Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association Information for Contributors
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps
Chapter 5 Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps The most fundamental method for catching female mosquitoes is to use a suit able bait to attract hungry host-seeking individuals, and human bait catches, sometimes euphemistically called landing counts, have been used for many years to collect anthropophagic species. Variations on the simple direct bait catch have included enclosing human or bait animals in nets, cages or traps which, in theory at least, permit the entrance of mosquitoes but prevent their escape. Other attractants, the most widely used of which are light and carbon dioxide, have also been developed for catching mosquitoes. In some areas, especially in North America, light-traps, with or without carbon dioxide as a supplement, have more or less replaced human and animal baits as a routine sampling method for several species (Chapter 6). However, despite intensive studies on host-seeking behaviour no really effective attractant has been found to replace a natural host, and consequently human bait catches remain the most useful single method of collecting anthropophagic mosquitoes. Moreover, although bait catches are not completely free from sampling bias they are usually more so than most other collecting methods that employ an attractant. They are also easily performed and require no complicated or expensive equipment. HUMAN BAIT CATCHES Attraction to hosts Compounds used by mosquitoes to locate their hosts are known as kairomones, that is substances from the emitters (hosts) are favourable to the receiver (mosquitoes) but not to themselves. Emanations from hosts include heat, water vapour, carbon dioxide and various host odours. -
Towards a Better Understanding of Rift Valley Fever Epidemiology in The
Balenghien et al. Veterinary Research 2013, 44:78 http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/44/1/78 VETERINARY RESEARCH REVIEW Open Access Towards a better understanding of Rift Valley fever epidemiology in the south-west of the Indian Ocean Thomas Balenghien1†, Eric Cardinale1,2†, Véronique Chevalier3†, Nohal Elissa4†, Anna-Bella Failloux5*†, Thiery Nirina Jean Jose Nipomichene4†, Gaelle Nicolas3†, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome6†, Matthieu Roger1† and Betty Zumbo7† Abstract Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus,Bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus causing intermittent epizootics and sporadic epidemics primarily in East Africa. Infection causes severe and often fatal illness in young sheep, goats and cattle. Domestic animals and humans can be contaminated by close contact with infectious tissues or through mosquito infectious bites. Rift Valley fever virus was historically restricted to sub-Saharan countries. The probability of Rift Valley fever emerging in virgin areas is likely to be increasing. Its geographical range has extended over the past years. As a recent example, autochthonous cases of Rift Valley fever were recorded in 2007–2008 in Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. It has been proposed that a single infected animal that enters a naive country is sufficient to initiate a major outbreak before Rift Valley fever virus would ever be detected. Unless vaccines are available and widely used to limit its expansion, Rift Valley fever will continue to be a critical issue for human and animal health in the region of the Indian Ocean. Table of contents humans, symptoms vary from a flu-like syndrome to en- cephalitic, ocular or hemorrhagic syndrome. The case fa- 1. Disease and transmission tality rate of the latter form can be as high as 50% [3]. -
Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners
Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", Canterbury Christ Church University, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis. Renita Danabalan PhD Ecology Mosquitoes of southern England and northern Wales: Identification, Ecology and Host selection. Table of Contents: Acknowledgements pages 1 Abstract pages 2 Chapter1: General Introduction Pages 3-26 1.1 History of Mosquito Systematics pages 4-11 1.1.1 Internal Systematics of the Subfamily Anophelinae pages 7-8 1.1.2 Internal Systematics of the Subfamily Culicinae pages 8-11 1.2 British Mosquitoes pages 12-20 1.2.1 Species List and Feeding Preferences pages 12-13 1.2.2 Distribution of British Mosquitoes pages 14-15 1.2.2.1 Distribution of the subfamily Culicinae in UK pages 14 1.2.2.2. Distribution of the genus Anopheles in UK pages 15 1.2.3 British Mosquito Species Complexes pages 15-20 1.2.3.1 The Anopheles maculipennis Species Complex pages -
A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh). -
Identification Keys to the Anopheles Mosquitoes of South America
