 0.53 Syangja Formation 17.67 0.77 Siwalik 1279.24 55.61 Recent 123.30 5.36

3.12 Socio-economic Setting 3.12.1 Federal Constituency, Local Level and Population

Udayapur district comprises of two federal constituencies with incorporating of eight local levels. The federal constituency 1 consists of three local levels including of Triyuga Municipality, Chaudandigadhi Municipality and Belaka Municipality, and federal constituency 2 covers five local levels including of four Rural Municipality (Udayapurgadhi, Tapli, Sunkoshi, and Rautamai) and one Municipality (Katari) (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Federal Constituency and local level within the Udayapru district

The total population of the district is 315429 with male population 147761 and female population 167668. Out of the total area of the district, local levels cover an area of 2294.954 km2 and about 5.39 km2 is covered by Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. Triyuga

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Municipality is rather dense population with population of 87557 while Sunkoshi Rural Municipality is having less population compare to other local levels (Table 8).

Table 8: Local level and population distribution within Udayapur district Federal Total Area Total Local Level Male Female Constituency (km2) Population Belka Muncipality 1 339.34 42386 19605 22781 Chaudandigadhi Muncipality 1 283.78 48574 22082 26492 Triyuga Muncipality 1 547.44 87557 41221 46336 Udayapurgadhi Rural 2 269.51 30731 14501 16230 Muncipality Katari Muncipality 2 424.89 56146 26582 29564 Tapli Rural Muncipality 2 119.11 14562 6929 7633 Sunkoshi Rural Muncipality 2 106.80 11992 5662 6330 Rautamai Rural Muncipality 2 204.08 23481 11179 12302 Koshi Tappu Wildlife 5.39 Reserve Total 2300.34 315429 147761 167668 (Source: Statistics Office, Udayapur, 2074)

3.12.2 Cast/Ethnicity and Religion

Different cast and ethnic groups are residing within the district. Chhetri (21.50%), Rai (17.30%), and Magar (13.90%) are the major cast and ethnic group living in the district. Besides, there are Tharu, Tamang, Brahamin-hill, Kami, Newaar, Danuwar, and others ethinic groups also residing within the district. Majority of the population belongs to Hindu religion (72.60%) followed by Buddhism (12.10%), Kirat (9.90%). Besides, Christian, Prakriti, Islam, and other religious also exists in the district.

3.12.3 Settlement distribution and Household Pattern

The district incorporates total of 66,514 househlds residing in more than 1,486 settlements. The settlement pattern shows that Triyuga Municipality is densely inhabited in comparison to the other local levels of the district, however, there are growing trend of settlements in other local levels too (Figure 14). This trend indicates availability of the profound infrastructure and other facilities leading to high economic zone. According to Statistics Office, Udayapur (2074), out of the total house, about 23.9% houses outer wall are built with mud and brick/stone, some 15.8% houses walls are built with cement bonded bricks/stone, 14.2% houses wall are built with wood/planks, 44.6% houses walls are built with bamboo, 0.1% houses wall are built with unbaked brick, and some 1.50% houses walls are built with other materials. Likewise, about 28.4% houses roof are covered with galvanized iron, 26.4% houses roofing are with tile/slate, 5.7% houses roofing are RCC designed, 0.3% houses roof are built with wood/planks, 37.9% houses roofing are with

16 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

thatch/straw, and remaining 1.3% houses roof are built with mud and other materials (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Settlement distribution within Udayapur district.

3.12.4 Literacy

The district has good progress in education. According to CBS, 2017, the literacy rate of the district is around 68.82% in which male literacy is about 77.18% and female literacy is about 61.47%. With this regard, the female literacy is much lower than that of male literacy (Table 9).

Table 9: Local level wise litertacy within Udayapur district Literacy Male Literacy Female Literacy Local Level (%) (%) (%) Belka Muncipality 67 74.90 60.30 Chaudandigadhi Muncipality 70.50 78.80 63.60 Katari Muncipality 66.20 75.00 58.30 Rautamai Rural Muncipality 67.70 76.00 60.20 Sunkoshi Rural Muncipality 63.50 71.50 56.50 Tapil Rural Muncipality 61.50 70.80 53.20 Triyuga Muncipality 74.00 82.20 66.50 Udayaurgadhi Rural Muncipality 64.70 72.90 57.50

There are number of community and institutional schools have been established within the district in which Triyuga Municipality have highest number of schools while Sunkoshi Rural Municipality have lowest number schools (Table 10).

17 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Table 10: Distribution of schools within Udayapur district Number of School Local Level Community Institutional Total UdayapurgadhiRural Municipality 61 1 62 Katari Municipality 84 18 102 Chaudandigadhi Municipality 49 22 71 Tapli Rural Municipality 37 3 40 Triyuga Muncipality 76 44 120 Rautamai Rural Muncipality 60 0 60 Belaka Municipality 52 14 66 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 32 0 32 Total 451 102 553

3.12.5 Energy Source

Wood/firewood is the predominant energy source of cooking in Udayapur district. About 91.14% household usage firewood for cooking, followed by Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Besides, household also usage bio-gas, kerosene, electricity, cow dunk, other sources for cooking purpose. The detail of energy source accoriding to local level is given in Table 11.

