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Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure Alex Y
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure Alex Y. Lin University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Lin, Alex Y., "Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4359 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Precipitation of Phosphate Minerals from Effluent of Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure by Alex Yuan-li Lin A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Sarina Ergas, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Jeffrey Cunningham, Ph.D. Maya Trotz, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 9, 2012 Keywords: struvite, wastewater, confined animal feeding operation (CAFO), fertilizer, synthetic Copyright © 2012, Alex Yuan-li Lin DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to all those that have supported me along the way whether directly or indirectly. I would like to thank members of Intervarsity on the USF campus, members of Community Life Church, and my family for their support and encouragement in many ways. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
DESCRIPTIVE HUMAN PATHOLOGICAL MINERALOGY 1179 but Still Occursregularly
Amerkan Mincraloght, Volume 59, pages I177-1182, 1974 DescriptiveHuman Pathological Mineralogy Rrcneno I. Gmsox P.O. Box I O79, Dauis,C alilornia 95 6 I 6 Absfract Crystallographic, petrographic, and X-ray powder difiraction analysis of approximately 15,000 samples showed that the most common mineral constituents of human pathological concretions are calcium oxalates (whewellite and weddellite), calcium phosphates (apatite, brushite, and whitlockite), and magnesium phosphates (struvite and newberyite). Less are monetite, hannayite, calcite, aragonite, vaterite, halite, gypsum, and hexahydrite."o-rnon of the variables determining which minerals precipitate, the effects of different pH values on deposi- tional conditions are most apparent, and are shown by occurrences and relationships among many of the minerals studied. A pH-sensitive series has been identified among magnesium phosphatesin concretions. Introduction The study was carried out over a period of three The importanceof mineralogyin the field of medi- years.Composition was confirmedby X-ray powder cine lies in the applicationof mineralogicalmethods diffraction and polarizing microscopy;sequence was to study pathologicalmineral depositsin the human arrived at from considerationsof microscopic tex- body. Urology benefitsgreatly becauseconcretions tural and crystallographicrelationships. More than of mineral matter (calculi) are common in the 14,500samples were derivedfrom the urinary sys- urinary system.The value of mineralogicalanalysis tem of kidneys,ureters, bladder, and urethra; the of urinary material was first describedby prien and remaining samples are not statistically significant Frondel (1947). Mineralogistsmay be unawareof and arediscussed only briefly. the variability and nature of such compounds be- Calcium cause reports are usually published in medical Oxalates journals. This investigationreports the mineralogy Whewellite, CaCzOE.H2O,and weddellite, CaCz- and possiblepathological significanceof these min- O4'2H2O,are very uncommonin the mineralworld. -
Euchlorine Knacu3o(SO4)3 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Euchlorine KNaCu3O(SO4)3 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. As crystals, tabular on {001}, with rectangular outline, to 2 mm; typically as an incrustation. Physical Properties: Cleavage: In two directions. Hardness = n.d. D(meas.) = 3.27 D(calc.) = 3.28 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Emerald-green; emerald-green in transmitted light. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Pleochroism: X = pale grass-green; Y = grass-green; Z = bright yellow-green. α = 1.580 β = 1.605 γ = 1.644 2V(meas.) = Moderately large. Cell Data: Space Group: C2/a. a = 18.41(5) b = 9.43(3) c = 14.21(5) β = 113.7(3)◦ Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Vesuvius, Italy. 8.44 (100), 2.816 (47), 2.544 (45), 2.843 (40), 2.852 (37), 3.475 (30), 3.237 (25) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 41.41 43.13 Al2O3 0.06 CuO 43.69 42.85 MgO 0.17 CaO 0.07 Na2O 6.35 5.56 K2O 8.25 8.46 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Vesuvius, Italy; by electron microprobe, average of seven analyses, recalculated to 100% 2− from an original total of 101.86%, (SO4) shown present by IR; corresponds to K1.01Na1.18 Mg0.02Ca0.01Cu3.15O1.27(SO4)3. (2) KNaCu3O(SO4)3. Occurrence: A rare sublimate around volcanic fumaroles. Association: Dolerophanite, eriochalcite, chalcocyanite, melanothallite (Vesuvius, Italy); stoiberite, fingerite, ziesite, th´enardite,mcbirneyite (Izalco volcano, El Salvador); eriochalcite, melanothallite, fedotovite, vergasovaite, chalcocyanite, dolerophanite, tenorite, cuprian anglesite, gold (Tolbachik volcano, Russia). -
