Japanese Traditional Orchestral Music: the Correlation Between Time and Timbre
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The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a New Look at Musical Instrument Classification
The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification by Roderic C. Knight, Professor of Ethnomusicology Oberlin College Conservatory of Music, © 2015, Rev. 2017 Introduction The year 2015 marks the beginning of the second century for Hornbostel-Sachs, the venerable classification system for musical instruments, created by Erich M. von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs as Systematik der Musikinstrumente in 1914. In addition to pursuing their own interest in the subject, the authors were answering a need for museum scientists and musicologists to accurately identify musical instruments that were being brought to museums from around the globe. As a guiding principle for their classification, they focused on the mechanism by which an instrument sets the air in motion. The idea was not new. The Indian sage Bharata, working nearly 2000 years earlier, in compiling the knowledge of his era on dance, drama and music in the treatise Natyashastra, (ca. 200 C.E.) grouped musical instruments into four great classes, or vadya, based on this very idea: sushira, instruments you blow into; tata, instruments with strings to set the air in motion; avanaddha, instruments with membranes (i.e. drums), and ghana, instruments, usually of metal, that you strike. (This itemization and Bharata’s further discussion of the instruments is in Chapter 28 of the Natyashastra, first translated into English in 1961 by Manomohan Ghosh (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, v.2). The immediate predecessor of the Systematik was a catalog for a newly-acquired collection at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels. The collection included a large number of instruments from India, and the curator, Victor-Charles Mahillon, familiar with the Indian four-part system, decided to apply it in preparing his catalog, published in 1880 (this is best documented by Nazir Jairazbhoy in Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology – see 1990 in the timeline below). -
“Choosing an Influence, Or Bach the Inexhaustible: the Heterophony of the Voices of Twentieth- Century Composers”
Min-Ad: Israel Studies in Musicology Online, Vol. 13, 2015-16 Yulia Kreinin -“Choosing an Influence, or Bach the Inexhaustible: The Heterophony of the Voices of Twentieth- Century Composers” “Choosing an Influence, or Bach the Inexhaustible: The Heterophony of the Voices of Twentieth-Century Composers” YULIA KREININ Bach’s influence on posterity has been evident for over 250 years. In fact, since 1829, the year of Mendelssohn’s historic performance of the St. Matthew Passion, Bach has been one of the most respected figures in European musical culture. By the start of the twentieth century, Bach’s cultural presence was a given. Nevertheless, the twentieth century witnessed a new stage in the appreciation and understanding of Bach. In the first half of the century, “Back to Bach” was a significant motto for two waves of neoclassicism. From the 1960s on, Bach’s passion genre tradition was revived and reinterpreted, while other forms of homage to him blossomed (preludes and fugues, concerti grossi, works for solo strings). Composers’ spiritual dialogue with Bach took on a new importance. In this context, it is appropriate to investigate the reason(s) for the unique persistence of Bach’s influence into the twentieth century, an influence that surpasses that of other major composers of the past, including Mozart and Beethoven. Many scholars have addressed this conundrum; musicological research on Bach’s influence can be found in the four volumes of Bach und die Nachwelt (English, “Bach and Posterity”), published in Germany,1 and the seven volumes of Bach Perspectives, published in the United States.2 Nevertheless, “Why Bach?” has found only a partial answer and merits further examination. -
Counterpoint | Music | Britannica.Com
SCHOOL AND LIBRARY SUBSCRIBERS JOIN • LOGIN • ACTIVATE YOUR FREE TRIAL! Counterpoint & READ VIEW ALL MEDIA (6) VIEW HISTORY EDIT FEEDBACK Music Written by: Roland John Jackson $ ! " # Counterpoint, art of combining different melodic lines in a musical composition. It is among the characteristic elements of Western musical practice. The word counterpoint is frequently used interchangeably with polyphony. This is not properly correct, since polyphony refers generally to music consisting of two or more distinct melodic lines while counterpoint refers to the compositional technique involved in the handling of these melodic lines. Good counterpoint requires two qualities: (1) a meaningful or harmonious relationship between the lines (a “vertical” consideration—i.e., dealing with harmony) and (2) some degree of independence or individuality within the lines themselves (a “horizontal” consideration, dealing with melody). Musical theorists have tended to emphasize the vertical aspects of counterpoint, defining the combinations of notes that are consonances and dissonances, and prescribing where consonances and dissonances should occur in the strong and weak beats of musical metre. In contrast, composers, especially the great ones, have shown more interest in the horizontal aspects: the movement of the individual melodic lines and long-range relationships of musical design and texture, the balance between vertical and horizontal forces, existing between these lines. The freedoms taken by composers have in turn influenced theorists to revise their laws. The word counterpoint is occasionally used by ethnomusicologists to describe aspects of heterophony —duplication of a basic melodic line, with certain differences of detail or of decoration, by the various performers. This usage is not entirely appropriate, for such instances as the singing of a single melody at parallel intervals (e.g., one performer beginning on C, the other on G) lack the truly distinct or separate voice parts found in true polyphony and in counterpoint. -