Table 11: Fuel used for cooking within Udayapur district Type of fuel used for Cooking (%) Local Level Wood/ LP Cow Bio Not Kerosene Electricity Others Firewood Gas dung Gas Stated Belka Municipality 96.69 0.81 0.95 0.39 0.93 0.01 0 0.22 Chaudandigadhi 94.73 0.46 2.24 0.21 2.23 0.01 0.02 0.1 Municipality Katari Municipality 91.49 0.38 6.26 0.36 0.82 0.06 0.09 0.53 Rautamai Rural 97.73 0.34 0.88 0.43 0.02 - 0.04 0.56 Municipality Sunkoshi Rural 99.18 0.26 - 0.3 0.04 - 0.22 Municipality Tapli Rural 98.93 0.26 - 0.07 0.04 - - 0.7 Municipality Triyuga 13.9 81.21 0.42 0.18 2.34 1.34 0.26 0.29 Municipality 7 Udayapurgadhi 96.28 0.79 0.36 2.23 0.18 0.03 - 0.13 Rural Municipality Total (%) 91.14 0.49 5.77 0.45 1.33 0.41 0.10 0.31

3.12.6 Lighting Source

The district is having moderate electricity facility in which only about 51.29% household usage electricity as major source for lighting. Apart from electricity, kerosene and solar is also another major source for the household for lighting purpose in Udayapur district.

18 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Besides, household also usage bio gas and other soruces for lighting purpose. The detail of the source for lighting at local level is given in Table 12.

Table 12: Fuel used for lighting within Udayapur district Type of fuel used for Lighting (%) Local Level Not Electricity Kerosene Bio Gas Solar Others Stated Udayapurgadhi Rural 4.14 32.19 0.29 57.87 5.37 0.13 Municipality Tapli Rural Municipality 0.11 36.07 0.11 41.73 21.38 0.59 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 1.51 32.94 0.43 36.96 27.94 0.22 Rautamai Rural Municipality 30.67 30.37 0.15 22.48 15.77 0.56 Belka Municipality 18.62 37.14 0.37 36.92 6.73 0.21 Chaudandigadhi Municipality 72.55 22.91 0.29 3.44 0.71 0.1 Triyuga Municipality 85.37 9.95 0.19 2.36 1.83 0.31 Katari Municipality 55.13 18.27 0.21 20.41 5.45 0.53 Total (%) 51.29 22.48 0.25 19.72 5.95 0.31

3.12.7 Drinking Water and Sanitation

Drinking water condition is good in the district as most of the houses have tap/piped water and tube well/hand pump for the drinking water. Uncovered well/kuwa is also another source for drinking water within the district. Apart from these sources, household usage river/stream, covered well/kuwa, spout water, and other soruces for drinking water purpose (Table 13).

Table 13: Source for drinking water within Udayapur district Type of fuel used for drinking water Tube Tape/ Covered Local Level well/ Uncovered Spout River/ Not Piped well/ Others Hand well/Kuwa Water Stream Stated Water Kuwa pump Udayapurgadhi Rural 59.96 5.08 1.89 22.4 1.83 8.5 0.19 0.15 Municipality Tapli Rural 83.46 0.11 3.03 9.84 2.84 0.02 - 0.7 Municipality Sunkoshi Rural 86.74 - 0.09 9.37 3.07 0.39 0.13 0.22 Municipality Rautamai Rural 77.43 5.44 1.03 11.17 2.42 1.8 0.17 0.54 Municipality Belka 34.39 42.15 0.28 18.62 1.49 2.23 0.63 0.21 Municipality Chaudandigadhi 30.01 40.99 3.45 22.72 0.37 0.63 1.74 0.09 Municipality Triyuga 27.18 58.87 0.57 9.19 1.42 1.45 1.02 0.3 Municipality Katari 49.39 24.12 1.37 20.63 1.14 1.92 0.91 0.53 Municipality Total 43.44 34.49 1.37 16.01 1.32 2.21 0.85 0.31

19 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

The district has moderate statistics in sanitation and drainage system. According to Statistics Office, Udaypaur (2074), about only 51.33% household have own toilet facility while about 48.35% houses do not have toilet facility (Table 14).

Table 14: household by toilet facility within Udayapur district Without Flush Ordinary Local Level Not Stated Toilet Toilet Toilet Udayapurgadhi Rural 4,021 1,281 868 9 Municipality Tapli Rural Municipality 998 462 1,224 19 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 1,464 27 820 5 Rautamai Rural Municipality. 2,757 979 904 26 Belka Municipality 5,422 1,624 1,864 20 Chaudandigadhi Municipality 4,263 3,842 2,403 10 Triyuga Municipality 7,632 8,045 3,748 59 Katari Municipality 5,604 3,372 2,681 60 Total 32,161 19,632 14,512 208

3.12.8 Health Facility and Services

The district health service institutions are providing various health related facilities. The district is in progress in the sector of health facility and services. There are different types of health facilities and services which are providing better health care to the residents of Udayapur district. The detail of the health facility is given in the Table 15.

Table 15: Health facility and services within Udayapur district S. N Health Facilities No of Facilities 1 Government Hospital 2 2 Health post 44 3 Community Health Unit 2 4 PHC 1 5 Urban Health Center 6 6 EPI Clinic 211 7 FCHV (Urban) 90 8 FCHV (Rural) 360 9 Private Health Facilities 3 10 BEONC 2 11 CEONC 1 12 Birthing Centers 29 13 PHC/ORCs 156 (Source: Statistics Office, Udayapur, 2072)

20 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

3.12.9 Financial Institution

The district has different types of financial institutions for providing banking, and financing services. There are 17 commercial banks, 2 development banks, and 1 finance company within the district. Besides, there are numbers of different types of cooperatives exit within the district including saving and loan cooperatives, multipurpose cooperatives, agriculture cooperatives, dairy cooperatives, consumer cooperatives, vegetables and fruits cooperatives, Tea and Coffee cooperatives, herbs cooperative, communication cooperative, and others cooperatives and these cooperatives are offering many facilities and services in the respective feilds (Table 16).

