MORFOLOGIA DO ENCÉFALO E NEUROTOXICOLOGIA EMBRIONÁRIA DO 2,4-D EM Tropidurus Torquatus

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MORFOLOGIA DO ENCÉFALO E NEUROTOXICOLOGIA EMBRIONÁRIA DO 2,4-D EM Tropidurus Torquatus 22 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS – REGIONAL JATAÍ UNIDADE ACADÊMICA ESPECIAL DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOCIÊNCIA ANIMAL LETÍCIA MENEZES FREITAS MORFOLOGIA DO ENCÉFALO E NEUROTOXICOLOGIA EMBRIONÁRIA DO 2,4-D EM Tropidurus torquatus (SQUAMATA: TROPIDURIDAE) JATAÍ – GO 2020 ii iii LETÍCIA MENEZES FREITAS MORFOLOGIA DO ENCÉFALO E NEUROTOXICOLOGIA EMBRIONÁRIA DO 2,4-D EM Tropidurus torquatus (SQUAMATA: TROPIDURIDAE) Dra. Mônica Rodrigues Ferreira Machado Dra. Ana Paula da Silva Peréz Dr. Suleyman Kaplan Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, como requisito para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biociência Animal. JATAÍ – GO 2020 iv v Dedico este trabalho à minha família e meus amigos. Sem vocês eu não estaria passando por mais esta etapa na minha vida. Também dedico à Fabiano Lima, que contribui imensamente com a realização deste sonho. vi AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço imensamente à Fabiano Lima, pela orientação e grande ajuda, mesmo em momentos atribulados, e amizade sincera. Não seria a pessoa que sou hoje sem seu apoio, pois em cada momento juntos veio um novo aprendizado. Almejo ser uma profissional, e um ser humano, tão bom quanto você. Muitíssimo obrigada às professoras Mônica Machado e Ana Paula Perez, pela ajuda e apoio na elaboração deste trabalho, ao professor Benner Geraldo Alves, sem o qual estaria perdida na parte estatística e ao professor Suleyman Kaplan, que teve paciência para me ajudar a entender a técnica estereológica mesmo estando distante. A minha família sempre me apoiou nos estudos, entendendo que a dedicação exclusiva a faculdade, saindo cedo e muitas vezes voltando à noite para casa, é em busca de um futuro melhor. Meus pais sempre buscaram meios para que eu pudesse estudar sem passar nenhuma necessidade, vocês são minha inspiração. Minha avó Neuzita, embora sempre bravejando, foi parte essencial dessa jornada, me motivando e sentindo orgulho de minhas conquistas, que afinal são nossas. Obrigada aos meus amigos, principalmente Fabiano Neves, que mesmo distante sempre encontra palavras de motivação em momentos difíceis. Nos conhecemos de maneira não convencional, mas nossa conexão foi imediata e estamos sempre disponíveis ao outro em momentos de alegrias e tristezas. Agradeço a ajuda das técnicas Lília Cristina de Souza Barbosa, Sueisla Lopes Rezende Silva, Tracy Martina Marques Martins e Juliana Flávia Ferreira e Silva Paranaíba. Em todas as etapas vocês estiveram presentes e dispostas a compartilhar conhecimento para que eu tivesse sucesso nesta jornada. Agradeço a Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás – FAPEG pelo apoio financeiro durante este processo, pois foi essencial para que me dedicasse integralmente ao mestrado e pudesse continuar trilhando este caminho. Obrigada à UFG pela oportunidade de aprendizado e aprimoramento profissional durante todos os anos em que estive presente em suas salas e corredores. E também agradeço ao apoio e disponibilidade dos Laboratórios de Anatomia Humana e Comparada, de Morfofisiologia e de Pesquisas Médicas. Obrigada a todos vocês. O papel de cada um foi essencial para me tornar pessoa que sou hoje e vocês são uma inspiração quem almejo ser. vii “You want weapons? We’re in a library! Books! The best weapons in the world!” The Doctor viii RESUMO Agrotóxicos são utilizados desde a antiguidade, porém, apenas no século passado teve início a produção sintética desses produtos, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores consumidores estas substâncias. O 2,4-D é um herbicida seletivo para ervas daninhas de folhas largas, amplamente utilizado em vários tipos de cultura. Em condições normais em animais, o 2,4-D é eliminado na urina, mas se a taxa de depuração renal for ultrapassada surgem efeitos adversos, inclusive neurotóxicos. Poucos estudos avaliam o efeito do 2,4-D sobre o desenvolvimento embrionário, sendo estes necessários pois organismos jovens são mais sensíveis que adultos. Com isso em mente visamos avaliar o efeito do 2,4-D DMA® 806 BR no desenvolvimento embrionário do encéfalo de Tropidurus torquatus. Também objetivamos descrever o encéfalo de Tropidurus torquatus como base para o estudo toxicológico. Esta espécie é abundante e por habitar lavouras pode contaminar-se com agrotóxicos naturalmente, fazendo-a um bom modelo animal. Animais adultos foram capturados e eutanaziados para a descrição macro- e microscópica do encéfalo. Fêmeas grávidas foram coletadas e mantidas em terrários até a oviposição. Os ovos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, controle e 2,4-D. O substrato do grupo 2,4-D foi contaminado logo após a oviposição com uma dose correspondente à 1,5L p.c./ha, e no controle o substrato