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The place of the St Albans Psalter in medieval Psalter illustration Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Jester, Linza Sue Bethea, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 21:37:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/348275 THE PLACE OF THE ST* ALBANS PSALTER IN MEDIEVAL PSALTER ILLUSTRATION by Linza Sue Bethea Jester A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ART . In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS WITH A MAJOR IN ART HISTORY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 7 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduc­ tion of this manuscript in whole, or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: DONALD K. GARFIELD ' Date Assistant Professor of Art History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Professor Donald Garfield, advisor for this thesis, for his help and encouragement throughout her entire graduate program. The author would also like to thank Mrs. Sue Spaulding for her generous assistance, and those around her for having patience. TABLE OF CONTENTS . Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................. v ABSTRACT ..................... viii CHAPTER 1. THE MEDIEVAL PSALTER 1 The Psalter Text ....................... 2 Illustration of the Psalter ..................... 7 The Byzantine Tradition of Psalter Illustration .... 11 The Western Tradition of Psalter Illustration ........ 20 2. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT AND ITS IMPORTANCE . 30 The Artist and His Milieu .......... 31 The Style of the St. Albans Psalter .......... 34 The Influence of the Alexis Master's Style ...... 39 Influences on the Alexis Master ............ 50 3. THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT CYCLE ............... 59 Anglo-Saxon Precedents for the Cycle ......... 59 The Development of the Biblical C y c l e ............ 69 The St. Albans Psalter C y c l e ............ 74 4. PICTORIAL NARRATIVE IN THE ST. ALBANS PSALTER AND THE INFLUENCE OF LITURGICAL D R A M A .............. 86 The Emmaus Miniatures.......... .......... 88 Other Examples of the Influence of Liturgical Drama . 95 Use of Pictorial Narrative by the Alexis Master .... 100 5. THE CHANSON OF ST. ALEXIS AND ITS ILLUSTRATION ...... 104 APPENDIX A, LIST OF FULL-PAGE MINIATURES . , . 110 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................... 112 . iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Paris Psalter (Paris, B.N. cod. g r . 139, f » 4v)„ David and Goliath ................. 13 2. Chludov Psalter (Moscow, Hist. Mus. cod. gr. 129, f. 160r). The Story of Joseph .............. 17 3. Vespasian Psalter (London, B.M. MS. Cotton Vesp. A.I., f. 1) David Enthroned with His Musicians .......... 21 4. Utrecht Psalter (Utrecht, Univ. Lib. Cod. 32, script. eccl. 484) Psalm 7 3 ................... 24 5. Ramsey Psalter (London, B.M. Harley 2904, f.3v) Crucifixion............................................. 26 6. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard's Library, p. 37) The Entry into Jerusalem................. 35 7. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard1 s Library, p. 18) The Expulsion from Paradise ............. 38 8. Life and Miracles of St. Edmund (New York, Pierpont Morgan 736, p. 24) Edmund Scourged and Mocked ...... 40 9. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard■s Library, p. 44). The Flagellation ............ 42 10. Bury Gospels (Cambridge, Pembroke College 120, f . 2v) Scenes from Christ's Ministry . ^ . 44 11. Psalter (?) Leaf (London, B.M. Add. 37472, recto) Infancy of Christ .................... 46 12. Shaftesbury. Psalter (London, B.M. Lansdowne 383, f. 13) The Three Marys at the Sepulchre................. 49 13.. Arundel Psalter (London, B.M. Arundel 60, f.l2v) Crucifixion . ................... 52 14. Bible of Leo the Patrician (Vatican, Bibl. apost. _ Reg. gr.l, f.l55v) Moses Receives the L a w ............... 54 v vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued Figure Page 15. Book of Pericopes of Henry II (Munich, Bayerische Staats. cod. lat. 4452, f . 152v) St. Peter Receiving the K e y s ............ 55 16. Aethelstan Psalter (London, B.M. Cotton Galba A.XVIII, ff. 2v, 21) Christ in Majesty with Angels and Prophets; Christ Enthroned with Martyrs,- Confessors and Virgins ............. 61 17. Aethelstan Psalter (Oxford, Bodl. Lib. Rawl. B. 484, f . 85 and London, B.M. Cotton Galba A. XVIII, f . 