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Taking a Fast Track to the Demise of Democracy? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Taking a Fast Track to the Demise of Democracy? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS % AXH 1003 - HONOURS THESIS DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND SOCIAL POLICY Victoria University of Technology TAKING A FAST TRACK TO THE DEMISE OF DEMOCRACY ? s Deborah Tyler VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 3 00 Alicia te Wierik FTS Student No.: 9100054^^. THESIS 321.809 945 TEW AXH 1003 - HONOURS THESIS DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND SOCIAL POLICY Victoria University of Technology TAKING A FAST TRACK TO THE DEMISE OF DEMOCRACY ? Superviser: Deborah Tyler Student: Alicia te Wierik Student No.: 9100054 FTS THESIS 321.809945 TEW 30001008588719 Te Wierik, Alicia Taking a fast track to the demise of democracy? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful acknowledgement is made to many quarters from which assistance and advice were received in the production of this thesis. Particularly from members , staff and volunteers of Save Albert Park, staff of Melbourne Parks and Waterways, Local Government planning officers and staff of the Department of Urban and Social Policy at the Victoria University of Technology, Footscray. Individual appreciation is gratefully recorded to Melbourne newspaper. The Age, for its excellent coverage of issues related to the Albert Park Grand Prix. Also the many other local newspapers within the inner suburbs of Melbourne for providing an insightful perspective of the issues. Additional recognition of gratitude is forwarded to the hundreds of people who shared their opinions and concerns in Letters to the Editor columns of The Age and other local newspapers. Special thanks is expressed to Ms Deborah Tyler for providing invaluable support and critical guidance throughout the thesis course. Further thanks to Deborah for planting the seed of this paper. LIST OF CONTENTS Introduction 1. Chapter One: Theories of Democracy and Participation 4. - The Role of the Citizen within Theories of Democracy 7. - The Manufacturing of the Democratic Citizen 10. - Conclusion 14. Chapter Two: Victoria's Planning System in the Context of Democratic Practice 15. - Two-Tiered Democratic Style within the Planning System 19. - The Shift ton an Elitist Style of Democracy within the Planning System 21. -Conclusion 21. Chapter Three: The Elitist Style of Democracy as Practised by the Kennett Government 23. Chapter Four: Case Study: The Albert Park Grand Prix 32. - The Grand Prix Decision as a Non-Participatory Style of Democracy. 33. - The Response of the Democratic Citizen 35. - Threats to Principles of Democracy 38 - Loss of Participation mechanisms and its Effects on the Democratic Citizen 39. Conclusion 44 Bibhography Appendices SYNOPSIS This thesis investigates different styles of government which accord different opportunities for participation of 'power to the people'. An understanding of democratic theory is thus essential as perspectives on democracy illustrate numerous styles of democratic practice and opportunities for citizen involvement. While an object of this theses is to locate styles of democracy used by modern liberal governments, the focus of the research explores the exercise of responsible citizenship. Democratic behavioural techniques of the citizen are carefully examined both in theory and practice. The case being made is that citizens, accustomed to a participatory style of democratic government, have been trained in the 'arts of participation' to act as a caretaker of both their lives and environment. With a shift in the style of government towards an elitist democratic approach, practised by the Kennett Government, the responsible citizen, as caretaker, is excluded from government decision-making processes. In response to the closing off of participatory mechanisms in favour of the elitist style of government, the responsible citizen, is turned into a person engaging in acts of civil disobedience in order to maintain his or her vigilance over the lives and environment of his or her community. 1. Introduction The election in Victoria of the Kennett Liberal-National Coalition Government in 1992 with a mandate for the financial restoration of a debt-ridden state, heralded a new era of conservative government Prior to the election, Leader of the Liberal- National Coalition, Mr Jeff Kennett, called on Victorians to accept his offer of a fresh start, seeking the chance to rebuild the state with a new style of government. During the launch of the Liberal-National Coalition campaign, Mr Kennett stated "I reject totally the Labor approach of centralised government" adding that his Government would be more accountable (Forbes, M.., September 25,1994: 15). Ironically, despite undoubted achievements and dramatic administrative reform, power in this state is more centralised than