Sallum et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:583 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04298-6 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Identifcation keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction Maria Anice Mureb Sallum1*, Ranulfo González Obando2, Nancy Carrejo2 and Richard C. Wilkerson3,4,5 Abstract Background: The worldwide genus Anopheles Meigen, 1918 is the only genus containing species evolved as vectors of human and simian malaria. Morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 is tremendous, which has made these parasites and their vectors the objects of intense research aimed at mosquito identifcation, malaria control and elimination. DNA tools make the identifcation of Anopheles species both easier and more difcult. Easier in that putative species can nearly always be separated based on DNA data; more difcult in that attaching a scientifc name to a species is often problematic because morphological characters are often difcult to interpret or even see; and DNA technology might not be available and afordable. Added to this are the many species that are either not yet recognized or are similar to, or identical with, named species. The frst step in solving Anopheles identi- fcation problem is to attach a morphology-based formal or informal name to a specimen. These names are hypoth- eses to be tested with further morphological observations and/or DNA evidence. The overarching objective is to be able to communicate about a given species under study. In South America, morphological identifcation which is the frst step in the above process is often difcult because of lack of taxonomic expertise and/or inadequate identifca- tion keys, written for local fauna, containing the most consequential species, or obviously, do not include species described subsequent to key publication. -
Diptera: Culicidae) and Their Received: 23-09-2014
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2014; 2 (5): 134-137 ISSN 2320-7078 New record of Aedes vittatus and Culiseta JEZS 2014; 2 (5): 134-137 © 2014 JEZS subochrea (Diptera: Culicidae) and their Received: 23-09-2014 Accepted: 06-10-2014 distribution from Shadegan Wetland, South Hassan Nasirian Western Iran Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran Hassan Nasirian, Sayyed Mohammad Taghi Sadeghi, Babak University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vazirianzadeh, Sayyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi Sayyed Mohammad Taghi Abstract Sadeghi This study was conducted in Shadegan International wetland area, south western Iran. Mosquito larvae Department of Medical were collected from an urban site in the east of the wetland, using dipping method in December 2011. Entomology and Vector Control, Mosquito larvae were identified using the morphology-based keys. The water quality parameters were School of Public Health, Tehran measured during mosquito larvae collection using HQ40d Portable Multi-Parameter Meter, titration University of Medical Sciences, method and turbidity meter from the late October to late December 2011. A total of 1071 larvae were Tehran, Iran collected. Four species belonging to four genera including Aedes vittatus (Bigot), Culex pipiens Linnaeus, Culiseta subochrea (Edwards) and Ochlerotatus (=Aedes) caspius (Pallas) sensu lato were identified and Babak Vazirianzadeh their distribution and some other aspects were reviewed and discussed. Recorded parameters in the present Health Research Institute, study indicated that the water quality of the studied area was in a poor condition according to Infectious and Tropical Diseases Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization water quality standards (p < 0.05). -
Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini 925
FORUM Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae): Paraphylyphobia, and Classification Versus Cladistic Analysis HARRY M. SAVAGE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522 J. Med. Entomol. 42(6): 923Ð927 (2005) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/42/6/923/886357 by guest on 29 September 2021 ABSTRACT Many mosquito species are important vectors of human and animal diseases, and others are important nuisance species. To facilitate communication and information exchange among pro- fessional groups interested in vector-borne diseases, it is essential that a stable nomenclature be maintained. For the Culicidae, easily identiÞable genera based on morphology are an asset. Major changes in generic concept, the elevation of 32 subgenera within Aedes to generic status, and changes in hundreds of species names proposed in a recent article demand consideration by all parties interested in mosquito-borne diseases. The entire approach to Aedini systematics of these authors was ßawed by an inordinate fear of paraphyletic taxa or Paraphylyphobia, and their inability to distinguish between classiÞcation and cladistic analysis. Taxonomists should refrain from making taxonomic changes based on preliminary data, and they should be very selective in assigning generic names to only the most important and well-deÞned groups of species. KEY WORDS Aedini classiÞcation, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, paraphylyphobia, mosquito classiÞcation MANY MOSQUITO SPECIES IN the tribe Aedini, a cosmo- In this communication, I brießy review taxonomic politan group represented by 11 genera and Ϸ1,239 categories in a zoological classiÞcation, the Interna- species, are important vectors of human and animal tional Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code), diseases, and many others are of considerable eco- the development of generic concept within the Cu- nomic importance as nuisance or pest species. -
