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Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 1992 [FR49]

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Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 1992 [FR49] Mala i Demographic and Health Survey 1992 National Statistical Office ®DHS Demographic and Health Surveys Macro Internatio,~al Inc. A REPUBLIC OF MALAWI Mala i Demographic and Health Survey 1992 National Statistical Office Zomba, Mala~vi Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland USA January 1994 This report summarises the findings of the 1992 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) conducted by the National Statistical Office, Zomba, Malawi. Macro International Inc. provided technical assistance. Funding was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Additional information about the MDHS may be obtained from the National Statistical Office, P.O. Box 333, Zomba, Malawi; Fax (265) 523-130. Additional information about the DHS programme may be obtained by writing to: DHS, Macro International Inc., 11785 Beltsville Drive, Calverton, MD 20705, USA (Telephone (301) 572-0200; Fax (301) 572-0999). CONTENTS Page Tables ............................................................................ vii Figures ........................................................................... xi Abbreviations ..................................................................... xiii Preface ........................................................................... xv Summary of Findings ............................................................... xvii Map of Malawi ..................................................................... xx CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Geography, History, and the Economy ................................. 1 1.2 Population and Family Planning Policies and Programmes .................. 2 1.3 Health Priorities and Programmes ..................................... 3 1.4 Objectives, Organisation, and Design of the Survey ....................... 3 1.5 Data Collection and Data Processing ................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 CHARALq'ERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND RESPONDENTS 2.1 Demographic Characteristics of Households ............................. 7 2.2 Economic and Environmental Characteristics of Households ............... 12 2.3 Characteristics of Survey Respondents ................................ 14 CHAPTER 3 FERTILITY 3.1 Current Fertility Levels and Trends ................................... 19 3.2 Children Ever Born ............................................... 22 3.3 Birth Intervals .................................................... 23 3.4 Age of the Mother at First Birth ...................................... 25 3.5 Adolescent Fertility ............................................... 26 CHAPTER 4 FERTILITY REGULATION 4.1 Knowledge of Contraception ........................................ 29 4.2 Ever Use of Contraception .......................................... 31 4.3 Current Use of Contraception ........................................ 32 4.4 Differentials in Current Use of Family Planning ......................... 34 4.5 Number of Children at First Use of Contraception ....................... 36 4.6 Knowledge of the Fertile Period ..................................... 37 4.7 Sources of Family Planning Methods ................................. 37 4.8 Intention to Use Family Planning Among Nonusers ...................... 40 4.9 Reasons for Non-use .............................................. 42 4.10 Preferred Method ................................................. 44 iii Page 4.11 Exposure to Family Planning Messages on Radio ........................ 45 4.12 Approval of Family Planning ........................................ 45 CHAPTER 5 PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY 5.1 Marital Status .................................................... 51 5.2 Polygyny ........................................................ 52 5.3 Age at First Marriage .............................................. 55 5.4 Postpartum Amenorrhoea ........................................... 56 5.5 Termination of Exposure to Pregnancy ................................ 57 CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 6.1 Desire for More Children ........................................... 59 6.2 Demand for Family Planning Services ................................. 62 6.3 Ideal Family Size ................................................. 64 6.4 Wanted and Unwanted Fertility ...................................... 66 CHAPTER 7 CHILDHOOD MORTALITY 7.1 Data Quality and Mortality Estimation ................................ 69 7.2 Levels and Trends in Childhood Mortality ............................. 70 7.3 Socioeconomic Differentials in Childhood Mortality ..................... 72 7.4 Biodemographic Differentials in Childhood Mortality .................... 74 7.5 High-Risk Fertility Behaviour ....................................... 76 CHAPTER 8 MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH 8.1 Antenatal Care and Delivery Assistance ............................... 79 8.2 Vaccinations ..................................................... 85 8.3 Acute Respiratory Infection ......................................... 90 8.4 Fever ........................................................... 92 8.5 Diarrhoea ....................................................... 93 CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 9.1 Breastfeeding and Supplementation ................................... 99 9.2 Nutritional Status of Children ...................................... 104 9.3 Maternal Anthropometric Status .................................... 107 CHAPTER 10 KNOWLEDGE OF AIDS .............................................. 111 iv Page CHAPTER 11 MATERNAL MORTALITY 11.1 Data Collection .................................................. 119 11.2 Data Quality .................................................... 119 11.3 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ............................... 122 11.4 Indirect Estimates of Maternal Mortality .............................. 123 CHAPTER 12 AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH SERVICES 12.1 Distance and Time to Nearest Health Facility .......................... 125 12.2 Services Provided at Nearest Health Facility ........................... 127 12.3 Distance and Time to Nearest Hospit',d ............................... 128 12.4 Distance and Time to Nearest Source of Family Planning and Source of Condoms .............................................. 129 12.5 AIDS Education Campaigns ....................................... 130 REFERENCES ................................................................... 131 APPENDICES Appendix A Interview Results .......................................... 133 Appendix B Estimates of Sampling Errors ................................ 137 Appendix C Data Quality Tables ....................................... 149 Appendix D Survey Instruments ........................................ 157 .¢ TABLES Page Table 1.1 Selected demographic indices for Malawi .................................... 2 Table 1.2 Results oftbe household and individual interviews ............................. 5 Table 2.1 Household population by age, residence and sex ............................... 7 Table 2.2 Population by age from selected sources ..................................... 8 Table 2.3 Household composition ................................................... 9 Table 2A. 1 Educational level of the household population - males ......................... 10 Table 2.4.2 Educational level of the household population - females ........................ 11 Table 2.5 School enrolment ...................................................... 12 Table 2.6 Housing characteristics .................................................. 13 Table 2.7 Household durable goods ................................................ 14 Table 2.8.1 Background characteristics of respondents - males ............................ 15 Table 2.8.2 Background characteristics of respondents - females ........................... 15 Table 2.9 Level of education ...................................................... 16 Table 2.10 Access to mass media ................................................... 17 Table 3.1 Current fertility ........................................................ 19 Table 3.2 Fertility by background characteristics ...................................... 21 Table 3.3 Age-specific fertility rates ................................................ 22 Table 3A Fertility by marital duration .............................................. 22 Table 3.5 Children ever born and living ............................................. 23 Table 3.6 Birth intervals ......................................................... 24 Table 3.7 Age at first birth ....................................................... 25 Table 3.8 Median age at first birth ................................................. 26 Table 3.9 Adolescent pregnancy and motherhood ..................................... 27 Table 3.10 Children ever born to adolescents .......................................... 28 Table 4.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods and source for methods .................... 29 Table 4.2 Knowledge of modern contraceptive methods and source for methods ............. 31 Table 4.3 Ever use of contraception ................................................ 32 Table 4A Current method use ..................................................... 33 Table 4.5 Current method use by background characteristics ............................ 35 Table 4.6 Number of children at first use of contraception .............................. 37 vii Page Table 4.7 Knowledge of fertile period .............................................. 37 Table 4.8 Source of supply for modem contraceptive methods
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