1 Raman Spectroscopy of Newberyite, Hannayite and Struvite. Ray L. Frost
Raman spectroscopy of newberyite, hannayite and struvite. Ray L. Frost• a, Matt L. Weier a, Wayde N. Martens, a Dermot A. Henry b, and Stuart J. Mills b,c a Inorganic Materials Research Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia. b Geosciences, Museum Victoria, PO Box 666E, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. c CSIRO Minerals, Box 312, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia. This is the authors’ version of a paper that was later published as: Frost, Ray, Weier, Matt , Martens, Wayde, Henry, Dermot & Mills, Stuart (2005) Raman spectroscopy of newberyite, hannayite and struvite. Spectrochimica Acta 62(1):pp. 181-188. Copyright 2005 Elsevier Abstract The phosphate minerals hannayite, newberyite and struvite have been studied by Raman spectroscopy using a thermal stage. Hannayite and newberyite are -1 characterised by an intense band at around 980 cm assigned to the ν1 symmetric stretching vibration of the HPO4 units. In contrast the symmetric stretching mode is -1 observed at 942 cm for struvite. The Raman spectra are characterised by multiple ν3 antisymmetric stretching bands and ν2 and ν4 bending modes indicating strong distortion of the HPO4 and PO4 units. Hannayite and newberyite are defined by bands -1 at 3382 and 3350 cm attributed to HOPO3 vibrations and hannayite and struvite by + bands at 2990, 2973 and 2874 assigned to NH4 bands. Raman spectroscopy has proven most useful for the analysis of these ‘cave’ minerals where complex paragenetic relationships exist between the minerals. Keywords: hannayite, newberryite, struvite, phosphate, Raman spectroscopy Introduction Interest in struvite formation also comes from the formation in urinary tracts and kidneys [1-6]. -
Bladder Stones in Dogs & Cats By: Dr
Navarro Small Animal Clinic 5009 Country Club Dr. Victoria, TX 77904 361-573-2491 www.navarrosmallanimalclinic.com Bladder Stones in Dogs & Cats By: Dr. Shana Bohac Dogs, like people, can develop a variety of bladder stones. These stones are rock-like structures that are formed by minerals. Some stones form in alkaline urine, whereas others form when the urine is more acidic. Bladder stones are very common in dogs, particularly small breed dogs. The most common signs that a dog or cat has bladder stones include blood in the urine, and straining to urinate. Blood is seen due to the stones bouncing around and hitting the bladder wall. This can irritate and damage the tissue and can cause cystitis (inflammation of the bladder). Straining to urinate occurs because of the inflammation and irritation of the bladder walls or urethra or muscle spasms. The stone itself can actually obstruct the flow of urine if it blocks the urethra. Small stones can get stuck in the urethra and cause a complete obstruction. This can be life threatening if the obstruction is not relieved since the bladder can rupture as more urine is produced with nowhere to go. Bladder stones form because of changes in the urine pH. Normal dog urine is slightly acidic and contains waste products such as dissolved minerals and enzymes such as urease. Urease breaks down excess ammonia in urine. An overload of ammonia in urine can cause bladder inflammation and thickening known as cystitis. There are a variety of stones that can form in the bladder, some that form in acidic urine, while others form in alkaline urine. -
Current Insights Into the Mechanisms and Management of Infection Stones
Current insights into the mechanisms and management of infection stones Authors: Erika J. Espinosa-Ortiz, Brian H. Eisner, Dirk Lange, and Robin Gerlach The final publication is available at Springer via https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0120-z. Espinosa-Ortiz, Erika J., Brian H. Eisner, Dirk Lange, and Robin Gerlach, “Current insights into the mechanisms and management of infection stones,” Nature Reviews Urology, November 2018, 16: 35-53. doi: 10.1038/s41585-018-0120-z. Made available through Montana State University’s ScholarWorks scholarworks.montana.edu Current insights into the mechanisms and management of infection stones Erika J. Espinosa-Ortiz1,2, Brian H. Eisner3, Dirk Lange4* and Robin Gerlach 1,2* Abstract | Infection stones are complex aggregates of crystals amalgamated in an organic matrix that are strictly associated with urinary tract infections. The management of patients who form infection stones is challenging owing