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7'tie;T;e ~;&H ~ t,#t1tMftllSieotOg, UCLA VOLUME 3 1986 EDITORIAL BOARD Mark E. Forry Anne Rasmussen Daniel Atesh Sonneborn Jane Sugarman Elizabeth Tolbert The Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology is an annual publication of the UCLA Ethnomusicology Students Association and is funded in part by the UCLA Graduate Student Association. Single issues are available for $6.00 (individuals) or $8.00 (institutions). Please address correspondence to: Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology Department of Music Schoenberg Hall University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA Standing orders and agencies receive a 20% discount. Subscribers residing outside the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico, please add $2.00 per order. Orders are payable in US dollars. Copyright © 1986 by the Regents of the University of California VOLUME 3 1986 CONTENTS Articles Ethnomusicologists Vis-a-Vis the Fallacies of Contemporary Musical Life ........................................ Stephen Blum 1 Responses to Blum................. ....................................... 20 The Construction, Technique, and Image of the Central Javanese Rebab in Relation to its Role in the Gamelan ... ................... Colin Quigley 42 Research Models in Ethnomusicology Applied to the RadifPhenomenon in Iranian Classical Music........................ Hafez Modir 63 New Theory for Traditional Music in Banyumas, West Central Java ......... R. Anderson Sutton 79 An Ethnomusicological Index to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Part Two ............ Kenneth Culley 102 Review Irene V. Jackson. More Than Drumming: Essays on African and Afro-Latin American Music and Musicians ....................... Norman Weinstein 126 Briefly Noted Echology ..................................................................... 129 Contributors to this Issue From the Editors The third issue of the Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology continues the tradition of representing the diversity inherent in our field. -
Studies in Instrumentation and Orchestration and in the Recontextualisation of Diatonic Pitch Materials (Portfolio of Compositions)
Studies in Instrumentation and Orchestration and in the Recontextualisation of Diatonic Pitch Materials (Portfolio of Compositions) by Chris Paul Harman Submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Music School of Humanities The University of Birmingham September 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract: The present document examines eight musical works for various instruments and ensembles, composed between 2007 and 2011. Brief summaries of each work’s program are followed by discussions of instrumentation and orchestration, and analysis of pitch organization. Discussions of instrumentation and orchestration explore the composer’s approach to diversification of instrumental ensembles by the inclusion of non-orchestral instruments, and redefinition of traditional hierarchies among instruments in a standard ensemble or orchestral setting. Analyses of pitch organization detail various ways in which the composer renders diatonic -
On Study of Conception and Application of Counterpoint Texture in Composing Technological Theory
ISSN 1927-0232 [Print] Higher Education of Social Science ISSN 1927-0240 [Online] Vol. 11, No. 6, 2016, pp. 12-15 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/9257 www.cscanada.org On Study of Conception and Application of Counterpoint Texture in Composing Technological Theory ZHANG Shenghao[a],* [a]China West Normal University, Nanchong, China. counterpoint texture is the indispensable step in music *Corresponding author. composing. Received 5 September 2016; accepted 8 November 2016 Published online 26 December 2016 1. TEXTURE CONCEPTION IN Abstract COMPOSING TECHNOLOGICAL THEORY The music composing technological theory is the premise for music to develop and the counterpoint texture is 1.1 Spatial Structure and Time Structure especially important in composing. No matter in time or With musical terminology, time structure is called “musical space, it should show the music arts, while spatiality is the form”. Whatever composition has its fixed duration and main expression in counterpoint texture. Understanding corresponding structural form. No matter its content is a to counterpoint texture is the indispensable part of paragraph or many paragraphs, it should be combined with composing. By briefly introducing counterpoint texture, practice and both constitute the musical form together. this article analyzes its main expressive types and studies Only after enjoying the whole piece of music composition its practice so as to provide reference for relevant people for its duration can we know its structural form. This is and make our music pieces to develop better and better. the musical time structure, being musical form. Music pieces are different from other works. Composer of polyphonic music Key words: Music should be enjoyed by ear. -
