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Nutrient Effects on Sexual Selection and Comparison Of NUTRIENT EFFECTS ON SEXUAL SELECTION AND COMPARISON OF MATING CALLS IN KATYDIDS (TETTIGONIIDAE) A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Lara Rae Trozzo May, 2013 Thesis written by Lara Rae Trozzo B.A., The Pennsylvania State University, 2010 Approved by ____________________________________________________ Patrick Lorch, Advisor ____________________________________________________ Mark Kershner, Member, Masters Thesis Committee ____________________________________________________ Sean Veney, Member, Masters Thesis Committee Accepted by ____________________________________________________ Laura Leff, Acting Chair, Department of Biological Sciences ____________________________________________________ Raymond Craig, Associate Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Recording .................................................................................................................................. 10 Call and Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................... 11 Phylogenetic Tree Building ................................................................................................ 12 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Hypotheses and Predictions .............................................................................................. 26 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 Insect Rearing .......................................................................................................................... 28 iii Mating Experiments .............................................................................................................. 29 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 31 Female Choice Experiment................................................................................................. 32 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Upper Limits on Sexual Selection .................................................................................... 35 Female Choice Experiment................................................................................................. 40 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................................... 44 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Hypotheses and Predictions .............................................................................................. 47 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 Sample Preparation and Analysis .................................................................................... 48 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 49 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................................... 60 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 64 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Mated female with spermatophore attached ........................................................................ 4 Figure 2.1: Tree of A. simplex, P. scabricollis, and outgroup species ................................................... 9 Figure 2.2: A. simplex chirps .............................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 2.3: P. scabricollis chirps ....................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2.4a and b: P. scabricollis trill ............................................................................................................. 16 Figure 3.1: Example Bateman gradients (Lorch 2005) .......................................................................... 23 Figure 3.2a and b: Predicted relationships ................................................................................................. 27 Figure 3.3: Simulated grass stem oviposition substrate ....................................................................... 30 Figure 3.4: Y-maze apparatus ........................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 3.5a and b: Upper limit estimates of C. nigropleurum on two protein diets ................... 36 Figure 3.6a and b: Upper limits for individual males on two protein diets ................................... 38 Figure 3.7: Spermatophore size ....................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 3.8: Regression of egg laying rate versus spermatophore size ............................................ 40 Figure 4.1: δ15N vs. δ13C biplot of tissue samples compared to food samples .............................. 51 Figure 4.2: δ15N vs. δ13C biplot of tissue samples ..................................................................................... 53 Figure 4.3: δ15N vs. δ13C biplot of tissue samples separated by diet ................................................ 55 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Call Measurements ........................................................................................................................... 18 Table 3.1: Mating Combinations ...................................................................................................................... 31 Table 3.2: Fecundity (number of eggs) Results ......................................................................................... 35 Table 4.1: Categories of Individuals Sampled ............................................................................................ 49 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I must acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Patrick Lorch. Without his research ideas, guidance, and expertise none of this would have been possible. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Mark Kershner and Dr. Sean Veney for their input. I need to thank the Von Bargens for allowing us to record katydids on their property. I also need to thank Nathan Bailey for sending us his raw call data to compare against our call recordings. My project involved collecting C. nigropleurum eggs in the field and raising a large number of katydids in the lab. Many people helped in this process with collecting eggs and keeping katydids fed and watered. I most definitely could not have done this without their assistance: Eric Floro, Allison Gercaci, Mason Lorch,
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