to the complexity of the calculi and high recurrence rates. The formation of infection stones is a multifactorial process that can be driven by urine chemistry , the urine microenvironment, the presence of modulator substances in urine, associations with bacteria, and the development of biofilms. Despite decades of investigation, the mechanisms of infection stone formation are still poorly understood. A mechanistic understanding of the formation and growth of infection stones — including the role of organics in the stone matrix, microorganisms, and biofilms in stone formation and their effect on stone characteristics — and the medical implications of these insights might be crucial for the development of improved treatments. Tools and approaches used in various disciplines (for example, engineering, chemistry , mineralogy , and microbiology) can be applied to further understand the microorganism–mineral interactions that lead to infection stone formation. -
Struvite Urolithiasis in Dogs
Glendale Animal Hospital 623-934-7243 www.familyvet.com Struvite Urolithiasis in Dogs (Struvite Stones in the Urinary Tract of Dogs) Basics OVERVIEW • ”Urolithiasis” is the medical term for the presence of stones (known as “uroliths”) in the urinary tract • The most common minerals found in the stones (uroliths) are used to name the particular stone; in this type of stone, struvite makes up the composition of the stone, and thus the name “struvite urolithiasis”; struvite is magnesium ammonium phosphate • The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, the ureters (the tubes running from the kidneys to the bladder), the urinary bladder (that collects urine and stores it until the pet urinates), and the urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside, through which urine flows out of the body) • Struvite urolithiasis is the formation of crystalline stones (uroliths) composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, or struvite, in the urinary tract GENETICS • The high incidence of struvite stones (uroliths) in some breeds of dogs (such as the miniature schnauzer) suggests a familial (runs in certain families or lines of animals) tendency; it is hypothesized that susceptible miniature schnauzers inherit some abnormality of local host defenses of the urinary tract that increases their likelihood to develop urinary tract infection (UTI) • Sterile struvite uroliths were found in a family of English cocker spaniels SIGNALMENT/DESCRIPTION OF PET Species • Dogs Breed Predilections • Miniature schnauzer, shih tzu, bichon frise, miniature poodle, cocker spaniel, -
Oxidizing-Type Fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano, a Mineralogical and Geochemical Unique
Russian Geology and Geophysics © 2020, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS Vol. 61, No. 5-6, pp. 675–688, 2020 DOI:10.15372/RGG2019167 Geologiya i Geofizika Oxidizing-Type Fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano, a Mineralogical and Geochemical Unique I.V. Pekova,b, , A.A. Agakhanovс, N.V. Zubkovaa, N.N. Koshlyakovaa, N.V. Shchipalkinaa, F.D. Sandalova, V.O. Yapaskurta, A.G. Turchkovaa, E.G. Sidorovd a Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia b Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 19, Moscow, 119991, Russia c Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Leninskii pr. 18/2, Moscow, 119071, Russia d Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, bul. Piipa 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia Received 1 July 2019; accepted 28 August 2019 Abstract—We overview recent data on the mineralogy of oxidizing-type fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano (Kamchatka, Russia), with the main focus on the chemical specifics of the minerals. The active fumarole fields of Tolbachik are the most prominent mineral- forming exhalative system of this type in the world. About 350 mineral species, including 123 minerals first discovered here, are reliably identified in the Tolbachik fumaroles. The species diversity and the specifics of this mineralization are due to the unique combination of the physicochemical conditions and mechanisms of its formation: high temperatures, atmospheric pressure, superhigh oxygen fugacity, gas transport of most of chemical elements, and direct deposition of many high-temperature minerals from volcanic gases with a specific geo- chemical composition, including strong enrichment in alkaline metals and chalcophile (“ore”) elements. -
Copia Di IMA Master List