ever before (ibid.). The 1992 election was won with such force that it provided the Kennett Goverrmient with a large majority of the seats in Parliament, paving the way for a radical reshaping of Victoria. Utilising the advantage of a weakened opposition, the Premier, Mr Kennett has been able to push through many changes, without significant challenge in Parliament. The Keimett Government has pursued reform in almost every area of State Government jurisdiction and in so doing, has implemented policies and political decisions which have relied upon closed and elitist techniques of goverimient rather than consultation and participatory techniques of government. In response, citizens have labelled the present governing system as a "governance by decree rather than consultation" (Attwood, A., December 3, 1994: Extra 5). The style of government is typical of the elitist democratic mode where opportunities for citizens to participate beyond voting is restricted to seeking positions of leadership Urban Studies Honours Thesis Department of Urban and Social Policy 2. within politics (Thompson, D.F., 1970: 23). Familiar with a participatory style of governance where citizens' opinions and concerns are welcomed within political decision-making processes, Victorians have been disturbed by the denial of consultation mechanisms previously afforded to them. The discussion which follows investigates how the citizen understands him or herself within a democratic system. The focus is essentially on the making of the democratic citizen to become a kind of 'caretaker' of the interests and values of his or her society. In understanding a study of the democratic citizen, numerous subsidiary studies become involved such as opportunities for exercising responsible citizenship via participation and styles of democracy which afford citizens different levels and avenues for participation. It is useful here to explore both the theoretical and the practical techniques of democracy to gain a broader perspective of citizenship. An understanding of the theories of democracy leads to an indication of styles of democracy as practised by government. Chapter One is thus dedicated to a review of democratic theory and its implications for the citizen. Chapter Two then illustrates practical styles of democratic government as evident in the planning system of Victoria. The planning system is a useful example in which to study the democratic styles of government as it involves an obvious practice of government in the interests of people. Until recently, Victoria's planning system has offered opportunities for citizen participation within decision-making processes. In this regard, it provides a useful means of investigating the practical nature of citizenship. Recent changes to the style of democracy practised by government within Victoria's planning system has closed off many of the participatory mechanisms by which citizens practices the role of 'caretaker'. The case being made in this chapter is that Urban Studies Honours Thesis Department of Urban and Social Policy 3. citizens have been trained in the 'arts of participation' and have demonstrated their capacity to act as 'caretakers". A shift in the style of democracy practised by government is shown to undermine this capacity. The shift in the democratic style of government is again highlighted in Chapter 3 and is used to further examine the extent to which participatory democratic values and principles are eroded to the detriment of the citizen's ability to practice his or her trained ability to participate in the affairs of the state. The purpose of this within the scope of the study can be understood in light of Chapter 4, which provides a specific case study into the Government's approach to facilitate the Grand Prix event being held at Albert Park. Chapter 3 provides the necessary foundations for a study into this issue as it establishes a series of instantiations where the democratically trained citizen has been left out of decision-making processes. Rendered powerless under a style of democracy which favours little citizen involvement in the activities of government, citizens in Chapter 4's case study are shown to engage in actions which seek to re-employ their capacity to influence politics and ensure the good care-taking of the social, economic and physical envirormient. Urban Studies Honours Thesis Department of Urban and Social Policy 4. Chapter One: Theories of Democracy and Participation In understanding the concept of democracy as a form of political organisation and subsequently as a state in which society functions it is necessary to define the ideas and practice of democracy. Yet an investigation of democratic theory does not offer a satisfactory statement of the meaning of the concept. Instead, there is a generalised idea that it is "the one form of political organisation designed to accord 'power to the people' thus granting ordinary
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