Table 16: Different types of cooperatives within Udayapur district S.N. Types of Cooperatives Total 1 Saving and Loan Cooperatives 89 2 Multipurpose Cooperatives 50 3 Agriculture Cooperatives 133 4 Dairy Cooperatives 2 5 Consumer Cooperatives 15 6 Vegetables and Fruits Cooperatives 2 7 Tea and Coffee Cooperatives 3 8 Herbal Cooperatives 2 9 Communication Cooperatives 1 10 Others Cooperatives 5 (Source: Department of Cooperative, 2017)

21 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

4. LANDSLIDE INVENTORY OF FEDERAL CONSTITUENCY 2

Udayapur district constitutes of two federal constituencies. The federal constituency 2 (Study Area) consists of western part incorporating of five local levels; Rautamai Rural Municipality, Udayapurgadhi Rural Municipality, Katari Municipality, Tapli Rural Municipality, and Sunkoshi Rural Municipality of Udaypur district (Figure 15). The study area covers an area of 1124.39 km2.

Figure 15: Location map of federal constituency 2 of Udayapur district

4.1 Landslide Inventory

4.1.1 Landslide distribution in different local level

Total of 202 landslides have been identified within the studya area (Figure 16). These landslides are extracted through digitized on Google Earth. The total area of the landslide is 81.41 ha (0.81 km2). The largest landslide is 6.87 ha (0.07 km2) which lies in the

22 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Sunkoshi Rural Municipality-2 and smallest landslide is 0.003 ha (33.03 m2) which lies in Katari Municipality-8. The detail of the landslides is given in Annex 1.

Figure 16: Landslide distribution within local level of federal constituency 2 of Udayapur district

As of distribution of landslides, it was found that majority of the landslides has occurred in Katari Municipality in with about 69.80% landslides were found in variout location of Katari Municipality, followed by 10.40% landslides were in Rautamai Rural Municipality, 8.91% landslides were in Tapli Rural Municipality, 5.94% were in Udapur gadhi Rural Municipality and about 4.95% were in the Sunkoshi Rural Municipality of the total landsliedes (Table 17, Figure 17).

Table 17: Distribution of landslides in Local level under federal constituency 2 of Udayapur district Local Level No of landslide % of Landslide Katari Municipality 141 69.80 Rautamai Rural Municipality 21 10.40 Tapli Rural Municipality 18 8.91 Udayapurgadhi Rural Municipality 12 5.94 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 10 4.95

23 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 17: Landslide distribution (%) within local level of federal constituency 2

4.1.2 Landslide distribution in watershed

The study area covers four watersheds including of Sunkoshi, Trijuga, Balan-Khando, and Kamala. It was observed that out of the total landslide occurance, 143 landslides have occurred in Lower Sunkoshi watershed, 53 landsides in Kamala, 5 landslides in Balan- Khando, and 1 landslide has occurred in Trijuga-Koshi watershed (Table 18, Figure 18).

Figure 18: Landslide distribution within watersheds of federal constitiuency 2

24 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Table 18: Landslide occurence within watersheds of federal constituency 2 Watershed No of landslide % of Landslide Lower Sunkoshi 143 70.79 Kamala 53 26.24 Balan-Khando 5 2.48 Trijuga-Koshi 1 0.50

4.1.3 Distribution of Larger Landslide

The landslide 2 ha or above has been considered as larger landslide. It was found that 8 larger landslides within the federal constituency 2 with total area of 29.67 ha (Figure 19). Katari Municipality has highest number of landslides i.e. 3, and followed by 2 each landslides in Udayapurgadhi Rural Municipallity and Sunkhoshi Rural Municipality, and 1 larger landslide has in Rautamai Rural Municipality (Table 19).

Figure 19: Distribution of larger landslide within federal constituency 2

Table 19: Distribution of larger landslide at local level of federal constituency 2 Local Level No of landslide % of Landslide Katari Municipality 3 37.50 Udayapurgadhi Rural Municipality 2 25.00 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 2 25.00 Rautamai Rural Municipality 1 12.50

25 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

4.1.4 Landslide distribution in different elevation class

Landslides were overlaid on the elevation classes in order to analyze their occurrence with respect to elevation (Figure 20).

Figure 20: Distribution of landslide in different elevation classes within federal constituency 2

It was observed that 65.40% landslide has occurred in elevation class between 500-1000 m, 25.74% in elevation class between 1000-1500 m, 7.70% in elevation class between 124-500 m, and 1.16% landslide has occurred in elevation class between 1500-2000 m (Table 20)

Table 20: Distribution of landslides in different elevation classes of federal constituency 2

Elevation Class (m) Number of Landslide % of Landslide 124-500m 73 7.70 500-1000m 620 65.40 1000-1500m 244 25.74 1500-2000m 11 1.16

26 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 21: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different elevation classes within federal constituency 2

4.1.5 Landslide distribution in different slope class

Landslides in different slope class were analyzed (Figure 22). It was found that and 58.33% landslide has occurred in very steep slope class, followed by 36.92% o steep slope class, 4.11% in moderately steep slope class, and 0.63% landslide has occured in gently sloping slope class (Figure 23)

Figure 22: Distribution of landslide in different slope classes within federal constituency 2

27 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 23: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different slope classes within federal constituency 2

4.1.6 Landslide distribution in different slope aspect class

Landslide in different slope aspect class were analyzed (Figure 24). It was found that south facing slope are more porne to landslide. It was observed that about 41.14% landslides occured in south facing slope, 26.79% in north facing slope, 26.58% in east facing slope, and about 5.492% landslides has occured in west facing slope (Figure 25).