Serbian Music: Yugoslav Contexts
Serbian Music: Yugoslav Contexts SERBIAN MUSIC: YUGOSLAV CONTEXTS Edited by Melita Milin and Jim Samson Published by Institute of Musicology SASA Technical editor Goran Janjić Cover design Aleksandra Dolović Number of copies 300 Printed by Colorgrafx ISBN 978-86-80639-19-2 SERBIAN MUSIC: YUGOSLAV CONTEXTS EDITED BY MELITA MILIN JIM SAMSON INSTITUTE OF MUSICOLOGY OF THE SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS BELGRADE 2014 This book has been published thanks to the financial support of the Ministry of edu- cation, science and technological development of the Republic of Serbia. Cover illustration: Vera Božičković Popović, Abstract Landscape, 1966. Courtesy of Zepter Museum, Belgrade. CONTENTS PREFACE............................................................................................................7 Melita Milin INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................9 Jim Samson 1. SERBIAN MUSIC IN WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY......................17 Katy Romanou 2. WRITING NATIONAL HISTORIES IN A MULTINATIONAL STATE..........................................................................................................29 Melita Milin 3. DISCIPLINING THE NATION: MUSIC IN SERBIA UNTIL 1914 ................................................................................................47 Biljana Milanović 4. IMAGINING THE HOMELAND: THE SHIFTING BORDERS OF PETAR KONJOVIĆ’S YUGOSLAVISMS........................................73 Katarina Tomašević 5. THE INTER-WAR CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN MILOJE -
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10.18132/LFZE.2012.21 Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Egyetem 28. számú művészet- és művelődéstörténeti tudományok besorolású doktori iskola KELET-ÁZSIAI DUPLANÁDAS HANGSZEREK ÉS A HICHIRIKI HASZNÁLATA A 20. SZÁZADI ÉS A KORTÁRS ZENÉBEN SALVI NÓRA TÉMAVEZETŐ: JENEY ZOLTÁN DLA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS 2011 10.18132/LFZE.2012.21 SALVI NÓRA KELET-ÁZSIAI DUPLANÁDAS HANGSZEREK ÉS A HICHIRIKI HASZNÁLATA A 20. SZÁZADI ÉS A KORTÁRS ZENÉBEN DLA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS 2011 Absztrakt A disszertáció megírásában a fő motiváció a hiánypótlás volt, hiszen a kelet-ázsiai régió duplanádas hangszereiről nincs átfogó, ismeretterjesztő tudományos munka sem magyarul, sem más nyelveken. A hozzáférhető irodalom a teljes témának csak egyes részeit öleli fel és többnyire valamelyik kelet-ázsiai nyelven íródott. A disszertáció második felében a hichiriki (japán duplanádas hangszer) és a kortárs zene viszonya kerül bemutatásra, mely szintén aktuális és eleddig fel nem dolgozott téma. A hichiriki olyan hangszer, mely nagyjából eredeti formájában maradt fenn a 7. századtól napjainkig. A hagyomány előírja, hogy a viszonylag szűk repertoárt pontosan milyen módon kell előadni, és ez az előadásmód több száz éve gyakorlatilag változatlannak tekinthető. Felmerül a kérdés, hogy egy ilyen hangszer képes-e a megújulásra, integrálható-e a 20. századi és a kortárs zenébe. A dolgozat első részében a hozzáférhető szakirodalom segítségével a szerző áttekintést nyújt a duplanádas hangszerekről, bemutatja a két alapvető duplanádas hangszertípust, a hengeres és kúpos furatú duplanádas hangszereket, majd részletesen ismerteti a kelet-ázsiai régió duplanádas hangszereit és kitér a hangszerek akusztikus tulajdonságaira is. A dolgozat második részéhez a szerző összegyűjtötte a fellelhető, hichiriki-re íródott 20. századi és kortárs darabok kottáit és hangfelvételeit, és ezek elemzésével mutat rá a hangszerjáték új vonásaira. -
Commentary: the `Musilanguage' Model of Language Evolution
GENERAL COMMENTARY published: 26 February 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00075 Commentary: The ‘Musilanguage’ Model of Language Evolution Aleksey Nikolsky* Braavo Enterprises, Los Angeles, CA, United States Keywords: texture, heterophony, polyphony, homophony, musilanguage, asynchrony, isophony, meter A commentary on The ‘Musilanguage’ Model of Language Evolution by Brown, S. (2000). The Origins of Music. eds S. Brown, B. Merker, and N. L. Wallin (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 271–300. doi: 10.1037/e533412004-001 The model of musilanguage (Brown, 2000, 2017) requires a new musicological term to refer to its texture. Like choral singing, and unlike speech, musilanguage is based on simultaneous vocalization of multiple participants who reproduce the same signal (call) at random time intervals and pitch levels, akin to a wolf “chorus.1” Voiced utterances produce multiple pitches, generating a “jumbled” texture, similar to polyphony and heterophony, but not fully qualifying as such. The term “heterophony” was introduced by Stumpf (1897) to refer to the fusion of sounds whose components retained their singular identity. Stumpf discovered this word in Plato’s Laws (Plato, 2013, p. 203), where it referred to pitch and rhythm discrepancy between the vocals and the lyre performing the same tune. Four years later, Stumpf (1901) reused this term to describe Thai music. He characterized heterophony as the looping of simultaneous melodic paraphrases [Umspielen], where parts generally followed the same melodic contour while differing in detail, so that minute discrepancies would meet again in unison. Adler (1908) conceptualized heterophony as a style alternative to homophony and polyphony, Edited by: applicable across Siamese, Japanese, Javanese, and Russian musics. -