120v) The Nativity and the Ascension . 62 18. Cotton Psalter (London, B.M. Cotton Tiberius C.VI, ff. 8v, 9) David and G o l i a t h ................... 65 19. Cotton Psalter (London, B.M. Cotton Tiberius C.VI., f. 11) The Entry into Jerusalem .......................... 66 20. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Go deha rd1 s Library, p. 69) Christ on the Road to Emma u s .......... 76 21. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard's Library, p.. 71). Christ Disappearing from the Table at Emma us ..................... 77 22. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard^s Library, p. 56) David as Musician ................. 80 23. San Marco, Venice; Mosaic from the Narthex; Expulsion from Paradise r ^ . 83 24. Bury Gospels (Cambridge, Pembroke College 120, f . 4vX Scenes after the Resurrection .............. 90 25. Psalter (?) Leaf (London, Victoria and Albert 661, verso) Scenes from the Life of Christ, det. Emmaus Scenes . .......... ............. 91 26. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard* s Library, p. 52) The Incredulity of St. Thomas ...... 97 27. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard's Library, p. 45) Pilate Washing His Hands ........ 101 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued Figure Page 28. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim,- St. Go deha rd 1 s Library, p. 39) The Agony in the G a r d e n .................. 103 29. St. Albans Psalter (Hildesheim, St. Godehard's Library, p. 57) Scenes from the Life of St. Alexis 108 ABSTRACT h This paper is a discussion of the development of a new illustrative content in the St. Albans Psalter, a twelfth^century English illuminated manuscript, by the Alexis Master. The first chapter is a general outline of Psalter illustration from the Early Christian period through the thirteenth century. The second is a description of the new Romanesque style of the Alexis Master and its influence on other English manuscripts of the twelfth century. The second part of the paper deals with the three major illustrative contributions of the Alexis Master. It was he who developed the Anglo-Saxon prefatory Biblical cycle into a reflection of twelfth-century Church doctrine, which became typical of later Psalter illustration. The Alexis Master also developed the art of pictorial narrative to a high degree, drawing again on Anglo-Saxon sources and reinforced by both direct influence from contemporary liturgical drama and his ability to translate words into images. The Alexis story was included since its iconography had a direct correlation in the life of the owner of the manuscript and in addition was an element within the entire theme of the illustration. CHAPTER 1 THE MEDIEVAL PSALTER. The Psalter was one of the basic liturgical and service books of 1 the Middle Ages, along with the Gospel Book and the Sacramentary. Various scholars have observed that the Psalter was used more than any 2 other book in the early Christian liturgy. When the first Christians met, the singing of Psalms was a large part of the service, in addition 3 to readings from other holy books and a sermon by the bishop. Of all of the books of the Old Testament, Psalms was most often read in church and, with the addition of the Odes, the Psalter had a part in the Greek 4 liturgy surpassed only by the Gospels themselves. 1. David M. Robb, The Art of the Illuminated Manuscript (Philadelphia: The Philadelphia Art Alliance, A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1973)f p. 333. 2. The two scholars who discuss this in the most detail are Adolph Goldschmidt, Per Albanipsalter in Hildesheim und seine beziehung zur symbolischen klrchenskulptur der XII jahrhunderts (Berlin; G. Siemens, 1895) and J. J. Tikkanen, Die Psalterlllustration im Mittelalter (Helsingforsiae: Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 1903). 3. George Galvaris, "Manuscripts and the Liturgy," in Illuminated Greek Manuscripts from American Collections, ed. Gary L. Vikan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976)", p. 25. 4. Kurt Weitzmann, ''Die Illustration der Septuaginta^" Munchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 3/4 (1952-53/ (reprinted in English, "The Illustration of the Septuagint," Studies in Classical and Byzantine Manuscript Illumination, ed. H. L. Kessler IChicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1971], p. 59). 1 The Psalter continued to be
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