Figure 24: Distribution of landslide in different slope aspet within federal constituency 2

28 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 25: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different slope aspect within federal constituency 2

4.1.7 Landslide distribution in different geology class

The relationship between geology and landslide occurrence were observed (Figure 26). It was found that majority of landslides were in Sarung Khola Formation (55.06%). The analysis also showed that Tawa Khola Foramation is another major geological unit for contributing landslides within the federal constituency 1. Besides, about 8.86% landslide has occurred in Siwalik, 8.54% in Granites, 8.12% in Sangram Formation, 1.16 in Udayapur Formation, about 0.42% landslide has occurred in Syangha Formation geological units (Figure 27).

Figure 26: Distribution of landslide in different geology classes within federal constituency 2

29 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 27: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different geology classes within federal constituency 2

4.1.8 Landslide distribution in different physiography region

The landslide occurrence in different physiographic region were analysed (Figure 28). The analysis showed that more than almost third landslides are found in Middle Mountain. however, 2.48% landslides have also occurred in Siwalik physiography region. (Figure 29).

Figure 28: Landslide distribution in different physiography regions within federal constituency 2

30 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 29: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different physiography regions within federal constituency 2

4.1.9 Landslide distribution in different land use class

The relationship between land use and occurrence of landslides were also analysed (Figure 30). It was found that 67.85% has occurred in agriculture land, followed by forest land (20.91%), barren land (6.32%), grass land (5.12%), barren land (4.67%), and about 1.45% landslide has occurred in shrub land (Figure 31).

Figure 30: Distribution of landslide in different land use classes within federal constituency 2

31 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 31: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different land use classes within federal constituency 2

4.1.10 Landslide distribution at proximity to river/stream

The relationship between proximity to drainage and landslides were analyzed (Figure 33). The proximity to drainage has been classified into into four categories: 100 m, 100-200 m, 200-500 m, and above 500 m using the proximity tools in Arc GIS environment and explored the occurrence of landslide to proximity to drainage classes. It was found that 45.78% landslide has occurred in proximity to drainage between 200-500m, 18.78% in above 500m, 18.04% in proximity to drainage 100-200m, and 17.41% landslide has occured in proximity to drainage 100m (Figure 32).

Figure 32: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different proximity to drainage within federal constituency 2

32 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 33: Distribution of landslide in different proximity to drainage classes within federal constituency 2 4.1.11 Landslide distribution at proximity to road The relationship between proximity to drainage and landslides were analyzed (Figure 34). The proximity to roads were classified into into four categories: 100 m, 100-200 m, 200- 500 m, and above 500 m using the proximity tools in Arc GIS environment and explored the occurrence of landslide in each proximity to road classes. It was found that 83.65% landslide has occurred in proximity to road above 500m, 8.83% landslide in proximit to road between 200-500m, 4.22% landslide in proximity to road 100m, and 3.80% landslide has occurred in proximity to road between 100-200m (Figure 35).

Figure 34: Distribution of landslide in different proximity to road classes within federal constituency 2

33 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

Figure 35: Occurrence of landslide (%) in different proximity to road classes within federal constituency 2

34 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The landslide inventory of the Federal Constituency 2 of Udaypur district has been carried out through the study of satellite imageries, and topographic map of the Department of Survey. Total of 202 landslides has been identified including of 8 larger landslides (2 ha and above) within the Federal Constituency 2 of Udaypur district. The occurrence of landslides has been analyzed and evaluated with different thematic layers. The landslide has covered an area of 81.41 ha including the total area of 29.67 ha of larger landslide. The distribution of the occurred landslides shows that Katari Municipality has highest number (141) of landslides. Likewise, Lower Sunkoshi watershed has highest number of landslide (143) occurance among the other watersheds within Federal Constituency 2 of Udayapur district. Similarly, most of the landslides have occurred in elevation class between 500 and 1000m (65.40%) and elevation class between 1000 and 1500 m (25.74%). Slope classes very steep and steep have comprised most landslides occurrence. With respect to geology, majority of landslides have been occurred in Sarung Khola Formation. South facing slope is having of more landslide occurence. Moreover, landslides are generally occurring on the agriculture and forest area. Majority of the landslides have occurred at the drainage proximity between 200-500m.

5.2 Recommendation

A comprehensive landslide database has been prepared and the relevant analysis has been done. However, landslide is a dynamic process and hence the database needs to be frequently updated. As the watershed management perspective, the landslide in the study area should be dealt with watershed wise so that the landslide disster mitigation activities would be more effective. The larger and vulnerable landslides should be identified and prioritized for mitigation measures. The landslides should be studied in detail with respect to geological condition, engineering geological condition. Further with the geophysical, civil engineering and topographical survey, mitigation measures should be proposed and implemented.

35 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

REFERENCES

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), (2013). Nepal Statistical Year Book 2013. Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat. Central Bureau of Statistics. Kathmandu, Nepal.

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2017). National population and housing census 2011: Household and Population by Sex, Ward Level (Based on new structure of 753 local unit). Government of Nepal, National Planning Secretariat. Central Bureau of Statistics. Kathmandu, Nepal. November, 2017.