Oboe in Oxford Music Online
14.3.2011 OboeinOxfordMusicOnline Oxford Music Online Grove Music Online Oboe article url: http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com:80/subscriber/article/grove/music/40450 Oboe (Fr. hautbois ; Ger. Oboe ; It. oboe ). Generic term in the system of Hornbostel and Sachs for an aerophone with a double (concussion) reed (for detailed classification see AEROPHONE ). The name is taken from that of the principal treble double-reed instrument of Western art music (see §II below). I. General 1. Oboes. The AULOS of ancient Greece may sometimes have had a double reed, and some kind of reed aerophone was known in North Africa in pre-Islamic times. Instruments of the SURNĀY type became established with the spread of the Arab empire around the end of the first millennium CE; they were possibly a synthesis of types from Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor. From there the instrument, then used in a military role, spread into conquered areas and areas of influence: to India, and later, under the Ottoman empire, to Europe (around the time of the fifth crusade, 1217–21; there may already have been bagpipes with double reeds there) and further into Asia (to China in the 14th century). As the instrument spread, it came to be made of local materials and fashioned according to local preferences in usage, shape and decoration: the ŚAHNĀĪ of north India has a flared brass bell; the SARUNAI of Sumatra has a palm leaf reed and a bell of wood or buffalo horn; the ALGAITA of West Africa is covered with leather and has four or five finger-holes. -
MUSIC and the ECLIPSE of MODERNISM By
SIGNAL TO NOISE: MUSIC AND THE ECLIPSE OF MODERNISM By MATTHEW FRIEDMAN A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History written under the direction of T.J. Jackson Lears and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Signal to Noise: Music and the Eclipse of Modernism By MATTHEW FRIEDMAN Dissertation Director: T.J. Jackson Lears There was danger in the modern American soundscape; the danger of interruption and disorder. The rhetoric of postwar aural culture was preoccupied with containing sounds and keeping them in their appropriate places. The management and domestication of noise was a critical political and social issue in the quarter century following the Second World War. It was also an aesthetic issue. Although technological noise was celebrated in modern American literature, music and popular culture as a signal of technological sublime and the promise of modern rationality in the US, after 1945 noise that had been exceptional and sublime became mundane. Technological noise was resignified as "pollution" and narrated as the aural detritus of modernity. Modern music reinforced this project through the production of hegemonic fields of representation that legitimized the discursive boundaries of modernity and delegitimized that which lay outside of them. Postwar American modernist composers, reconfigured as technical specialists, developed a hyper-rational idiom of "total control" which sought to discipline aural disorder and police the boundaries between aesthetically- acceptable music and sound and disruptive noise. -
Court Music by Shiba Sukeyasu
JAPANESE MIND Japan’s Ancient Court Music By Shiba Sukeyasu Photos: Music Department, Imperial Household Agency Origin of Gagaku : Ancient Gala Concert A solemn ceremony was held at Todai-ji – a majestic landmark Buddhist temple – in the ancient capital of Nara 1,255 years ago, on April 9 in 752, to endow a newly completed Great Buddha statue with life. The ceremony was officiated by a high Buddhist priest from India named Bodhisena (704-760), and attended by the Emperor, members of the Imperial Family, noblemen and high priests. Thousands of pious people thronged the main hall of the temple that houses the huge Buddha image to “Gagaku” is performed by members of the Music Department of the express their joy in the event. Imperial Household Agency. Traditionally, kakko (right in the front row) On the stage set up in the foreground is always played by the oldest band member. of the hall, a gala celebratory concert was staged and performing arts from Tang music that he aspired to learn the instruments various parts of Asia were introduced. music in Tang. Legend has it that his were three wind Outstanding among them was Chinese wish was finally granted in 835 when he instruments – music called Togaku (music of the Tang was aged 103. His willpower was sho (mouth organ), hichiriki (oboe) and Dynasty). Clad in colorfully unruffled by his old age and he returned ryuteki (seven-holed flute) –, two string embroidered gorgeous silk costumes, to Japan after learning music and instruments – biwa (lute) and gakuso Chinese musicians played 18 different dancing for five years.