The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae)
insects Article The Taxonomic History of Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae) Lílian Ferreira de Freitas * and Lyric C. Bartholomay Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Mosquitoes are an extremely diverse group of aquatic insects, distributed over all continents except Antarctica. The mosquitoes belonging to the subgenus called Ochlerotatus, as understood by Reinert et al., comprise a group of several species which are endemic to the Americas, some of which are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. However, this group is characteristically undefined, i.e., no sets of characters define the group, and this presents a major challenge for the understanding of the evolutionary tree of the mosquitoes. This work underscores and contextualizes the complex taxonomic history of the group, reveals the major challenges we face in order to resolve the definition of this group, and presents a path forward for its successful revision. Abstract: A review of all taxonomic actions within the subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891 (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu Reinert et al. (2008) is provided. In particular, the complex historical taxo- nomic treatment of the type species of this group is dissected and explained in detail. Additionally, current challenges with the definition of the subgenus and its constituents are discussed, as are the requisite steps for a successful revision of the taxon. Going forward, we conclude that a taxonomic Citation: Ferreira de Freitas, L.; revision of the species should include a neotype designation for Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani, Bartholomay, L.C. -
Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae)
Zootaxa 2210: 1–25 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Review of the genus Chagasia (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) RALPH E. HARBACH & THERESA M. HOWARD Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Genus Chagasia Cruz of subfamily Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) is comprised of five species in the Neotropical Region: Ch. ablusa Harbach, n. sp., Ch. bathana (Dyar), Ch. bonneae Root, Ch. fajardi (Lutz) and Ch. rozeboomi Causey, Deane & Deane. The genus is described in detail and diagnoses, keys and illustrations are provided for the identification of the adult, pupal and larval stages of each species. The larval and pupal stages of a Chagasia species (Ch. bonneae) are fully illustrated for the first time. A neotype specimen is designated for Ch. fajardi to fix its identity and distinguish it from Ch. ablusa. The species treatments also include a synonymy (where applicable), a discussion, information on distribution, a synopsis of material examined and a summary of previous literature. The work is considered to be a review rather than a revision of the genus because too few link-reared specimens were available for detailed comparative study of all life stages, and it was not possible to determine the total range of morphological variation and the actual distributions of the species. Key words: ablusa new species, bathana, bonneae, fajardi, mosquito, rozeboomi, taxonomy Introduction Mosquitoes, family Culicidae, comprise two principal phyletic lineages that are recognised as subfamilies, the Anophelinae and Culicinae (Harbach & Kitching, 1998, Mitchell et al., 2002). -
Diptera, Culicidae
doi:10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0848 e-ISSN 1983-0572 Publication of the project Entomologistas do Brasil www.ebras.bio.br Creative Commons Licence v4.0 (BY-NC-SA) Copyright © EntomoBrasilis Copyright © Author(s) Ecology Entomological profile and new registers of the genera Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae) in a Brazilian rural community of the District of Coxipó do Ouro, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Adaiane Catarina Marcondes Jacobina¹, Jozeilton Dantas Bandeira², Fábio Alexandre Leal dos Santos¹,², Elisangela Santana de Oliveira Dantas¹,³ & Diniz Pereira Leite-Jr1,2,4 1. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – UFMT, Cuiabá-MT - Brasil. 2. Centro Universitário de Várzea Grande - UNIVAG, Várzea Grande-MT - Brasil. 3. Instituto de Biociências - Universidade do Estado de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP - Rio Claro - Brasil. 