Chettri, P. M. B. and Bhattarai, D. (2001). Mitigation and Management of Floods in Nepal, HMG/N Ministry of Home Affairs, Kathmandu.

Department of Cooperative (2017). Statistics of Cooperative Enterprises, 2017. Government of Nepal. Ministry of Cooperative and Poverty Alleviation. Department of Cooperative. New Baneshwor. Kathmandu. 2017

Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads (DoLIDAR), 2016. Statistics of Local Road Network (SLRN). December 2016. Nepal.

MoEST (2017). Education in Figures 2017 (At A Glance). Government of Nepal. Ministry of Education, Science & Technology. (Statistics, Policy and Research Section). Singha Durbar, Kathmandu. Nepal. 2017

Nepal Gazette (2017). Ministry of Federal Affair and Local Development Notice, Section 66, Number 58, Part 4. 2073-11-27

Statistics Office, Udayapur (2074). Profile of Local Levels, Udayapur, 2074. Government of Nepal. National Planning Commission Secretariat. Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistics Office, Udayapur. 2074.

36 Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

ANNEX

i Report on Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal

ANNEX 1: LANDSLIDE DATABASE

ii Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 1 2977010.64373966 753030.13194806 7 1274.00 0.13 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 2 2975751.08471692 749662.50339992 6 14184.71 1.42 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 3 2977462.32354384 747911.24716958 6 33948.91 3.39 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 4 2990351.54310759 745207.30063239 1 36851.24 3.69 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 5 2992203.25480996 747942.42991015 1 581.45 0.06 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 6 2991387.55299849 750794.52522620 3 2196.28 0.22 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 7 2992562.68787968 751643.75194941 3 2761.43 0.28 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 8 2992134.79006443 754044.69252401 3 1201.78 0.12 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 9 2991133.91223084 754900.69130039 3 970.22 0.10 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 10 2975425.62058452 752694.20790684 7 8133.97 0.81 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 11 2974684.19158869 748464.55791719 6 1463.62 0.15 Municipality Udayapurgadhi Rural 1 Udayapur 2 12 2975540.30260946 749567.92406224 6 3597.66 0.36 Municipality 1 Udayapur 2 13 2994393.32897519 735644.82383825 Katari Municipality 12 3605.26 0.36 1 Udayapur 2 14 2994462.47823718 735419.69443094 Katari Municipality 12 12194.39 1.22 1 Udayapur 2 15 2996914.93121478 734107.95884817 Katari Municipality 12 5811.80 0.58 1 Udayapur 2 16 2994478.94786743 744698.11151972 Katari Municipality 9 434.40 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 17 2993886.75458443 742602.45418596 Katari Municipality 8 4822.52 0.48 1 Udayapur 2 18 3003843.54011416 734783.73240505 Katari Municipality 13 6048.05 0.60

iii Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 19 3004975.21728084 740542.97970831 Katari Municipality 14 2964.35 0.30 1 Udayapur 2 20 3005615.83497581 739110.92252130 Katari Municipality 14 10979.19 1.10 1 Udayapur 2 21 3004846.13225522 739033.87632813 Katari Municipality 14 8027.39 0.80 1 Udayapur 2 22 3006000.39665811 738066.39016517 Katari Municipality 14 9921.35 0.99 1 Udayapur 2 23 3005971.22145225 737922.50156602 Katari Municipality 14 22265.18 2.23 1 Udayapur 2 24 3005748.36171687 737736.42548749 Katari Municipality 14 16092.31 1.61 1 Udayapur 2 25 3003926.55334609 739321.23018230 Katari Municipality 14 7651.74 0.77 1 Udayapur 2 26 3003939.40155950 738911.66255165 Katari Municipality 14 1123.11 0.11 1 Udayapur 2 27 3003728.61348496 737829.90783503 Katari Municipality 14 897.86 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 28 3002136.16264860 737706.07272767 Katari Municipality 14 1228.93 0.12 1 Udayapur 2 29 3000322.31709242 737431.34050887 Katari Municipality 11 19548.07 1.95 1 Udayapur 2 30 3000529.30463443 737471.74711049 Katari Municipality 11 18376.69 1.84 1 Udayapur 2 31 3001508.83365242 740575.50212249 Katari Municipality 10 46485.64 4.65 1 Udayapur 2 32 3003204.42130775 742644.84177105 Katari Municipality 10 6325.63 0.63 1 Udayapur 2 33 3003095.40441111 741934.14028701 Katari Municipality 10 9235.73 0.92 1 Udayapur 2 34 3003130.75075701 741837.32960424 Katari Municipality 10 7714.10 0.77 1 Udayapur 2 35 3002231.80926609 741603.15734110 Katari Municipality 10 2876.66 0.29 1 Udayapur 2 36 3002076.93383602 741409.60154884 Katari Municipality 10 36200.77 3.62 1 Udayapur 2 37 3000183.76432750 742941.65689278 Katari Municipality 10 4401.78 0.44 1 Udayapur 2 38 2995131.65638155 738242.04985995 Katari Municipality 8 312.26 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 39 2992881.06347888 737314.72856219 Katari Municipality 8 1115.09 0.11 1 Udayapur 2 40 2995789.55800528 738712.16470314 Katari Municipality 8 2457.31 0.25 1 Udayapur 2 41 2994666.62899136 738009.89078256 Katari Municipality 8 1724.89 0.17 1 Udayapur 2 42 2992844.73583105 737786.46106380 Katari Municipality 8 577.52 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 43 2993490.40760747 738592.70503190 Katari Municipality 8 265.33 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 44 2992424.59152543 737177.78866106 Katari Municipality 8 518.16 0.05

