Rice in Karnataka
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RICE IN KARNATAKA Status Paper on Rice in Karnataka M. P. Rajanna Rice Breeder and Head, AICRP (Rice), Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya Karnataka, India, Pin 571 405 Page | 1 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] Ph: 91 -40 -24591218, 295 Fax: 91 -40 -24591217 RICE IN KARNATAKA I. Name of the state : Karnataka II. Introduction The Karnataka state, a region inhabited predominantly by Kannada speaking people, is situated between 11 0 31’ and 18 0 45’ North latitude and 74 0 12’ and 78 0 40’ East longitude and lies in the west-central part of peninsular India. Its maximum spread from north to south is about 700 km and from east to west 400 km. It is bound on the north by Maharashtra state, on the northeast by Goa, on the east by Andhra Pradesh, on the south and southeast by Tamil Nadu, on the southwest by Kerala with a coastline bordering the Arabian Sea. The state with geographical area of around 1.91 lakh sq km is the eighth largest in the country. It has a variety of topographical situations ranging from the coastal plains to gentle slopes and culminating in the spectacular heights of the Western Ghats. Elevations in various parts do not vary greatly though the abruptness with which they change is marked in some parts as between the narrow coastal strip that rarely exceeds a width of 30 km and the equally narrow Western Ghats immediately adjoining the coastal plains. Greater part of Karnataka lies between 450 and 900 meters above mean sea level. In places, however, the elevation reaches over 1,800 meters, in Bababudan (Chandradrona Parvatha) ranges followed by Kudremukh at 1,892 meters. The general elevation of this table land is about 600 meters but in central parts it is considerably higher at places between the Krishna and Cauvery river systems particularly in Chikmagalur, Kodagu and Hassan districts. The districts of Karnataka are shown in Figure 1. Karnataka is blessed with abundant water wealth with as many as seven major rivers and a number of rivulets and streams. The important rivers are Sharavathi, Kali, Nethravathi, Varahi, Bedthi, Aghansani, Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra and Cauvery. These rivers swell in monsoons and a majority of them take out into mere trickle after the monsoons. Page | 2 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] Ph: 91 -40 -24591218, 295 Fax: 91 -40 -24591217 RICE IN KARNATAKA Fig 1. Districts of Karnataka The total catchment area of these river basins is 1, 91,773 sq km and the estimated average flow is 97,800 M cum. The Krishna and Cauvery river basins together drain as much as 77 per cent of the geographical area of the state. Groundwater in the state occurs under water table conditions, under the hard rocks which have become sufficiently porous to hold moderate quantities of ground water. The groundwater utility estimates reveal that the overall utilization of groundwater in the state was only 25 per cent or one-forth of the potential. Page | 3 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] Ph: 91 -40 -24591218, 295 Fax: 91 -40 -24591217 RICE IN KARNATAKA III. Zonal Information a. Climate: Rainfall and its distribution pattern: The climate of Karnataka is basically tropical and determined largely by the physiographic and geographic location with respect to the sea and monsoon. The state enjoys the benefit of two monsoons and hence can well be called the land of the two seasons, because both the south-west and north-east monsoons account for major part of the rainfall. A small quantity of rainfall is received during cold and hot weather seasons. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1354.7 mm with a minimum of 552.8 mm and a maximum of 3932.4 mm. The analysis of data over two decades reveals that, of the average rainfall of the state, 9991.7 mm is received in the south-west monsoon (June to September), 212.4 mm from the north-east monsoon (October to December), 142.3 mm in hot weather period (March to May), while, hardly 8.3 mm is received in the cold weather period (January to February). In terms of percentage contribution in the four seasons, south-west monsoon contributes a maximum of 73 per cent, followed by north-east monsoon, hot weather and cold weather periods accounting for 16, 10 and 1 per cent, respectively. The distribution of annual and seasonal rainfall over Karnataka state indicates that it is the highest over the Western Ghats and the lowest in the eastern parts of Chitradurga districts. The rainfall in the coastal region exceeds 3000 mm, the western ghats including Malnad region receives an annual rainfall ranging from 4000 to 8000 mm, the northern maidan region receives from 1500 to 500 mm, decreasing from west to east and the southern maidan receives an annual rainfall from 2000 mm in the west to around 460 mm in the eastern edge in Chitradurga district. Temperature: Temperature is the lowest in January and increases thereafter gradually at first and rapidly after the middle of February or beginning of March. In the southern maidan region, the highest temperature occur in April, while, in the northern maidan and coastal area they occur in May. In January, the mean daily maximum temperature is 31 0 C in the coastal area and slightly above 30 0 C in the northern maidan area except in Bidar district where it is 28 to 29 0 C. Over the western Ghat areas, it is 24 0 to 27 0 C. In April, the mean daily maximum Page | 4 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] Ph: 91 -40 -24591218, 295 Fax: 91 -40 -24591217 RICE IN KARNATAKA temperature is about 32 0 C in the coastal region and increases as we go north-eastwards in the northern maidan area to 39 0 C in Gulbarga-Raichur region and decreases to about 37 0 C in Bidar area. Over the rest of the maidan area it is 28 to 32 0 C. The highest maximum temperature is in May, which is the warmest month over major part of the state, reaches 43 0 C in Gulbarga - Raichur region. It exceeds 40 0 C in the area north- east of a line joining Bidar, Gadag and Bellary. It is 35 0 C to 36 0 C over the coastal area and 36 0 C to 38 0 C over the southern maidan area. Over the Western Ghats and malnad area, it is 32 0 C to 34 0 C. Temperature decreases after May, and by July the daily maximum temperature decreases appreciably. The warmest region in July, is Bellary-Raichur-Gulbarga area where the mean daily maximum temperature is about 32 0 C. It decreases to 29 0 C towards Bidar. It is about 28 0 C in the coastal area and increases north-eastwards to 32 0 C in Raichur-Gulbarga area. In the southern maidan the maximum temperature is 26 0 C to 27 0 C. In the ghats and malnad area, it is about 20 to 24 0 C. It is of interest to note that after October, temperature gradually decreases throughout the state reaching the lowest in early January. Humidity: The average relative humidity is the highest in the state during July-August and lowest in March-April. Relative humidity depends not only on the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere but also on temperature. In general the coastal area, ghats and Malnad areas are more humid than the Maidan areas. Southern maidan areas are comparatively more humid than the northern maidan areas. The region having the lowest monthly relative humidity of about 30 per cent in April-May is that extending from northern Chitradurga and Bellary districts to Bijapur districts to Bijapur, Raichur and Gulbarga districts. Humidity is as low as 5 to 10 per cent, and sometimes even less in this area in the afternoon hours in summer. Even in the southern maidan area, low relative humidity of 10 to 20 per cent may be recorded during the afternoon in March-April. In July and August very high humidity exceeding 90 per cent occur over the coastal area, ghats and malnad areas, and 80 to 60 per cent over the rest of the state. From September onwards, humidity generally decreases gradually upto November and rapidly thereafter. Page | 5 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] Ph: 91 -40 -24591218, 295 Fax: 91 -40 -24591217 RICE IN KARNATAKA b. Soil type : Karnataka state represents a wide variety of geological, climatic, vegetational and physiographic features, which have influenced soil formation and thus given rise to various types of soils. Accordingly, the different soils have distinct morphological and physic-chemical properties that have a bearing on plant growth and have influenced the cropping pattern, giving a unique status to the state.