4. Universidade de São Paulo, USP – São Paulo, SP - Brasil. EntomoBrasilis 13: e0848 (2020) Edited by: Abstract. The order Diptera is constituted of insects that possess numerous varieties of habitats, these William Costa Rodrigues winged, commonly called mosquitoes, comprise a monophyletic group. Malaria transmitters in Brazil are represented by mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus, being it principal vector species Anopheles Article History: (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root. Collectings were accomplished in the rural area of Cuiabá in the region Received: 16.iv.2019 of Coxipó do Ouro/MT, and a total 4,773 adult mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles were obtained. The Accepted: 16.iv.2020 prevailing species in the collectings where An. (Nys.) darlingi with 3,905 (81.8%), considered the vector Published: 06.v.2020 of major epidemiological expression in the region, followed by Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) argyritarsis Corresponding author: (Robineau-Desvoidy) 267 (5.6%) and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus (Neiva & Pinto) 226 (4.7%). -
Notes on the Blood-Sucking Insects of Eastern Tropical Africa
275 NOTES ON THE BLOOD-SUCKING INSECTS OF EASTERN TROPICAL AFRICA. BY S. A. NEAVE, M.A., B.Sc. OXON. (PLATES X. and XI.) Owing to the very limited time available during my stay in England, it has not seemed advisable to attempt any general account of so extensive a region as that covered by my recent journey through Tropical East Africa. This region extends practically from the Zambesi River to the Upper Nile, and is included in 12 degrees of longitude and no less than 22 parallels of latitude. It comprises all types of country from open plains to dense forests, and elevations from sea- level to 10,000 feet. This area includes, in addition to a large portion of the Eastern Tropical subregion, a small portion of the South African subregion and. in Uganda, of the Western Tropical subregion. The entomological study of so large an area involves a great variety of interesting questions and an even more bewildering diversity of insect life. The economic relations of these numerous species with man and his domestic animals present a large number of problems, in regard to many of which much additional evidence is required. One of the most urgent of these problems at the present time in Eastern Africa, or indeed in any part of the continent, viz. : the occurrence of human trypano- somiasis in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, outside the distribution of Glossina palpalis—is already being studied by two Commissions on the spot. Apart from this important question, all the countries under discussion have to contend with other diseases borne by blood-sucking organisms, and it is clear that all the local Governments, especially in Nyasaland and on the coast belt of British East Africa, will find it imperative during the next few years to spend large sums in combating these serious hindrances to human progress in Tropical Africa. -
Phylum : Arthropoda Class: Insecta Blattodea Coleoptera Diptera
Phylum : Arthropoda Class: Insecta Blattodea Coleoptera Diptera Phthiraptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Siphonaptera Order: Diptera Suborder: 1-Cyclorrhapha 2- Brachycera 3- Nematocera Family: I- Psychodidae II- Simulidae III- ceratopogonidae IV- Culicidae Subfamily: IV-1- Anophelinae IV-2- Culicinae Genus: Bironella spp Chagasia spp Anopheles spp Life cycle of Anopheles spp: Egg of Anopheles spp Larvae of Anopheles spp Pupa of Anopheles spp Adult of Anopheles spp More details on larval stage: • Four larval stage • Filter feeder • They occur in different types of habitats Adult biology and behavior: • Nocturnal • Exophagic species ( An. albimanus) • Endophagic ( An. gambiae complex ) • Endophilic and exophilic • Time of feeding • Anthropophagic species ( An. gambiae complex) • Zoophagic species Medical importance of Anopheles spp: • Biting nuisance • Malaria • Lymphatic filariasis • Arboviruses 500 million cases and approximately kills 1.5~3 million persons/year ( one death ever 30 seconds) and... 85-90% in Africa Children under 5 and pregnant women are vulnerable the number of deaths is increasing! • Civil war • Environmental damage • Immigration • Increasing of world temperature • Drug resistance in parasite • Insecticide resistance in mosquito • Political problems Causative agent P. knowelsi Vectors: Mosquitoes are definitive host • 483 detected species • Out of which 70 vectors • 40 main vectors • Complex specis Life cycle of malaria: 1- Sprogony cycle ( exogene) Malaria in humans developes via two phases: 2- Shizogony cycle ( endogene) 3- Gametogony Life cycle of malaria: Malaria transmission • Female Anopheles spp • Blood transfusion • Addicted people ( shared syringe) ( No sprogony stage in mosquito and no exoerythrocytic stage in human) • Transplacental transmission Clinical symptoms: • Initial symptoms are headache, vomiting, chills • The classical symptoms is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness, followed by fever and sweating lasting 4 to 6 hours • In P.