iv Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 45 2992231.29508211 740789.18129431 Katari Municipality 8 3594.40 0.36 1 Udayapur 2 46 2994579.88924052 741568.55488928 Katari Municipality 8 330.40 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 47 2995449.79055927 742713.65083365 Katari Municipality 9 2529.26 0.25 1 Udayapur 2 48 2991630.24023618 741576.17683764 Katari Municipality 8 1942.10 0.19 1 Udayapur 2 49 2998330.16945335 736319.87710648 Katari Municipality 11 1540.04 0.15 1 Udayapur 2 50 2999064.87736345 737055.74938143 Katari Municipality 11 1450.86 0.15 1 Udayapur 2 51 3000140.44833812 735265.50075401 Katari Municipality 3 1048.37 0.10 1 Udayapur 2 52 3004411.60157028 733601.90791389 Katari Municipality 13 513.85 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 53 3004118.70757983 735500.44896945 Katari Municipality 14 416.10 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 54 3006408.61729480 738837.75310988 Katari Municipality 14 574.25 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 55 3006313.33378783 739251.82688128 Katari Municipality 14 505.54 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 56 3005385.84929719 739296.98995228 Katari Municipality 14 1049.62 0.10 1 Udayapur 2 57 3003857.08801207 738598.50185747 Katari Municipality 14 2772.04 0.28 1 Udayapur 2 58 3007603.68536014 736435.70141665 Katari Municipality 14 848.19 0.08 1 Udayapur 2 59 3005473.45496584 741122.79838493 Katari Municipality 14 2376.58 0.24 1 Udayapur 2 60 3007453.52627451 736766.96578146 Katari Municipality 14 6734.29 0.67 1 Udayapur 2 61 3005703.09614802 736136.63108945 Katari Municipality 14 4615.34 0.46 1 Udayapur 2 62 3005580.43598848 736611.73278653 Katari Municipality 14 311.31 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 63 3003919.36760609 738238.86407666 Katari Municipality 14 1326.22 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 64 3004780.83778435 737347.38875359 Katari Municipality 14 949.90 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 65 3000988.09752550 743317.16572907 Katari Municipality 10 1439.00 0.14 1 Udayapur 2 66 3000774.50773660 742988.99236867 Katari Municipality 10 7560.96 0.76 1 Udayapur 2 67 2999194.65337593 745432.69828125 Katari Municipality 10 2295.87 0.23 1 Udayapur 2 68 2999695.37912805 743463.23255596 Katari Municipality 10 2425.62 0.24 1 Udayapur 2 69 2999810.15922251 742532.16872261 Katari Municipality 10 556.54 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 70 3002289.71287092 735452.38876103 Katari Municipality 13 3009.85 0.30

v Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 71 2997406.29778593 745172.59729872 Katari Municipality 9 252.35 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 72 3003734.46475083 737664.94128976 Katari Municipality 14 1252.04 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 73 2992914.70584644 739985.95880066 Katari Municipality 8 544.12 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 74 2993240.35981664 740176.96088166 Katari Municipality 8 33.03 0.00 1 Udayapur 2 75 2992499.70377640 739131.06400786 Katari Municipality 8 12132.50 1.21 1 Udayapur 2 76 2992483.16357825 739037.21318300 Katari Municipality 8 3427.94 0.34 1 Udayapur 2 77 2992843.05317788 738806.47000058 Katari Municipality 8 334.38 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 78 2987181.08998942 740684.80496985 Katari Municipality 5 1298.99 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 79 2992055.96880511 739660.14786941 Katari Municipality 8 1806.62 0.18 1 Udayapur 2 80 2992030.11486495 739702.45467564 Katari Municipality 8 911.23 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 81 2991900.88315883 739543.89237672 Katari Municipality 8 167.95 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 82 2992165.44337310 739180.14767803 Katari Municipality 8 1102.78 0.11 1 Udayapur 2 83 2991729.40062576 738594.67265988 Katari Municipality 8 922.79 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 84 2991472.51483204 736269.06530597 Katari Municipality 8 442.71 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 85 2992269.09751621 737014.64431661 Katari Municipality 8 105.58 0.01 1 Udayapur 2 86 2992288.39562273 736950.59663512 Katari Municipality 8 143.27 0.01 1 Udayapur 2 87 2995397.92435395 738966.19802056 Katari Municipality 8 113.15 0.01 1 Udayapur 2 88 2995409.11089355 738934.10293200 Katari Municipality 8 158.07 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 89 2995387.77302227 738772.36256655 Katari Municipality 8 305.27 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 90 2997454.10390536 734416.79336317 Katari Municipality 12 565.81 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 91 3002603.48141320 741787.22505247 Katari Municipality 10 1737.26 0.17 1 Udayapur 2 92 2995449.89150065 739369.18893981 Katari Municipality 8 1092.26 0.11 1 Udayapur 2 93 2994925.91433061 739301.34256399 Katari Municipality 8 584.43 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 94 2994724.65834439 739304.12092569 Katari Municipality 8 217.63 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 95 2976337.33100770 734784.60929373 Katari Municipality 1 795.44 0.08 1 Udayapur 2 96 2976670.61694465 734918.92725499 Katari Municipality 1 1586.33 0.16

