Place and Setting in the Work of Sarah Orne Jewett
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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8114592 NAIL, REBECCA WALL PLACE AND SETTING IN THE WORK OF SARAH ORNE JEWETT The University ofNorth Carolina at Greensboro PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLACE AND SETTING IN THE WORK OF SARAH ORNE JEWETT by Rebecca Wall Nail A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 1980 Approved by APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following connnittee of the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dissertation Adviser Committee Members /? , j-£ Date of Acceptance by Committee ^ fa Date of Final Oral Examination ii NAIL, REBECCA WALL. Place and Setting in the Works of Sarah Orne Jewett. (1980) Directed by: Dr. Robert 0. Stephens. Pp. 208. Although Sarah Orne Jewett's active career extended over thirty- four years, studies of her work bsva tended to ignore its chronological development, and in spite of the admitted importance of her settings relatively little attention has been given to their nature and function in her sketches. Her own comments make it obvious that she habitually worked from setting and character toward incident, and many of her remarks imply that setting suggested character as well. Since Jewett's native region has long been recognized as a major influence on her work, it is not surprising that she considered the places writers knew a major formative influence, and setting for her was an essential matrix generating both writer and story. Thus Jewett agreed with Eudora Welty's suggestion that place is basic to the validity, emotion, and perspective of fiction. Her relationship to her native Berwick, Maine, however, was less serene than many critics have realized, and to this emotional ambivalence must be added the ambiguity inherent in the relationship of real people to real places and of literary characters to their settings. This study demonstrates that Jewett's attitudes and emotions toward her settings are complicated, and the settings themselves are varied and complex. The places she depicts express and interact with her themes, provide a major source of interest in her stories, and supply clues, as they change, to her overall intellectual and emotional development. The body of the dissertation examines Jewett's settings in the three major phases of her development, from her first publication in 1868 to 1884, from the novels of 1884 and 1885 to 1895, and from the appearance of The Country of the Pointed Firs in 1896 until the end of her career. It traces her changing depiction of nature, country, city, and the social milieu, and it examines the techniques she uses at each stage to make her settings real and relate them to her char acters, plots, and themes. Her view of nature evolves from that of whimsical, conventional affection to a solid realism that combines genuine love with an honest appraisal of the potential hostility of nature. The city, more attractive and important in the early works than has generally been realized, loses significance and becomes somewhat ambiguous, but its image remains largely pleasant. Rural life is at first seen as lonely, harsh, and extremely destructive to human personality, but as Jewett matures and resolves her own ambivalence toward country existence she learns to appreciate the offsetting advantages of closeness to nature and the soil. She also grows increasingly interested in portraying the social milieu of the rural village and depicting its values, but her realism and belief in progress never allow her to ignore rural hardship or the inevitability of social change. In technique her development is toward increasing skill and consistency of performance, for although there are some changes and experiments her late works depend on essentially the same methods of depicting setting as the best of her early sketches. Most significant of all is Jewett's growing appreciation of the importance real places have for their inhabitants. In this sense place is one of the interests of The Country of the Pointed Firs, it provides a unifying theme for The Tory Lover, and it is the subject of "William's Wedding," the last work of Jewett's published and possibly the last written. Place and setting are thus more than an ornament or background in Jewett's work; the.y are a major concern, and the most memorable and basic part of her fiction. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks to Winston-Salem State University and to the Board of Governors of the University of North Carolina for the financial support which made this dissertation possible. Thanks are also due for help provided by the staffs of the Walter Clinton Jackson Library of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, the Z. Smith Reynolds Library of Wake Forest University, and the Houghton Library of Harvard University. My adviser, Dr. Robert 0. Stephens, has been unfailingly patient and helpful, as have the members of my committee, Dr. Randolph Bulgin, Dr. James E. Evans, Dr. Richard Bardolph, and especially Dr. Donald G. Darnell. Finally, I must also thank my family, friends, and colleagues for their continual kindness and encouragement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page APPROVAL PAGE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii CHAPTER I. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACE AND SETTING FOR SARAH ORNE JEWETT 1 II. THE FIRST PHASE: 1868-1884 40 Nature -43 Country 51 City 60 Society 65 Technique 76 III. THE SECOND PHASE: 1884-1895 89 Nature 90 Country. 101 City . HI Society 120 Technique 136 IV. THE THIRD PHASE: 1896-1902 153 Nature 157 Country, City, and Society 162 Technique 179 Place. 188 Conclusion 197 iv 1 CHAPTER I THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACE AND SETTING FOR SARAH ORNE JEWETT The importance of setting in the works of Sarah Orne Jewett has long been recognized, but in light of that fact the settings themselves have received curiously little attention. Critical study has focused on The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896), generally acknowledged to be her masterpiece, and has treated the book's Dunnet Landing as a paradigm of all her settings. Within the full scope of her work, how ever, the Landing is important but not characteristic. In the thirty- four years between her first publication in 1868 and the end of her active career in 1902, Jewett depicted farms and cities as well as villages, aristocrats as well as rustic citizens, and social customs as well as the rhythms of nature. There were, in all, five novels or sets of related sketches and well over a hundred short stories and essays, to say nothing of a book of history and a number of works for children. So large and varied a canon seems to call for more inclusive analysis, and a productive career which lasted over thirty years can be expected to show considerable growth and change. In addition, it has been convincingly argued that the development of Jewett's portrayal of setting is a major aspect of her overall artis tic maturation. F. 0. Matthiessen, in his Sarah Orne Jewett (1929), suggests that Jewett's growth from nostalgic involvement with setting in 2 Deephaven (1877) to the imaginative realism of "By the Morning Boat" (1890) made the writing of Pointed Firs possible for her. A quarter of a century had, he says, served to bring her from mere recital of facts to the creation of an immediate and vivid sense of place, a sense of being there. This special skill was a necessary precondition for her best work, written late in her career.^ Thus Matthiessen sees in Jewett's depiction of setting a developing capacity that strongly af fects the quality of her work.