foi regado com a mesma quantidade de água destilada. De ambos os grupos foram coletados embriões nos dias 15, 30 e 60 após a oviposição. Os encéfalos dos embriões foram submetidos a inclusão em parafina para coloração com H.E. e foi estimado o volume do teto óptico através da técnica de estereologia, comparando-se os dois grupos. Foi observado um decréscimo do volume no grupo 2,4-D do dia 15, mas não foram encontradas diferenças do dia 30, sugerindo que o 2,4-D tem um leve efeito neurotóxico na dose recomendada, mas que pode ser reversível. Palavras-chave: agrotóxico, embrião, herbicida, lagarto, réptil, sistema nervoso ix ABSTRACT Pesticides have been used since antiquity, nevertheless synthetic products emerged only last century and currently Brazil is the biggest consumer of these substances. 2,4- D is a selective herbicide for broad-leaved weeds, used in several types of crops. Usually 2,4-D is eliminated in urine in animals, but when the renal clearance rate is exceeded, adverse effects, including neurotoxic ones, appear. Few studies evaluate the effect of 2,4-D on embryonic development, which is necessary because young organisms are more sensitive than adults. With this in mind we aim to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D DMA® 806 BR on the embryonic development of the brain of Tropidurus torquatus. We also aimed to describe the brain of Tropidurus torquatus as the basis for the toxicological study. This species is abundant and by inhabiting crops it can naturally contaminate itself with pesticides, making it a good animal model. Adult animals were captured and euthanized for the macro- and microscopic description of the brain. Pregnant females were collected and kept in terrariums until oviposition. Eggs were randomly distributed into two groups, control and 2,4-D. The substrate of the 2,4-D group was contaminated shortly after oviposition with a dose corresponding to 1.5L/ha, and the control’s substrate was watered with the same quantity of water. Embryos were collected on days 15, 30 and 60 after oviposition. The embryos' brains were submitted to paraffin inclusion for H.E. staining and the volume of the optical tectum was estimated using stereology to compare both groups. A decrease in volume was observed in the 2,4-D group on day 15, but no differences were found on day 30, suggesting that 2,4-D has a mild neurotoxic effect at the recommended dose, which may be reversible. Keywords: pesticide, embryo, herbicide, lizard, reptile, nervous system x LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS Página 5-HIAA – 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid .................................................................. 08 5-HT – serotonin ............................................................................................... 03 ac – anterior commissure ................................................................................. 51 AChE – acetylcholinesterase............................................................................ 18 ACP – alpha-cypermethrin ............................................................................... 04 aob – acessory olfactory bulb ........................................................................... 52 CAT – catalase ................................................................................................. 18 ce – cerebellum ................................................................................................ 51 CE – coefficient of error .................................................................................... 64 ch – cerebellar hemisphere .............................................................................. 52 chp – choroid plexus ........................................................................................ 57 cl – cell layer ..................................................................................................... 57 CNS – central nervous system ......................................................................... 36 Con – control .................................................................................................... 63 cp – cerebellar penducle .................................................................................. 52 CV – coefficient of variance .............................................................................. 64 DA – dopamine ................................................................................................. 03 dc – dorsal cortex ............................................................................................. 52 di – diencephalon ............................................................................................. 51 DIN – dinotefuran ............................................................................................. 06 dmc – dorsal medial cortex..............................................................................
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