vi Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 97 2976612.72849660 734704.11630898 Katari Municipality 1 6445.95 0.64 1 Udayapur 2 98 3002716.26784294 739783.81821081 Katari Municipality 10 1221.84 0.12 1 Udayapur 2 99 3002601.26636350 739883.62901123 Katari Municipality 10 5338.39 0.53 1 Udayapur 2 100 3002668.26193193 740303.72300200 Katari Municipality 10 4775.99 0.48 1 Udayapur 2 101 3002604.83656337 740238.32089124 Katari Municipality 10 299.71 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 102 3002556.14524202 740245.30996155 Katari Municipality 10 460.83 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 103 3002019.78568296 739945.96937569 Katari Municipality 10 216.27 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 104 3003003.04891012 742581.22574087 Katari Municipality 10 569.16 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 105 3003183.29697947 742374.48847475 Katari Municipality 10 234.43 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 106 3003121.42961961 740965.34451017 Katari Municipality 10 3073.86 0.31 1 Udayapur 2 107 3003753.50169693 740379.05911844 Katari Municipality 14 1044.10 0.10 1 Udayapur 2 108 3003909.06511202 739453.45046644 Katari Municipality 14 11062.28 1.11 1 Udayapur 2 109 3003987.73651613 738549.94691115 Katari Municipality 14 690.24 0.07 1 Udayapur 2 110 3004084.27884070 738647.66239807 Katari Municipality 14 1348.98 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 111 3003742.33730394 738168.66817159 Katari Municipality 14 901.62 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 112 3003738.43148090 737565.06146422 Katari Municipality 14 2413.55 0.24 1 Udayapur 2 113 3004357.16698612 737061.30290108 Katari Municipality 14 293.90 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 114 3004392.07741176 737080.75658609 Katari Municipality 14 423.45 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 115 3004775.32267038 737271.48130575 Katari Municipality 14 337.45 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 116 3005577.05053136 737111.45324203 Katari Municipality 14 6375.89 0.64 1 Udayapur 2 117 3005578.61354991 737205.24692438 Katari Municipality 14 587.76 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 118 3006256.41353670 737056.94716413 Katari Municipality 14 2680.93 0.27 1 Udayapur 2 119 3004913.17615508 739572.37682734 Katari Municipality 14 883.40 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 120 3005060.95020889 739496.35617648 Katari Municipality 14 623.65 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 121 3005236.73632681 739291.57564283 Katari Municipality 14 1260.45 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 122 2998714.91118001 743826.97014828 Katari Municipality 10 186.63 0.02

vii Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 123 2999027.44978655 743508.38852174 Katari Municipality 10 163.85 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 124 3005711.62563198 736260.72384394 Katari Municipality 14 6061.23 0.61 1 Udayapur 2 125 3005816.13078174 736869.35370845 Katari Municipality 14 138.63 0.01 1 Udayapur 2 126 3005757.13580993 736748.58321790 Katari Municipality 14 2439.57 0.24 1 Udayapur 2 127 3005687.41907154 736764.24883493 Katari Municipality 14 255.71 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 128 3005599.32058416 736698.71597472 Katari Municipality 14 193.48 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 129 3002583.35039666 741867.69293543 Katari Municipality 10 683.24 0.07 1 Udayapur 2 130 3002301.68838785 741641.37845374 Katari Municipality 10 716.66 0.07 1 Udayapur 2 131 3002182.26744884 741588.98335977 Katari Municipality 10 1464.90 0.15 1 Udayapur 2 132 3002318.07439932 741569.43670710 Katari Municipality 10 702.54 0.07 1 Udayapur 2 133 3001762.74016542 741105.09745225 Katari Municipality 10 523.58 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 134 3003077.93092337 741116.23843373 Katari Municipality 10 538.72 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 135 3003249.54976438 741597.59611295 Katari Municipality 10 487.35 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 136 3003424.03161477 742096.81998202 Katari Municipality 10 1300.94 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 137 3005768.57777540 738077.41173506 Katari Municipality 14 841.92 0.08 1 Udayapur 2 138 3005719.48083758 738066.82551641 Katari Municipality 14 1017.18 0.10 1 Udayapur 2 139 3005882.84630024 737783.87523794 Katari Municipality 14 259.58 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 140 3005949.38320932 737679.25511997 Katari Municipality 14 2490.54 0.25 1 Udayapur 2 141 3000995.62318167 740870.74468821 Katari Municipality 10 1821.78 0.18 1 Udayapur 2 142 2999984.99717356 742118.54104070 Katari Municipality 10 1611.00 0.16 1 Udayapur 2 143 3000167.72021100 742475.59986229 Katari Municipality 10 741.47 0.07 1 Udayapur 2 144 2995619.69645089 741550.88538165 Katari Municipality 9 984.44 0.10 1 Udayapur 2 145 3000001.15094104 741337.12684558 Katari Municipality 10 929.30 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 146 2999910.99469700 740993.95150620 Katari Municipality 10 304.36 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 147 2999878.88933721 741092.42448073 Katari Municipality 10 466.19 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 148 3000449.52412783 737434.57920516 Katari Municipality 11 14590.73 1.46