The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Update: November 2012 In the following pages of this document a comprehensive list of all valid mineral species is presented. The list is distributed (for terms and conditions see below) via the web site of the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association, which is the organization in charge for approval of new minerals, and more in general for all issues related to the status of mineral species. The list, which will be updated on a regular basis, is intended as the primary and official source on minerals. Explanation of column headings: Name: it is the presently accepted mineral name (and in the table, minerals are sorted by name). Chemical formula: it is the CNMNC-approved formula. IMA status: A = approved (it applies to minerals approved after the establishment of the IMA in 1958); G = grandfathered (it applies to minerals discovered before the birth of IMA, and generally considered as valid species); Rd = redefined (it applies to existing minerals which were redefined during the IMA era); Rn = renamed (it applies to existing minerals which were renamed during the IMA era); Q = questionable (it applies to poorly characterized minerals, whose validity could be doubtful). IMA No. / Year: for approved minerals the IMA No. is given: it has the form XXXX-YYY, where XXXX is the year and YYY a sequential number; for grandfathered minerals the year of the original description is given. In some cases, typically for Rd and Rn minerals, the year may be followed by s.p. -
Cryptochalcite K2cu5o(SO4)5
Cryptochalcite K2Cu5O(SO4)5 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1. As poorly formed prismatic to blocky crystals or irregular grains to 0.3 mm and in open-work aggregates to 1.2 mm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: None. Fracture: Uneven. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3 D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 3.411 Water soluble and hydroscopic. Visually not distinguishable from cesiodymite. Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Light green to green, occasionally with a yellowish hue. Streak: Pale green. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (-). α = 1.610(3) β = 1.632(4) γ = 1.643(4) 2V(meas.) = 65(5)° 2V(calc.) = 70° Pleochroism: Distinct, Z = bright green, Y = green with a weak yellowish hue, X = pale green to almost colorless. Absorption: Z > Y > X. Cell Data: Space Group: P1. a = 10.0045(3) b = 12.6663(4) c = 14.4397(5) α = 102.194(3)° β = 101.372(3)° γ = 90.008(3)° Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. 6.95 (100), 3.93 (65), 6.22 (45), 3.19 (35), 13.9 (30), 3.76 (30), 3.39 (30) Chemistry: (1) Na2O 0.30 K2O 9.55 Rb2O 0.89 Cs2O 0.90 MgO 0.83 CuO 33.95 ZnO 9.14 SO3 44.06 Total 99.62 (1) Yadovitaya fumarole, Second scoria cone, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia; average of 4 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by Raman spectroscopy; corresponds to (K1.83Na0.09Rb0.09Cs0.06)Σ=2.07(Cu3.86Zn1.02Mg0.19)Σ=5.07S4.97O21. Polymorphism & Series: Forms a solid-solution series with cesiodymite. -
A New Mineral Species from the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
921 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 45, pp. 921-927 (2007) DOI : 10.2113/gscanmin.45.4.921 PAUFLERITE, -VO(SO4), A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM THE TOLBACHIK VOLCANO, KAMCHATKA PENINSULA, RUSSIA Sergey V. KRIVOVICHEV§ Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Lidiya P. VERGASOVA Institute of Volcanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bulvar Piypa 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683006, Russia Sergey N. BRITVIN Department of Mineral Deposits, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Stanislav K. FILATOV Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Volker KAHLENBERG Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria Vladimir V. ANANIEV Institute of Volcanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bulvar Piypa 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, 683006, Russia Abstract Paufl erite, -VO(SO4), is a new mineral species from the fumaroles of the Great Fissure Tolbachik eruption (GFTE), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It was found in 1977 in the fi rst cinder cone of the North breach of the GFTE. The mineral occurs as light green prismatic crystals up to 0.1 mm in length, associated with shcherbinaite (V2O5), an unknown Tl–Bi sulfate and fi nely crystalline Mg, Al, Fe and Na sulfates. Paufl erite is light green with a white streak and vitreous luster; the mineral is transparent and non-fl uorescent. The Mohs hardness is 3–4. Paufl erite is brittle, and without visible cleavage. The density is 3.36(4) (measured) and 3.294 g/cm3 (calculated). The mineral is biaxial, optically positive, ␣ 1.731(4),  1.778(2), ␥ 1.845(4), with 2Vmeas ≈ 90°, and 2Vcalc equal to 83°.