viii Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 149 3000473.03381133 737659.44827011 Katari Municipality 11 9255.10 0.93 1 Udayapur 2 150 3003825.29936192 738501.96329408 Katari Municipality 14 5438.57 0.54 1 Udayapur 2 151 3003796.83243592 738425.63340276 Katari Municipality 14 6006.17 0.60 1 Udayapur 2 152 3003933.22124754 738195.51797510 Katari Municipality 14 9705.74 0.97 1 Udayapur 2 153 2994507.40010539 741093.68510863 Katari Municipality 8 412.38 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 154 2999285.11498435 752015.25065253 Tapli Rural Municipality 5 3446.45 0.34 1 Udayapur 2 155 3002223.53382112 752893.00291739 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 3794.58 0.38 1 Udayapur 2 156 2996012.27247924 751674.47425722 Tapli Rural Municipality 2 2800.58 0.28 1 Udayapur 2 157 2997511.15749009 750508.33504626 Tapli Rural Municipality 5 280.44 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 158 2998882.17322916 751017.43918548 Tapli Rural Municipality 5 626.70 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 159 2999635.72206202 750504.32704811 Tapli Rural Municipality 5 554.39 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 160 2998966.78013368 753222.04234711 Tapli Rural Municipality 5 859.12 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 161 2994949.21132018 750009.08190994 Tapli Rural Municipality 2 1746.07 0.17 1 Udayapur 2 162 2996337.30546598 746602.61538479 Tapli Rural Municipality 1 1995.55 0.20 1 Udayapur 2 163 2996364.81098660 746475.84476021 Tapli Rural Municipality 1 3101.05 0.31 1 Udayapur 2 164 2995929.35474377 746440.53810100 Tapli Rural Municipality 1 558.36 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 165 2994841.62445556 751625.44664421 Tapli Rural Municipality 2 1232.40 0.12 1 Udayapur 2 166 2998693.79966472 757625.40205852 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 2099.19 0.21 1 Udayapur 2 167 3001958.42362342 753899.87845263 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 434.74 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 168 3001440.71731667 751713.10516155 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 168.39 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 169 3003037.52751577 752460.87816945 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 566.26 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 170 3004982.58765505 754076.75070268 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 838.01 0.08 1 Udayapur 2 171 3002793.76615815 754322.32313318 Tapli Rural Municipality 4 891.40 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 172 3002640.61150596 761466.20640315 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 2 68724.03 6.87 1 Udayapur 2 173 2999239.71246211 767097.62173166 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 4 8182.95 0.82 1 Udayapur 2 174 2994011.30321169 765359.70876677 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 5 28870.71 2.89

ix Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 175 2995801.09748456 763968.98382113 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 5 852.82 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 176 2998119.91092906 768422.24887498 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 5 1214.82 0.12 1 Udayapur 2 177 2998577.57447114 766720.70122960 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 4 15184.54 1.52 1 Udayapur 2 178 3000866.37064330 760318.70699465 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 3 1332.80 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 179 3002314.38129574 758449.06936838 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 1 618.94 0.06 1 Udayapur 2 180 2994883.58794640 764231.34432630 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 5 892.77 0.09 1 Udayapur 2 181 2999308.29811085 767113.98382793 Sunkoshi Rural Municipality 4 1097.65 0.11 1 Udayapur 2 182 2982240.67204715 765207.12918809 Rautamai Rural Municipality 6 4929.83 0.49 1 Udayapur 2 183 2992599.01263985 768405.27775086 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 413.55 0.04 1 Udayapur 2 184 2993188.66071840 767680.81818903 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 526.30 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 185 2991262.84768439 757420.68235775 Rautamai Rural Municipality 1 2661.65 0.27 1 Udayapur 2 186 2986500.46142431 770123.79688152 Rautamai Rural Municipality 6 17427.95 1.74 1 Udayapur 2 187 2986252.71790372 770872.58237609 Rautamai Rural Municipality 5 5465.83 0.55 1 Udayapur 2 188 2984747.31732322 774156.30349706 Rautamai Rural Municipality 5 23396.63 2.34 1 Udayapur 2 189 2985814.34279633 769170.55144357 Rautamai Rural Municipality 6 3336.60 0.33 1 Udayapur 2 190 2992470.17574717 768133.04073720 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 166.81 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 191 2991432.94005578 769625.69828406 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 1265.06 0.13 1 Udayapur 2 192 2993182.95119930 767187.74457458 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 1081.07 0.11 1 Udayapur 2 193 2993620.57706437 767104.74804666 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 509.97 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 194 2993743.14560015 767234.22138525 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 547.23 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 195 2994018.19272188 766696.14843197 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 231.39 0.02 1 Udayapur 2 196 2994293.73673750 766640.68393347 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 528.43 0.05 1 Udayapur 2 197 2991352.44500292 765357.29188305 Rautamai Rural Municipality 2 1570.17 0.16 1 Udayapur 2 198 2991360.41988410 765579.46098658 Rautamai Rural Municipality 2 3346.42 0.33 1 Udayapur 2 199 2992562.83979100 762900.71597554 Rautamai Rural Municipality 1 282.24 0.03 1 Udayapur 2 200 2991278.41490819 757294.44213542 Rautamai Rural Municipality 1 1335.90 0.13

x Preparation of Landslide Inventory of Federal Constituency 2, Udayapur District, Nepal Final Report

Federal Ward Area Province District LS_ID Latitude Longitude Local Level Area (m2) Constituency No. (ha) 1 Udayapur 2 201 2991233.50964665 757167.72721666 Rautamai Rural Municipality 1 1208.57 0.12 1 Udayapur 2 202 2992516.22054675 768351.97569797 Rautamai Rural Municipality 3 514.56 0.05

xi Preparation of GIS Database for Landslide Inventory Map of Province-1 of Nepal Final Report

XII